2024届高考英语二轮复习攻克典型题型之阅读理解（3）词义猜测题学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2024届高考英语二轮复习攻克典型题型之阅读理解（3）词义猜测题学案（含答案） |  | |
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（3）词义猜测题—2024届高考英语二轮复习攻克典型题型之阅读理解
答题技巧
技巧1：单词或短语意义猜测题
该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从"已知"得出"未知"的过程,即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理,有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。常见的设题形式：
The underlined word in the second paragraph means "______".
Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph
The underlined word...in Paragraph 1 can best be replaced by "______".
What does the phrase...in Paragraph 2 mean
技巧2：句意理解题
句意理解题大多考查句子的寓意，而非字面含义，且与文章主旨或段落主题密切相关。常见的设题形式：
The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means "______".
What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 mean
Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph
技巧3：代词指代题
代词指代题旨在考查考生对阅读素材的理解和把握能力。文章中的代词 it，that，he，him，them等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和 that 还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。
题型训练
一、
There's bad news for parents who frequently leave their kids in front of the TV: It might actually end up leaving moms and dads more stressed. The findings come from a University of Arizona-led study, which explores the potential effects of children's television watching habits on their parents' stress levels.
The logic behind this is clear. The more television kids watch, the more they're exposed(接触) to advertising, which often features bright colors, upbeat music and flashy characters and can be especially persuasive, since, developmentally, children aren't fully capable of understanding advertising's intention. "The more advertisements they see, the more likely they are to insist on purchasing items when going with their parents and perhaps make a fuss if told 'no'. All that may increase parents' overall stress well beyond a single shopping trip," said lead study author Matthew Lapierre.
There are a few things parents can do, perhaps the most obvious of which is limiting screen time. "Commercial content is there for a reason: to elicit purchasing behavior. So, if this is a problem, maybe shut off the TV," Lapierre said. Of course, that can be easier said than done, he admitted.
Another thing parents can try, especially as advertising targeting children rockets around the holidays: Consider how they talk to their kids about consumerism. At this time, effective parent-child consumer-related communication can work well.
Overall, communication between parents and children is a better strategy for reducing stress in parents. However, the research found, this communicative strategy shows dropping returns when children ask for more products or have more consumer conflict with parents.
With the rise of streaming services, however, many viewers are no longer being exposed to the traditional advertising of network or cable TV. Advertisers are finding creative ways around that, for example, through product placement and integrated (综合的) branding in a show, Lapierre said. And advertising toward children remains a multibillion-dollar industry.
"In general, more television exposure means more exposure to advertisements. Even if I'm streaming, I'm likely seeing more integrated branding," Lapierre said, "such hidden advertising is harder to detect and has a greater influence on children's consuming habits, leaving parents more stressed.
1. What does Matthew Lapierre attempt to explore in the study
A. The influence the bad news on TV has on parents.
B. Children's ability to understand TV commercials.
C. The stress the kids' watching TV brings to parents.
D. Strategies to stop kids watching TV advertisements.
2. What does the underlined word "elicit" mean in paragraph 3
A. Cause. B. Challenge. C. Practise. D. Guarantee.
3. How does Lapierre consider the placement advertising in streaming services
A. A simple and better means of advertising a product
B. A hidden way to promote products or brands to kids
C. An easy way to avoid conflicts between kids and parents.
D. An effective approach to keeping kids from TV commercials.
4. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A. People should keep off the influence of TV ads
B. Advertisers make commercial contents appealing
C. TV commercials can educate the kids unknowingly
D. Kids' exposure to TV makes parents more stressed
二、
Before you worry about bacon and how much it may cost when new animal welfare laws go into effect next year, let's talk about the pigs that gave their lives for it.
California has been on the forefront of protecting animals who live short lives on factory farms either to produce food for us or to be slaughtered and sold as food. The latest advance came in November 2018, when 62.7% of the state's voters supported Proposition 12, the Prevention of Cruelty to Farm Animals Act. The law began going into effect last year, requiring hens and veal calves to be given more space to live in. Starting on Jan. 1st, the law will require that all eggs sold in California come from cage-free hens and that pork sold in the state come from breeding pigs that are not held in cages. These are humane steps designed to lift these animals out of structures that barely allow them to move.
Pork producers have had the longest time to comply (遵守). Some big companies like Hormel Foods have pledged to do so fully, but others have spent the last few years fighting the law rather than figuring out how to put it into practice. They say that the law will significantly raise the price of pork and that it violates the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, which gives Congress sole power over interstate business activity. So far, that fight has been a waste of time that pork producers could have better spent figuring out how to retrofit (翻新)their farms.
They also complain that the regulations on the law are not set. But the California Department of Food and Agriculture, which has yet to finalize the regulations, says that the delay should not have prevented producers from retrofitting their housing for breeding pigs. The agency has publicly posted draft regulations, which mostly concern record-keeping, certification and definitions of terms.
For fans of bacon and other pork, any rise in cost is the price of not having a pig suffer before it's killed for food. It's a price the animals shouldn't have to pay.
5. What do we know about Proposition 12
A. The law will come into force next year.
B. More space is required for raising hens and pigs.
C. Raising hens and pigs in limited space is humane.
D. Half of the state's voters subscribed to Proposition 12.
6. What does the underlined word "pledged" in paragraph 3 mean
A. Suspect. B. Refuse. C. Promise. D. Hesitate.
7. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 3
A. Some pork producers have raised the price of pork.
B. All the pork producers don't comply with the law.
C. Pork producers have wasted a lot of time retrofitting their farms.
D. Pork producers resist the Commerce Clause of the Constitution.
8. Which word can best describe the author's attitude to the new animal welfare laws
A. Skeptical. B. Conservative. C. Tolerant. D. Favorable.
三、
This winter, the U. S. state of California received unusually large amounts of rain and snow. Now, people worry that some areas will flood as the snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains melts (融化).
Ron Caetano lives about half-way between the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. He is preparing to leave in case his community, called the Island District, floods.
More than 100 years ago, the Island District area was under a large lake named Tulare Lake. At one time, Tulare Lake was the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. But reservoirs (水库) and watering systems for agriculture caused it to disappear. However, in very rainy years, farmland can still get covered with water.
Experts say reservoirs near the area will likely receive three times more water than they can hold this year. That means officials must increase the amount of water they release (释放) from the reservoirs. If too much water is released, the area might flood.
The Island District has organized a community network to help prepare for floods. People are placing sandbags close to elderly neighbors' houses to block possible flooding. And they are looking at reports from water officials, county officials, and from each other.
California has had very dry weather in recent years. Both cities and farm communities acclaimed this year's winter rains. If the weather gets warmer slowly, the snow will not melt quickly and there may be little or no flooding. But if the weather gets hot quickly, that will bring trouble from too much melting snow.
Officials announced plans to close parts of Yosemite National Park because of threats of flooding. The park is about 270 kilometers east of San Francisco in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Nicholas Pinter is with the University of California, Davis Center for Watershed Sciences. He said the lake's size has always changed because of California's weather. He described the surrounding area this way. "It has been an engineering problem all along," he said. "This is a bathtub (浴缸) with no way out."
