2015中考英语复习教案 名词和冠词
名 词
【名题实战】
1.—More and more people come to visit Mount Huangshan.
—That's true.It has become the __A__ of Anhui.(2014,安徽)
A.pride B.effort C.praise D.courage
2.—What is Miss Gao's favourite __A__?
—She is always in pink.Don't you know?(2013,安徽)
A.colour B.book C.song D.movie
3.—I have great __A__ in learning math and I'm so worried.Could you help me
—Sure.I'd be glad to.(2011,安徽)
A.trouble B.interest C.joy D.fun
4.—Could you tell me ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )something about the boy who helped you just now?(2010,安徽)
—Sorry,I know nothing about him.We are __D__.
A.friends B.neighbors C.classmates D.strangers
【考点梳理】
从上面考题分析可知,名词辨析是近年来安徽中考考查的重点,同学们应加强这方面的训练。同时,对名词其它方面的知识点也应予以了解和掌握。
高频考向一 常用专有名词
1.人名。如:Jackie Chan,Yao Ming
2.地名。如:New York,the Great Wall
3.国名。如:China,America
4.一周七天。如:Monday,Tuesday
5.一年十二个月。如:May,September
6.节日。如:Teachers' Day,Mother's Day,Christmas Day
7.专有名词缩写形式。如:USA,CD
【例1】 ________ is the most important festival in China.
A.Christmas Day B.Spring Festival
C.Mid autumn Day D.National Day
解析:A选项是圣诞节;B选项是春节;C选项是中秋节;D选项是国庆节。根据句意“在中国最重要的节日”,当然是春节。
答案:__B__
高频考向二 名词辨析
名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义,然后做出正确的选择。近年来,这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一,并且越来越受到各地的欢迎。
【例2】 —What are you going to do when you grow up
—My ________ is to become an astronaut.(2014,襄阳)
A.hobby B.dream C.job D.advice
解析:由问句“你长大后将去做什么”可知,答句应为“我的梦想是成为一名航天员”。
答案:__B__
【例3】 —The picnic is only in three days.Have you made any ________?
—Not yet.So let's discuss what to prepare.(2014,台州)
A.wishes B.plans C.mistakes D.friends
解析:A选项意为“愿望”; ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )B选项意为“计划”;C选项意为“错误”;D选项意为“朋友”。由答句句意“还没有。所以让我们去讨论准备什么”可知,问句句意为“野餐只剩下三天了。你做计划了吗”。
答案:__B__
高频考向三 名词的数
名词分可数名词与不可数名词两类。可数名 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )词有单、复数变化形式。a用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前,an用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。如:an uncle,a university,an honest man,an hour,a useful book,an apple等。其复数形式分为规则和不规则两种:
1.可数名词的复数规则变化
构成方法 例子
①一般情况下,在名词的末尾加 s desk→desks,apple→apples
②以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词,在词尾加 es class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches
③以辅音+y结尾的名词,把y变为i,再加 es country→countries,factory→factories
④以f或fe结尾的名词,把f或fe变为v,再加 es knife→knives,wife→wives,leaf→leaves
⑤以o结尾表示有生命的名词,在词尾加 es tomato→tomatoes,hero→heroes
⑥以o结尾表示无生命的名词,在词尾加 s radio→radios.photo→photos
(这是边文,请据需要手工删加)
语法复习(这是单页眉,请据需要手工删加)
2.可数名词的复数不规则变化
元音或词尾发生变化。
如:man→men;woman→w ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omen;Frenchman→Frenchmen;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;child→children
单复数形式相同。
如:sheep→sheep;fis ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )h(鱼的条数) →fish;Chinese(中国人)→Chinese;Japanese(日本人)→Japanese;deer(鹿)→deer
形式为单数,意思为复数。
如:people,police
视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。
如:family,class,team,group
形式为复数,意思为单数。
如:news,maths,physics,the United States等。
只用复数形式pants,shorts,clothes,glasses (眼镜)等。
由man,woman构成的合成名词,变复数时将名词及man,woman都变成复数。
如:man driver→men drivers,woman teacher→women teachers
但其他合成名词,只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。
如:a banana tree→banana trees;a shoe factory→shoe factories
注意:①可数名词的单复数要与句子结构保持一致。
②可数名词一般不单独使用,表类别时可用复数形式,或用不定冠词或定冠词加单数名词。如:oranges,the/an orange。
③修饰可数名词复数的词有these,thos ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e,many,(a) few,a/the number of,some/any,a lot of等。常用they,them来替代。
3.不可数名词
不可数名词分为物质名词和抽 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )象名词,它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a+量词(可数名词)+of+不可数名词”短语,变复数时把a变为具体数词,量词变为复数形式。如:a bowl of water一碗水;two cups of tea两杯茶
初中阶段常见的不可数名词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有:water,rice,tea,milk,food,fruit,meat,fish(鱼肉),chicken(鸡肉),beef,mutton,orange(橙汁),sugar,salt,paper(纸),porridge,bread,sand,juice,news,music,time(时间),information,fun,advice等。
