【寒假学案】2024年人教版初二英语寒假教材 第十三讲 翻译做题技巧 专题训练-(含答案)

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
第十三讲 翻译做题技巧+专题训练
出题形式
1.以一篇短文的形式出现:
3个：英译汉
2个：汉译英
2.考纲要求
考查对中西文化差异的了解；
对常用短语、习惯用语和重要句型的运用；
对句子结构、语法知识的掌握；
对简单的翻译技巧的掌握。
考查重点
1、各类重要句型结构（It is+形容词、比较级句型等）
2、搭配（动词短语，名词短语）
3、重点词的用法及习惯表达
4、主要语法规则及其运用等
5、简单的翻译技巧（省略、补充，词义选择引申、词性转换、长句拆分、逆序翻译等）。
三、解题方法与技巧
（一）要明确命题意图，做到有的放矢
一般来说，句子翻译都有明显的考查意图，要么是考查某个词的用法或习惯表达，要么是考查某个句型的结构或搭配，要么是考查某条语法规则的具体运用等。在做题时要明确命题者的考查意图，有针对性的翻译。
（二）注意英语表达习惯及英汉两种语言的差异
由于民族、文化、历史等方面的原因，英汉两种语言在表达方面有许多不同之处，千万不要用汉语的习惯硬套英语句型。
（三）不要逐字翻译，或译成中国式英语
不少同学在做翻译练习时往往有逐字翻译的习惯。如：“我工作很忙”，翻译成了“My work is very busy.”。而正确的表达是：I'm very busy.。这类问题考生在平时要予以重视。
（四）注意词形变化，弄清句子结构
在做句子翻译题时，要注意单词的词形变化，如名词的单复数，动词的时态、语态及非谓语动词，形容词、副词的比较级和最高级等。此处，还需要注意句型句式、连接词、主谓一致等。
总之，除了掌握正确的解题思路和技巧外，重要的是平时要积累词汇及语法知识，以及考试时要认真、细致、全面考虑。
四、怎样英译汉
1. 通读全文
首先要从整体上把握整篇文章的内容，理解划线部分与文章其他部分之间的语法与逻辑关系。特别弄清代词it, they, them, this, that, these, those和other等所指代的词和词组，切忌不阅读全文就直接翻译划线部分的做法。
如：Experts think it was because US banks lent money too easily.
译文：专家认为金融危机是因为美国银行贷款太容易。
解析：该句上文为The crisis began several years ago. 故it所指代的是crisis。
分析划线部分的句子结构
从翻译试题来看，一般来说，划线部分的句子基本上是比较复杂的，如果不搞清它的语法结构，很难达到正确完整地理解原文的要求，在分析划线部分的句子结构时，首先找出句子的各个成分，主、谓、宾是句子的骨干，但特别要注意定语、状语等成分翻译。
如：Thirdly, one must have the ability to work with others.
译文：第三，一个人必须有和他人协作的能力。
We may miss the joy that comes from talking with strangers.
译文：我们可能会错过与陌生人交流的快乐。
解析：以上两个句子中都含有后置定语结构。第一句子是不定式作后置定语，第二个句子是定语从句作后置定语。在英译汉时应译成带“的”的前置定语。
3.注意英汉两种语言的表达差异
例如，英语中的否定转移等语法现象与汉语的表达方式不同，因此在英译汉时，必须多推敲，切不可粗心大意，想当然地随意进行翻译。
如：I don't think they get enough gifts.
译文：我认为他们没有收到足够的礼物。
解析：当陈述部分是“I don't think”“I don't believe”等结构时，翻译汉语时要注意否定转移。
4.采用转换法
按汉语的习惯改变句子成份，即词类或词性转换、句子成分转换等。
如：
Family rules are made to help your kids behave better．
译文：制定家规是为了帮助你的孩子更好地举止。
解析：英语中有些被动句不需要或无法说出行为的主体，因此，翻译时往往译成汉语的无主句。这时，原句中的主语一般译成宾语。
5.确定词类，辨明词义
英词中一个单词有的可用作多种词类，或含有多种词义，翻译时要考虑其词类，弄懂词义，才能用汉语准确表达出来。
如：
I don't want to go to my parents for suggestions, for they will get worried about me.
译文：我不想向我的父母征求意见，因为他们会担心我。
解析：句中含有两个for，第一个是介词，可转换成汉语动词，译为“征求”；第二个是并列连词，译为“因为”。
6.增词或减词
英译汉时，在文字上往往不能对比地，不加选择地照搬，增词或减词的现象是经常发生的。
如：
Miss Green gave her students special homework.