9. What made Tulare Lake disappear
A. Lack of rainfall. B. Natural disasters.
C. Human behaviors. D. Climate warming.
10. What does the underlined word "acclaimed" mean in paragraph 6
A. Feared. B. Prevented. C. Stored. D. Welcomed.
11. What might people of California hope to happen
A. The government can help them escape. B. The weather will gradually get warm.
C. There will be more rain there. D. Officials won't let off water.
12. What can we infer from Nicholas Pinter's words
A. It is difficult to deal with the flood. B. It is easy to keep the snow water.
C. The surrounding area is unfit to live. D. The lake is already overflowing.
四、
More than half the world's population live in cities, and by 2050 the UN expects that proportion to reach 68%. This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure. In India alone, a city the size of Chicago will have to be developed every year to meet demand for housing. Such a construction increase is a bad sign for dealing with climate change, because making steel and concrete, two of the most common building materials, generates around 8% of the world's CO2 emissions (排放). If cities are to expand and become greener at the same time, they will have to be made from something else.
Wood is one of the most promising sustainable alternatives to steel and concrete. It is not, however, everyday wood that is attracting the interest of architects.
Rather, it is a material called engineered timber. This is a combination of different layers, each designed to meet the requirements of specific parts such as floors, panels and beams (横梁). Designers can use it to provide levels of strength like steel, in a product that is up to 80% lighter. In addition, engineered timber is usually made into large sections in a factory for future use, which reduces the number of deliveries to a construction site.
According to Michael Ramage of the University of Cambridge, a wooden building produces 75% less CO2 than a steel and concrete one of the same size. However, if building with wood takes off, it does raise concern about there being enough trees to go round. But with sustainably managed forests that should not be a problem, says Dr Ramage. A family-sized apartment requires about 30 cubic meters of timber, and he estimates Europe's sustainable forests alone grow that amount every seven seconds. Nor is fire a risk, for engineered timber does not burn easily. Besides, fireproofing layers can be added to the timber. All in all, then, it looks as if wood as a building material may get a new lease of life.
13. Why is India mentioned in paragraph 1
A. To point out the severe pollution.
B. To predict the population increase.
C. To indicate the high degree of urbanization.
D. To show the great need for building materials.
14. What can be learned about engineered timber
A. It is produced at a low cost.
B. It hardly appeals to architects.
C. It helps save energy in transportation.
D. It possesses greater strength than steel.
15. What does the underlined phrase "takes off" in the last paragraph mean
A. Becomes cheaper. B. Gains popularity.
C. Requires less work. D. Proves sustainable.
16. What is the main idea of the text
A. People should make future cities more attractive.
B. It's important to live in a world with less emission.
C. Building sustainable cities with woods is possible now.
D. Let's grow more trees for future building
五、
After decades of argument, psychologists have apparently agreed that arranging one's features into the shape of a smile helps brighten the mood. In other words, if you want to feel a little happier, try looking a little happier first.
The idea has a rocky history, though. To settle the matter once and for all, Nicholas Coles, a research scientist at Stanford University, organized the Many Smiles Collaboration to conduct an experiment, with which advocates, critics and those on the fence could all agree.
The psychologists recruited nearly 4,000 people and divided them into 3 groups. The first adopted the pen-in-mouth method to activate facial muscles for smiling. The second imitated the facial expressions of smiling actors. The third was told to move the corners of their lips toward their ears and raise their cheeks.
The volunteers then rated their happiness as they pulled their faces, wore neutral expressions, and looked at blank screens or images of puppies, kittens, flowers and fireworks. According to a report in Nature Human Behaviour, the pen-in-mouth method did little for emotions—perhaps because people had to bite their teeth together. But the other two approaches boosted happiness, though the effect was small.
"Some people believe that emotional experience is very cognitive and that it's driven by our evaluations of what's going on in the world. This work, however, suggests that it's also physiological," said Coles. "Emotional experience appears to be built, in part, on the feedback or sensations from the nervous system. The accelerated heart can make people feel anxious and the stretch of a smile can make them feel happy," he added.
Dr. Magdalena Rychlowska, who works on facial expressions, emotions and culture at Queen's University Belfast, said such studies were tremendously beneficial" for psychology. "As a researcher working on how facial movements influence our feelings, I am delighted to see that an independent study found support for the facial feedback assumption," she said.
17. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 mean
A. People refuse to accept the idea.
B. People have different views on the idea.
C. The idea gains popularity quickly.
D. The idea has stood the test of time.
18. On what basis did the psychologists get their findings
A. How the volunteers felt. B. How the volunteers acted.
C. How the volunteers looked. D. How the volunteers thought.
19. Why does Coles make these remarks in paragraph 5
A. To praise his research work. B. To state his research findings.
C. To put forward a new project. D. To criticize the mistaken belief.
20. What does Rychlowska talk about concerning the research findings
A. Its independence. B. Its application. C. Its significance. D. Its appeal.
六、
"All of our senses convert(转换) physical energy in the surrounding world into electrical responses, which are the common currency that the nervous system uses," said James Hudspeth from Rockefeller University.
Hudspeth said, "Our ears have to convert mechanical vibrations(震动) in the air into electrical responses. And the way this is done is that there are so-called hair cells. These cells have little microscopic bristles(刚毛), about a hundred of them, and on the top of each cell, these bristles vibrate back and forth in response to sound. That sets up an electrical signal that goes down a nerve fiber and into the brain."
Hudspeth continued, "The real question is what happens with these hair cells as they degenerate. We lose them owing to loud sounds and certain drugs, and we lose them with aging. What can be done to repair them so that we can restore hearing "
Another expert, Robert Fettiplace said, "Well, I mean there are two aspects to this, one of which is that you could try and regrow them. Almost all hearing loss is due to death of the hair cells or lack of formation of them in the first place. The cells are all different."
Hudspeth said, "The problems that Robert has mentioned go for mammals, including ourselves. The situation is different with other four-legged animals. But, in reptiles, including birds, this regeneration is going on all the time, like in fish. In fact, you can take a chicken to a concert, blasting its ears. They will nicely regenerate, and even with frequency-specific hair cells, they will reconnect, and the animal will be able to hear normally again."
Hudspeth added, "I agree that there is an enormous challenge, and this is certainly something that won't happen overnight in ourselves. But I don't think it's a hopeless task and I think basically what many people are trying to do is decode(解码) the signals sent as these hair cells develop, and by doing so to recognize the signaling pathways that might be reactivate the original development and restore hair cells by that means."
21. How is the conversion achieved according to the text
A. Through the brain. B. Through hair cells.
C. Through physical energy. D. Through certain drugs.
22. What does the underlined word "degenerate" in paragraph 3 mean
A. Proceed. B. Form. C. Worsen. D. Extend.
23. What does the enormous challenge mentioned in the last paragraph refer to
A. Restoring hearing. B. Receiving signals.
C. Replacing cells. D. Reconnecting pathways.
24. Which may be the best title for the text
A. How do electrical responses work
B. How can we decode hearing signals
C. What results in mechanical vibrations
D. What can animals teach hearing researchers
七、
What's a dust devil(尘卷风) sound like on Mars America's Perseverance, a vehicle used to explore Mars, recorded the loud noise when one passed directly overhead. It's about 10 seconds of sounds of not only the wind blowing up to 40 kph, but hundreds of dust grains hitting the vehicle. Scientists released the first-of-its-kind audio(音频) Tuesday. It sounds strikingly similar to dust devils on Earth, although quieter since Mars' thin atmosphere makes for more muted sounds and less forceful wind.
