语法填空与从句限时练
一、单句语法填空
1.（2022·新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _______ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
2.（2022·全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, _____ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
3.（2022·浙江1月）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics _____ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
4.（2022·新高考I卷）After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP is designed to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ______ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”.
5.（2022·全国乙卷）The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued (发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation _____ cultural exchanges.
6.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】When he looked down, he accidentally slipped and fell over the edge. He hung on for a few minutes ______ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
7.【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】I decided that if I learned of a company39． used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
8.（2021年1月浙江高考）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool _____ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
9.【2021·英语全国甲卷】My bike was old and shaky ______ did the job.
10.【2021·全国新高考I卷】Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure _______offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.
11.【2021·浙江卷6月】Although Mary loved flowers, ______ she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
12.【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】One day, I saw a commercial for a health-care company. People in the ad were using plastic straws （吸管）. I found the contact information of the company______ emailed its president.
13.（2021年1月浙江高考）In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index (体重指数) across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier ______ that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
14.【2021·全国新高考I卷】Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song“The Long and Winding Road”. _______is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.
15.【2020·新高考I卷山东卷】The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum ______ opened in 1759.
16.【2020·新高考II卷海南卷】The Digital World is a set of volumes _____aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
17.【2020新课标Ⅲ卷】In ancient China lived an artist ______paintings were almost lifelike.
18. 【2020新课标I卷】Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
19. 【2020·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】They kept their collection at home until it got too big _____ until they died, and then it was given to a museum.
20. 【2020·海南省高考英语试卷（新高考全国II卷)】Each volume in the set explores a wide range of material, explains the basic concepts of major applications of digital systems, _______discusses the influences they have on everyday life.
21.【2020·全国III卷】Filled with curiosity, the artist packed his bags and left. _____he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
22.【2020·浙江】Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on _____could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
23．These students parents have come to China for business like the school very much.
24．Without the sun, gives us light and heat, there would be no life on the earth.
25．He still remembered the places and persons he visited there.
26． impressed me most was her sweet voice.
27．Educational research tends to attach great importance to reading, a basic learning skill school education depends.
28．That was a time people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time, so Darwin’s theory of evolution did cause a storm.
29．Nowadays consumers become more and more practical and only buy they really need.
30．I’ll never forget the time we spent together in the camp.
31．He drove his new car at an amazing speed, resulted in a terrible accident.
32．There are two main reasons I think it’s the best solution.
33．A group of engineers, all of were highly established in their careers, got together to visit their old university professor.
34．The biology teacher was about to leave a girl put up her hand.
35．This is the very book has good maps showing details of world geography.
36．I will never forget such a beautiful village I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
37．It is such a heavy rock no one can lift.
38．Yesterday I came across the man about you talked last time.
39．People say that the British always play safe with they eat.
40．The exhibition displayed a variety of sculptures, some of were created by local artists.
41．On my first school day, I met many teachers and students were friendly to me.
42．I like it so much I still use it as my alarm!
43．He didn’t attend the meeting. That’s he was ill.
44．Don’t be sad. The most important thing is we must learn from our mistakes and move on.
45．There is some doubt he is the best man for the job.
46．I was cooking in the kitchen I heard a loud noise outside.
47． made him feel satisfied was that his students were able to read, speak and write in English.
48．Some of Canada’s earliest settlers, are thought to be ancestors of the indigenous peoples, crossed the Bering Strait.
49． makes our English classes different from the previous ones is that we have much smaller class sizes.
50.Many might not understand it, ________ test flights are no ordinary things in the life of a new aircraft model.
51.Xi’an and its neighboring area provided crucial reference points for studies on urban construction, social structures, ________ the formation of central dynasties in ancient times.
52.“It is on the Autumn Equinox day that the Yin and Yang are in a balance of power.” Thus the day and night are of equal length, and ______ are the cold and hot weather.