注意:①有些名词既可作不可数名词,又可 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )作可数名词,如:time(时间/次数,倍数),fish(鱼肉/鱼),room(空间/房间),noise(噪音/响声),paper(纸/试卷,文件),chicken(鸡肉/鸡),experience(经验/经历)
②表示不定数量时,不可数名词常用much,(a)little,a lot of,some,any等修饰。常用it来替代。
【例4】 —Where are you going,Sam
—There isn't any __ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )______ in the fridge.I'll go and buy some.(2014,凉山)
A.vegetables B.beef C.eggs D.money
解析:由is可知此处应用可数名词单数或不可数名词,故排除A、C选项。再根据句意来判断。
答案:__B__
【例5】 I saw some _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______ and ________ dancing in the street the day before yesterday.(2013,绥化)
A.Germen;Englishmen B.Germans;Englishmans
C.Germans;Englishmen
解析:German的复数形式为Germans;Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen。
答案:__C__
高频考向四 名词所有格
①有生命的东西的名词所有格,一般用在词尾加“'s”这种形式来表示。
如:It's my mother's handbag.这是我妈妈的手提包。
②以 s或 es结尾的名词末尾只加“'”。有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词,也可以加“'s”构成所有格。如:
It's only twenty minutes' walk.这只是步行20分钟的路程。
Who won the girls' 100 meter race?谁赢了女子100米赛跑?
③不以 s或 es结尾的复数名词末尾仍要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )加“'s”。如:Where's the People's Hospital,please?请问人民医院在哪儿?
It's the policemen's bedroom.这是警察宿舍。
(这是边文,请据需要手工删加)
④表示两个或多个人共同拥有的人或物时,只需在并列名词的后一个名词词尾加“'s”。若表示两者各自所拥有时,则每个名词后均加“'s”。试比较:
Lily and Lucy's father is a worker.莉莉和露茜的父亲是工人。
Lily's and Lucy's fathers are both workers.莉莉的父
亲和露茜的父亲都是工人。
⑤有些名词如:诊所、家、店铺等名词所 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有格后加“'s”后,可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如:the doctor's(医生诊所),Mr.White's(怀特先生家),the book seller's(书店)。
⑥of所有格主要表示无生命的东西。如:
a map of China一幅中国地图
⑦既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )有格。如:an old friend of my uncle's,a photo of Jim's family等。
【例6】 ________ desk is long and wide.They like it very much.(2014,齐齐哈尔)
A.Sonia's and Jane's
B.Sonia and Jane's
C.Sonia and Jane
解析:A项表示两个人各自的桌子,后应接复数名词;B项表示两个人共有的桌子,后接单数名词;C项不可以直接作定语。
答案:__B__
【例7】 —How far is your home from school
—It's about two ________ walk.(2013,潍坊)
A.hours B.hours' C.hour's D.hour
解析:由答语“两个小时的步行路程”可知 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),此处应用名词所有格形式。hour为可数名词,在基数词后应使用复数形式hours,以 s结尾的复数名词的所有格直接在词尾加“'”构成。
答案:__B__
一、单项选择。
1.—Mum,I want to buy an iPhone 5s for a change.
—Well.I think there i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s no __B__.It's almost the same as an iPhone 4s.(2014,宁波)
A.reason B.need C.answer D.way
2.Recently peo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ple care more about the safety of __A__.Everyone wants to eat healthily.(2014,衡阳)
A.foods B.clothes C.buildings D.traffic
3.Miss Black is a f ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )riend of __A__,she always looks after my sister.(2014,龙东)
A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's mother'
C.Mary mother's D.Mary's mother
4.There are fifty _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_B__ in our school.They are all friendly to us.(2014,安顺)
A.woman teachers B.women teachers
C.woman teacher D.women teacher
5.—I hear you have to get up early every morning.
—Right.It's one of the __D__ of my family.(2014,泰安)
A.plans B.jobs C.programs D.rules
6.I'm tired.This is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )not the right __A__ to ask me to go for a walk.(2014,杭州)
A.moment B.chance C.place D.season
7.Could you please get me some __C__?I'm hungry.(2014,黔西南)
A.apple B.water C.bread D.egg
8.—Excuse me,where did you get the book
—I borrowed it from the __B__.(2013,重庆)
A.cinema B.library C.park D.station
9.—The sweater is not the right __C__ for me.
—Well,shall I get you a bigger one or a smaller one?(2013,绍兴)
A.price B.color C.size D.material
10.You'd better read t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he __C__ first before you use the camera.(2013,嘉兴、舟山)
A.websites B.expressions
C.instructions D.advertisements
二、根据首字母及汉语提示完成单词。
11.Uncle Wang bought two __watches__ (手表) yesterday.
