中考英语二轮语法专项复习课件 第12讲 被动语态

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第十二讲 被 动 语 态
中考英语专项复习
1.能够被动语态的基本结构和各种时态的被动语态；
2.掌握被动语态的使用。
学习目标
一 被 动 语 态
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语动词之间的逻辑关系，英语中动词分为主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者，即当主语是动作的执行者时，用主动语态（某人做某事）
被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者，即当主语是动作的承受者时，用被动语态（某事被某人做）。
（1）被动语态的基本句式
被动语态的基本构成形式为‘ be+及物动词的过去分词“。其否定，肯定等各种句式
如下：
① 肯定句式
被动语态的肯定句式：主语+be+过去分词+.....
He was invited to the party
② 否定句式
被动语态的否定句式：主语+be+not+过去分词+....、
This car was not made in China.
③ 一般疑问句式
被动语态的一般疑问句式为：Be+主语+过去分词+...
Is the bool written by Lu Xun？
④ 特殊疑问句式
被动语态的特殊疑问句式为：
特殊疑问词（不作主语）+be+主语+过去分词+...
When was the telephone invented
特殊疑问词（作主语）+be+过去分词+...
What was stolen last night？
【注意】谓语部分含有情态动词的被动语态的肯定句式为：
情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词
否定句式为在情态动词后面加not，疑问句把情态动词提到主语的前面。
English can be learned from the Internet.
The books mustn’t be taken out of the library
Should your homework be finished before six
When can my computer be reparied？
（2）各种时态的被动语态
被动语态由“主语+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词有时态、人称和数的变化
时态 结构 例句
一般现在时的被动语态 主语+am/is/are+过去分词 The room is cleaned every day
一般过去时的被动语态 主语+was/were+过去分词 The bridge was built last year.
一般将来时的被动语态 主语+wiil+be+过去分词 主语+shall+be+过去分词 主语+be going to+be+过去分词 主语+be to+be过去分词 The meeting will be held tomorrow.
A new factory is going to be built next year
I shall be give a chance to do it again
时态 结构 例句
现在进行时的被动语态 主语+am/is/are +being+ 过去分词 The school library is being built now
过去进行时的被动语态 主语+was/were +being+ 过去分词 The machine was being painted then.
现在完成时的被动语态 主语+has/have +been+ 过去分词 The work has been finished
过去完成时的被动语态 主语+had +been+过去分词 I had been invited to visit Japan before I came here.
时态 结构 例句
过去将来时的被动语态 主语+should/ would+be+过去分词 主语+was / were +going to be + 过去分词. She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city.
He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.
含情态动词的被动语态 主语+情态动词+be+过去分词 Your mistakes should be corrected right now
以上为初中阶段常见的各种时态的被动语态。根据各地实际情况要求学生去掌握或了解。部分时态的被动语态了解即可，一般仅出现在阅读题目中。
文本信息
(3)被动语态的用法
① 不知或不必提及动作的执行者或动作执行者很模糊时
The book was published in 2018
The song is said to be very popular abroad
②强调动作的承受者时
当强调动作的承受者时，将承受者作为谈话中心时，用被动语态。此类句子常有一个by引导的短语说明动作的执行者，有时也可省略。
The book was written by Whitman.
Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away.
③出于礼貌或委婉，避免说出动作的执行着
The window glass was broken this morning
I have been told many times not to make noises.有人多次告诉我不要吵闹
④ 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”, 如
It is said that…据说……
It is reported that…据报道……
It is believed that…大家相信……
It is hoped that…大家希望……
It is well-known that…众所周知……
It is thought that…大家认为……
It is suggested that…据建议……
（4）主动语态与被动语态的转换
① 记忆口诀：主谓宾，要分清，宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。具体所遵循的如下5个步骤：
（1）先确定主动句的主语、谓语、宾语，找出主动中的谓语动词。
（2）把主动句中谓语动词后面的宾语变为被动句的主语，若宾语是人称代词，则应把宾格变为主格。
（3）把主动句中谓语动词变为“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”，但时态不能改变。
（4）把主动句中谓语动词前面的主语变为被动句中介词by的宾语（没必要说出动作的执行者时可省略），若主语是人称代词时，应把主格变为宾格。
（5）其它的句子成分（定语、状语）不变。
② 带有复合宾语的句子，即主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 结构转变为被动语态时。将主句中的宾语变为被动语态的主语，而宾语补足语不变仍保留在原处，作主语补足语。
We made Mr White leader of the team.
被动语态：Mr White was made leader of the team
He cut his hair short. 被动语态：His hair was cut short
We asked Jenny to sing another song.
被动语态：Jenny was asked to to sing another song.
We find the book very useful. 被动语态The book is found very useful.
【注意】此类结构若主动句中有感官动词see/hear/watch/feel/notice等和使役动词make/let/have等后跟省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动语态中不带to，但在变被动语态时，to必须还原。后接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词变为被动语态时，宾补部分不变。
They watched the girl sing and dance that morning.→The girl were watched to sing and dance that morning.
They made Peter work hard.→Peter was made to work hard
We heard Amy playing the piano in her room. →Amy was heard playing the piano in her room.
输入标题文本信息
标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
③含有双宾语的句子转化为被动语态
即句子结构为：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语的结构变为被动语态时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动语态的主语。
一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语，直接宾语(指物)不变。
She gave me a nice gift或She gave a nice gift to me
I was given a nice gift
另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语，如上句可改成：
A nice gift was given to me by her.