译文：格林老师给她的学生布置了特殊的作业。
解析：增加“布置了”，显得句子更通顺。
Instead, making a meal is enough.
译文：相反，做一顿饭足够了。 解析：动词is不译出，更符合汉语表达。
五、怎样汉译英
1. 判断句子结构，寻找合适句型。
句型好比是句子的骨架，选用合适的句型是做好汉译英至关重要的一步。英语中句子通常分为简单句、并列句和复合句，其中有一些较为固定的常用句型更是中考经常考查的内容，熟悉并学会运用这些句型将有助于考生很快建立句子结构，完成翻译。
如：有一些其他的学习方式。
译文：There are (some) other ways of learning.
解析：该句使用there be句型，动词be用一般现在时。
首先，健康是最重要的。
译文：Firstly, health is the most important of all.
解析：该句使用形容词最高级句型，important是形容词多音节，即“the most+原级形容词+of all”结构。
2.掌握词组搭配、找准关键词语。
在汉译英的考点中，短语搭配往往比重很大，其中动词词组尤为重要，用好了关键词语，翻译起来就容易多了。
如：
学生们可以互相学习。
译文：Students can learn from each other.
解析：该题考查了两个词组：learn from“向……学习”，each other“互相”。
3.注意英语习惯、勿受汉语影响。
英汉两种语言在用词选句等方面有许多不同之处，这一点考生一定要引起足够的重视，千万不要用汉语的习惯硬套英语句型。
如：
因为你太小还不懂真爱。
译文：Because you are too young to understand true love.
解析：英语中句型too…to..意为“太……以致不能……”，
动词不定式用肯定式表示否定含义，因此不能受汉语影响，
在to understand true love前加not。
4.学会一题多译，拓宽解题思路。
翻译中同一种原文可以有多种译法，我们可以利用同义词或同义句式，探索尽可能多的表达方式。
如：
自然界色彩丰富
译文：Nature is full of colors （Nature is colorful. / Nature is rich in color.）
解析：翻译“色彩丰富”可以用短语be full of “充满”或be rich in“在……方面很丰富”，也可以使用形容词colorful“色彩丰富”作表语。
5. 认真检查核对，确保译文无误。
整个句子翻译好后，检查很重要。要重点检查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致，因为这是翻译得分的主要内容；还有是否正确使用了to do或doing结构，名词的单复数，单词的拼写和大小写，甚至标点符号等。
六、典型错误
1. 结构混乱
我弟弟擅长于画画。
误：My brother is good at draw.
正：My brother is good at drawing.
解析：“擅长于做某事”应该说be good at doing something，不能说be good at do something。
句不成句
这颜色与海洋植物的颜色相同。
误：The color and the sea plants color same.
正：The color is the same as the color of the sea plants.
解析：缺少对完整句子结构的理解，翻译结果往往是简单地用几个单词堆积拼凑而成，没有最基本的句子成分。
3. 望文生义
幸运的是，有人救了我们。
误：Lucky is, have a man saved us.
正：Luckily (Fortunately), a man (someone/somebody) saved us.
解析：机械直译，将汉语的语言习惯生搬硬套到英语中去，致使译出的英语不符合英语表达习惯。
4. 词序颠倒
我有一些有趣的事情要告诉你。
误：I have interesting something to tell you.
正：I have something interesting to tell you.
解析：形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything时，该形容词应该放在这些词的后面。
5. 误用词语
大多数学生同意他的意见
误：Most students agreed his suggestion.
正：Most students agreed with him.
解析：“同意某人的意见”，应该用短语agree with somebody。
6. 遗漏谓语
因为他家很穷，
误：Because his family very poor，
正：Because his family was very poor，
解析：poor是形容词，不能作谓语，应该加上系动词be。
易错点、难点总结：
1.连词的翻译
and : 和、与
（1）Lucy and her mother often go shopping on weekends.
露西和她妈妈经常周末去购物。(不可省）
（2）Young people and older people do not always agree. They sometimes have different ideas about living, working and playing.
（3）The sun is bright,and the sky is clear.
太阳是明亮的，和天空是干净的。 (X)
（4）He left the company in March last year and went to Harvard as a visiting scholar.
（5）However ,they worry about their schoolwork and can't fall asleep quickly.
