静安区2023学年度第一学期期末教学质量调研
高三英语试卷
(满分 140分,完卷时间 120分钟)
考生注意：
1. 完卷时间120分钟,试卷满分140分。
2. 本调研设试卷和答题纸两部分，全卷共 12 页。所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名。
第Ⅰ卷(共100分)
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. In a gallery. B. At the barber's. C. In a restaurant. D. At the tailor's.
2. A. Fellow workers. B. Family members.
C.Doctor and patient. D. Driver and passenger.
3. A. Choosing psychology. B. Choosing economics.
C.Neither is a good choice. D. Choosing a major of interest.
4. A. She did not feel sorry for being late for the appointment.
B. She did not inform the man of her del ay in advance.
C. She wasn't really caught in the traffic jam.
D. She wasn't always late for the appointment.
5. A. It was lost and won't be found. B. It was transferred to a different city.
C. It was delivered to her hotel already. D. It was stolen during her trip.
6. A. He has realized he still leaves much to be desired.
B. He is angry with not getting the lead role in the play.
C. He is confident about getting the lead role next time.
D. He feels reluctant to take the new responsibilities.
7. A. They told a lot of stories during the meeting.
B. There is no need for them to argue so fiercely in public.
C. Both perspectives should be considered before judging.
D. They should have resolved their issues in private.
8. A. She has already been to the café.
B. She is not interested in going to the café.
C. She knows about the café but hasn't visited it.
D. She wants to go to the café right away.
9. A. She expects the man to help Brian move to a new house.
B. She expects the man to take mum to Brain's new house.
C. She expects the man to celebrate mum's birthday together.
D. She expects the man to make a phone call to Mum.
10. A. The fantastic and high-quality camera. B. The need for better internet connectivity.
C. Their favorite photography techniques. D. The pros and cons of a new smartphone.
Sect ion B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
听下面一段长对话，回答小题。
11. A. Its regular driving practices and poor vehicles.
B. Its lack of green spaces and air cleaners.
C. Its excessive water pollution and rubbish.
D. Its high air pollution and crowded roads.
12. A. Establishing a high interest loan scheme.
B. Removing outdated black and white taxis.
C. Encouraging customers to create new ideas.
D Making advertisements on old vehicles.
13. A. Because customers are more friendly and richer.
B. Because all new cabs provide air-conditioning.
C. Because all new cabs are equipped with meters.
D. Because car manufacturers can earn extra money.
听下面一段长对话，回答小题。
14. A. Canceling all the gifts. B. Applying a ‘one-gift’ rule.
C. Giving children less time to play. D. Encouraging buying second-hand gifts.
15. A. Buying a rare and expensive souvenir.
B. Buying a hand-made craft product.
C. Giving something that won't cost money.
D. Giving an experience of something new.
16. A. The waste caused by Christmas gifts.
B. The importance of buying gifts for children.
C. The creative ideas of giving gifts to avoid waste.
D. The negative effects of receiving too many gifts.
听下面一段独白，回答小题。
17. A. By trading physical items. B. By exchanging artistic creativity.
C. By hosting art exhibitions. D. By making artistic advertisements.
18. A. Painting and writing. B. Graphic design and photography.
C. Music and album cover design. D. Video editing and project management.
19. A. Members can benefit without efforts.
B. Members can make money by providing artistic services.
C. Members can get copyrights of other artistic offerings.
D. Members can have access to the creative exchange list.
20. A. Competitive individualism. B. Artistic cooperation and inspiration.
C. Individual fame in the art field. D. Material collaboration and exchange.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Japan’s robot revolution in senior care
Japan’s artificial intelligence expertise is transforming the elder care industry, with ____1____ (specialize) robotic care accomplishing more than just taking pressure off the critical shortage of caregivers. Senior care facilities across Japan are testing out such new robots ____2____ deliver a collection of social and physical health care and the government-backed initiative has been met with positive reviews by elderly residents.
The rapidly graying population ____3____ (eye) by the government as a potential market for medical technology now. Disappointing government predictions show that by 2025, Japan's first baby boomers will have turned 75 and about 7 million people are likely to suffer from some form of dementia (痴呆). The nation won't be able to avoid a dementia crisis ____4____ an additional 380,000 senior care workers.
The long-standing shortage of professional care workers has encouraged the Japanese government ___5___ (simplify) procedures for foreign caregivers to be trained and certified. The current Technical Intern Training Program between Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia, under ____6____ Economic Partnership Agreement, was extended to include nursing care as well as agriculture, fishery, and construction sectors.
____7____ the government made efforts to increase the numbers of senior care workers, the target number of foreign graduates has still fallen flat, with the national caregiver examination proving a major obstacle to pass. The success rate for foreign students was a merely 106 students last year, ____8____ has slightly improved to 216 students this year. Another depressing reality is that 19 to 38 percent of foreign nurses who pass the exam opt to leave the industry and return home,____9____ (cite) tough work conditions and long hours. Given the challenges, this is _____10_____ the government believes care robots will be able to step in.
【答案】1. specialized
2. as 3. is being eyed
4. without 5. to simplify
6. an 7. While##Although##Though
8. which 9. citing
10. why##where##how
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了日本老年护理领域的机器人革命。
【1题详解】
考查形容词。句意：日本的人工智能技术正在改变老年人护理行业，专门的机器人护理不仅仅是减轻了护理人员严重短缺的压力。空处作定语，修饰名词短语robotic care用形容词specialized“专业的”。故填specialized。
【2题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：日本各地的老年护理机构正在测试这种新型机器人，以提供一系列社会和身体健康护理，这项由政府支持的举措得到了老年居民的积极评价。先行词robots有such修饰，用as引导限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。故填as。
【3题详解】
考查动词时态语态。句意：中国迅速老龄化的人口正被政府视为医疗技术的潜在市场。空处作谓语，此处表示最近一段时间正在进行的动作，使用现在进行时，由by和句意可知，需用被动语态，主语为The rapidly graying population，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填is being eyed。
【4题详解】
考查介词。句意：如果没有额外的38万名老年护理人员，这个国家将无法避免痴呆症危机。此处表示“没有”，空后是名词短语，需用介词without。故填without。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：长期以来，专业护理人员的短缺促使日本政府简化外国护理人员的培训和认证程序。encourage sb. to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“鼓励某人做某事”，空处需填动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填to simplify。
【6题详解】
考查冠词。句意：目前，越南、菲律宾和印度尼西亚之间根据经济伙伴关系协定开展的技术实习生培训计划已扩大到包括护理、农业、渔业和建筑部门。Agreement为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且Economic发音以元音音素开头，需用不定冠词an修饰。故填an。
【7题详解】
考查状语从句。句意：尽管政府努力增加老年护理员的数量，但外国毕业生的目标数量仍然没有达到，国家护理员考试被证明是通过的主要障碍。上文提到“政府努力增加老年护理员的数量”，下文提到“外国毕业生的目标数量仍然没有达到，国家护理员考试被证明是通过的主要障碍”，上下文之间为转折关系，需用while/although/though引导让步状语从句，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填While/Although/Though。
【8题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：去年，外国学生的成功率仅为106人，今年为216人，略有提高。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为The success rate for foreign students，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词which引导。故填which。
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：另一个令人沮丧的现实是，通过考试的外国护士中，有19%至38%的人选择离开这个行业回国，理由是工作条件艰苦，工作时间长。空处需填非谓语动词作状语，nurses和cite为逻辑主谓关系，需用现在分词形式。故填citing。
【10题详解】
考查表语从句。句意：考虑到这些挑战，这就是政府相信护理机器人能够介入的原因/地方（或者如何介入的）。空处引导表语从句，从句缺少原因/地点或者方式状语，需用连接副词why/where/how引导。故填why/where/how。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A smoothing B. remain C. switched D. likelihood E. impact F. tip G. broadly H. headed I. booming J. positioning K. reliably
Sea-level rise predictions
A team of University of Idaho scientists is studying a fast-moving glacier in Alaska in hopes of developing better predictions on how quickly global sea levels will rise.
Tim Bartholomaus, a professor in the Department of Geography and Geological Sciences, spent several weeks on Turner Glacier in Alaska’s southeastern ____11____ near Disenchantment Bay. The glacier is unique because, unlike other glaciers, it rises greatly every five to eight years.
A surging glacier is defined, ____12____, as one that starts flowing at least 10 times faster than normal. But the how and why of that glacial movement is poorly understood, although recent research suggests that global climate change increases the ____13____ of glacial surging.
During Turner’s surges, the mass of ice and rock will increase its speed from roughly 3 feet a day to 65 feet per day.
All of that is important because glaciers falling into the ocean are a major contributor to sea level rise, and current climate change models don’t ____14____ account for these movements. For example, Greenland’s glaciers are one of the leading contributors to global sea-level rise. Since the early 2000s, Greenland ____15____ from not having any effect on world sea levels, to increasing sea level by about 1 millimeter per year. Half of that yearly increase is due to warmer average temperatures, which leads to more ice melting. The other half, however, is because glaciers in Greenland are, as a whole, moving faster and running into the ocean more frequently.
Glacial movement has something to do with water running underneath the glacier. Glaciers are full of holes, and water runs through those holes. When the water pressure is high underneath a glacier, it starts to move, partly because it’s lifting the mass of ice and rock off the ground and partly because it’s ____16____ the underside of the glacier.