The dust devil came and went over Perseverance quickly last year, thus the short length of the audio, said the University of Toulouse's Naomi Murdoch. At the same time, the camera on the parked rover(探测器) shot images, while its weather-monitoring instrument collected data. "It was fully caught red-handed, which greatly shook me. Catching a dust devil in space really takes some luck, "said German Martinez of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston. Photographed for decades on Mars but never heard until now, dust devils are common on the red planet. This one was in the average range at least 118 meters tall and 25 meters across, traveling at 5 meters per second.
Given that the rover's microphone is turned on for less than three minutes every few days, Murdoch said it was "definitely luck" that the dust devil appeared when it did. She said there was just a 1-in-200 chance of recording the dust-devil sound and that of the 84 minutes collected in its first year, there was "only one dust devil recording".
This same microphone on Perseverance provided the first sounds from Mars—namely the Martian wind—soon after the rover landed on Mars. It followed up with audio of the rover driving around and its companion helicopter flying nearby. These recordings allow scientists to study the Martian wind, sudden and violent movements of air, and now dust movement as never before, Murdoch said.
25. Which is closest in meaning to "muted" in paragraph 1
A. Weak. B. Sharp. C. Strange. D. Clear.
26. What does Martinez think of Perseverance's catching the dust devil
A. Predictable. B. Well-timed. C. Inspirational. D. Mind-blowing.
27. What does Murdoch say about the recorded dust devil
A. It lasted for 84 minutes. B. It went beyond the average range.
C. It was caught just by chance. D. It was the first to be found on Mars.
28. What can the recordings on Perseverance help scientists gain insight into
A. How the Martian wind is measured.
B. How dust is transported around Mars.
C. How air movements impact the rover.
D. How rovers work with helicopters in space.
八、
Several years ago, a cousin I had lost touch with since I was a teenager dropped by my house. At the living room entryway, he stopped in dead silence, his eyes fixed on the bookshelves covering the entire back wall. "Have you read them all " he asked me, almost frightened. "Yes," I said, "just about." He shook his head in silence, as if this was a feat(技艺) that had demanded much effort. As for him, he had to leave school at fourteen, working wherever he could. His family did not have books. I only recall seeing the comic book Tarzan lying around on the table.
The memory of this scene with my cousin makes me feel uneasy. It hides an even bitter one. I was between fifteen and eighteen years old. I must have blamed my father for "not being interested in anything", for reading only Paris-Normandie, the local newspaper. Usually so calm and tolerant regarding the rudeness of his only daughter, he replied seriously, "Books are good for you. But as for me, I don't need them to live."
These words have stretched across time and fixed inside me, like a pain and an unbearable reality. I understood very well what my father meant. Reading Alexandre Dumas, Flaubert, Camus would not have served any practical purpose in his work as a café owner. On the other hand, in the future he hoped for me, he vaguely knew that books held weight, and that they formed part of a defining package—"cultural baggage"—that included the theater, the opera and winter sports—a superior social world. I understood all that but it was so hard to accept. I refused to think that the world of books would stay forever closed to the human being who was dearest to me.
As I think about reasons for reading, my father's words come back to me insistently, like a personal and unsolvable contradiction. No, to read is not to live, but I have always lived with books.
29. What does paragraph 1 tell us about the writer
A. Her having read many books amazed her cousin.
B. Her cousin quit school early and had no books at all.
C. She completely finished reading the books on the shelves.
D. Her cousin was frightened to death upon seeing the books.
30. What does the underlined word "one" refer to in paragraph 2
A. An idea. B. An emotion. C.A memory. D. A relative.
31. What does the writer find it difficult to accept
A. The bitter memory of a sad childhood.
B. The strict tone in which her father spoke.
C. The fear of falling short of her father's expectations.
D. Her father's ignorance of the importance of reading.
32. What is the passage going to talk about next
A. Why the writer enjoys reading books.
B. What separates the writer from her cousin.
C. What the writer's father really meant.
D. How other conflicts erupted.
答案以及解析
1.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段"The more advertisements they see，the more likely they are to insist on purchasing items when going with their parents and perhaps make a fuss if told 'no'. All that may increase parents' overall stress well beyond a single shopping trip." said lead study author Matthew Lapierre. （该研究的主要作者Matthew Lapierre说："他们看到的广告越多，就越有可能在和父母一起购物时坚持购买物品，如果被告知'不'，他们可能会大惊小怪。所有这些都可能会增加父母的整体压力，远远超过一次购物之旅。"）可知，Matthew Lapierre在研究中试图探索孩子们看电视给父母带来的压力。故选C。
2.答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句"Commercial content is there for a reason：to elicit purchasing behavior. （商业内容的存在是有原因的：elicit购买行为。）并结合常识可知，商业内容会引发购买行为。故elicit意为"引发；引起"。A.Cause引起；B.Challenge挑战；C.Practise练习；D.Guarantee保证。故选A。
3.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Advertisers are finding creative ways around that，for example，through product placement and integrated （综合的） branding in a show，Lapierre said.And advertising toward children remains a multibillion-dollar industry. （Lapierre说，广告商正在寻找创造性的方法来解决这一问题，例如在节目中植入产品和整合品牌。面向儿童的广告仍然是一个价值数十亿美元的行业）可推知，Lapierre认为流媒体服务中投放广告是一种向儿童推销产品或品牌的隐蔽方式。故选B。
4.答案：D
解析：标题判断题。根据第一段There's bad news for parents who frequently leave their kids in front of the TV：It might actually end up leaving moms and dads more stressed. （对于那些经常把孩子放在电视机前的父母来说，有一个坏消息：这实际上可能会让父母压力更大）可知，本文主要介绍一项研究结果---孩子接触电视会让父母压力更大。D项"Kids' exposure to TV makes parents more stressed（孩子接触电视会让父母压力更大）"最能概括本文主旨。故选D。
5.答案：B