12.There are a lot of __sheep__ (绵羊) on the grass.
13.The cat caught two __mice__ (老鼠) last night.
14.Gina would like some __juice__ (果汁) to drink.
15.Jack went to ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve two __teeth__ (牙齿) pulled out yesterday afternoon.
16.Nick,can you give me some __information__ (信息) about that event
17.__Friday__ (周五) ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) is Linda's favorite day,because she has P.E.on that day.
18.There is not enough __room__ (空间) in the corner to put the table.
19.It's a __secret__ (秘密).You shouldn't tell it to others.
20.Ben likes the __shape__ (形状) of the cake.It's a heart.
冠 词
【名题实战】
1.It's not ______ good idea to drive for four hours without __A__ break.(2011,安徽)
A.a;a B.a;the C.the;a D.the;the
2.—What do you think of the new movie The Monkey King,Sally
—It's __A__ funny one.(2013,台州)
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
3.—Mary,who's ______ woman over there
—She's my aunt,__C__ English teacher.(2014,天津)
A.the;the B.a;the C.the;an D.a;an
4.Let's take __A__ photo!Everyone,cheese!(2014,河北)
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
5.Eric is not goi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng to Nanjing by ______ plane.Instead,he is taking __A__ train.(2014,广东)
A./;a B.a;/ C.a;the D.the;a
【考点梳理】
近五年来,安徽中考中对冠词的考查不是很多,仅在2011年中考中出现过。但冠词作为一个重点语法项目,考生也应掌握。
高频考向一 不定冠词a,an
①不定冠词an用于以元音音素开头的单词前,而a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。如:
an apple 一个苹果 an hour一小时
a book一本书 a university一所大学
②泛指某一类人或物。如:
A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。
③表示数量“一”,但没有one强。如:
I would like a cup of coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。
④用在文中第一次提到某人或某物时。如:
—What's this?这是什么?
—It's a bike.这是一辆自行车。
⑤用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前有“每一”的意思,相当于every。如:
three times a week每周三次
⑥用于某些固定短语中。如:
a lot of许多,have a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )cold感冒,have a good time玩得高兴/过得愉快,in a hurry匆忙,take a bus乘坐公共汽车
【例1】 —What do you think of Lucy
—She is ______ honest girl.(2014,益阳)
A.an B.a C.the D./
解析:表泛指,且以元音音素开头。
答案:__A__
【例2】As Tim loves Zu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nyi a lot,he bought ______ one way ticket to Zunyi and decided to stay here for a year.(2014,遵义)
A.an B.a C./ D.the
解析:表数量“一”。
答案:__B__
【例3】 Do you k ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )now a spaceship flies at about nineteen kilometers ______ second?(2013,兰州)
A.the B.a C./ D.an
解析:用在时间“second”前,表示“每一”。
答案:__B__
【例4】Lin Dan i ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s ______ excellent player I'm ______ big fan of him.(2014,福州)
A.a;the B.an;a C.the;an D.an;an
解析:表泛指,第一个空后以元音音素开头,第二个空后面以辅音音素开头。
答案:__B__
高频考向二 定冠词the
①谈话双方都知道的人或物。如:
The girl is Lucy's sister.这个女孩是露茜的妹妹。
②用于特指某人或某物。如:
The man in the car is my teacher.坐在车里的那个人是我的老师。
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:
The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
④用在乐器名称前。如:
She is playing the piano.她正在弹钢琴。
⑤用在序数词或形容词的最高级前。如:
Tom is the tallest in his class.汤姆在他班上个子最高。
⑥用在姓氏的复数前,表示“一家人或夫妇二人”。如:
The Browns are having dinner.布朗一家正在吃晚饭。
⑦用在上文已提到的人或物前。如:
Nancy has a cat.The cat is very cute.南希有一只猫,这只猫很可爱。
⑧用在表示海洋、江河、山脉、群岛、国家和党派等名词前,或由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:
the Huai River淮河,the United Kingdom英国,the Great Wall长城
⑨用在某些形容词前表示一类人。如:
the old老人,the young年轻人,the rich富人,the poor 穷人
⑩用于the+比较级,the+比较级及the+比较级+of+两者的句型中。如:
The more he thinks of it,the sadder he will be.他越想越难过。
Maria is the thinner of the two girls.玛利亚是两个女孩中较瘦的那一个。
the用在某个世纪的某个年代。如:
in the 1980s 20世纪80年代
用在某些固定短语中。如:
at the age of在……岁时,al ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l the time一直,by the way顺便说一下,in the end最后,终于,in the morning在早上,on the right在右边,in the middle of在……中间
【例5】 Mom,I like ______ green T shirt.Could you buy it for me?(2014,威海)
A.a B.an C.the D./
解析:在特指的名词前用定冠词。
答案:__C__
【例6】 —How is ______ film you saw last night
—You mean ______ one,Lost in Thailand?That's wonderful!(2013,内江)
A.a;the B.the;the
C.the;不填 D.不填;the
解析:本题两空都应用定冠词the。第一空表示特指,第二空表示在上文中已提到的物。
答案:__B__
【例7】—Tom,I'll invite y ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ou to have ______ lunch after playing ______ violin.