But how exactly does that water move through the glacier, and how does the movement ____17____ the glacier’s speed Those are the questions the scientists hope to answer.
Bartholomaus, some graduate students and researchers from Boise State University, ____18____ onto the ice in August. They set up a base camp at the toe of the glacier and spent their days flying in on helicopters. They placed roughly 30 instruments, burying them deeply into the glacier and ____19____ them on rock outcroppings (露岩) alongside the glacier. This summer the team will return to get the instruments and replace batteries. Those instruments will _____20_____ on and around the glacier until the glacier surge stops, providing researchers with before and after data.
【答案】11. F 12. G
13. D 14. K
15. C 16. A
17. E 18. H
19. J 20. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了爱达荷大学的一个科学家小组正在研究阿拉斯加的一个快速移动的冰川，希望能更好地预测全球海平面上升的速度。
11题详解】
考查名词。句意：Tim Bartholomaus是地理和地质科学系的教授，他花了几个星期的时间在阿拉斯加东南端靠近祛魅湾的特纳冰川上。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式；选项F“tip”，名词形式，意为“末端”，符合句意，此处指的是东南端。故选F。
【12题详解】
考查副词。句意：从广义上讲，涌动冰川的定义是，它开始以比正常速度至少快10倍的速度流动。根据空前的“defined”以及空后的“one that starts flowing at least 10 times faster than normal”可知，空处应该为副词形式，修饰“定义”；选项G“broadly”，意为“广泛地”符合句意。故选G。
【13题详解】
考查名词。句意：尽管最近的研究表明，全球气候变化增加了冰川涌动的可能性，但人们对冰川运动的方式和原因知之甚少。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式；再根据句意可知，空处指的是“……的可能性”。选项D“likelihood”，名词形式，不可数，意为“可能性”，符合句意。故选D。
【14题详解】
考查副词。句意：所有这些都很重要，因为冰川落入海洋是海平面上升的主要原因，而目前的气候变化模型并不能可靠地解释这些运动。分析句子成分可知，空处为副词形式；再根据下文“For example, Greenland's glaciers are one of the leading contributors to global sea-level rise. Since the early 2000s, Greenland____5____from not having any effect on world sea levels, to increasing sea level by about 1 millimeter per year. Half of that yearly increase is due to warmer average temperatures, which leads to more ice melting. The other half, however, is because glaciers in Greenland are, as a whole, moving faster and running into the ocean more frequently.”可知，气候变化模型的解释并不可靠。选项K“reliably”，副词，意为“可靠地”，符合句意。故选K。
【15题详解】
考查动词。句意：自21世纪初以来，格陵兰岛从对世界海平面没有任何影响转变为每年使海平面上升约1毫米。分析句子成分可知，空处为动词形式；根据下文“from not having any effect on world sea levels, to increasing sea level by about 1 millimeter per year.”可知，空处指的是“转变”。选项C“switched”，意为“转变”，构成短语：switch from…to…。故选C。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：当冰川下面的水压很高时，冰川就会开始移动，部分原因是它会把大量的冰和岩石从地面上抬升起来，部分原因是它会使冰川的底部变得平滑。根据上文的“lifting the mass of ice and rock off the ground”可知，空处和“lifting”保持一致；选项A“smoothing”，意为“使平滑”，符合句意。故选A。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：但这些水究竟是如何在冰川中移动的，这种移动又如何影响冰川的速度呢？分析句意可知，主语“the movement”对宾语“glacier’s speed”会产生影响。选项E“impact”，动词，意为“影响”，符合句意。故选E。
【18题详解】
考查动词。句意：Bartholomaus，一些来自博伊西州立大学的研究生和研究人员，于8月前往冰面。分析句子成分可知，空处为本句谓语动词；主语为“Bartholomaus, some graduate students and researchers from Boise State University”，空后为“the ice”，由此可推测，空处应该指的是“前往、去”。选项H“headed”，动词，意为“前往”，符合句意。故选H。
【19题详解】
考查动词。句意：他们放置了大约30个仪器，将它们深埋在冰川中，并将它们放置在冰川旁边的岩石露头上。根据空后“them on rock outcroppings (露岩) alongside the glacier.”可知，空处指的是“放置”；再根据上文“burying them deeply into the glacier”可推测，空处和“burying”保持一致。选项J“positioning”，动词，意为“放置”，符合句意。故选J。
【20题详解】
考查动词。句意：这些仪器将留在冰川上和周围，直到冰川涌流停止，为研究人员提供前后的数据。分析句子成分可知，空处为动词原形；根据下文的“until the glacier surge stops, providing researchers with before and after data.”可知，空处指的是“留在、保持在……”；选项B“remain”，动词，意为“保持”，符合句意。故选B。
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Investors probably expect that following the suggestions of stock analysts would make them better off than doing the exact opposite. ____21____, recent research by Nicola Gennaioli and his colleagues shows that the best way to gain excess return s would be to invest in the shares least favored by analysts. They compute that, during the last 35 years, investing in the 10 percent of U. S. stocks analysts were most ____22____ about would have yielded on average 3 percent a year. ____23____, investing in the 10 percent of stocks analysts were most pessimistic about would have yielded a surprising 15 percent a year.
Gennaioli and colleagues shed light on this ____24____ with the help of cognitive sciences and, in particular, using Kahneman and Tversky's concept of representativeness. Decision makers, according to this view, ____25____ the representative features of a group or a phenomenon. These are defined as the features that occur more frequently in that group than in a baseline reference group.
After observing strong earnings growth—the explanation goes—analysts think that the firm may be the next Google. “Googles” are in fact more frequent among firms experiencing strong growth, which makes them ____26____. The problem is that “Googles” are very ____27____ in absolute terms. As a result, expectations become too optimistic, and future performance____28____. A model of stock prices in which investor beliefs follow this logic can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the beliefs of analysts and the dynamics (动态变化) of stock returns.
In related work, the authors also show that the same model can ____29____ booms and busts in the volume of credit and interest rate spreads.
These works are part of a research project aimed at taking insights from cognitive sciences and at _____30_____them into economic models. Kahneman and Tversky's concept of “representativeness” lies at the heart of this effort. “In a classical example, we _____31_____ to think of Irishmen as redheads because red hair is much more frequent among Irishmen than among the rest of the world,” Prof. Gennaioli says. “However, only 10 percent of Irishmen are redheads. In our work, we develop models of belief formation that show this logic and study the _____32_____ of this important psychological force in different fields.”
Representativeness helps describe _____33_____ and behavior in different fields, not only in financial markets. One such field is the formation of stereotypes about social groups. In a recent experimental paper, Gennaioli and colleagues show that representativeness can explain self-confidence, and in particular the _____34_____ of women to compete in traditionally male subjects, such as mathematics. A slight prevalence of _____35_____ male math ability in the data is enough to make math ability un-representative for women, driving their under confidence in this particular subject.
21.
A. Consequently B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Meanwhile
22.
A. curious B. controversial C. concerned D. optimistic
23.
A. In brief B. By contrast C. In addition D. Without doubt
24.
A. engagement B. concentration C. puzzle D. definition
25.
A. memorize B. prioritize C. modernize D. fertilize
26.
A. representative B. argumentative C. executive D. sensitive
27.
A. harsh B. adaptable C. crucial D. rare
28.
A. cheers B. disappoints C. stabilizes D. improves
29.
A. account for B. count on C. suffer from D. hold up
30.
A. pouring B. admitting C. integrating D. tempting
31.
A. pretend B. afford C. offer D. tend
32.
A. effects B. delights C. intervals D. codes
33.
A. companions B. scales C. expectations D. findings
34.
A. necessity B. involvement C. perseverance D. reluctance
35.