二、语法填空
（2022·新高考I卷）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). 1 (cover)an area about three times 2 size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 3 (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 4 (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP 5 (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, 6 leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 7 (population)and homes of giant pandas, and 8 (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Giant pandas also serve 9 an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 10 live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
（2021·新高考I卷）Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”. 1 is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 2 (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 3 (undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 4 (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 5 (astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 6 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 7 offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 8 (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 9 (I). While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 10 must to visit!
（2023·河北石家庄·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A video clip of Zhang Huiyu, a Chinese girl with visual impairment (受损), 1 (passionate) reciting “Ode to the Yellow River” has recently attracted a lot of attention online. The 16-year-old is a seventh-grade student in Tianshui Special Education School. 2 (suffer) from cataracts (白内障), Zhang faces grave 3 (challenge) in learning.
“When I was in an ordinary primary school, I had a hard time with study and I couldn’t read the papers clearly in exam. 4 when I came to the special education school, I even found a completely blind teacher was giving a class, 5 inspired e to work hard to become a special education teacher in the future,” Zhang said.
For the students in the visual impairment department, after receiving nine-year compulsory education, they would either go to high school to prepare for the special national college entrance examinations or integrate into society with their 6 (acquire) vocational skills. In the past two years, 57 students from this vocational high school 7 (take) the special “gaokao” and 34 of them have been admitted to colleges and universities.
China’s regulation on education for the disabled requires access 8 nine-year compulsory education for all school-age children and adolescents with disabilities. No schools are allowed 9 (decline) their appeal for schooling. The 10 (require) is simplified as “full coverage and zero rejection.”
（2023·河北保定·统考二模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As night fell, the summer heat faded away. On the playground of an elementary school in Zunyi, Guizhou province, nearly 200 children and teachers 11 (sit) on their stools (凳子) to watch the movie 1921, 12 gives an account of the founding of the Communist Party of China.
In front of them was a large white projector (放映机) screen 13 (tie) to two bamboo poles. For most of the children, it was the first time in their lives that they 14 (watch) a movie on such a“giant” screen,as there is no cinema in the village.
Xu Longsheng, a 21-year-old from Beijing Normal University,and four of 15 (he) fellow students worked as projectionists. Although the story is set against a complex background containing many historical figures,most of the children were still 16 (attract) to it, asking the college students a lot of questions.
The event is part of a project, “Taking Movies to the Countryside”, which was 17 (recent) launched by Beijing Normal University and the China Film Archive.The university is scheduled 18 (send)12 teams of students and teachers to around50 rural areas, with Zunyi being the first stop and Ganzhou in Jiangxi province as the next destination. The project aims to improve aesthetic (美学的) education 19 rural areas, as well as providing the students majoring in education with 20 opportunity to get a taste of their future career.
（2023·河北唐山·统考三模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In 1968, many precious relics were unearthed in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty including the Changxin Palace Lamp, which is acknowledged 21 “the first lamp of China”.
The bronze lamp bears the shape of a girl on her knees 22 (hold) a lamp. The lamp plate is on her left hand while her right hand, 23 is covered by a loose sleeve (袖子), carries the lampshade. The brightness of the lamp and the direction of the light can be adjusted with a handle and it controls two movable shades. 24 (remarkable), the girl’s right sleeve traps smoke from the burning lamp oil 25 channels it into the hollow body where water is stored, thus preventing the lamp from polluting the indoor air. Apart from that, the six component parts of the lamp can all be taken apart, and 26 (be) easy to clean.
The delicate Changxin Palace Lamp provides a glimpse into China’s glorious past, showing 27 wisdom of ancient Chinese people as well as ancient China’s achievements in science and technology. The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic flame lantern 28 (inspire) by the Changxin Palace Lamp. Being a perfect 29 (marry) of green initiative and the Olympic Spirit, it uses double glass and a hidden division channel 30 (reduce) the smoke and carbon deposition (沉积).