解析：考查细节理解。由第二段"The law began going into effect last year, requiring hens and veal calves to be given more space to live in." "the law will require that all eggs sold in California come from cage-free hens and that pork sold in the state come from breeding pigs that are not held in cages."可知，新动物福利法要求圈养母鸡和肉用小猪需给予更多的空间，不能让它们活动受限。故B项正确。
6.答案：C
解析：考查词义推断。由第三段 "but others have spent the last few years fighting the law rather than figuring out how to put it into practice." 可知，其他生产商过去几年都在抗议新动物福利法，but表示转折，说明"Some big companies like Hormel Foods have pledged to do so fully,"一些大公司是愿意去按新法的规定去做的，所以 pledged的意思是承诺。故C项正确。
7.答案：B
解析：考查细节理解。由第三段"Pork producers have had the longest time to comply."猪肉生产商需要很长的时间去遵守这个新的动物福利法，"Some big companies like Hormel Foods have pledged to do so fully, but others have spent the last few years fighting the law rather than figuring out how to implement it."大的生产商承诺去做，其他生产商过去几年都在抗议新法。故B项正确。
8.答案：D
解析：考查推理判断。由第二段"These are humane steps designed to lift these animals out of structures that barely allow them to move."第三段"So far, that fight has been a waste of time that pork producers could have better spent figuring out how to reconfigure their farms."以及最后一段"It's a price the animals shouldn't have to pay."可知，作者认为新法规定商业养殖动物需给予更多的活动空间是非常人性化的关怀与做法，进而带来的猪肉价格成本上涨也是人类应付出的代价。猪肉生产商对新法的抵制毫无意义浪费时间。所以作者对新法非常支持。故D项正确。
9.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句 But reservoirs(水库) and watering systems for agriculture caused it to disappear 可知，但是用于农业的水库和灌溉系统使图莱里湖(Tulare Lake)消失了。即是人类行为导致了该湖泊的消失。
10.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据此处前后文的内容可知，加州近年来天气非常干燥。城市和农村社区都为今年的冬雨欢呼雀跃。如果天气慢慢变暖，雪不会很快融化，可能很少或没有洪水。但是，如果天气迅速变热，将带来太多的积雪融化的麻烦。此处 acclaimed的意思是"欢迎"，与 welcomed是同义词。
11.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第六段的第三句If the weather gets warmer slowly, the snow will not melt quickly and there may be little or no flooding 可知，如果天气慢慢变暖，雪不会很快融化， 可能很少或没有洪水。即加州人期待天气将逐渐变暖。
12.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句的内容可知，"这一直是一个工程问题，"他说。"这是一个没有出口的浴缸"。即这种地理环境排水困难，对付洪水是很困难的。
13.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二和三句"This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure. In India alone, a city the size of Chicago will have to be developed every year to meet demand for housing."(这意味着更多的房屋、道路和其他基础设施。仅在印度，芝加哥这样规模的城市每年都要开发，以满足住房需求。)可知，第1段提到印度是为了证明城市人口的增加意味着需要更多的房屋等基础设施，由此导致了对建筑材料的巨大需求。故选D项。
14.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句"In addition, engineered timber is usually made into large sections in a factory for future use, which reduces the number of deliveries to a construction site."(此外，工程木材通常在工厂生产成大块以备将来使用，这减少了交付到建筑工地的数量。)可知，关于工程木材我们能了解到它有助于在运输中节省能源。故选C项。
15.答案：B
解析：猜测词义题。根据文章第四段第一句和二句"According to Michael Ramage of the University of Cambridge, a wooden building produces 75% less CO2 than a steel and concrete one of the same size. However, if building with wood takes off, it does raise concern about there being enough trees to go round."(根据剑桥大学的Michael Ramage的研究，同尺寸的钢筋混凝土建筑相比，木质建筑产生的二氧化碳要少75%。然而，如果用木材建造的建筑成功了，人们就会担心是否有足够多的树木来环绕。)由第一句讲述的是木质建筑的优势及第二句后半句导致的结果是人们就会担心是否有足够多的树木剩下可知，划线的短语takes off应该是获得成功，变得受欢迎的意思。故选B项。
16.答案：C
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段最后一句"If cities are to expand and become greener at the same time, they will have to be made from something else."(如果城市要在扩张的同时变得更环保，它们就必须用其他东西来制造。)及最后一段最后一句"All in all, then, it looks as if wood as a building material may get a new lease of life."(总之，作为一种建筑材料，木材似乎可以获得新生。)可知，这篇文章的合适标题是用木材建造可持续发展的城市。故选C项。
17.答案：B
解析：根据画线句后文To settle the matter once and for all, Nicholas Coles...organized the Many Smiles Collaboration to conduct an experiment, with which advocates, critics and those on the fence could all agree.可知，为了一劳永逸地解决问题，科尔斯进行了一项支持者、批评者和持中立态度的人都同意的实验，这说明人们对这个观点有分歧。故画线句的意思是"人们对这个观点有不同的想法"。
18.答案：A
解析：根据倒数第二段中的Emotional experience appears to be built, in part, on the feedback or sensations from the nervous system. The accelerated heart can make people feel anxious and the stretch of a smile can make them feel happy可知，情感体验似乎在某种程度上是建立在神经系统的反馈或感觉之上的;心跳加速会让人感到焦虑，而微笑则会让人感到快乐，即心理学家是根据志愿者的感受得出他们的发现的。
19.答案：B
解析：根据第五段中的This work, however, suggests that it's also physiological可知，科尔斯认为这项实验表明人的情感体验也出于生理因素，即科尔斯说这些话是为了陈述他的研究发现。
20.答案：C
解析：根据最后一段内容可知，里赫洛夫斯卡认为这类研究对心理学"非常有益"，她很高兴看到一项独立研究发现了对面部反馈假设的支持，即里赫洛夫斯卡谈到了该研究发现的意义。
21.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，这种转化通过所谓的毛细胞来实现。
22.答案：C
解析：词义推测题。根据第三段第二句可知，本段引出问题"这些毛细胞退化时会发生什么"。
23.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。上文讲到很多原因会导致我们的听力丧失，有些动物却能恢复听力，或许人类也可以恢复听力，由此引出最后一段的"这是个非常大的挑战，因为恢复听力肯定不会一夜之间就在我们人类身上发生"。
24.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。文章的主要内容是，人类也许能从动物身上借鉴一些恢复听力的经验。
25.答案：A
解析：根据画线词前的"It sounds strikingly similar to dust devils on Earth, although quieter since Mars' thin atmosphere makes for...less forceful wind"可知,火星尘 卷风和地球上的尘卷风听起来非常相似，尽管声音更 轻柔，since后解释了"quieter"的原因。再结合"muted" 和"less forceful"的近义关系可推断，画线词muted意为 "减轻的，减弱的"，weak的含义与之相似，故选 A。
26.答案：D
解析：根据第二段中的Martinez所说的话"It was fully caught red-handed, which greatly shook me. Catching a dust devil in space really takes some luck"可知，尘卷风是被"当场" 捕捉到，这让Martínez大吃一惊。在太空 中捕捉到尘卷风真的需要一些运气。由 此可知，Martínez认为"毅力"号捕捉到尘 卷风是非常令人吃惊的。
27.答案：C
解析：根据第三段中的"Given that the rover's microphone is turned on for less than three minutes every few days... when it did"可知，探测器的麦克风每隔几天会打开不到三分 钟，这个尘卷风出现时麦克风刚好处于工作 状态"绝对是运气"。由此可推知，"毅力"号 捕捉到并录下这次尘卷风纯属巧合。
28.答案：B
解析：根据最后一段中的"These recordings allow scientists to study the Martian wind, sudden and violent movements of air, and now dust movement as never before"可知，这些记录 使科学家们能够研究火星上的风、空气突 然和剧烈的运动以及尘埃运动。
29.答案：A
解析：根据第一段中的He shook his head in silence, as if this was a feat that had demanded much effort.可知，作者的表弟在知道作者差不多读完了整墙的书后感到非常吃惊，故选A项。
30.答案：C
解析：根据画线词所在句的上一句以及下文描述的作者和父亲在过去就读书产生分歧可知，one指代作者和父亲就读书产生意见分歧的回忆。由此可知，画线词one指"一个回忆"。
31.答案：D
解析：根据第三段中的I understood all that but it was so hard to accept. I refused to think that the world of books would stay forever closed to the human being who was dearest to me.可知，作者难以接受书的世界会永远对最亲爱的人关闭。由此可知，作者很难接受父亲不知道阅读的重要性。故选D项。
32.答案：A
解析：根据最后一段内容可知，当作者思考阅读的理由时，父亲的话不断地浮现在她的脑海中，就像一个无法解决的个人矛盾，作者认为读书不是为了活着，而作者一直与书生活在一起，可知作者非常喜欢读书。由此可推知，作者接下来会讲述自己喜爱阅读的理由。故选A项。
答题技巧
技巧1：单词或短语意义猜测题
该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从"已知"得出"未知"的过程,即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理,有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。常见的设题形式：
The underlined word in the second paragraph means "______".
Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph
The underlined word...in Paragraph 1 can best be replaced by "______".
What does the phrase...in Paragraph 2 mean
技巧2：句意理解题
句意理解题大多考查句子的寓意，而非字面含义，且与文章主旨或段落主题密切相关。常见的设题形式：
The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means "______".
What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 mean
Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph
技巧3：代词指代题
代词指代题旨在考查考生对阅读素材的理解和把握能力。文章中的代词 it，that，he，him，them等可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和 that 还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的对象。
题型训练
一、
There's bad news for parents who frequently leave their kids in front of the TV: It might actually end up leaving moms and dads more stressed. The findings come from a University of Arizona-led study, which explores the potential effects of children's television watching habits on their parents' stress levels.
The logic behind this is clear. The more television kids watch, the more they're exposed(接触) to advertising, which often features bright colors, upbeat music and flashy characters and can be especially persuasive, since, developmentally, children aren't fully capable of understanding advertising's intention. "The more advertisements they see, the more likely they are to insist on purchasing items when going with their parents and perhaps make a fuss if told 'no'. All that may increase parents' overall stress well beyond a single shopping trip," said lead study author Matthew Lapierre.
There are a few things parents can do, perhaps the most obvious of which is limiting screen time. "Commercial content is there for a reason: to elicit purchasing behavior. So, if this is a problem, maybe shut off the TV," Lapierre said. Of course, that can be easier said than done, he admitted.
Another thing parents can try, especially as advertising targeting children rockets around the holidays: Consider how they talk to their kids about consumerism. At this time, effective parent-child consumer-related communication can work well.
Overall, communication between parents and children is a better strategy for reducing stress in parents. However, the research found, this communicative strategy shows dropping returns when children ask for more products or have more consumer conflict with parents.
With the rise of streaming services, however, many viewers are no longer being exposed to the traditional advertising of network or cable TV. Advertisers are finding creative ways around that, for example, through product placement and integrated (综合的) branding in a show, Lapierre said. And advertising toward children remains a multibillion-dollar industry.
"In general, more television exposure means more exposure to advertisements. Even if I'm streaming, I'm likely seeing more integrated branding," Lapierre said, "such hidden advertising is harder to detect and has a greater influence on children's consuming habits, leaving parents more stressed.
1. What does Matthew Lapierre attempt to explore in the study
A. The influence the bad news on TV has on parents.
B. Children's ability to understand TV commercials.
C. The stress the kids' watching TV brings to parents.
D. Strategies to stop kids watching TV advertisements.
2. What does the underlined word "elicit" mean in paragraph 3
A. Cause. B. Challenge. C. Practise. D. Guarantee.
3. How does Lapierre consider the placement advertising in streaming services
A. A simple and better means of advertising a product
B. A hidden way to promote products or brands to kids
C. An easy way to avoid conflicts between kids and parents.
D. An effective approach to keeping kids from TV commercials.
4. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage
A. People should keep off the influence of TV ads
B. Advertisers make commercial contents appealing
C. TV commercials can educate the kids unknowingly
D. Kids' exposure to TV makes parents more stressed
二、
Before you worry about bacon and how much it may cost when new animal welfare laws go into effect next year, let's talk about the pigs that gave their lives for it.
California has been on the forefront of protecting animals who live short lives on factory farms either to produce food for us or to be slaughtered and sold as food. The latest advance came in November 2018, when 62.7% of the state's voters supported Proposition 12, the Prevention of Cruelty to Farm Animals Act. The law began going into effect last year, requiring hens and veal calves to be given more space to live in. Starting on Jan. 1st, the law will require that all eggs sold in California come from cage-free hens and that pork sold in the state come from breeding pigs that are not held in cages. These are humane steps designed to lift these animals out of structures that barely allow them to move.
Pork producers have had the longest time to comply (遵守). Some big companies like Hormel Foods have pledged to do so fully, but others have spent the last few years fighting the law rather than figuring out how to put it into practice. They say that the law will significantly raise the price of pork and that it violates the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, which gives Congress sole power over interstate business activity. So far, that fight has been a waste of time that pork producers could have better spent figuring out how to retrofit (翻新)their farms.
They also complain that the regulations on the law are not set. But the California Department of Food and Agriculture, which has yet to finalize the regulations, says that the delay should not have prevented producers from retrofitting their housing for breeding pigs. The agency has publicly posted draft regulations, which mostly concern record-keeping, certification and definitions of terms.
For fans of bacon and other pork, any rise in cost is the price of not having a pig suffer before it's killed for food. It's a price the animals shouldn't have to pay.
5. What do we know about Proposition 12
A. The law will come into force next year.
B. More space is required for raising hens and pigs.
C. Raising hens and pigs in limited space is humane.
D. Half of the state's voters subscribed to Proposition 12.
6. What does the underlined word "pledged" in paragraph 3 mean
A. Suspect. B. Refuse. C. Promise. D. Hesitate.
7. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 3
A. Some pork producers have raised the price of pork.
B. All the pork producers don't comply with the law.
C. Pork producers have wasted a lot of time retrofitting their farms.
D. Pork producers resist the Commerce Clause of the Constitution.
8. Which word can best describe the author's attitude to the new animal welfare laws
A. Skeptical. B. Conservative. C. Tolerant. D. Favorable.
三、
This winter, the U. S. state of California received unusually large amounts of rain and snow. Now, people worry that some areas will flood as the snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains melts (融化).
Ron Caetano lives about half-way between the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. He is preparing to leave in case his community, called the Island District, floods.
More than 100 years ago, the Island District area was under a large lake named Tulare Lake. At one time, Tulare Lake was the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. But reservoirs (水库) and watering systems for agriculture caused it to disappear. However, in very rainy years, farmland can still get covered with water.
Experts say reservoirs near the area will likely receive three times more water than they can hold this year. That means officials must increase the amount of water they release (释放) from the reservoirs. If too much water is released, the area might flood.
The Island District has organized a community network to help prepare for floods. People are placing sandbags close to elderly neighbors' houses to block possible flooding. And they are looking at reports from water officials, county officials, and from each other.
California has had very dry weather in recent years. Both cities and farm communities acclaimed this year's winter rains. If the weather gets warmer slowly, the snow will not melt quickly and there may be little or no flooding. But if the weather gets hot quickly, that will bring trouble from too much melting snow.
Officials announced plans to close parts of Yosemite National Park because of threats of flooding. The park is about 270 kilometers east of San Francisco in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
Nicholas Pinter is with the University of California, Davis Center for Watershed Sciences. He said the lake's size has always changed because of California's weather. He described the surrounding area this way. "It has been an engineering problem all along," he said. "This is a bathtub (浴缸) with no way out."
