人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册Unit 1 Science and scientists Reading and thinking 课件(共42张PPT)

(共42张PPT)
Unit 1 Science and Scientists
Reading and Thinking
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
Post-reading
“To raise new questions, new possibilities,
to regard old problems from a new angle,
requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.”
--- Albert Einstein”
“提出新的问题，发现新的问题，
从新的角度审视已存在的问题，
这些需要创造性的想象力，
并标志着科学的真正进步。”
- 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦”
Lead in

Are you familiar with these situations
Mask up
Get vaccinated
Self-isolation
Positive measures are taken to fight against Covid-19.
coronavirus[k r n va r s]
④
Besides coronavirus, what other kinds of epidemics （流行病）do you konw
bird-flu（禽流感）
malaria [m leri ]（疟疾）
plague[ple ɡ]
（鼠疫）
Ebola [ b l ] (埃博拉)
①
②
③
Who Helped Defeat Malaria
MALARIA
Who Defeated Cholera
John Snow
Prediction
John Snow Defeats “King Cholera”
Who
How
What
According to the title, the story is going to tell us information about...
The text is mainly about ____________ and _______ he defeated king cholera.
how
John Snow
scientific research

Put the seven research stages in order.
analyze the results
ask a question
collect data
think of a method
find a problem
find supporting evidence
draw a conclusion
Para 2&3 :
Stages of Scientific Research
Activity 1: Read the whole text quickly and match the main idea
Para. 1
Para. 2
Para. 4
Para. 5
John Snow desired to destroy cholera.
John Snow decided to prove the second theory.
Snow began his study by marking on the map.
Truth of the infection of cholera.
Snow's contributions.
Para. 3
Fast reading
Careful Reading
Para.1
Research background
2. Why was the disease called “”King Cholera
Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
expert/experienced/knowledgeable
deadly
uncontrollable
“King”
1. Who is John Snow
In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.
1. What are the two theories Which theory did John Snow think was reasonable
2. What did John Snow investigate when another outbreak hit London in 1854
Para.2
Find a problem→Ask a question
What does the red stars stand for
multiple deaths happened here.
What does the green stars stand for
No death happened here.
Why
CLUE: free beer
Suspect that the water from the pump was to blame.
But he needed proofs!
1. What method did Snow use
2. What did he find on the map What did he do to deal with it
A map of Broad Street
Para.3
Para.3
Analyze the results→Find supporting evidence
Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge8 Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. …
multiple
However
no deaths
the water pump was to blame
Para.3
Draw a conclusion
As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
announce
Pump water carried the cholera germs.
Remove the handle of the pump
The disease was stopped
Snow had the_______ of the pump removed.
E
It was believed that
cholera was caused
by _______ or germs in _____________.
A
Snow __________
_______the places where people who
_____ had lived.
B
bad air
food or water
marked on
died
The pump water carried____________.
D
cholera germs
handle
a map
Many deaths occurred
near the __________
in Broad Street.
Some people _______
drunk the water from
the pump, and lived.
A woman and her
daughter died in another part of London after ____________ ______________.
C
water pump
had not
from the pump
drinking water
Read from Para. 2-3 again and complete the chart below.
conclusion
evidence
process
solution
theories
conclusion evidence process solution theories
D C B E A
Water companies began to sell clean water.
The threat of cholera around the world decreased.
He helped people know how to prevent cholera.
Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases.
2. What contributions did John Snow make
The Father of Modern Epidemiology
1. What caused the outbreak of cholera in London in 1854
Read Para. 4-5 and answer the questions.
Water companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste, causing people who drank this water to get cholera.
1. What questions would you ask to get the following answers
Q: What ______________________________
A: Snow thought that cholera was caused by germs in food or water.
Q: Why _________________________________________
A: Snow had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.
Q: How _____________________________
A: The cholera threat was defeated thanks to the work of John Snow.
caused cholera according to Snow
did Snow have the handle of the pump removed
was the cholera threat defeated
In order not to get infected with disease, what should we pay attention to in our daily life.
Drink boiled water.
Remember to wear a mask when going out.
Heat the food left overnight.
Wash your hands often.
Cook raw food thoroughly.
Deal with rubbish timely and properly.
Post-reading
Summary 课文语法填空
John Snow was 1.__well-known doctor in London in the 19th century.He wanted to find the cause of cholera in order to help people 2._________ (infect) with it.In 1854 when an outbreak of cholera hit London, he 3.______ (begin) to gather information 4.____________ (immediate).He marked on a map 5.______all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who 6.__________ (drink) the dirty water 7._____the pump died.So he announced that the pump water 8.________ (carry) cholera germs.He suggested that the source of all water supplies 9._____________________ (examine) and new methods of 10.________ (deal) with polluted water be found.Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.
a
infected
began
immediately
where
had drunk
from
carried
(should) be examined
dealing
p1 Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor. John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death.In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe,millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.