19语法填空与从句限时练
一、单句语法填空
1.（2022·新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _______ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句，先行词等于关系词，设空处在从句中作指物的主语，先行词为species，且先行词前为all修饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。
2.（2022·全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, _____ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。分析句子结合句意可知，此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词为Cao Shengkang，指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。
3.（2022·浙江1月）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics _____ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
【答案】that/who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。
4.（2022·新高考I卷）After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP is designed to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, ______ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。设空处前后为并列关系，应用and。故填and。
5.（2022·全国乙卷）The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued (发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation _____ cultural exchanges.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：仪式上发布的“首个国际茶日万里茶道合作倡议”呼吁茶业人士团结起来，促进国际合作和文化交流。名词international cooperation和cultural exchanges为并列成分，作动词promote的宾语。故填and。
6.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】When he looked down, he accidentally slipped and fell over the edge. He hung on for a few minutes ______ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：他坚持了几分钟，尖叫喊着他的父亲，但他的父亲没有听到他。根据句子结构，设空处应该填写连词，连接hung和screamed两个动作。根据句意，此处表示并列关系。故填and。
7.【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】I decided that if I learned of a company39． used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
【答案】which或that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构， ________ used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which或that。
8.（2021年1月浙江高考）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool _____ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句关系代词。句意：BMI是一种国际公认的测量工具，它可以显示一个人的体重是否健康。分析句子结构可知，tool是先行词，且在从句中做主语，故填that/which。
9.【2021·英语全国甲卷】My bike was old and shaky ______ did the job.
【答案】but
【解析】考查连词。句意：我的自行车又旧又摇摇晃晃，但还可以骑。后文did the job和前文My bike was old and shaky之间存在转折关系，故用表示转折的连词but连接。故填but。
10.【2021·全国新高考I卷】Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure _______offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子可知，“highlights the whole adventure”与“offers a place”部分为并列关系，都是作it的谓语，故用并列连词and。
11.【2021·浙江卷6月】Although Mary loved flowers, ______ she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
【答案】neither
【解析】考查连词。句意：虽然玛丽喜欢花，但她和她的丈夫都不是有名的园丁。根据句意可知，此处考查连词结构“neither…nor…”，意为“既不……也不……”。故填neither。
12.【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】One day, I saw a commercial for a health-care company. People in the ad were using plastic straws （吸管）. I found the contact information of the company______ emailed its president.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：我找到了这家公司的联系方式，并给公司总裁发了电子邮件。“found”和“emailed”之间是并列关系，用and连接两个并列的谓语动词，所以填and。
13.（2021年1月浙江高考）In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index (体重指数) across 200 countries, the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier ______ that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：在一项对200个国家33年体重指数趋势的研究中，科学家们发现，世界各地的人们体重越来越重，而这主要是由于农村地区体重指数的增加。分析句子结构可知，that people worldwide are getting heavier和that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.都是found引导的宾语从句，是并列关系，故填and。
14.【2021·全国新高考I卷】Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song“The Long and Winding Road”. _______is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.
【答案】What
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：这次经历的惊人之处在于这世界之外的景色。此处是主语从句，从句缺乏主语，应用what引导，指代“经历的事情”。故填What。
15.【2020·新高考I卷山东卷】The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum ______ opened in 1759.
【答案】which/that
【解析】考查定语从句。此处是which/that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the British Museum,并在定语从句中充当主语。
16.【2020·新高考II卷海南卷】The Digital World is a set of volumes _____aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：《数字世界》是一套旨在描述数字系统如何影响社会并帮助读者理解数字系统的本质及其众多交互部分的丛书。句中先行词为volumes，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填that/which。
17.【2020新课标Ⅲ卷】In ancient China lived an artist ______paintings were almost lifelike.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
18. 【2020新课标I卷】Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。 分析句子结构可知,此处是一个限制性定语从句,先行词是spot,且引导词在定语从句中作地点状语,故填关系副词where。
19.【2020·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】They kept their collection at home until it got too big _____ until they died, and then it was given to a museum.