9. What made Tulare Lake disappear
A. Lack of rainfall. B. Natural disasters.
C. Human behaviors. D. Climate warming.
10. What does the underlined word "acclaimed" mean in paragraph 6
A. Feared. B. Prevented. C. Stored. D. Welcomed.
11. What might people of California hope to happen
A. The government can help them escape. B. The weather will gradually get warm.
C. There will be more rain there. D. Officials won't let off water.
12. What can we infer from Nicholas Pinter's words
A. It is difficult to deal with the flood. B. It is easy to keep the snow water.
C. The surrounding area is unfit to live. D. The lake is already overflowing.
四、
More than half the world's population live in cities, and by 2050 the UN expects that proportion to reach 68%. This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure. In India alone, a city the size of Chicago will have to be developed every year to meet demand for housing. Such a construction increase is a bad sign for dealing with climate change, because making steel and concrete, two of the most common building materials, generates around 8% of the world's CO2 emissions (排放). If cities are to expand and become greener at the same time, they will have to be made from something else.
Wood is one of the most promising sustainable alternatives to steel and concrete. It is not, however, everyday wood that is attracting the interest of architects.
Rather, it is a material called engineered timber. This is a combination of different layers, each designed to meet the requirements of specific parts such as floors, panels and beams (横梁). Designers can use it to provide levels of strength like steel, in a product that is up to 80% lighter. In addition, engineered timber is usually made into large sections in a factory for future use, which reduces the number of deliveries to a construction site.
According to Michael Ramage of the University of Cambridge, a wooden building produces 75% less CO2 than a steel and concrete one of the same size. However, if building with wood takes off, it does raise concern about there being enough trees to go round. But with sustainably managed forests that should not be a problem, says Dr Ramage. A family-sized apartment requires about 30 cubic meters of timber, and he estimates Europe's sustainable forests alone grow that amount every seven seconds. Nor is fire a risk, for engineered timber does not burn easily. Besides, fireproofing layers can be added to the timber. All in all, then, it looks as if wood as a building material may get a new lease of life.
13. Why is India mentioned in paragraph 1
A. To point out the severe pollution.
B. To predict the population increase.
C. To indicate the high degree of urbanization.
D. To show the great need for building materials.
14. What can be learned about engineered timber
A. It is produced at a low cost.
B. It hardly appeals to architects.
C. It helps save energy in transportation.
D. It possesses greater strength than steel.
15. What does the underlined phrase "takes off" in the last paragraph mean
A. Becomes cheaper. B. Gains popularity.
C. Requires less work. D. Proves sustainable.
16. What is the main idea of the text
A. People should make future cities more attractive.
B. It's important to live in a world with less emission.
C. Building sustainable cities with woods is possible now.
D. Let's grow more trees for future building
五、
After decades of argument, psychologists have apparently agreed that arranging one's features into the shape of a smile helps brighten the mood. In other words, if you want to feel a little happier, try looking a little happier first.
The idea has a rocky history, though. To settle the matter once and for all, Nicholas Coles, a research scientist at Stanford University, organized the Many Smiles Collaboration to conduct an experiment, with which advocates, critics and those on the fence could all agree.
The psychologists recruited nearly 4,000 people and divided them into 3 groups. The first adopted the pen-in-mouth method to activate facial muscles for smiling. The second imitated the facial expressions of smiling actors. The third was told to move the corners of their lips toward their ears and raise their cheeks.
The volunteers then rated their happiness as they pulled their faces, wore neutral expressions, and looked at blank screens or images of puppies, kittens, flowers and fireworks. According to a report in Nature Human Behaviour, the pen-in-mouth method did little for emotions—perhaps because people had to bite their teeth together. But the other two approaches boosted happiness, though the effect was small.
"Some people believe that emotional experience is very cognitive and that it's driven by our evaluations of what's going on in the world. This work, however, suggests that it's also physiological," said Coles. "Emotional experience appears to be built, in part, on the feedback or sensations from the nervous system. The accelerated heart can make people feel anxious and the stretch of a smile can make them feel happy," he added.
Dr. Magdalena Rychlowska, who works on facial expressions, emotions and culture at Queen's University Belfast, said such studies were tremendously beneficial" for psychology. "As a researcher working on how facial movements influence our feelings, I am delighted to see that an independent study found support for the facial feedback assumption," she said.
17. What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 2 mean
A. People refuse to accept the idea.
B. People have different views on the idea.
C. The idea gains popularity quickly.
D. The idea has stood the test of time.
18. On what basis did the psychologists get their findings
A. How the volunteers felt. B. How the volunteers acted.
C. How the volunteers looked. D. How the volunteers thought.
19. Why does Coles make these remarks in paragraph 5
A. To praise his research work. B. To state his research findings.
C. To put forward a new project. D. To criticize the mistaken belief.
20. What does Rychlowska talk about concerning the research findings
A. Its independence. B. Its application. C. Its significance. D. Its appeal.
六、
"All of our senses convert(转换) physical energy in the surrounding world into electrical responses, which are the common currency that the nervous system uses," said James Hudspeth from Rockefeller University.
Hudspeth said, "Our ears have to convert mechanical vibrations(震动) in the air into electrical responses. And the way this is done is that there are so-called hair cells. These cells have little microscopic bristles(刚毛), about a hundred of them, and on the top of each cell, these bristles vibrate back and forth in response to sound. That sets up an electrical signal that goes down a nerve fiber and into the brain."
Hudspeth continued, "The real question is what happens with these hair cells as they degenerate. We lose them owing to loud sounds and certain drugs, and we lose them with aging. What can be done to repair them so that we can restore hearing "
Another expert, Robert Fettiplace said, "Well, I mean there are two aspects to this, one of which is that you could try and regrow them. Almost all hearing loss is due to death of the hair cells or lack of formation of them in the first place. The cells are all different."
Hudspeth said, "The problems that Robert has mentioned go for mammals, including ourselves. The situation is different with other four-legged animals. But, in reptiles, including birds, this regeneration is going on all the time, like in fish. In fact, you can take a chicken to a concert, blasting its ears. They will nicely regenerate, and even with frequency-specific hair cells, they will reconnect, and the animal will be able to hear normally again."
Hudspeth added, "I agree that there is an enormous challenge, and this is certainly something that won't happen overnight in ourselves. But I don't think it's a hopeless task and I think basically what many people are trying to do is decode(解码) the signals sent as these hair cells develop, and by doing so to recognize the signaling pathways that might be reactivate the original development and restore hair cells by that means."
21. How is the conversion achieved according to the text
A. Through the brain. B. Through hair cells.
C. Through physical energy. D. Through certain drugs.
22. What does the underlined word "degenerate" in paragraph 3 mean
A. Proceed. B. Form. C. Worsen. D. Extend.
23. What does the enormous challenge mentioned in the last paragraph refer to
A. Restoring hearing. B. Receiving signals.
C. Replacing cells. D. Reconnecting pathways.
24. Which may be the best title for the text
A. How do electrical responses work
B. How can we decode hearing signals
C. What results in mechanical vibrations
D. What can animals teach hearing researchers
七、
What's a dust devil(尘卷风) sound like on Mars America's Perseverance, a vehicle used to explore Mars, recorded the loud noise when one passed directly overhead. It's about 10 seconds of sounds of not only the wind blowing up to 40 kph, but hundreds of dust grains hitting the vehicle. Scientists released the first-of-its-kind audio(音频) Tuesday. It sounds strikingly similar to dust devils on Earth, although quieter since Mars' thin atmosphere makes for more muted sounds and less forceful wind.