A. equivalent B. exceptional C. mysterious D. distressing
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. D 28. B 29. A 30. C 31. D 32. A 33. C 34. D 35. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了投资者在投资决策中可能存在的认知偏差，以及如何利用代表性概念来解释和预测股票市场的动态变化。
【21题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，Nicola Gennaioli及其同事最近的研究表明，获得超额回报的最佳方式是投资于分析师最不看好的股票。A. Consequently结果；B. Furthermore此外；C. Nevertheless然而；D. Meanwhile与此同时。空前“Investors probably expect that following the suggestions of stock analysts would make them better off than doing the exact opposite.(投资者可能认为，听从股票分析师的建议，会让他们的境况好于采取完全相反的做法)”和空后“recent research by Nicola Gennaioli and his colleagues shows that the best way to gain excess return s would be to invest in the shares least favored by analysts.(Nicola Gennaioli及其同事最近的研究表明，获得超额回报的最佳方式是投资于分析师最不看好的股票。)”之间存在转折关系。故选C。
【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们计算出，在过去的35年里，投资于分析师最乐观的10%的美国股票，平均每年将产生3%的收益。A. curious好奇的；B. controversial有争议的；C. concerned担忧的；D. optimistic乐观的。根据上文“recent research by Nicola Gennaioli and his colleagues shows that the best way to gain excess return s would be to invest in the shares least favored by analysts.”可知，获得超额回报的最佳方式是投资于分析师最不看好的股票。而根据下一句中的“most pessimistic”可推测，空处为“pessimistic”的反义词。故选D。
【23题详解】
考查短语词义辨析。句意：相比之下，投资于分析师最悲观的10%的股票，年收益率将达到惊人的15%。A. In brief简言之；B. By contrast对比之下；C. In addition此外；D. Without doubt无疑。空前“They compute that, during the last 35 years, investing in the 10 percent of U. S. stocks analysts were most____2____about would have yielded on average 3 percent a year.”和空后“investing in the 10 percent of stocks analysts were most pessimistic about would have yielded a surprising 15 percent a year”之间存在对比关系，是在讲投资师看好的股票和不看好的股票所带来的的不同收益。故选B。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：Gennaioli和他的同事借助认知科学，特别是卡尼曼和特沃斯基的代表性概念，揭示了这个谜题。A. engagement约会、订婚、雇佣；B. concentration注意力；C. puzzle困惑、谜题；D. definition定义。根据上文内容可知，投资者可能认为，听从股票分析师的建议会比相反的做法让他们赚得更多。然而最新的研究则说明事实并非如此。由此可知，科学家们是想解开这个谜题。故选C。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：根据这种观点，决策者优先考虑一个群体或一种现象的代表性特征。A. memorize记住；B. prioritize给予……优先权；C. modernize使现代化；D. fertilize施肥。根据下文“After observing strong earnings growth—the explanation goes—analysts think that the firm may be the next Google.”可知，决策者会优先考虑一个群体或一种现象的代表性特征。故选B。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，“谷歌”在经历强劲增长的公司中更为常见，这使它们具有代表性。A. representative代表性的、典型的；B. argumentative爱争论的；C. executive行政的；D. sensitive敏感的。根据上文“These are defined as the features that occur more frequently in that group than in a baseline reference group.”可知，“谷歌”在经历强劲增长的公司中更为常见，这使得它具有代表性。故选A。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：问题是，“谷歌”在绝对数量上非常罕见。A. harsh严厉的；B. adaptable可适应的；C. crucial决定性的；D. rare罕见的。根据主语“the problem”可推测，“谷歌”这样的成功是很少的，也就是数量上是罕见的。故选D。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：结果，期望变得过于乐观，未来的表现令人失望。A. cheers欢呼；B. disappoints使失望；C. stabilizes使坚固；D. improves提高。根据空前“xpectations become too optimistic”以及上文内容可知，期望过高，未来表现会让人失望。故选B。
【29题详解】
考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：在相关工作中，作者还表明，同样的模型可以解释信贷量和利率息差的繁荣和萧条。 A. account for是……的原因、解释；B. count on依赖；C. suffer from遭受；D. hold up举起、支撑。主语“the same model”可解释下文“booms and busts in the volume of credit and interest rate spreads.”这一现象。故选A。
【30题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些工作是一个研究项目的一部分，该项目旨在从认知科学中获取见解，并将其整合到经济模型中。A. pouring倾倒；B. admitting承认；C. integrating整合；D. tempting诱惑。根据空前的“taking insights from cognitive sciences”可推测，在获得见解后，可以将这种见解整合到经济模型中。故选C。
【31题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“在一个经典的例子中，我们倾向于认为爱尔兰人是红头发的，因为红头发在爱尔兰人中比在世界其他地方更常见，”Gennaioli教授说。A. pretend假装；B. afford承担得起；C. offer提供；D. tend倾向于。根据下文“because red hair is much more frequent among Irishmen than among the rest of the world”可推测，由于红头发在爱尔兰人中比在世界其他地方更常见，所以我们会倾向于认为爱尔兰人是红头发。故选D。
【32题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在我们的工作中，我们开发了信念形成的模型来显示这种逻辑，并研究了这种重要的心理力量在不同领域的影响。A. effects影响、效果；B. delights开心；C. intervals间隔；D. codes密码、准则。根据下文“Representativeness helps describe____13____and behavior in different fields, not only in financial markets.”可知，研究人员是研究了这种心理力量在不同领域的影响。故选A。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：代表性有助于描述不同领域的预期和行为，而不仅仅是金融市场。A. companions同伴；B. scales刻度；C. expectations期待；D. findings发现。根据上文“As a result, expectations become too optimistic, and future performance ________.”可知，空处指的是期待。故选C。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在最近的一篇实验论文中，Gennaioli和他的同事们表明，代表性可以解释自信，尤其是女性不愿意在传统上由男性主导的学科中竞争，比如数学。A. necessity必需品；B. involvement参与；C. perseverance毅力；D. reluctance勉强。根据下文“A slight prevalence of____15____male math ability in the data is enough to make math ability un-representative for women, driving their under confidence in this particular subject.”可知，女性对自己的数学学科缺乏信心，由此可推测，她们不愿意在这种学科中与男性竞争。故选D。
【35题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：数据中男性数学能力出众的轻微普遍现象足以使女性的数学能力不具代表性，从而导致她们对这一特定学科缺乏信心。A. equivalent等价的；B. exceptional例外的、杰出的；C. mysterious神秘的；D. distressing使人痛苦的。根据上文“in particular the____14____of women to compete in traditionally male subjects, such as mathematics.”可推测，在数学学科上男性有优势。故选B。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
A
Montessori was born in Italy in 1870 with progressive parents, who frequently communicated with the country’s leading thinkers and scholars. This enlightened family environment provided Montessori with many advantages over other young girls of the time.
Her mother’s support was vital for some important decisions, such as her enrolment in a technical school after her elementary education. Her parents’ support also proved to be essential for her decision to study medicine, a field that was dominated by men.
Soon after graduating, in 1896, Montessori began work as a voluntary assistant in a clinic at the University of Rome, where she cared for children with learning difficulties. The rooms were bare, with just a few pieces of furniture. One day, she found that the children were enthusiastically playing with breadcrumbs (面包屑) that had dropped on the floor. It then occurred to her that the origin of some intellectual disabilities could be related with poverty. With the right learning materials, these and other young minds could be nurtured, Montessori concluded.
The observation would lead Montessori to develop a new method of education that focused on providing optimal stimulation during the sensitive periods of childhood.
At its centre was the principle that all the learning materials should be child-sized and designed to appeal to all the senses. In addition, each child should also be allowed to move and act freely, and use their creativity and problem-solving skills. Teachers took the role of guides, supporting the children without press or control.
Montessori opened her first Children’s House in 1907. When the Fascists (法西斯主义者) first came into power in Italy in 1922, they initially embraced her movement. But they soon came to oppose the emphasis on the children’s freedom of expression. Montessori’s values had always been about human respect, and the rights of children and women, but the Fascists wanted to use her work and her fame.
Things reached a breaking point when the Fascist tried to influence the schools’ educational content, and in 1934 Montessori and her son decided to leave Italy. She didn’t return to her homeland until 1947, and she continued to write about and develop her method until her death in 1952, at the age of 81.
36. The primary reason for Montessori to develop a new educational method was ______.
A. her family’s supportive influence on her education
B. her experience as a voluntary assistant in a clinic
C. her observation of children playing with breadcrumbs happily
D. her decision to study medicine, a field dominated by men
37. What was a central principle of Montessori’s educational method as described in the passage
A. Providing standardized, one-size-fits-all learning materials.
B. Encouraging strict discipline and control over children’s actions.
C. Focusing on rote memorization and competition.
D. Creating a free and children-centered learning environment.
38. Montessori decided to leave Italy in 1934 because .
A. she wanted to explore other countries and cultures
B. she wanted to avoid the Fascist’s influence on her work
C. she was offered a better job in a different country
D. she wanted to retire and enjoy a peaceful life in another country
39. Which of the following words can best describe Montessori in this passage
A. Observant and innovative. B. Traditional and emotional.
C. Progressive and dependent. D. Open-minded and indifferent.
【答案】36. C 37. D 38. B 39. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了教育家蒙台梭利是如何发展出新的教育方法的，其教育方法的特色以及影响。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“One day, she found that the children were enthusiastically playing with breadcrumbs (面包屑) that had dropped on the floor. It then occurred to her that the origin of some intellectual disabilities could be related with poverty.(一天，她发现孩子们正兴高采烈地玩着掉在地上的面包屑。她突然想到，一些智力缺陷的根源可能与贫穷有关)”可知，蒙台梭利发展一种新的教育方法的主要原因是她观察到孩子们开心地玩面包屑。故选C。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“At its centre was the principle that all the learning materials should be child-sized and designed to appeal to all the senses. In addition, each child should also be allowed to move and act freely, and use their creativity and problem-solving skills. Teachers took the role of guides, supporting the children without press or control.(它的核心原则是，所有的学习材料都应该适合儿童，并设计成能吸引所有感官。此外，每个孩子也应该被允许自由移动和行动，并发挥他们的创造力和解决问题的能力。老师们扮演了向导的角色，在没有压力和控制的情况下支持孩子们)”可知，文中所描述的蒙台梭利教育方法的核心原则是营造自由、以儿童为中心的学习环境。故选D。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“Things reached a breaking point when the Fascist tried to influence the schools’ educational content, and in 1934 Montessori and her son decided to leave Italy.(当法西斯主义者试图影响学校的教育内容时，事情达到了一个突破点，1934年蒙台梭利和她的儿子决定离开意大利)”可知，1934年，蒙台梭利决定离开意大利，因为她想避免法西斯分子对她工作的影响。故选B。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“The observation would lead Montessori to develop a new method of education that focused on providing optimal stimulation during the sensitive periods of childhood.(这一观察结果将引导蒙台梭利发展一种新的教育方法，专注于在儿童的敏感时期提供最佳的刺激)”以及倒数第二段“Montessori opened her first Children’s House in 1907.(1907年，蒙台梭利开办了她的第一所儿童之家)”可推知，蒙台梭利是善于观察和创新的。故选A。
B
Reducing the workweek to four days could have a climate benefit. In addition to improving the well-being of workers, cutting working hours may reduce carbon emissions. But those benefits would depend on a number of factors, experts emphasize, including how people choose to spend nonworking time.