【答案】or
【解析】考查连词。句意:他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两者可能性，应使用连词or:或者。故填or。
20.【2020·海南省高考英语试卷（新高考全国II卷)】Each volume in the set explores a wide range of material, explains the basic concepts of major applications of digital systems, _______discusses the influences they have on everyday life.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：系列中的每卷探索了广泛的材料，解释数字系统的主要应用的基本概念，并讨论了他们对日常生活的影响。前后句为并列关系，所以用连词and。故填and。
21.【2020·全国III卷】Filled with curiosity, the artist packed his bags and left. _____he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
【答案】When/As
【解析】考查状语从句。此处是时间状语从句,意为“当……时候”,可用when或as。位于句首时首字母需要大写。
22.【2020·浙江】Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on _____could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
【答案】what
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子，宾语从句部分缺主语，所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句意，此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。
23．These students parents have come to China for business like the school very much.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这些学生家长都是来中国做生意的，学生非常喜欢这所学校。分析知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是students，在从句中作定语，用whose引导。故填whose。
24．Without the sun, gives us light and heat, there would be no life on the earth.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：没有给我们光和热的太阳，地球上就不会有生命。空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词是the sun“太阳”，因此空格处用关系代词which，故填which。
25．He still remembered the places and persons he visited there.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他仍然记得他在那里参观过的地方和人。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the places and persons，先行词既有人又有物，关系词在从句中作宾语，只能使用that引导从句。故填that。
26． impressed me most was her sweet voice.
【答案】What
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：给我印象最深的是她甜美的嗓音。分析句子结构可知，was前为主语从句，从句缺少主语，且意义为“……的事物”，故用What引导主语从句。故填What。
27．Educational research tends to attach great importance to reading, a basic learning skill school education depends.
【答案】on which
【解析】定语从句。句意：教育研究往往非常重视阅读，而阅读是学校教育所依赖的一种基本的学习技能。分析可知，定语从句school education depends修饰先行词a basic learning skill，且depend on 是固定短语，所以应用介词+which引导定语从句，故填on which。
28．That was a time people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time, so Darwin’s theory of evolution did cause a storm.
【答案】when
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：那时候，人们相信地球上所有的物种都是同时出现的，所以达尔文的进化论确实引起了一场风暴。分析句子，设空处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是time，表示时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when。故填when。
29．Nowadays consumers become more and more practical and only buy they really need.
【答案】what
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：现在的消费者变得越来越务实，只买他们真正需要的东西。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语，用what引导。故填what。
30．I’ll never forget the time we spent together in the camp.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。句意：我永远不会忘记我们在营地一起度过的时光。分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“the time”，在从句中作宾语，故应用关系代词that或which。故填that/which。
31．He drove his new car at an amazing speed, resulted in a terrible accident.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他以惊人的速度驾驶他的新车，结果发生了一起可怕的事故。分析句子结构，这是一个包含非限制性定语从句的复合句，先行词为前面一整句话表示的内容，因空白处在定语从句中做主语，使用关系代词which引导定语从句，故填which。
32．There are two main reasons I think it’s the best solution.
【答案】why
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我认为这是最好的解决方案，主要有两个原因。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词reasons，关系词在从句中作原因状语，应用why引导从句。故填why。
33．A group of engineers, all of were highly established in their careers, got together to visit their old university professor.
【答案】whom
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：一群工程师聚在一起拜访了他们的老大学教授，他们的职业生涯都很成功。分析句子可知，这里考查非限制性定语从句，先行词为engineers，为人，在从句中作介词后宾语。故填whom。
34．The biology teacher was about to leave a girl put up her hand.