—Thank you.(2014,赤峰)
A.a;the B.the;the C./;/ D./;the
解析:have lunch为固定词组,中间不需任何冠词;在西洋乐器名词前应用定冠词。
答案:__D__
高频考向三 零冠词
①复数名词和不可数名词表示一般意义而不特指具体的人或事物时前面不用冠词。如:
Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水。
②在某些专有名词前不用冠词,如国名、人名等。如:
China has a long history.中国拥有悠久的历史。
③在星期、日期、月份、季节、节日前不用冠词。如:
October 1st is National Day.十月一日是国庆节。
注:若特指某年的某月或某季节时,则要在月份、季节前加定冠词the。如:
In the winter of 2010,he moved to China.在2010年的冬天,他搬到了中国。
④在三餐、球类运动及娱乐活动的名词之前不用冠词。如:
He went to school without breakfast this morning.
他今天早晨没有吃早饭就去上学了。
Davy likes playing basketball.戴维喜欢打篮球。
⑤当名词前有this,tha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t,these,those,every,his,your,some,any等限定词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。如:
Jenny's sister is my friend.珍妮的妹妹是我的朋友。
Those students often play football after school.那些学生放学后经常踢足球。
⑥在表示职位和称呼前不用冠词。如:
He was elected manager of our company last year.去年他当选为我们公司的经理。
⑦与by连用的表示交通工具的名词前不用冠词。如:
by bus坐公共汽车
by train坐火车
注:动词take或介词in,on后接表示交通工具的名词前要加冠词。如:
take a bus坐公共汽车
on a/the bus坐公共汽车
in a/the car乘小汽车
⑧用在某些习惯用语中。如:
go to school去上学
at home在家
at once立刻,马上
on time按时
in trouble陷入困境
watch TV看电视
on foot步行
by mistake错误地
day and night日日夜夜
at first首先
【例8】Li Na starte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d playing ______ennis at the age of six.She is one of ______ best women tennis players in the world.(2014,凉山)
A.the;the B.a;/ C./;the D.the;/
解析:球类名词前不能用任何冠词;形容词最高级前应用定冠词the。
答案:__C__
【例9】 It is a good ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )bit to go to ______ bed early and get up early.(2013,丽水)
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
解析:go to bed意为“上床睡觉”,是固定搭配,不用冠词。
答案:__D__
【例10】Miss Zhang wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l go to ______ America for ______ important meeting next month.(2014,梅州)
A.an;an B./;an C./;an D.an;the
解析:表示国家的专有名词前不能用冠词;第二个空表示泛指,且以元音音素开头。
答案:__C__
一、单项选择。
1.There is ______ pen on the desk and __C__ pen is new.(2014,广安)
A.a;an B.an;the C.a;the
2.Hello,boys and ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )girls!Believe in yourself.If you do something with a light heart,you'll get __B__ excellent result.(2014,哈尔滨)
A.a B.an C./
3.Lily is ______ active girl and she is good at playing __C__ guitar.(2014,绥化)
A.an;/ B.a;the C.an;the
4.—What's ______ matter with you
—I have __D__ toothache.(2014,白银)(2014,平凉)
A.a;the B.the;/ C./;a D.the;a
5.—Would you like to come to my party this afternoon
—I'd like to,but my ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) mother is ill in ______ hospital,I will go to __D__ hospital to see her.(2014,内江)
A.不填;a B.a;the
C.the;the D.不填;the
6.—Have you seen __B__ film Where Are We Going,Dad
—Yes,it's ______ interesting film!(2014,扬州)
A.a;the B.the;an C.a;an D.the;the
7.My brother Fred ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) woke up with __A__ bad headache,yet by the evening the pain had gone.(2014,绍兴)
A.a B.an C.the D.不填
8.—Is ______ red bag under the table yours,Jean
—No,I only have __B__ yellow bag.Maybe it's Julia's.(2014,泰安)
A.a;the B.the;a C.a;a D.the;the
9.I had __A__ wonderful time in Beijing.(2014,孝感)
A.a B.an C.the D./
10.—You've dropped ______ “c” in the word “succeed”!
—Sorry,I forgot __B__ letter “c” is doubled.(2014,黄石)
A.a;a B.a;the C.an;the D.the;the