（6）他不开心，不知道如何处理这件事。
英语中“though”、“but”/ “because”、 “so”只能用其中之一，但汉语中“虽然……但是”、“因为……所以”等句式结构要可以成对使用。
Though it isn’t like a table, I like it very much.
虽然它看起来不像张桌子，但是我很喜欢它。（成对使用）
翻译练习：
虽然那个梦想没有实现，但是现在他成功了。 .
2.it 句型的翻译
引导词it做形式主语、形式宾语时，本身没有独立意义,可以省译。
熟记 it 句型：
It be + adj. (for sb) to do sth.
It takes sb.（some time) to do sth.
I find/think it +adj to do sth.
It`s time to do sth.
翻译练习：
It was difficult to remember all the faces and names. .
I think it hard for them to understand your joke. .
It took the volunteers the whole afternoon to clean up the park. .
3.否定转移的翻译
当主句部分是“I don’t think” ， “I don’t believe”， “I don’t suppose” 等结构时，翻译成汉语时，要注意 。
I don’t think he can pass the exam.
我认为他不可能通过这次考试。
翻译练习：
I don't believe that he can speak to the old so impolitely.
.
我认为我们不该浪费时间。
.
我相信他不会抽烟。
.
话题一 介绍类
Passage 1
Let me tell you about my hometown. I live in Kinsale. It may be one of the smallest towns in Southern Ireland, but it is also the most famous one.
1. The fish restaurants are very wonderful and there are many good cooks here. They cook the best fish for the visitors. 2. 食物昂贵但是人们非常喜欢它。So you can see many people from different countries in every restaurant.
My town is very beautiful because it is by the sea. 3. In summer it is very cool and you can go swimming in the sea. There are three small shops and you can buy your friends many souvenirs there. 4. They are very cheap and you just need to pay a little money for them.
The people in my town are friendly. 5. 他们会和你交朋友。If you feel sick, there is a clinic (诊所) with a doctor and a nurse. I’m Andy. You can ask me for help when you have some trouble. I think you will enjoy the holiday.
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
Passage 2【湖南广益实验中学2019-2020-1初二英语期末考试】
Hula hoops (呼啦圈) were a very popular toy for kids in the past. Millions of people still remember playing,
with the Brightly colored rings, trying to swivel (旋转) their bodies to make the hula hoop move. 65. People can’t stop swiveling their bodies until the hula hoop falls. This is not only great fun, but also great exercise. It is very interesting to see how long people can keep the hoop going.
Nowadays, many students are more and more interested in the activity. Some kids are good at playing it. This old-fashioned (过时的) toy is popular again.
There are many fat children around the world now. 66.解决这个问题的最好方式是让他们每天锻炼，and hula hoops does this very well.
Kids usually spend a lot of time on their study. A hula hoop is also good exercise for kids. They can continue this exercise and improve their health. 67. 事实上，锻炼和学习一样重要。
68. The newest hula hoops are quite different from the old ones. Tire colors are more attractive and the material of the toy is better. 69. All children will be very happy if they net such a gift.
65.____________________________________________________________________________
66.____________________________________________________________________________
67.____________________________________________________________________________
68.____________________________________________________________________________
69.___________________________________________________________________________
话题二 人物类Passage 3【一中集团2019—2020-1初二英语期末试卷】
Neijae Graham—Henries is one of the world's youngest barbers（理发师）. At just 7 years old, she learned about haircut at a well—known barber school in America.1. Now Neijae, 8, is already able to give haircuts to others.
Neijae says she didn't think much about hair or styling（造型）at the very beginning. But one day, she visited a barber school with her older brother, who thought he might want to cut hair. 2.Her brother finally decided it wasn't for him, but Neijae showed interest. She said, "Mom, he doesn't want to do it. I'll give it a go!”
Neijae was the only girl in her class. 3.她也是班上最小的学生。During the six—week course, Neijae asked her teacher a lot of questions. "She was not afraid to stand up to ask questions.”said her mother. After Neijae finished the course, a video of her made her popular on the Internet. Neijae got to meet famous barbers and appear on a famous TV show.
Neijae now gives back to the neighborhoods.4. She gives free haircuts to homeless people and the kids in her school. Neijae says there is one person she really wants to give a haircut. "Donald Trump,” she said. Why "5.因为他有太多长头发。”
1._____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
话题三 咨询建议类
Passage 4 What can you do when people hurt you 1. You may be angry or even fight with them. But it’s not a good idea. 2. 最好的方式是和他们交朋友。
3. Although it is not easy for you to get on well with the people who hurt you. “Forgiveness makes you hopeful. And it is good for your health,” says Fredric, Ph. D. the writer of the book called Forgive for Good.