【答案】when
【解析】考查连词。句意：生物老师正要离开时，一个女孩举手示意。分析句子可知，这里考查be about to do sth when...表“正准备做某事，突然间...”，为固定句型。故填when。
35．This is the very book has good maps showing details of world geography.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：正是这本书里有很好的地图，展示了世界地理的细节。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词book，指物，在定语从句中作主语，且book前有the very修饰，需用关系代词that引导。故填that。
36．I will never forget such a beautiful village I spent my childhood with my grandparents.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我永远不会忘记这样一个美丽的村庄，我在那里度过了我的童年和我的祖父母。空处引导定语从句，先行词village，在定语从句中作地点状语，需用关系副词where引导。故填where。
37．It is such a heavy rock no one can lift.
【答案】as
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这是一块没人能举起的大石头。空处引导定语从句，先行词为a heavy rock，在定语从句中作宾语，且先行词由such修饰，需用关系代词as引导。故填as。
38．Yesterday I came across the man about you talked last time.
【答案】whom
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：昨天我遇到了你上次谈到的那个人。空处引导定语从句，先行词the man，指人，在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，需用关系代词whom引导。故填whom。
39．People say that the British always play safe with they eat.
【答案】what
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：人们说英国人总是谨慎对待他们所吃的东西。空格处引导的是宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语，此处表示“英国人总是谨慎对待他们所吃的东西”，空格处用what引导宾语从句，故填what。
40．The exhibition displayed a variety of sculptures, some of were created by local artists.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这次展览展出了各种各样的雕塑，其中一些是当地艺术家创作的。分析句子可知，空处和空前的some of搭配，构成“代词+of+关系代词”的结构，引导非限制性定语从句，对先行词sculptures进行修饰，先行词指物，在从句中作of的宾语，因此应用关系代词which。故填which。
41．On my first school day, I met many teachers and students were friendly to me.
【答案】who/that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在我上学的第一天，我遇到了许多对我很友好的老师和学生。分析句子可知，空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词teachers and students，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who或that引导。故填who或that。
42．I like it so much I still use it as my alarm!
【答案】that
【解析】考查结果状语从句。句意：我非常喜欢它，我现在还用它当闹钟！so...that意为“如此……以至于”，为固定句式，所以此处应用that引导结果状语从句。故填that。
43．He didn’t attend the meeting. That’s he was ill.
【答案】because
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：他没有参加会议。那是因为他病了。根据上文He didn’t attend the meeting.表示“那是因为……”句型为that is because...，故填because。
44．Don’t be sad. The most important thing is we must learn from our mistakes and move on.
【答案】that
【解析】考查表语从句。句意：不要难过，最重要的事情是我们必须从我们的错误中吸取教训，然后继续前进。此处为表语从句，从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故用只起连接作用的that引导。故填that。
45．There is some doubt he is the best man for the job.
【答案】whether
【解析】考查同位语从句。句意：有人怀疑他是否是做这项工作的最佳人选。引导同位语从句，说明doubt的内容，结合句意，引导同位语从句表示“是否”用whether。故填whether。
46．I was cooking in the kitchen I heard a loud noise outside.
【答案】when
【解析】考查时间状语从句。句意：我正在厨房做饭，突然听到外面一声巨响。句中be doing sth when+从句，为固定结构，意为“正在做某事，就在此时……”，该结构中使用when引导时间状语从句。故填when。
47． made him feel satisfied was that his students were able to read, speak and write in English.
【答案】What
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：让他感到满意的是，他的学生能够用英语读、说、写。分析句子结构，这是一个包含主语从句的复合句，因空白处在主语从句中作主语，指事物，使用连接词what连接主语从句，故填What。
48．Some of Canada’s earliest settlers, are thought to be ancestors of the indigenous peoples, crossed the Bering Strait.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：加拿大最早的一些移民，被认为是土著居民的祖先，越过了白令海峡。空格处引导的是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词settlers指人，因此空格处用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。
49． makes our English classes different from the previous ones is that we have much smaller class sizes.【答案】What
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：我们的英语课与以前的不同之处在于，我们的班级规模要小得多。分析句子结构可知，该空引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，意为“……的事”，此处应用连接代词what引导主语从句，句首单词首字母要大写，故填What。
50.Many might not understand it, ________ test flights are no ordinary things in the life of a new aircraft model.