在英国医生约翰 斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，崔乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰 斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。
1. used to do/be
2. an outbreak of...
3. die from ...
4. attended to
5. give birth（to)
6. lose desire to
7. once and for all
过去常常做/是
...的爆发
死于
照顾，护理
生孩子
失去做某事的希望
最终地，彻底地
Para 1 phrases
1.Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome.
画线部分是由until引导的时间状语从句
否定式： not...until...结构。
倒装结构：部分倒装“Not until＋谓语助动词＋主语＋谓语”。
强调结构：It is/was not until＋时间从句或短语＋that＋主句。
Language Points
(1)We’ll stay here until it stops raining.
(2)He the office his boss came back.
(3)Yesterday，I waited for you at the bus station 4 o’clock in the afternoon.
(4)Not until he saw his mother， the little boy .
(5)It was not until the result of the exam was announced he realized he had organized time badly.
didn’t leave
until
until
did
smile
that
Language Points
2. frustrated /fr stre t d/ adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的
frustrated
___________ vt. 使懊恼，挫败，阻止
______________ n.沮丧；挫败
______________ adj. 令人沮丧的
小题集训
1. She were __________ at the ____________ news that she failed the
exam.(frustrate)
2. They were defeated in the football match, which ___________ (frustrate) me.
frustrate
frustration
frustrating
_________________________对...感到沮丧/懊恼
be frustrated with/at
frustrated
frustrating
frustrated
3.In time，he rose to become a famous doctor，and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.后来，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。
1
in time及时；终于；迟早
in time作“终于；迟早”讲时，常单独使用，作状语。
in time作“及时”讲时，后常跟for sth. 或to do sth. 。
(1)You will succeed in time as long as you don’t give up.
只要不放弃，你总有一天会成功。
(2)The doctor came in time (save) his life.
医生及时赶到并抢救了他的生命。
(3)Lucky for him，he was just in time the bus.
幸运的是，他及时赶上了公共汽车。
to save
for
　time相关短语
①from time to time　 有时；偶尔
②at a time 每次
③in no time 立刻；马上
④at the same time 同时
⑤at one time 一度；从前
⑥at no time 绝不(置于句首时，用部分倒装)
(1)I can’t go out with you tonight because I have an urgent thing to .
attend vt.出席；参加 vt.& vi.照顾；护理 vi.处理
attend a meeting/a lecture/school参加会议/听报告/上学
attend to sb. /sth. 照料……；处理……；招待……
attend to
4.In time，he rose to become a famous doctor，and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth.后来，他成为一名著名的医生，甚至在维多利亚女王分娩时照顾她。
p2 In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.
关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。
1. In general
2. be caused by
3. subscribe to
4. be determined to do
5. need proof
6. find out why
总的来说，大体上
由…导致
同意
决定做某事
需要证据
查明原因
Para 2 phrases
5. In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories.
contradictory adj. 互相矛盾的；互相对立的
be contradictory to… 与……矛盾、相反
【拓展】
____________ v. 反驳; 与……相矛盾
____________ n. 抵触; 矛盾; 矛盾的说法
【即学即用】 单句语法填空
1. The witness gave two completely _______________(contradict) descriptions.
完成句子: 2. 这两种说法相互矛盾。
The two stories _____________ ______ _______.
contradict
contradiction
contraditory
contradict each other
He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
so +形容词/副词+that...
6. so ...that...
如此...以至于
引导结果状语从句的常见句型
so +形容词+a/an +可数名词单数+that...
so +many/few +可数名词复数+that...
so +much/little+不可数名词+that...
1. He ran so quickly that we all couldn’t catch up with him.
2. This is so interesting a book that we all enjoy reading it in our spare time.
3. She has so much talent that her mother feels proud of her.
4. He has published so many novels that I can’t finish reading them in a short time.
温馨提示： such... that 常用于以下三种句型：
1. such + a/an +形容词 +可数名词单数+ that...
2. such +形容词+可数名词复数+that...
3. such +形容词+不可数名词+that
p3 Snow began bymarking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.
斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。
p3 What is more,in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。
1. mark on a map the exact place
2. multiple deaths
3. be to blame
4. as a result of
5. move away from
6. it seemed that
在地图上标出特定的位置
多例死亡
应受责备
由于
从..离开、搬离
似乎...看起来...
Para 3 phrases
7.Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.
斯诺开始在地图上标注所有死者生活的精确地址。
1. where 引导定语从句,先行词为palce在从句中做地点状语。
2. who 引导定语从句，先行词为those 那些人 ，做主语
where可转换成适当的“介词＋which”的形式。
表示抽象地点的名词(case，scene，situation，condition，race，life，point等)作先行词，且从句中缺少地点状语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
(1)They borrowed materials from the hospital they’d trained as nursing assistants.
(2)In the middle of the sitting room，there is a table where (＝ ) many dishes are placed.
(3)They are now in a situation they need to make a practical plan.
where
on which
where
8. have +宾语+宾语补足语 结构
have +宾语+过去分词 （done） 使某事被完成
have +宾语+现在分词 （doing） 表示动作进行或持续
e.g: 1.We have the mchine mended just now.
e.g: 2. I can’t have you speaking to your mother in a rude manner.
小题集训
1. I can’t have you ____________(lie) to your parents.
2. When did you have your house_________(paint)
lying
painted
It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to herhouse every day.
p4. The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water
事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。
1. be infected by waste
2. a link between … and
3. be polluted by raw waste
4. be likely to do
被废弃物感染
…和…之间的联系
被未经处理的废物污染
可能做某事
Para 4 phrases
p5 .Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.
经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰 斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。
1. through tireless efforts
2. the threat of ...
3. a substantial decrease
4. thanks to
5. be considered (as/to be)
通过不懈的努力
...的威胁
大幅度下降
幸亏，由于
被认为是
Para 5 phrases
【翻译】 这个城市自 1990 年以来发生了巨大的变化。
The city has seen great changes since 1990.
9. the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. 世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。
使用拟人手法，以无生命的名词作主语，saw意为见证。
结构： 无生命的名词 +see/find/witness...
……经历、发生、见证、目睹某事