高中英语语法直接引语和间接引语

直接引语和间接引语
直接引语和间接引语的概念
类别比较 直接引语 间接引语
定义 直接引用别人的原话 用自己的话转述别人的话
不同点 直接引语前后要加引号 间接引语不用引号
相同点 直接引语和间接引语都是宾语从句（由祈使句转化而来的间接引语除外）
例句 Tom said, “I’m afraid that I can’t finish the work.” Mary told me that she would leave for London the next morning.
直接引语变间接引语的时态规律
1. 直接引语变间接引语的时态变化
种类条件 直接引语→间接引语 例句
间接引语谓语变化(主句中谓语动词的时态是过去时) 一般现在时→一般过去时 He insisted, “I’m the happiest father all over the world.” →He insisted that he was the happiest father all over the world.
现在进行时→过去进行时 John explained, “I’m operating the washing machine now.” →John explained that he was operating the washing machine then.
现在完成时→过去完成时 The woman exclaimed, “I has lost control of my son.” →The woman exclaimed that she had lost control of her son.
一般过去时→过去完成时 Old Ben said, “I experienced the well-known civil war.” →Old Ben said that he had experienced the well-known civil war.
过去完成时→过去完成时 Carla answered, “I had passed the driving test last year”. →Carla answered that she had passed the driving test the year before.
一般将来时→过去将来时 Little Tony promised, “I’ll finish my homework on time.” →Little Tony promised that he would finish his homework on time.
must→had to/must The boss shouted, “All of you must leave here at once.” →The boss shouted that all of them had to/must leave here at once.
can/may→could/might Joy whispered, “I may not obey your direction at this time.” →Joy whispered that she might not obey my direction at that time.
shall/will→should/would The teacher required, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) “You shall depend on yourself on the way to success.” →The teacher required that we should depend on myself on the way to success.
2. 直接引语变间接引语的时态不变
条件种类 a. 直接引语的性质 例句
间接引语谓语不变 表示客观、永恒的真理、规律或格言时 The teacher said, “Ev ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )erything has two sides just like a coin.” →The teacher said that everything has two sides just like a coin.
表示习惯性、反复性的动作或状态时 “My father al ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ways has a cup of milk after supper,” said Ann. →Ann said that her father has a cup of milk after supper.
表示谈话时动作仍然在继续时 Tony introduced, “B ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )oth of my sisters are English teachers.” →Tony introduced that both of his sisters are English teachers.
表示过去完成时态的概念时 The minister reco ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gnized, “I hadn’t realized the seriousness before the eruption of violence.” →The minister recognized that he hadn’t realized the seriousness before the eruption of violence.”
表示明确的过去时间概念时 The engineer said ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), “I started to work here in 1980.” →The engineer said that he started to work there in 1980.
表示含有when, while, since等从句时 “When I was a bay, I o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ften went fishing in this river,” said Dad. →Dad said that when he was a boy, he often went fishing in this river.
表示含有wish, would rather, it’s time等虚拟概念时 Little Mike s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aid, “I wish I knew the keys before examination.” →Little Mike said that he wish he knew the keys before examination.”
表示含有must, had better, need, should, would等情态动词（组）时 My mother pe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rsuaded, “You had better ask your father for help.” →My mother persuaded that I had better ask my father for help.”
b. 主句的性质 例句
主句中谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时 The pitiful girl sa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ys, “I will never forget those warm-hearted people.” →The pitiful girl says that she will never forget those warm-hearted people.”
直接引语变间接引语的代词、状语、动词的变化规律
条件 词类 直接引语 间接引语
直接引语是特殊疑问句、一般疑问句时或陈述句 指示代词 this that
these those
时间状语 now then
today that day
this morning that morning
tonight that night
tomorrow the next/following day
yesterday the day before
last night the night before
the day before yesterday two days before
ago before
next the next/following
地点状语 here there
方向性动词 come go
bring take
直接引语是特殊疑问句 实义动词 say ask
直接引语与间接引语的人称的变化规律
类型 直接引语变间接引语 间接引语变直接引语
规律 一变主、二变宾、三不变 同主变一、同宾变二、不同不变
定义 直接引语的引号内的第一人称改为引号外主句的主语直接引语的引号内的第二人称改为引号外主句的宾语直接引语的引号内的第三人称不变 间接引语的宾语从句中的人称代词和主句的主语一致，则直接引语的人称代词改为第一人称间接引语的宾语从句的人称代词和主句的宾语一致，则直接引语的的人称代词改为第二人称间接引语的宾语从句的人称代词和主句的主语、宾语都不一致，则直接引语的的人称不变
例句 Tom said to Jenny, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )“I and your brother will go to Paris for the summer vocation with his private plane.” →Tom told Jenny that he and her brother would go to Paris for the summer vocation with his private plane. Uncle Alfred aske ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d me if I had entered the office with his son the day before. →Uncle Alfred asked me, “Had you entered the office with my son the day before ”
释例 引号内的第一人称I改为引号外主句的主语Tom(he)引号内的第二人称your改为引号外主句的宾语Jenny’s(her)引号内的第三人称his不变 间接引语的宾语从句中的人称代词his和主句的主语Uncle Alfred一致，则直接引语的人称代词改为第一人称my间接引语的宾语从句中的人称代词I和主句的宾语一致，则直接引语的人称代词改为第二人称you
注意点 单、复数和主、宾、所有格仍然保留与原人称一致。
不同类型的直接引语变为间接引语的规律
直接引语的类型 间接引语的变化 例句
陈述句 间接引语的引导词that可以省略；主句的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )引述词有say, tell, report, answer, reply, explain, announce, think等；主句一般位于句首；间接引语用陈述句语序。 “I’m leaving for T ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )okyo on business tomorrow”, Mr. Smith said me. →Mr. Smith told me that he was leaving for Tokyo on business the next day.