【答案】but
【解析】考查连词。句意：许多人可能不理解这一点，但测试飞行在新飞机模型的生活中并不是一件平常的事情。结合前后文语境可知为转折关系，应用连词but。故填but。
51.Xi’an and its neighboring area provided crucial reference points for studies on urban construction, social structures, ________ the formation of central dynasties in ancient times.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：西安及其周边地区为研究古代城市建设、社会结构和中央王朝的形成提供了重要的参考。分析句子成分可知，urban construction，social structures 与后面的 the formation of central dynasties 构成并列关系。故填 and。
52.“It is on the Autumn Equinox day that the Yin and Yang are in a balance of power.” Thus the day and night are of equal length, and ______ are the cold and hot weather.
【答案】so
【解析】考查固定句型。句意：因此，白天和黑夜的长度相等，冷和热的天气也相等。根据句意分析句子可知，该题是考查固定句型So+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语，用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物， 意为“某人(物)也一样”。故填so。
二、语法填空
（2022·新高考I卷）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP). 1 (cover)an area about three times 2 size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 3 (be)previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 4 (increase)effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP 5 (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, 6 leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”. The GPNP’s main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 7 (population)and homes of giant pandas, and 8 (eventual)achieve a desired level of population in the wild.
Giant pandas also serve 9 an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China. The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 10 live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
【答案】
1．Covering 2．the 3．were 4．to increase 5．is designed 6．and 7．populations 8．eventually 9．as 10．that
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国政府决定建立的大熊猫国家公园(GPNP)的计划。
1．考查非谓语动词。句意：该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍，将成为中国首批国家公园之一。分析句子可知，空处应填动词非谓语形式作状语，空处和逻辑主语the GPNP为主动关系，应用现在分词形式作状语，首字母大写。故填Covering。
2．考查冠词。句意：该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍，将成为中国首批国家公园之一。分析句子可知，此处考查倍数表达法，即为：倍数+ the size of +比较成份，因此此处应填定冠词the。故填the。
3．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空处在that引导的定语从句中作谓语，先行词为a significant number of areas，先行词在从句中作主语，根据“previously (之前地)”可知从句的时态应为一般过去时，根据主谓一致，从句主语复数，从句谓语要用复数形式。故填were。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：该计划将把保护范围扩大到大量以前未受保护的地区，将许多现有的大熊猫保护区纳入一个管理机构，以提高效率，减少管理上的不一致性。分析句子可知，空处应填动词非谓语形式作目的状语，故空处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to increase。
5．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。分析句子可知，空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语The GPNP之间为被动关系；叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时。故设空处应为一般现在时的被动语态，主语单数，谓语应用单数形式。故填is designed。
6．考查连词。句意：GPNP旨在体现“保护自然生态系统的真实性和完整性，保护生物多样性，保护生态缓冲区，为子孙后代留下宝贵的自然资产”的指导原则。分析句子可知，空处前后为并列关系，应用并列连词and。故填and。
7．考查名词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。分析句子可知，空处和and后的复数名词homes并列，且在句中作宾语，应用可数名词population ，意为“种群”，且应用复数形式。故填populations。
8．考查副词。句意：GPNP的主要目标是改善不同种群和大熊猫家园之间的联系，最终达到理想的野生大熊猫数量水平。分析句子可知，空处后为动词achieve，空处应用副词作状语修饰动词achieve，结合语意可知，此处意为“最终”，应用副词eventually。故填eventually。
9．考查介词。句意：大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色，为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。分析句子可知，此处考查固定短语serve as，意为“充当”，故空处应填介词as。故填as。
10．考查定语从句。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。分析句子可知，空处考查引导限制性定语从句的关系词，指代先行词species，指物，在从句中作主语，且先行词前有all修饰，故只能用关系代词that。故填that。
（2021·新高考I卷）Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding Road”. 1 is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 2 (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 3 (undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 4 (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 5 (astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 6 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 7 offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 8 (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 9 (I). While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 10 must to visit!