Commuting and travel
Transportation is the biggest contributor to greenhouse emissions. A November 2021 survey of 2,000 employees and 500 business leaders in the United Kingdom found that if all organizations introduced a four-day week, the reduced trips to work would decrease travel overall by more than 691 million miles a week.
But the climate benefits of less commuting could be eliminated, experts said, if people choose to spend their extra time off traveling, particularly if they do so by car or plane.
Energy usage
Shorter working hours could lead to reductions in energy usage, experts said. According to a 2006 paper, if the United States adopted European work standards, the country would consume about 20 percent less energy.
Energy could also be conserved if fewer resources are needed to heat and cool large office buildings, reducing demands on electricity. For example, if an entire workplace shuts down on the fifth day, that would help lower consumption — less so if the office stays open to accommodate employees taking different days off.
Lifestyle changes
It’s possible that fewer working hours may lead some people to have a larger carbon footprint, but experts say research suggests that most people are likely to shift toward more sustainable lifestyles.
One theory is that people who work more and have less free time tend to do things in more carbon-intensive ways, such as choosing faster modes of transportation or buying prepared foods. Convenience is often carbon-intensive and people tend to choose convenience when they're time-stressed. Meanwhile, some research suggests that those who work less are more likely to engage in traditionally low-carbon activities, such as spending time with family or sleeping.
“When we talk about the four-day workweek and the environment, we focus on the tangible, but actually, in a way, the biggest potential benefit here is in the intangible,” experts said.
40. What is identified as the leading cause of greenhouse emissions according to the passage
A. The well-being of employees.
B. The conservation of energy.
C Commuting and travel.
D. The European work standard.
41. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence “the biggest potential benefit here is in the intangible” in the last paragraph
A. People will have big potential in achieving intangible benefits while working.
B. People are more likely to engage in carbon-intensive activities due to time constraints.
C. People may shift toward more sustainable lifestyles and lower carbon footprints.
D. People may travel more frequently by car or plane during their extra time off.
42. The passage is mainly written to .
A. highlight the importance of shortening working time in the context of well-being
B. provide an overview of transportation emissions worldwide
C. analyze the impact of reduced working hours on mode of business
D. illustrate factors affecting the climate benefits of a shorter workweek
【答案】40. C 41. C 42. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了缩短工作周对气候有利的影响因素。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据 Commuting and travel(通勤和旅行)标题下第一句“Transportation is the biggest contributor to greenhouse emissions.”（交通运输是温室气体排放的最大贡献者。）可知，以通勤和旅行为代表的交通运输是温室气体排放的主要原因。故选C项。
【41题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段When we talk about the four-day workweek and the environment, we focus on the tangible, but actually, in a way, the biggest potential benefit here is in the intangible”（当我们谈论四天工作周和环境时，我们关注的是有形的影响，但实际上，在某种程度上，最大的潜在好处是无形的。）及倒数第三段“It’s possible that fewer working hours may lead some people to have a larger carbon footprint, but experts say research suggests that most people are likely to shift toward more sustainable lifestyles.”（工作时间的减少可能会导致一些人的碳足迹增加，但专家表示，研究表明，大多数人可能会转向更可持续的生活方式。）并结合上文提到的具体的好处可知，每周工作时间减少到四天可以带来具体的好处，即有形的影响，其无形的影响指的是人们环保观念的改变，人们生活方式会发生潜移默化的变化。故选C项。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Reducing the workweek to four days could have a climate benefit.”（将每周工作时间减少到四天可能对气候有好处。）及第三句“But those benefits would depend on a number of factors, experts emphasize, including how people choose to spend nonworking time.”（但专家强调，这些好处将取决于许多因素，包括人们如何选择度过非工作时间。）及下文列举的各种因素可知，本文的目的是为了说明缩短工作周对气候有利的影响因素。故选D项。
C
The cultivation of plants by ants is more widespread than previously realized, and has evolved on at least 15 separate occasions.
There are more than 200 species of ant in the Americas that farm fungi (真菌) for food, but this trait evolved just once sometime between 45 million and 65 million years ago. Biologists regard the cultivation of fungi by ants as true agriculture appearing earlier than human agriculture because it meets four criteria: the ants plant the fungus, care for it, harvest it and depend on it for food.
By contrast, while thousands of ant species are known to have a wide variety of interdependent relationships with plants, none were regarded as true agriculture. But in 2016, Guillaume Chomicki and Susanne Renner at the University of Munich, Germany, discovered that an ant in Fungi cultivates several plants in a way that meets the four criteria for true agriculture.
The ants collect the seeds of the plants and place them in cracks in the bark of trees. As the plants grow, they form hollow structures called domain that the ants nest in. The ants defecate (排便) at designated absorptive places in these domain, providing nutrients for the plant. In return, as well as shelter, the plant provides food in the form of fruit juice.
This discovery prompted Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships to see if there are other examples of plant cultivation that have been overlooked. “They have never really been looked at in the framework of agriculture,” says Chomicki, who is now at the University of Sheffield in the UK. “It’s definitely widespread.”
The team identified 37 examples of tree-living ants that cultivate plants that grow on trees, known as epiphytes (附生植物). By looking at the family trees of the ant species, the team was able to determine on how many occasions plant cultivation evolved and roughly when. Fifteen is a conservative estimate, says Campbell. All the systems evolved relatively recently, around 1million to 3 million years ago, she says.
Whether the 37 examples of plant cultivation identified by the team count as true agriculture depends on the definitions used. Not all of the species get food from the plants, but they do rely on them for shelter, which is crucial for ants living in trees, says Campbell. So the team thinks the definition of true agriculture should include shelter as well as food.
43. According to biologists, why is ant-fungus cultivation considered as a form of true agriculture
A. Because it occurred earlier than human agriculture.
B. Because it fulfills the standards typical of agricultural practices.
C. Because it redefines the four criteria for true human agriculture.
D. Because it is less common than previously thought.
44. What motivated Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships
A. They determined on new family trees of the ant species.
B. They overlooked some tree-living ants that provided nutrients for the plants.
C. They never studied the ant-plant relationships within the context of agriculture.
D. They never identified any an t species that engaged in cultivation of fungi.
45. Which of the following statements is supported by the team's findings according to the passage
A. Ants’ cultivation of plants is limited to a few specific species.
B. The cultivation of fungi by ants is considered the earliest form of agriculture.
C. True agriculture in ants involves only food-related interactions with plants.
D. Ants have independently cultivated plants on at least 15 distinct occasions.
46. What is the passage mainly about
A. The evolution of ants in the plant kingdom.
B. The widespread occurrence of ant-plant cultivation.
C. The discovery of a new ant species engaging in agriculture.
D. The contrast between ant agriculture and human agriculture.
【答案】43. B 44. C 45. D 46. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了蚂蚁种植植物的行为比我们想象的要广泛。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中“Biologists regard the cultivation of fungi by ants as true agriculture appearing earlier than human agriculture because it meets four criteria: the ants plant the fungus, care for it, harvest it and depend on it for food.(生物学家认为蚂蚁培育真菌是比人类农业出现得更早的真正农业，因为它符合四个标准：蚂蚁种植真菌，照顾真菌，收获真菌并依赖它作为食物。)”可知，生物学家认为蚂蚁培育真菌被认为是一种真正的农业形式，因为它符合四个标准：蚂蚁种植真菌，照顾真菌，收获真菌并依赖它作为食物，这四个标准是农业的实践标准，即蚂蚁培育真菌符合典型的农业实践标准。故选B。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中“But in 2016, Guillaume Chomicki and Susanne Renner at the University of Munich, Germany, discovered that an ant in Fungi cultivates several plants in a way that meets the four criteria for true agriculture.( 但在2016年，德国慕尼黑大学的(Guillaume ChomickiSusanne Renner发现，真菌中的一只蚂蚁以一种符合真正农业的四个标准的方式培育了几种植物)”和第五段中“This discovery prompted Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships to see if there are other examples of plant cultivation that have been overlooked. “They have never really been looked at in the framework of agriculture,” says Chomicki(这一发现促使Chomicki和其他人回顾蚂蚁—植物关系的文献，看看是否还有其他植物栽培的例子被忽视。“它们从来没有真正在农业的框架内被看待，”Chomicki 说)”可知，这一发现指的是真菌中的一只蚂蚁以一种符合真正农业的四个标准的方式培育了几种植物，蚂蚁—植物关系以前从未真正在农业的框架内被看待，而这一发现是首次在农业的框架内看待蚂蚁—植物的关系，它促使了Chomicki和其他人回顾蚂蚁—植物关系的文献，由此可推知，蚂蚁—植物关系以前从未真正在农业的框架内被看待，这促使Chomicki和其他人回顾蚂蚁—植物关系的文献，故选C。
【45题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“The cultivation of plants by ants is more widespread than previously realized, and has evolved on at least 15 separate occasions.(蚂蚁种植植物的情况比以前认识到的更为广泛，至少已经发生了15次不同的进化。)”和倒数第二段中“By looking at the family trees of the ant species, the team was able to determine on how many occasions plant cultivation evolved and roughly when. Fifteen is a conservative estimate, says Campbell. (通过观察蚂蚁种类的族谱，研究小组能够确定植物栽培演化的次数和大致时间。坎贝尔表示，十五是一个保守的估计。)”可知，蚂蚁在至少15个不同的场合独立培育植物。故选D。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“The cultivation of plants by ants is more widespread than previously realized, and has evolved on at least 15 separate occasions.(蚂蚁种植植物的情况比以前认识到的更为广泛，至少已经发生了15次不同的进化。)”可知，文章主要介绍了蚂蚁种植植物的行为比我们想象的要广泛，B项“蚂蚁栽培的广泛发生。”适合做文章标题，故选B。
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
What is the likelihood of you having someone who looks just like you Would it be a good thing And if you did have one, would you want to meet them
Consider how often your facial features are used to identify you. Your passport, ID card and driving license all feature your face. ____47____ You may need your face to unlock your smartphone and possibly even need it to exclude you from being present at a crime scene.