The dust devil came and went over Perseverance quickly last year, thus the short length of the audio, said the University of Toulouse's Naomi Murdoch. At the same time, the camera on the parked rover(探测器) shot images, while its weather-monitoring instrument collected data. "It was fully caught red-handed, which greatly shook me. Catching a dust devil in space really takes some luck, "said German Martinez of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston. Photographed for decades on Mars but never heard until now, dust devils are common on the red planet. This one was in the average range at least 118 meters tall and 25 meters across, traveling at 5 meters per second.
Given that the rover's microphone is turned on for less than three minutes every few days, Murdoch said it was "definitely luck" that the dust devil appeared when it did. She said there was just a 1-in-200 chance of recording the dust-devil sound and that of the 84 minutes collected in its first year, there was "only one dust devil recording".
This same microphone on Perseverance provided the first sounds from Mars—namely the Martian wind—soon after the rover landed on Mars. It followed up with audio of the rover driving around and its companion helicopter flying nearby. These recordings allow scientists to study the Martian wind, sudden and violent movements of air, and now dust movement as never before, Murdoch said.
25. Which is closest in meaning to "muted" in paragraph 1
A. Weak. B. Sharp. C. Strange. D. Clear.
26. What does Martinez think of Perseverance's catching the dust devil
A. Predictable. B. Well-timed. C. Inspirational. D. Mind-blowing.
27. What does Murdoch say about the recorded dust devil
A. It lasted for 84 minutes. B. It went beyond the average range.
C. It was caught just by chance. D. It was the first to be found on Mars.
28. What can the recordings on Perseverance help scientists gain insight into
A. How the Martian wind is measured.
B. How dust is transported around Mars.
C. How air movements impact the rover.
D. How rovers work with helicopters in space.
八、
Several years ago, a cousin I had lost touch with since I was a teenager dropped by my house. At the living room entryway, he stopped in dead silence, his eyes fixed on the bookshelves covering the entire back wall. "Have you read them all " he asked me, almost frightened. "Yes," I said, "just about." He shook his head in silence, as if this was a feat(技艺) that had demanded much effort. As for him, he had to leave school at fourteen, working wherever he could. His family did not have books. I only recall seeing the comic book Tarzan lying around on the table.
The memory of this scene with my cousin makes me feel uneasy. It hides an even bitter one. I was between fifteen and eighteen years old. I must have blamed my father for "not being interested in anything", for reading only Paris-Normandie, the local newspaper. Usually so calm and tolerant regarding the rudeness of his only daughter, he replied seriously, "Books are good for you. But as for me, I don't need them to live."
These words have stretched across time and fixed inside me, like a pain and an unbearable reality. I understood very well what my father meant. Reading Alexandre Dumas, Flaubert, Camus would not have served any practical purpose in his work as a café owner. On the other hand, in the future he hoped for me, he vaguely knew that books held weight, and that they formed part of a defining package—"cultural baggage"—that included the theater, the opera and winter sports—a superior social world. I understood all that but it was so hard to accept. I refused to think that the world of books would stay forever closed to the human being who was dearest to me.
As I think about reasons for reading, my father's words come back to me insistently, like a personal and unsolvable contradiction. No, to read is not to live, but I have always lived with books.
29. What does paragraph 1 tell us about the writer
A. Her having read many books amazed her cousin.
B. Her cousin quit school early and had no books at all.
C. She completely finished reading the books on the shelves.
D. Her cousin was frightened to death upon seeing the books.
30. What does the underlined word "one" refer to in paragraph 2
A. An idea. B. An emotion. C.A memory. D. A relative.
31. What does the writer find it difficult to accept
A. The bitter memory of a sad childhood.
B. The strict tone in which her father spoke.
C. The fear of falling short of her father's expectations.
D. Her father's ignorance of the importance of reading.
32. What is the passage going to talk about next
A. Why the writer enjoys reading books.
B. What separates the writer from her cousin.
C. What the writer's father really meant.
D. How other conflicts erupted.
答案以及解析
1.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段"The more advertisements they see，the more likely they are to insist on purchasing items when going with their parents and perhaps make a fuss if told 'no'. All that may increase parents' overall stress well beyond a single shopping trip." said lead study author Matthew Lapierre. （该研究的主要作者Matthew Lapierre说："他们看到的广告越多，就越有可能在和父母一起购物时坚持购买物品，如果被告知'不'，他们可能会大惊小怪。所有这些都可能会增加父母的整体压力，远远超过一次购物之旅。"）可知，Matthew Lapierre在研究中试图探索孩子们看电视给父母带来的压力。故选C。
2.答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句"Commercial content is there for a reason：to elicit purchasing behavior. （商业内容的存在是有原因的：elicit购买行为。）并结合常识可知，商业内容会引发购买行为。故elicit意为"引发；引起"。A.Cause引起；B.Challenge挑战；C.Practise练习；D.Guarantee保证。故选A。
3.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段Advertisers are finding creative ways around that，for example，through product placement and integrated （综合的） branding in a show，Lapierre said.And advertising toward children remains a multibillion-dollar industry. （Lapierre说，广告商正在寻找创造性的方法来解决这一问题，例如在节目中植入产品和整合品牌。面向儿童的广告仍然是一个价值数十亿美元的行业）可推知，Lapierre认为流媒体服务中投放广告是一种向儿童推销产品或品牌的隐蔽方式。故选B。
4.答案：D
解析：标题判断题。根据第一段There's bad news for parents who frequently leave their kids in front of the TV：It might actually end up leaving moms and dads more stressed. （对于那些经常把孩子放在电视机前的父母来说，有一个坏消息：这实际上可能会让父母压力更大）可知，本文主要介绍一项研究结果---孩子接触电视会让父母压力更大。D项"Kids' exposure to TV makes parents more stressed（孩子接触电视会让父母压力更大）"最能概括本文主旨。故选D。