这种把直接宾语（指物）变为主语的时候，又可分为两种：
标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
一种时转换为带介词to的结构，主要动词有give，show，send，pass，lend'，take，bring等
主动语态：He sent me an e-mail / He sent an e-mail to me
间接宾语作主语： I was sent an e-mail by him
直接宾语作主语：An e-mail was send to me by him
另一种转化为带介词for的结构，主要动词有buy，make，find，get，pay，draw等
主动语态：My father bought a computer for me yesterday./My father bought me a competer yesterday.
(直接宾语作主语) A computer was bought for me by my father yesterday.
(间接宾语作主语) I was bought a conputer by my father yesterday
④含有短语动词的句子在变为被动语态时，短语中的介词或副词不能省去。常见的此类短语动词有：take care of, look after, take off, look at, , look up, think of, work out, laugh at，pick up，look down upon，make use of，play a part in，pay attention to等。
He took care of his sick mother yesterday
被动语态：His mother was taken care of yesterday
We should pay attention to the following problems
被动语态：The following problems should be paid attention to
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（6）不可转化为被动句的主动句情况
①主动句的谓语动词是连系动词（feel, look, sound, seem, become等）、不及物动词（happen, disappear等）、表示状态的及物动词（have, own，want， rise, hold等）或某些动词短语（come true; fall asleep; keep quiet; take place等）时
The story was happened in 2009.（错）The story happened in 2009.（对）
We own a beautiful garden.
②受宾语限制的句子
当句子的宾语是反身代词，相互代词，表示地点的名词，不定式短语，动词ing形式等时，一般不能转化为被动句
如：The woman introduced herself as Mrs. Lee. 那个妇女自我介绍说她是李夫人。
不可变成：Herself was introduced herself as Mrs. Li.（误）
They help each other to study math.
不可变成：Each other is helped to study Math.（误）
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（5）主动形式表被动意义
①某些连系动词，如sound ，taste ，feel，look，smell，seem等
The cloth feels smooth 布摸起来光滑
②当主语为物时，动词为shut，draw，cut，sell, write, cut, open, lock, read, clean, wash, burn, drive等作不及物动词时，用主动形式表被动意义，用来表示主语（某物）的内在品质，性能，性质，特征等。
这种词后常有副词修饰。
The door locks easily 门好锁
The book doesn’t sell well 卖的不好
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③某些表示”发生”的不及物动词或动词短语，如happen，take place。
The story happened in the 1980s
Great changes have taken place in the city in the past few years
④ 动词不定式在某些些形容词，如easy, difficult, hard, good, impossible, heavy 等的后面，且不定式与主语有动宾关系时，要用主动形式表被动意义。
This question is difficult to answer.
This box is heavy to carry.
⑤ 某些动词的结构含有被动意义，如
sth. need/ want/ require doing相当于sth. need/ want/ require to be done (不定式的被动结构)。
The classroom needs cleaning. = The classroom needs to be cleaned.
⑥ be worth doing 值得做某事中的doing表示被动意义。
The book is worth reading by everyone.
⑦get+过去分词表示被动语态，这种结构一般只表示动作。
Be careful not to get burned in the sun
I got caught in a heavy rain last night 昨晚淋了大雨
（6）被动形式表主动意义
①英语中有一些短语常以被动形式出现，但表示主动意义
She is usually dressed in white. 常常一袭白衣
The boy was seated by the window 小孩坐在窗户旁
② 英语中一些表示情感，态度的过去分词，其用法及意义相当于形容词。作表语时与被动语态的形式相同，但表主动意义。
I am pleased to meet you at the party
Are you satisfied with the work？
（7）被动语态与系表结构的区别
此处的系表结构是指：连系动词+用作表语的过去分词结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所有在应用时要注意。
①被动语态中的过去分词多强调动作，而系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多表示状态。
I was interested by the joke.这个笑话是我很感兴趣(被动语态强调动作）
I am interested in literature （系表结构表状态）
②被动语态常有介词by引出动作的发出者，而系表结构中没有动作的发出者，所以常见其它介词如about，at，in，on ，with，over，to等
I was interested by what you showed me （被动语态）
I am interested in collecting stamps（系表结构）
③被动语态常用greatly，much等修饰，而系表结构由very，quite，rather，too，so，more，most等修饰
We were greatly moved by what the little boy did（被动语态)
I am quite satified with your homework (系表结构）
④句中带有时间，地点或方式状语时，多半为被动语态
The door was closed. 门是关着的。（系表结构）
The door was closed at 9: 00. 九点钟关的门。（被动语态）
⑤系表结构通常只有一般现在时和一般过去时，而被动语态可用于多种时态。
The problem will be discussed next week.
三 实战演练
1．（2023·河北·统考中考真题）Breakfast ________ every day for people aged over 60 for free in this village.
A．provides B．provided C．is provided D．was provided
2．（2023·湖南岳阳·统考中考真题）The panda Ya Ya ________ back to China on April 27th, 2023.
A．is brought B．was brought C．will be brought
B
B
3．（2023·江苏扬州·统考中考真题）Sand turns to glass when it ________ by lightning.
A．hits B．is hit C．is hitting D．will be hit
4．（2023·天津·统考中考真题）Some photos of the moon ________ in the Space Club next week.
A．shows B．is showing C．were shown D．will be shown
C
B
5．（2022·辽宁大连·统考中考真题）In the Wolong Panda Reserve, visitors ________ to get closer to pandas.
A．allow B．allowed C．are allowing D．are allowed
6．The tea in Wangcang is so famous that it ________ to places across the country every day.
A．sends B．sent C．is sent D．will be sent
D
C
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