The word “doppelg nger” refers to a person who looks the same as you, essentially sharing your features; those that you thought were unique to you and your identity. Not identical twins, as a doppelg nger has no relation to you. The idea originated in German folklore. ____48____
So, let's get real. What are the chances of you having one in the first place There's said to be a one in 135 chance of an exact match for you existing anywhere in the world, so the chances are pretty low, despite folk wisdom promising you otherwise. And the chances of meeting The mathematical certainty of finding this particular person is supposedly less than one in a trillion.
That said, these statistics may be a good thing. Historically, having a double wasn't always a positive. Back in 1999, an innocent American man, indistinguishable from the real criminal, was sent to prison for robbery, where he stayed for 19 years. ____49____. In a different case, a woman in New York was accused of trying to poison her doppelg nger with deadly cheesecake so that she could steal her identity!
____50____ The fascination with doppelg ngers may be rooted in historical beliefs that facial resemblance meant they were from the same family or had a common ancestor. It leads to the hope that one day you will meet your lookalike, creating the thrill of a potentially strange meeting. However, as these encounters can be both interesting and disturbing, we understand that after such an experience, you might not want to meet your doppelg nger again.
A. In the end, it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity.
B. Doppelg ngers will also have some of the same DNA as you.
C. To enter your workplace, you likely need to be recognizable.
D. Why are people interested in finding their possible doppelgangers
E. Eventually, discovering a person's doppelg nger might widen trust boundaries.
F. A doppelg nger was said to be a spirit-double that copied every human and beast on earth.
【答案】47. C 48. F 49. A 50. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了“doppelg nger”这个词指是一个和你长得一样的人，基本上和你有相同的特征，分析了人们对自己的doppelg nger感兴趣的原因。
【47题详解】
根据上文“Consider how often your facial features are used to identify you. Your passport, ID card and driving license all feature your face.(考虑一下你的面部特征被用来识别你的频率。你的护照、身份证和驾照上都有你的脸)”以及后文“You may need your face to unlock your smartphone and possibly even need it to exclude you from being present at a crime scene.(你可能需要用脸来解锁智能手机，甚至可能需要它来阻止你出现在犯罪现场)”可知，本句与后文并列，都是在对于面对特征被识别出来进行举例说明，故C选项“为了进入你的工作场所，你可能需要被认出来”符合语境，故选C。
【48题详解】
根据上文“The word “doppelg nger” refers to a person who looks the same as you, essentially sharing your features; those that you thought were unique to you and your identity. Not identical twins, as a doppelg nger has no relation to you. The idea originated in German folklore.(“doppelg nger”这个词指的是一个和你长得一样的人，基本上和你有相同的特征；那些你认为对你和你的身份来说是独一无二的。不是同卵双胞胎，因为doppelg nger跟你没有关系。这个想法起源于德国民间传说)”可知，本句承接上文说明doppelg nger在德国民间传说里是什么：是复制地球上所有人类和野兽的灵魂替身。故F选项“doppelg nger据说是复制地球上所有人类和野兽的灵魂替身”符合语境，故选F。
【49题详解】
根据上文“That said, these statistics may be a good thing. Historically, having a double wasn't always a positive. Back in 1999, an innocent American man, indistinguishable from the real criminal, was sent to prison for robbery, where he stayed for 19 years.(也就是说，这些统计数据可能是一件好事。从历史上看，拥有双重身份并不总是好事。早在1999年，一个无辜的美国人，和真正的罪犯没有什么区别，因为抢劫被送进监狱，在那里呆了19年)”以及后文“In a different case, a woman in New York was accused of trying to poison her doppelg nger with deadly cheesecake so that she could steal her identity!(在另一起案件中，纽约的一名妇女被指控试图用致命的芝士蛋糕毒害她的doppelg nger，这样她就可以窃取她的身份！)”可知，本句应承接上文说明上文提到的案件的结果：最后证明这是一起认错人的案件。故A选项“最后证明这是一起认错人的案件”符合语境，故选A。
【50题详解】
根据后文“The fascination with doppelg ngers may be rooted in historical beliefs that facial resemblance meant they were from the same family or had a common ancestor. It leads to the hope that one day you will meet your lookalike, creating the thrill of a potentially strange meeting. However, as these encounters can be both interesting and disturbing, we understand that after such an experience, you might not want to meet your doppelg nger again.(对doppelg ngers的迷恋可能源于历史信仰，即面部相似意味着他们来自同一家族或有共同的祖先。它会让你希望有一天你会遇到和你长得很像的人，创造出一种潜在的陌生会面的兴奋感。然而，由于这些遭遇既有趣又令人不安，我们理解在这样的经历之后，您可能不想再见到您的doppelg nger)”可知，本段主要分析了人们会对自己的doppelg nger感兴趣的原因。故D选项“为什么人们对寻找自己可能的doppelg nger感兴趣？”符合语境，故选D。
IV. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Competitive Cheerleading
Over the years, cheerleading has taken two primary forms: game-time cheerleading and competitive cheerleading. Game-time cheerleaders’ main goal is to entertain the crowd and lead them with team cheers, which should not be considered a sport. However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment. It is really a competitive sport.
Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. The majority of the teams require a certain level of tumbling (翻腾运动) ability. It’s a very common thing for gymnasts, so it’s easy for them to go into competitive cheerleading. Usually these cheerleaders integrate lots of their gymnastics experience including their jumps, tumbling, and overall energy. They also perform lifts and throws.
Competitive cheerleading is also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared. It is awarded points for technique, creativity and sharpness. Usually the more difficult the action is, the better the score is. That’s why cheerleaders are trying to experience great difficulty in their performance. Besides, there is also a strict rule of time. The whole performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and fifteen seconds, during which the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. Any performance beyond the limit of time is invalid.
Another reason for the fact that competitive cheerleading is one of the hardest sports is that it has more reported injuries. According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women. Generally, these injuries affect all areas of the body, including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.
There can be no doubt that competitive cheerleading is a sport with professional skills. It should be noted that it is a team sport and even the smallest mistake made by one teammate can bring the score of the entire team down. So without working together to achieve the goal, first place is out of reach.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Competitive cheerleading is a competitive sport rather than an entertainment activity. It is physically demanding. It is a rule-governed sport where participants are scored for technique, with a strict time constraint for their performances. Moreover, the sport involves higher injury rates, impacting various body parts. Good coordination and teamwork are also needed for success.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，竞技啦啦队是一项竞技运动，而不是娱乐活动。这对体力要求很高。这是一项有规则的运动，参与者根据技术得分，并有严格的时间限制。此外，这项运动涉及更高的受伤率，影响到身体的各个部位。良好的协调和团队合作也需要成功。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Game-time cheerleaders’ main goal is to entertain the crowd and lead them with team cheers, which should not be considered a sport.
②However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment.
③Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity.
④Competitive cheerleading is also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared.
⑤It is awarded points for technique, creativity and sharpness.
⑥According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women.
⑦Generally, these injuries affect all areas of the body, including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.
⑧So without working together to achieve the goal, first place is out of reach.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2和4、5和6、7几个要点进行重组，将第3、8两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Competitive cheerleading is a competitive sport, not a recreational activity.
The physical demands are high.
It is a regulated sport where participants are awarded points based on skill and there is a strict time limit.
In addition, the sport involves a higher rate of injuries that affect all parts of the body.
Good coordination and teamwork also require success.
【点睛】[高分句型1] It is a rule-governed sport where participants are scored for technique, with a strict time constraint for their performances.(运用了关系副词where引导的限定性定语从句)
[高分句型2] Moreover, the sport involves higher injury rates, impacting various body parts. (运用了现在分词作状语)
第Ⅱ卷(共40分)
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 如果不好好准备，周五的演讲可能会变得一塌糊涂。(preparation)(汉译英)
【答案】Without proper preparation, Friday’s speech can/could /may/might become a complete mess.