5.答案：B
解析：考查细节理解。由第二段"The law began going into effect last year, requiring hens and veal calves to be given more space to live in." "the law will require that all eggs sold in California come from cage-free hens and that pork sold in the state come from breeding pigs that are not held in cages."可知，新动物福利法要求圈养母鸡和肉用小猪需给予更多的空间，不能让它们活动受限。故B项正确。
6.答案：C
解析：考查词义推断。由第三段 "but others have spent the last few years fighting the law rather than figuring out how to put it into practice." 可知，其他生产商过去几年都在抗议新动物福利法，but表示转折，说明"Some big companies like Hormel Foods have pledged to do so fully,"一些大公司是愿意去按新法的规定去做的，所以 pledged的意思是承诺。故C项正确。
7.答案：B
解析：考查细节理解。由第三段"Pork producers have had the longest time to comply."猪肉生产商需要很长的时间去遵守这个新的动物福利法，"Some big companies like Hormel Foods have pledged to do so fully, but others have spent the last few years fighting the law rather than figuring out how to implement it."大的生产商承诺去做，其他生产商过去几年都在抗议新法。故B项正确。
8.答案：D
解析：考查推理判断。由第二段"These are humane steps designed to lift these animals out of structures that barely allow them to move."第三段"So far, that fight has been a waste of time that pork producers could have better spent figuring out how to reconfigure their farms."以及最后一段"It's a price the animals shouldn't have to pay."可知，作者认为新法规定商业养殖动物需给予更多的活动空间是非常人性化的关怀与做法，进而带来的猪肉价格成本上涨也是人类应付出的代价。猪肉生产商对新法的抵制毫无意义浪费时间。所以作者对新法非常支持。故D项正确。
9.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的第三句 But reservoirs(水库) and watering systems for agriculture caused it to disappear 可知，但是用于农业的水库和灌溉系统使图莱里湖(Tulare Lake)消失了。即是人类行为导致了该湖泊的消失。
10.答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据此处前后文的内容可知，加州近年来天气非常干燥。城市和农村社区都为今年的冬雨欢呼雀跃。如果天气慢慢变暖，雪不会很快融化，可能很少或没有洪水。但是，如果天气迅速变热，将带来太多的积雪融化的麻烦。此处 acclaimed的意思是"欢迎"，与 welcomed是同义词。
11.答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据第六段的第三句If the weather gets warmer slowly, the snow will not melt quickly and there may be little or no flooding 可知，如果天气慢慢变暖，雪不会很快融化， 可能很少或没有洪水。即加州人期待天气将逐渐变暖。
12.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句的内容可知，"这一直是一个工程问题，"他说。"这是一个没有出口的浴缸"。即这种地理环境排水困难，对付洪水是很困难的。
13.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二和三句"This means more homes, roads and other infrastructure. In India alone, a city the size of Chicago will have to be developed every year to meet demand for housing."(这意味着更多的房屋、道路和其他基础设施。仅在印度，芝加哥这样规模的城市每年都要开发，以满足住房需求。)可知，第1段提到印度是为了证明城市人口的增加意味着需要更多的房屋等基础设施，由此导致了对建筑材料的巨大需求。故选D项。
14.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句"In addition, engineered timber is usually made into large sections in a factory for future use, which reduces the number of deliveries to a construction site."(此外，工程木材通常在工厂生产成大块以备将来使用，这减少了交付到建筑工地的数量。)可知，关于工程木材我们能了解到它有助于在运输中节省能源。故选C项。
15.答案：B
解析：猜测词义题。根据文章第四段第一句和二句"According to Michael Ramage of the University of Cambridge, a wooden building produces 75% less CO2 than a steel and concrete one of the same size. However, if building with wood takes off, it does raise concern about there being enough trees to go round."(根据剑桥大学的Michael Ramage的研究，同尺寸的钢筋混凝土建筑相比，木质建筑产生的二氧化碳要少75%。然而，如果用木材建造的建筑成功了，人们就会担心是否有足够多的树木来环绕。)由第一句讲述的是木质建筑的优势及第二句后半句导致的结果是人们就会担心是否有足够多的树木剩下可知，划线的短语takes off应该是获得成功，变得受欢迎的意思。故选B项。
16.答案：C
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第一段最后一句"If cities are to expand and become greener at the same time, they will have to be made from something else."(如果城市要在扩张的同时变得更环保，它们就必须用其他东西来制造。)及最后一段最后一句"All in all, then, it looks as if wood as a building material may get a new lease of life."(总之，作为一种建筑材料，木材似乎可以获得新生。)可知，这篇文章的合适标题是用木材建造可持续发展的城市。故选C项。
17.答案：B
解析：根据画线句后文To settle the matter once and for all, Nicholas Coles...organized the Many Smiles Collaboration to conduct an experiment, with which advocates, critics and those on the fence could all agree.可知，为了一劳永逸地解决问题，科尔斯进行了一项支持者、批评者和持中立态度的人都同意的实验，这说明人们对这个观点有分歧。故画线句的意思是"人们对这个观点有不同的想法"。
18.答案：A
解析：根据倒数第二段中的Emotional experience appears to be built, in part, on the feedback or sensations from the nervous system. The accelerated heart can make people feel anxious and the stretch of a smile can make them feel happy可知，情感体验似乎在某种程度上是建立在神经系统的反馈或感觉之上的;心跳加速会让人感到焦虑，而微笑则会让人感到快乐，即心理学家是根据志愿者的感受得出他们的发现的。
19.答案：B
解析：根据第五段中的This work, however, suggests that it's also physiological可知，科尔斯认为这项实验表明人的情感体验也出于生理因素，即科尔斯说这些话是为了陈述他的研究发现。
20.答案：C
解析：根据最后一段内容可知，里赫洛夫斯卡认为这类研究对心理学"非常有益"，她很高兴看到一项独立研究发现了对面部反馈假设的支持，即里赫洛夫斯卡谈到了该研究发现的意义。
21.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，这种转化通过所谓的毛细胞来实现。
22.答案：C
解析：词义推测题。根据第三段第二句可知，本段引出问题"这些毛细胞退化时会发生什么"。
23.答案：A
解析：推理判断题。上文讲到很多原因会导致我们的听力丧失，有些动物却能恢复听力，或许人类也可以恢复听力，由此引出最后一段的"这是个非常大的挑战，因为恢复听力肯定不会一夜之间就在我们人类身上发生"。
24.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。文章的主要内容是，人类也许能从动物身上借鉴一些恢复听力的经验。
25.答案：A
解析：根据画线词前的"It sounds strikingly similar to dust devils on Earth, although quieter since Mars' thin atmosphere makes for...less forceful wind"可知,火星尘 卷风和地球上的尘卷风听起来非常相似，尽管声音更 轻柔，since后解释了"quieter"的原因。再结合"muted" 和"less forceful"的近义关系可推断，画线词muted意为 "减轻的，减弱的"，weak的含义与之相似，故选 A。
26.答案：D
解析：根据第二段中的Martinez所说的话"It was fully caught red-handed, which greatly shook me. Catching a dust devil in space really takes some luck"可知，尘卷风是被"当场" 捕捉到，这让Martínez大吃一惊。在太空 中捕捉到尘卷风真的需要一些运气。由 此可知，Martínez认为"毅力"号捕捉到尘 卷风是非常令人吃惊的。
27.答案：C
解析：根据第三段中的"Given that the rover's microphone is turned on for less than three minutes every few days... when it did"可知，探测器的麦克风每隔几天会打开不到三分 钟，这个尘卷风出现时麦克风刚好处于工作 状态"绝对是运气"。由此可推知，"毅力"号 捕捉到并录下这次尘卷风纯属巧合。
28.答案：B
解析：根据最后一段中的"These recordings allow scientists to study the Martian wind, sudden and violent movements of air, and now dust movement as never before"可知，这些记录 使科学家们能够研究火星上的风、空气突 然和剧烈的运动以及尘埃运动。
29.答案：A
解析：根据第一段中的He shook his head in silence, as if this was a feat that had demanded much effort.可知，作者的表弟在知道作者差不多读完了整墙的书后感到非常吃惊，故选A项。
30.答案：C
解析：根据画线词所在句的上一句以及下文描述的作者和父亲在过去就读书产生分歧可知，one指代作者和父亲就读书产生意见分歧的回忆。由此可知，画线词one指"一个回忆"。
31.答案：D
解析：根据第三段中的I understood all that but it was so hard to accept. I refused to think that the world of books would stay forever closed to the human being who was dearest to me.可知，作者难以接受书的世界会永远对最亲爱的人关闭。由此可知，作者很难接受父亲不知道阅读的重要性。故选D项。
32.答案：A
解析：根据最后一段内容可知，当作者思考阅读的理由时，父亲的话不断地浮现在她的脑海中，就像一个无法解决的个人矛盾，作者认为读书不是为了活着，而作者一直与书生活在一起，可知作者非常喜欢读书。由此可推知，作者接下来会讲述自己喜爱阅读的理由。故选A项。