疑问句 间接引语必须将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序，句末用句号；主句的引述词由say改为ask 一般疑问句由if/whether引导从句 He said to me, “Do ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )you often go to the cinema ” →He asked me whether I often went to the cinema.
反意疑问句由if/whether引导从句 Jake said, “You ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) have seen such a lovely sight, haven’t you .” →Jake asked me whether I had seen such a lovely sight.
选择疑问句由whether…or…引导从句 I asked my son, “Wi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ll you stay at home or go with us ” →I asked my son whether he would stay at home or go with us.
特殊疑问句由原来的疑问词引导从句 Students asked, “When ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) will we attend the sports meeting ” →Students asked when they would attend the sports meeting.
祈使句 间接引语必须将肯定或否定祈使 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )句的谓语动词相应地变为肯定或否定的不定式；主句的引述词由say改为ask, tell, order, command, warn, suggest, insist等。 “Let’s have a break ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ),” the teacher said. →The teacher advised us to have a break.
感叹句 间接引语的引导词可以用that, what, how。 She shouted, “What ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )a lovely boy it is.” →She shouted that it was a lovely boy./She shouted what a lovely boy it is.
Grammar Work[语法专练]
1．将下面的直接引语改为间接引语
a. Aunt Emily said t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o me, “I will take your daughter to the history museum tomorrow.”
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b. Tom asked, “Do you have the habit of having sports every day ”
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c. My sister asked ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )me, “When did you find the answer to this question ”
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d. “My workers ar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e trying to finish this task ahead of time,” the engineer said to us.
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e. Mr. Smith said to us, “Don’t be late for school tomorrow, please.”
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2．将下面的间接引语改为直接引语
a. The teacher asked us who could solve that difficult question.
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b. The travel ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )er said that everything had changed since he came last time.
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c. The old man order his grandsons to be quiet.
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d. He said that his pa ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rents should have been there three days before, but they were not there then.
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e. The interviewee asked me when I was born.
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Grammar Quiz[语法小测]
1. Little brother ask ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed me _____ I could buy him a toy when I went to town.
A. whether B. / C. that D. how
2. — Could you tell me where I can find the bus stop
— Yes, I will tell you _____ you want to know.
A. that B. if C. what D. which
3. — _____
— No, she left here without one word.
A. Did Julia say ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) when she will come back B. Did Julia when will she come back
C. Did Julia s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ay when she would come back D. Did Julia say when would she come back
4. Can you tell me _____ the post office in a short way, sir
A. how can I g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )et to B. how I can get to C. where can I get to D. where I can get to
5. The repairman asked Mr. Black _____ with his air conditioner.
A. what the matte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r is B. what the matter was C. what is the matter D. what was the matter
6. Mr. Bush told ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )his listener that Edison _____ the electric light last century.
A. invents B. invented C. has invented D. had invented
7. Mother _____ if I could open the tight window _____.
A. said to me; t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )here B. asked me; there C. asked to me; here D. said to me; here
8. The lawyer asked ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) inspectors _____ evidence found here was true or not.
A. that B. which C. if D. whether
9. I ask my ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )boss if he _____ to my birthday party when he _____ time next Sunday.
A. comes; will ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )have B. comes; has C. will come; will have D. will come; has
10. Do you remember how many times _____ to Shanghai since last year
A. you ha ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve been B. have you been C. had you been D. did you go
Grammar Work[语法专练]
1．将下面的直接引语改为间接引语
a. Aunt Emily sai ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d to me that she would take my daughter to the history museum the next day.
b. Tom asked us whether we had the habit of having sports every day.
c. My sister asked me when we had found the answer to this question.
d. The engineer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )told us that his workers are trying to finish that task ahead of time.
e. Mr. Smith told us not to be late for school the following day.
2．将下面的间接引语改为直接引语
a. The teacher said to us, “who can solve this difficult question ”
b. The traveler s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )aid, “Everything has changed since he came last time”.
c. “Be quiet, please,” said the old man.
d. He said, “ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )My parents should have been here three days ago, but they are not here now.”
e. The interviewee said, “”When were you born ”
Grammar Quiz[语法小测]
1-5 ACCBD 6-10 BBDDA