【解析】
【详解】考查固定短语和情态动词。表示“如果不好好准备”应用介词短语without proper preparation表示，相当于一个条件状语从句；“周五的演讲”翻译为Friday’s speech，作主语；表示“可能”可用情态动词can/could may/might；表示“会变得一塌糊涂”翻译为become a complete mess。故翻译为Without proper preparation, Friday’s speech can/could may/might become a complete mess.
53. 市民们呼吁废纸回收再利用， 以减少对原材料的消耗。(call for) (汉译英)
【答案】 Citizens are calling for/call for waste paper to be recycled to reduce the consumption of raw materials.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语、时态和非谓语动词。“市民们”用复数名词citizens，“呼吁”用短语call for；“废纸”翻译为waste paper；后接不定式作宾语补足语，waste paper与recycle之间为被动关系，所以用不定式的被动式；“回收”用动词recycle，后接不定式作目的状语。“原材料”翻译为raw material；“消耗”用名词consumption。陈述现在事实或现在正在发生的事情，用一般现在时或现在进行时。故翻译为Citizens are calling for/call for waste paper to be recycled to reduce the consumption of raw materials.
54. 电影里出现了许多主人公穿越沙漠的场景，象征着一种自我发现和成长的过程。(there) (汉译英)
【答案】In the film, there are many scenes of the hero crossing the desert, symbolizing/which symbolizes a process of self-discovery and growth.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词时态和固定句型。句子陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，状语“电影里”应用in the film；表示“出现了许多主人公的场景”应用there are many scenes of the hero；表示“穿越沙漠”应用cross the desert，修饰名词hero，二者为逻辑主谓关系，需用现在分词形式作后置定语；表示“象征着”应用symbolize，此处可以用非谓语动词作状语，表示自然而然的结果，用现在分词形式，也可以处理为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的句子，在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which引导，symbolize使用第三人称单数形式；宾语“一种自我发现和成长的过程”应用a process of self-discovery and growth。故翻译成：In the film, there are many scenes of the hero crossing the desert, symbolizing/which symbolizes a process of self-discovery and growth.
55. 艺术博物馆位于中国著名的文化城市杭州，在那里游客们可以欣赏风格多样的艺术作品，仿佛置身于艺术的海洋之中。(where) (汉译英)
【答案】The Art Museum is located in Hangzhou, a famous cultural city in China, where visitors can enjoy a variety of artistic works, as if they are in an ocean of art.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态、固定短语、定语从句。表示“艺术博物馆”用The Art Museum，作主语。表示“位于杭州”用be located in Hangzhou，结合句意可知本句陈述事实，故时态用一般现在时，且主语The Art Museum为第三人称单数，可知be动词用is。表示“中国著名的文化城市”用a famous cultural city in China，作Hangzhou的同位语。表示“在那里游客们可以欣赏风格多样的艺术作品”用非限制性定语从句where visitors can enjoy a variety of artistic works，先行词为The Art Museum，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where引导。表示“仿佛置身于艺术的海洋之中”用方式状语从句as if they are in an ocean of art，其中as if意为“仿佛，好像”。故翻译为The Art Museum is located in Hangzhou, a famous cultural city in China, where visitors can enjoy a variety of artistic works, as if they are in an ocean of art.
VI. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
在不断发展的教育环境中，学生们在课堂上记笔记的方式也发生了显著的变化。为了更深入地了解这一趋势，明启中学学生会决定展开一项有关“高中生记笔记方式”的调查，想了解高中生在课堂上更青睐使用传统纸笔记笔记还是现代高科技产品拍照记笔记。假设你是李华，请给学生会写一封邮件表达你的想法。你的邮件必须满足以下要求：
你的选择；
你的理由。
注：文中不得提及你的真实姓名或学校。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear Student Council,
I’m writing to express my thoughts on the survey regarding note-taking methods in high school classrooms.
Personally, I believe that traditional paper-based note-taking still holds significant value in today’s educational landscape. While modern technology offers convenient alternatives, there are several reasons why I prefer the simplicity and effectiveness of pen and paper.
Firstly, using a paper notebook allows me to actively engage with the information being presented in class. Secondly, paper notebooks provide a more organized and personalized approach to note-taking. Lastly, relying on paper notebooks eliminates the potential distractions and dependencies associated with technology.
In conclusion, while modern technology has its place in education, I believe that traditional paper-based note-taking remains a tried-and-true method for many students, including myself. It promotes active learning, organization, and focus, ultimately contributing to better academic performance.
Thank you for considering my perspective on this matter.
Best regards,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于英文短文写作。要求考生就在课堂上更青睐使用传统纸笔记笔记还是现代高科技产品拍照记笔记写一篇短文表达自己的观点。
【详解】1.词汇积累
就个人而言：personally→ in person
重要的：significant → important
首先：firstly → first of all
依赖：rely on→ depend on
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：It promotes active learning, organization, and focus, ultimately contributing to better academic performance.
拓展句：It promotes active learning, organization, and focus, which ultimately contributes to better academic performance.
【点睛】【高分句型1】While modern technology offers convenient alternatives, there are several reasons why I prefer the simplicity and effectiveness of pen and paper.（运用了while引导的状语从句和why引导的定语从句）
【高分句型2】In conclusion, while modern technology has its place in education, I believe that traditional paper-based note-taking remains a tried-and-true method for many students, including myself.（运用了while引导的状语从句和that引导的宾语从句）静安区2023学年度第一学期期末教学质量调研
高三英语试卷
(满分 140分,完卷时间 120分钟)
考生注意：
1. 完卷时间120分钟,试卷满分140分。
2. 本调研设试卷和答题纸两部分，全卷共 12 页。所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名。
第Ⅰ卷(共100分)
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. In a gallery. B. At the barber's. C. In a restaurant. D. At the tailor's.
2. A. Fellow workers. B. Family members.
CDoctor and patient. D. Driver and passenger.
3. A. Choosing psychology. B. Choosing economics.
C.Neither is a good choice. D. Choosing a major of interest.
4. A. She did not feel sorry for being late for the appointment.
B. She did not inform the man of her del ay in advance.
C. She wasn't really caught in the traffic jam.
D. She wasn't always late for the appointment.
5. A. It was lost and won't be found. B. It was transferred to a different city.
C. It was delivered to her hotel already. D. It was stolen during her trip.
6. A. He has realized he still leaves much to be desired.
B. He is angry with not getting the lead role in the play.
C. He is confident about getting the lead role next time.
D. He feels reluctant to take the new responsibilities.
7. A. They told a lot of stories during the meeting.
B. There is no need for them to argue so fiercely in public.
C. Both perspectives should be considered before judging.
D. They should have resolved their issues in private.
8. A. She has already been to the café.
B. She is not interested in going to the café.
C. She knows about the café but hasn't visited it.
D She wants to go to the café right away.
9. A. She expects the man to help Brian move to a new house.
B. She expects the man to take mum to Brain's new house.
C. She expects the man to celebrate mum's birthday together.
D. She expects the man to make a phone call to Mum.
10. A. The fantastic and high-quality camera. B. The need for better internet connectivity.
C. Their favorite photography techniques. D. The pros and cons of a new smartphone.
Sect ion B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
听下面一段长对话，回答小题。
11. A. Its regular driving practices and poor vehicles.
B. Its lack of green spaces and air cleaners.
C. Its excessive water pollution and rubbish.
D. Its high air pollution and crowded roads.
12. A. Establishing a high interest loan scheme.
B. Removing outdated black and white taxis.
C. Encouraging customers to create new ideas.
D. Making advertisements on old vehicles.
13. A. Because customers are more friendly and richer.
B. Because all new cabs provide air-conditioning.
C. Because all new cabs are equipped with meters.
D. Because car manufacturers can earn extra money.
听下面一段长对话，回答小题。
14. A. Canceling all the gifts. B. Applying a ‘one-gift’ rule.
C. Giving children less time to play. D. Encouraging buying second-hand gifts.
15. A. Buying a rare and expensive souvenir.
B. Buying a hand-made craft product.
C. Giving something that won't cost money.
D. Giving an experience of something new.
16. A. The waste caused by Christmas gifts.
B. The importance of buying gifts for children.
C. The creative ideas of giving gifts to avoid waste.
D. The negative effects of receiving too many gifts.
听下面一段独白，回答小题。
17. A. By trading physical items. B. By exchanging artistic creativity.
C. By hosting art exhibitions. D. By making artistic advertisements.
18. A. Painting and writing. B. Graphic design and photography.
C. Music and album cover design. D. Video editing and project management.
19. A. Members can benefit without efforts.
B. Members can make money by providing artistic services.
C. Members can get copyrights of other artistic offerings.
D. Members can have access to the creative exchange list.
20. A. Competitive individualism. B. Artistic cooperation and inspiration.
C Individual fame in the art field. D. Material collaboration and exchange.
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Japan’s robot revolution in senior care
Japan’s artificial intelligence expertise is transforming the elder care industry, with ____1____ (specialize) robotic care accomplishing more than just taking pressure off the critical shortage of caregivers. Senior care facilities across Japan are testing out such new robots ____2____ deliver a collection of social and physical health care and the government-backed initiative has been met with positive reviews by elderly residents.