But how can you forgive others
4.First, think of something nice to make you happy. Don’t wait for other people to say sorry to you. If a person hurts you, he or she won’t say sorry to you. They may just want to hurt you or 4.
they just don’t see things in the same way.
Second, try to see things in others’ shoes. 5. 例如，你可以给自己写一封信。 That can make you understand others better and make yourself happier.
At last, don’t forget to forgive yourself. For some people, forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge. And it also makes you more confident.
1. __________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________________
5语篇翻译
【师大梅溪湖2019-2020-1初二英语期末测试试卷】
1. When Dean was 10 years old, he lost his arms in an accident (事故). His father also died in that accident. From then on, he had to depend on(依靠) the arms of his younger brother. 2.一天他的弟弟决定要离开他。He wanted to live his own life. 3.迪恩对此非常难过，不知道该做什么。
A similar thing happened to an eight-year-old girl, 4. One evening, she tried to prepare meals for her parents, but a big fire happened and it took her hands away. Though her elder sister said she would like to look after her, the girl thought that she could take care of herself. Then she learned to be strong. Once she wrote the following words, “I am lucky. Though my wings (翅膀) are broken, my heart can still fly.”
5. Though nobody knows what will happen in the future, if we are strong enough, everything will be OK. And new hopes will appear as well.
1.____________________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________________
3.__________________________________________________________________________
4.____________________________________________________________________________
5.____________________________________________________________________________
6、语篇翻译 【雅礼中学2019-2020-1初二英语期末试卷】
It’s difficult when a good friend isn’t around—maybe because you have moved to a different school or a different class or you are ill at home. You I may feel unhappy without friends. 1.你想交新朋友吗？But do you know how How do you start How do you get along with people Here are four suggestions for you.
Greet people. Greet people and hope they have a good day—whatever time of a day it is. It never hurts anyone. 2. It also makes people think that you are outgoing and friendly.
Smile. 3. 让别人喜欢你的最简单的方法就是微笑。There’s a great reason why it takes fewer muscles to smile than to cry. Nature just wishes us to smile more.
Help people. Simple actions, like helping people carry something or open a door, show your kindness. Just as the saying goes, 4. “A true friend reaches for your hand and touches your heart.”
Respect (尊重) others. Everyone is different from each other. 5. The world is full of differences. So learn to respect others. It’s the only way that other people will respect you.
1.____________________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________________
3.____________________________________________________________________________
4.____________________________________________________________________________
5.____________________________________________________________________________
参考答案
Passage 1
1.这儿鱼餐厅非常棒，有许多好吃的菜品。
2.The food is expensive but people like it very much.
3.在夏天它非常酷，你可以去海里游泳。
4.它们很便宜，你只需要花一点钱就可以买到。
5.They can make friends with you.
Passage 2
1. 在呼啦圈掉落之前，人们不能停止转动身体。
2. The best way to solve this problem is to let them exercise every day，
3. In fact, exercise is as important as learning.
4. 最新的呼啦圈和旧的呼啦圈大不相同。
5. 如果所有的小孩都能得到一个这样的礼物，他们都会很开心。
Passage 3
1. 现在，八岁的Neijae已经能给别人理发了。
2. 他的哥哥最终觉得理发不适合他, 但是Neijae却展现了／表现出了兴趣。
3. She was also the youngest in her class.
4. 她为无家可归的人和她学校的孩子免费理发。
5. Because he has too much long hair.
Passage 4
你可能会生气或者甚至与他们打架，但这不是一个好主意。
The best way is to make friends with them.
虽然对你来说，与那些伤害你的人相处和睦是不容易的。
首先，想一想能让你快乐的美好事情。
For example, you can write a letter to yourself.
Passage 5
1. 迪恩10岁时，在一次事故中失去了双臂。
2. One day his brother decided to leave him.
3. Dean was very sad and he didn’t know what to do.
4. 一天晚上，她尝试给父母准备饭菜，但发生了一场大火，把她的双手夺走了。
5. 虽然没人知道将来会发生什么，但如果我们足够强大，一切都会好起来的。
Passage 6
Do you want to make new friends
它也会使人认为你是外向和友好的。
smiling is the easiest way to let others like you .
一个真正的朋友能伸出援助之手，并能触动你的心灵。
这个世界充满着不同。
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