The rapidly graying population ____3____ (eye) by the government as a potential market for medical technology now. Disappointing government predictions show that by 2025, Japan's first baby boomers will have turned 75 and about 7 million people are likely to suffer from some form of dementia (痴呆). The nation won't be able to avoid a dementia crisis ____4____ an additional 380,000 senior care workers.
The long-standing shortage of professional care workers has encouraged the Japanese government ___5___ (simplify) procedures for foreign caregivers to be trained and certified. The current Technical Intern Training Program between Vietnam, the Philippines, and Indonesia, under ____6____ Economic Partnership Agreement, was extended to include nursing care as well as agriculture, fishery, and construction sectors.
____7____ the government made efforts to increase the numbers of senior care workers, the target number of foreign graduates has still fallen flat, with the national caregiver examination proving a major obstacle to pass. The success rate for foreign students was a merely 106 students last year, ____8____ has slightly improved to 216 students this year. Another depressing reality is that 19 to 38 percent of foreign nurses who pass the exam opt to leave the industry and return home,____9____ (cite) tough work conditions and long hours. Given the challenges, this is _____10_____ the government believes care robots will be able to step in.
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. smoothing B. remain C. switched D. likelihood E. impact F. tip G. broadly H. headed I. booming J. positioning K. reliably
Sea-level rise predictions
A team of University of Idaho scientists is studying a fast-moving glacier in Alaska in hopes of developing better predictions on how quickly global sea levels will rise.
Tim Bartholomaus, a professor in the Department of Geography and Geological Sciences, spent several weeks on Turner Glacier in Alaska’s southeastern ____11____ near Disenchantment Bay. The glacier is unique because, unlike other glaciers, it rises greatly every five to eight years.
A surging glacier is defined, ____12____, as one that starts flowing at least 10 times faster than normal. But the how and why of that glacial movement is poorly understood, although recent research suggests that global climate change increases the ____13____ of glacial surging.
During Turner’s surges, the mass of ice and rock will increase its speed from roughly 3 feet a day to 65 feet per day.
All of that is important because glaciers falling into the ocean are a major contributor to sea level rise, and current climate change models don’t ____14____ account for these movements. For example, Greenland’s glaciers are one of the leading contributors to global sea-level rise. Since the early 2000s, Greenland ____15____ from not having any effect on world sea levels, to increasing sea level by about 1 millimeter per year. Half of that yearly increase is due to warmer average temperatures, which leads to more ice melting. The other half, however, is because glaciers in Greenland are, as a whole, moving faster and running into the ocean more frequently.
Glacial movement has something to do with water running underneath the glacier. Glaciers are full of holes, and water runs through those holes. When the water pressure is high underneath a glacier, it starts to move, partly because it’s lifting the mass of ice and rock off the ground and partly because it’s ____16____ the underside of the glacier.
But how exactly does that water move through the glacier, and how does the movement ____17____ the glacier’s speed Those are the questions the scientists hope to answer.
Bartholomaus, some graduate students and researchers from Boise State University, ____18____ onto the ice in August. They set up a base camp at the toe of the glacier and spent their days flying in on helicopters. They placed roughly 30 instruments, burying them deeply into the glacier and ____19____ them on rock outcroppings (露岩) alongside the glacier. This summer the team will return to get the instruments and replace batteries. Those instruments will _____20_____ on and around the glacier until the glacier surge stops, providing researchers with before and after data.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Investors probably expect that following the suggestions of stock analysts would make them better off than doing the exact opposite. ____21____, recent research by Nicola Gennaioli and his colleagues shows that the best way to gain excess return s would be to invest in the shares least favored by analysts. They compute that, during the last 35 years, investing in the 10 percent of U. S. stocks analysts were most ____22____ about would have yielded on average 3 percent a year. ____23____, investing in the 10 percent of stocks analysts were most pessimistic about would have yielded a surprising 15 percent a year.
Gennaioli and colleagues shed light on this ____24____ with the help of cognitive sciences and, in particular, using Kahneman and Tversky's concept of representativeness. Decision makers, according to this view, ____25____ the representative features of a group or a phenomenon. These are defined as the features that occur more frequently in that group than in a baseline reference group.
After observing strong earnings growth—the explanation goes—analysts think that the firm may be the next Google. “Googles” are in fact more frequent among firms experiencing strong growth, which makes them ____26____. The problem is that “Googles” are very ____27____ in absolute terms. As a result, expectations become too optimistic, and future performance____28____. A model of stock prices in which investor beliefs follow this logic can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the beliefs of analysts and the dynamics (动态变化) of stock returns.
In related work, the authors also show that the same model can ____29____ booms and busts in the volume of credit and interest rate spreads.
These works are part of a research project aimed at taking insights from cognitive sciences and at _____30_____them into economic models. Kahneman and Tversky's concept of “representativeness” lies at the heart of this effort. “In a classical example, we _____31_____ to think of Irishmen as redheads because red hair is much more frequent among Irishmen than among the rest of the world,” Prof. Gennaioli says. “However, only 10 percent of Irishmen are redheads. In our work, we develop models of belief formation that show this logic and study the _____32_____ of this important psychological force in different fields.”
Representativeness helps describe _____33_____ and behavior in different fields, not only in financial markets. One such field is the formation of stereotypes about social groups. In a recent experimental paper, Gennaioli and colleagues show that representativeness can explain self-confidence, and in particular the _____34_____ of women to compete in traditionally male subjects, such as mathematics. A slight prevalence of _____35_____ male math ability in the data is enough to make math ability un-representative for women, driving their under confidence in this particular subject.
21.
A. Consequently B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Meanwhile
22.
A. curious B. controversial C. concerned D. optimistic
23.
A. In brief B. By contrast C. In addition D. Without doubt
24.
A. engagement B. concentration C. puzzle D. definition
25.
A. memorize B. prioritize C. modernize D. fertilize
26.
A. representative B. argumentative C. executive D. sensitive
27.
A. harsh B. adaptable C. crucial D. rare
28.
A. cheers B. disappoints C. stabilizes D. improves
29.
A. account for B. count on C. suffer from D. hold up
30.
A. pouring B. admitting C. integrating D. tempting
31.
A. pretend B. afford C. offer D. tend
32.
A. effects B. delights C. intervals D. codes
33.
A. companions B. scales C. expectations D. findings
34.
A. necessity B. involvement C. perseverance D. reluctance
35.
A. equivalent B. exceptional C. mysterious D. distressing
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
A
Montessori was born in Italy in 1870 with progressive parents, who frequently communicated with the country’s leading thinkers and scholars. This enlightened family environment provided Montessori with many advantages over other young girls of the time.
Her mother’s support was vital for some important decisions, such as her enrolment in a technical school after her elementary education. Her parents’ support also proved to be essential for her decision to study medicine, a field that was dominated by men.
Soon after graduating, in 1896, Montessori began work as a voluntary assistant in a clinic at the University of Rome, where she cared for children with learning difficulties. The rooms were bare, with just a few pieces of furniture. One day, she found that the children were enthusiastically playing with breadcrumbs (面包屑) that had dropped on the floor. It then occurred to her that the origin of some intellectual disabilities could be related with poverty. With the right learning materials, these and other young minds could be nurtured, Montessori concluded.
The observation would lead Montessori to develop a new method of education that focused on providing optimal stimulation during the sensitive periods of childhood.
At its centre was the principle that all the learning materials should be child-sized and designed to appeal to all the senses. In addition, each child should also be allowed to move and act freely, and use their creativity and problem-solving skills. Teachers took the role of guides, supporting the children without press or control.
Montessori opened her first Children’s House in 1907. When the Fascists (法西斯主义者) first came into power in Italy in 1922, they initially embraced her movement. But they soon came to oppose the emphasis on the children’s freedom of expression. Montessori’s values had always been about human respect, and the rights of children and women, but the Fascists wanted to use her work and her fame.
Things reached a breaking point when the Fascist tried to influence the schools’ educational content, and in 1934 Montessori and her son decided to leave Italy. She didn’t return to her homeland until 1947, and she continued to write about and develop her method until her death in 1952, at the age of 81.
36. The primary reason for Montessori to develop a new educational method was ______.
A. her family’s supportive influence on her education
B. her experience as a voluntary assistant in a clinic
C. her observation of children playing with breadcrumbs happily
D. her decision to study medicine, a field dominated by men
37. What was a central principle of Montessori’s educational method as described in the passage
A. Providing standardized, one-size-fits-all learning materials.
B. Encouraging strict discipline and control over children’s actions.
C. Focusing on rote memorization and competition.
D. Creating a free and children-centered learning environment.
38. Montessori decided to leave Italy in 1934 because .
A. she wanted to explore other countries and cultures
B. she wanted to avoid the Fascist’s influence on her work
C. she was offered a better job in a different country
D. she wanted to retire and enjoy a peaceful life in another country
39. Which of the following words can best describe Montessori in this passage
A. Observant and innovative. B. Traditional and emotional.
C. Progressive and dependent. D. Open-minded and indifferent.
B
Reducing the workweek to four days could have a climate benefit. In addition to improving the well-being of workers, cutting working hours may reduce carbon emissions. But those benefits would depend on a number of factors, experts emphasize, including how people choose to spend nonworking time.
Commuting and travel
Transportation is the biggest contributor to greenhouse emissions. A November 2021 survey of 2,000 employees and 500 business leaders in the United Kingdom found that if all organizations introduced a four-day week, the reduced trips to work would decrease travel overall by more than 691 million miles a week.
But the climate benefits of less commuting could be eliminated, experts said, if people choose to spend their extra time off traveling, particularly if they do so by car or plane.
Energy usage
Shorter working hours could lead to reductions in energy usage, experts said. According to a 2006 paper, if the United States adopted European work standards, the country would consume about 20 percent less energy.
Energy could also be conserved if fewer resources are needed to heat and cool large office buildings, reducing demands on electricity. For example, if an entire workplace shuts down on the fifth day, that would help lower consumption — less so if the office stays open to accommodate employees taking different days off.
Lifestyle changes
It’s possible that fewer working hours may lead some people to have a larger carbon footprint but experts say research suggests that most people are likely to shift toward more sustainable lifestyles.
One theory is that people who work more and have less free time tend to do things in more carbon-intensive ways, such as choosing faster modes of transportation or buying prepared foods. Convenience is often carbon-intensive and people tend to choose convenience when they're time-stressed. Meanwhile, some research suggests that those who work less are more likely to engage in traditionally low-carbon activities, such as spending time with family or sleeping.
“When we talk about the four-day workweek and the environment, we focus on the tangible, but actually, in a way, the biggest potential benefit here is in the intangible,” experts said.
40. What is identified as the leading cause of greenhouse emissions according to the passage
A. The well-being of employees.
B. The conservation of energy.
C. Commuting and travel.
D. The European work standard.
41. What can be inferred from the underlined sentence “the biggest potential benefit here is in the intangible” in the last paragraph
A. People will have big potential in achieving intangible benefits while working.
B. People are more likely to engage in carbon-intensive activities due to time constraints.
C. People may shift toward more sustainable lifestyles and lower carbon footprints.
D. People may travel more frequently by car or plane during their extra time off.
42. The passage is mainly written to .
A highlight the importance of shortening working time in the context of well-being
B. provide an overview of transportation emissions worldwide
C. analyze the impact of reduced working hours on mode of business
D. illustrate factors affecting the climate benefits of a shorter workweek
C
The cultivation of plants by ants is more widespread than previously realized, and has evolved on at least 15 separate occasions.
There are more than 200 species of ant in the Americas that farm fungi (真菌) for food, but this trait evolved just once sometime between 45 million and 65 million years ago. Biologists regard the cultivation of fungi by ants as true agriculture appearing earlier than human agriculture because it meets four criteria: the ants plant the fungus, care for it, harvest it and depend on it for food.
By contrast, while thousands of ant species are known to have a wide variety of interdependent relationships with plants, none were regarded as true agriculture. But in 2016, Guillaume Chomicki and Susanne Renner at the University of Munich, Germany, discovered that an ant in Fungi cultivates several plants in a way that meets the four criteria for true agriculture.
The ants collect the seeds of the plants and place them in cracks in the bark of trees. As the plants grow, they form hollow structures called domain that the ants nest in. The ants defecate (排便) at designated absorptive places in these domain, providing nutrients for the plant. In return, as well as shelter, the plant provides food in the form of fruit juice.
This discovery prompted Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships to see if there are other examples of plant cultivation that have been overlooked. “They have never really been looked at in the framework of agriculture,” says Chomicki, who is now at the University of Sheffield in the UK. “It’s definitely widespread.”
The team identified 37 examples of tree-living ants that cultivate plants that grow on trees, known as epiphytes (附生植物). By looking at the family trees of the ant species, the team was able to determine on how many occasions plant cultivation evolved and roughly when. Fifteen is a conservative estimate, says Campbell. All the systems evolved relatively recently, around 1million to 3 million years ago, she says.
Whether the 37 examples of plant cultivation identified by the team count as true agriculture depends on the definitions used. Not all of the species get food from the plants, but they do rely on them for shelter, which is crucial for ants living in trees, says Campbell. So the team thinks the definition of true agriculture should include shelter as well as food.
43. According to biologists, why is ant-fungus cultivation considered as a form of true agriculture
A. Because it occurred earlier than human agriculture.
B. Because it fulfills the standards typical of agricultural practices.
C. Because it redefines the four criteria for true human agriculture.
D. Because it is less common than previously thought.
44. What motivated Chomicki and others to review the literature on ant-plant relationships
A. They determined on new family trees of the ant species.
B. They overlooked some tree-living ants that provided nutrients for the plants.
C. They never studied the ant-plant relationships within the context of agriculture.
D. They never identified any an t species that engaged in cultivation of fungi.
45. Which of the following statements is supported by the team's findings according to the passage
A. Ants’ cultivation of plants is limited to a few specific species.
B. The cultivation of fungi by ants is considered the earliest form of agriculture.
C. True agriculture in ants involves only food-related interactions with plants.
D. Ants have independently cultivated plants on at least 15 distinct occasions.
46. What is the passage mainly about
A. The evolution of ants in the plant kingdom.
B. The widespread occurrence of ant-plant cultivation.
C. The discovery of a new ant species engaging in agriculture.
D. The contrast between ant agriculture and human agriculture.
Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
What is the likelihood of you having someone who looks just like you Would it be a good thing And if you did have one, would you want to meet them
Consider how often your facial features are used to identify you. Your passport, ID card and driving license all feature your face. ____47____ You may need your face to unlock your smartphone and possibly even need it to exclude you from being present at a crime scene.
The word “doppelg nger” refers to a person who looks the same as you, essentially sharing your features; those that you thought were unique to you and your identity. Not identical twins, as a doppelg nger has no relation to you. The idea originated in German folklore. ____48____
So, let's get real. What are the chances of you having one in the first place There's said to be a one in 135 chance of an exact match for you existing anywhere in the world, so the chances are pretty low, despite folk wisdom promising you otherwise. And the chances of meeting The mathematical certainty of finding this particular person is supposedly less than one in a trillion.
That said, these statistics may be a good thing. Historically, having a double wasn't always a positive. Back in 1999, an innocent American man, indistinguishable from the real criminal, was sent to prison for robbery, where he stayed for 19 years. ____49____. In a different case, a woman in New York was accused of trying to poison her doppelg nger with deadly cheesecake so that she could steal her identity!
____50____ The fascination with doppelg ngers may be rooted in historical beliefs that facial resemblance meant they were from the same family or had a common ancestor. It leads to the hope that one day you will meet your lookalike, creating the thrill of a potentially strange meeting. However, as these encounters can be both interesting and disturbing, we understand that after such an experience, you might not want to meet your doppelg nger again.
A. In the end, it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity.
B. Doppelg ngers will also have some of the same DNA as you.
C. To enter your workplace, you likely need to be recognizable.
D. Why are people interested in finding their possible doppelgangers
E. Eventually, discovering a person's doppelg nger might widen trust boundaries.
F. A doppelg nger was said to be a spirit-double that copied every human and beast on earth.
IV. Summary Writing
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Competitive Cheerleading
Over the years, cheerleading has taken two primary forms: game-time cheerleading and competitive cheerleading. Game-time cheerleaders’ main goal is to entertain the crowd and lead them with team cheers, which should not be considered a sport. However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment. It is really a competitive sport.
Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. The majority of the teams require a certain level of tumbling (翻腾运动) ability. It’s a very common thing for gymnasts, so it’s easy for them to go into competitive cheerleading. Usually these cheerleaders integrate lots of their gymnastics experience including their jumps, tumbling, and overall energy. They also perform lifts and throws.
Competitive cheerleading is also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared. It is awarded points for technique, creativity and sharpness. Usually the more difficult the action is, the better the score is. That’s why cheerleaders are trying to experience great difficulty in their performance. Besides, there is also a strict rule of time. The whole performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and fifteen seconds, during which the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. Any performance beyond the limit of time is invalid.
Another reason for the fact that competitive cheerleading is one of the hardest sports is that it has more reported injuries. According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women. Generally, these injuries affect all areas of the body, including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.
There can be no doubt that competitive cheerleading is a sport with professional skills. It should be noted that it is a team sport and even the smallest mistake made by one teammate can bring the score of the entire team down. So without working together to achieve the goal, first place is out of reach.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第Ⅱ卷(共40分)
V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
52. 如果不好好准备，周五的演讲可能会变得一塌糊涂。(preparation)(汉译英)
53. 市民们呼吁废纸回收再利用， 以减少对原材料的消耗。(call for) (汉译英)
54. 电影里出现了许多主人公穿越沙漠的场景，象征着一种自我发现和成长的过程。(there) (汉译英)
55. 艺术博物馆位于中国著名的文化城市杭州，在那里游客们可以欣赏风格多样的艺术作品，仿佛置身于艺术的海洋之中。(where) (汉译英)
VI. Guided Writing
56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
在不断发展的教育环境中，学生们在课堂上记笔记的方式也发生了显著的变化。为了更深入地了解这一趋势，明启中学学生会决定展开一项有关“高中生记笔记方式”的调查，想了解高中生在课堂上更青睐使用传统纸笔记笔记还是现代高科技产品拍照记笔记。假设你是李华，请给学生会写一封邮件表达你的想法。你的邮件必须满足以下要求：
你的选择；
你的理由。
注：文中不得提及你的真实姓名或学校。
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