【答案】
1．What 2．humans 3．undoubtedly 4．hotter 5．astonished 6．was 7．and 8．aching 9．mine 10．a
【分析】本文属于说明文。文章介绍黄山的三种代表性的事物——云海，温泉以及台阶。
1．考查主语从句。句意：这次经历的惊人之处在于这世界之外的景色。此处是主语从句，从句缺乏主语，应用what引导，指代“经历的事情”。故填What。
2．考查名词复数。句意：当你站在黄山山顶看见波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。故填humans。
3．考查副词。句意：它无疑会帮助你恢复精神！此处修饰动词help，应用副词undoubtedly“毫无疑问地”。故填undoubtedly。
4．考查形容词比较级。句意：关于黄山温泉让人惊讶的是，气温越低，温泉越暖和！此处是固定结构“the +比较级，the+比较级”，意为“越……，越……”。故填hotter。
5．考查形容词。句意：但大自然就是这样——总是让我们惊讶。此处是“leave +宾语+宾语补足语”，补充说明宾语us的感受，应用-ed结尾形容词astonished，表示人的感受“感到震惊的”。故填astonished。
6．考查动词时态。句意：你不禁会想，对当时的人们来说，把这些石头都安置好有多难。分析句子可知，“how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place”作wonder的宾语，it是从句的形式主语，不定式为真正主语，谓语动词用单数形式，“安置台阶的石头”是过去的事情，应用一般过去时。故填was。
7．考查连词。句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子可知，“highlights the whole adventure”与“offers a place”部分为并列关系，都是作it的谓语，应用并列连词and。故填and。
8．考查形容词。句意：虽然在上山的路上，这是唯一不自然的事情，但它仍然突出了整个冒险，并且提供了一个你可以坐下来休息你疼痛的双腿的地方。分析句子及语境可知，此处应用形容词aching“疼痛的”，修饰名词legs，意为“疼痛的双腿”。故填aching。
9．考查代词。句意：正如歌中所唱，这条漫长而曲折的道路“永远不会消失”，它将永远留在游客的记忆中。对我来说确实如此。根据前一句“it will always stick in the visitor's memory”可知，本句的does替代前一句的stick，本句缺乏宾语，应用名词性物主代词mine，指代my memory。故填mine。
10．考查冠词。句意：当你在中国的时候，黄山是一个你一定要去的地方。must作名词时，意为“绝对必要的事物”，为可数名词，此处泛指“一个必须去的地方”，应用不定冠词，must是以辅音音素开头的词，应用a。故填a。
（2023·河北石家庄·模拟预测）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
A video clip of Zhang Huiyu, a Chinese girl with visual impairment (受损), 1 (passionate) reciting “Ode to the Yellow River” has recently attracted a lot of attention online. The 16-year-old is a seventh-grade student in Tianshui Special Education School. 2 (suffer) from cataracts (白内障), Zhang faces grave 3 (challenge) in learning.
“When I was in an ordinary primary school, I had a hard time with study and I couldn’t read the papers clearly in exam. 4 when I came to the special education school, I even found a completely blind teacher was giving a class, 5 inspired e to work hard to become a special education teacher in the future,” Zhang said.
For the students in the visual impairment department, after receiving nine-year compulsory education, they would either go to high school to prepare for the special national college entrance examinations or integrate into society with their 6 (acquire) vocational skills. In the past two years, 57 students from this vocational high school 7 (take) the special “gaokao” and 34 of them have been admitted to colleges and universities.
China’s regulation on education for the disabled requires access 8 nine-year compulsory education for all school-age children and adolescents with disabilities. No schools are allowed 9 (decline) their appeal for schooling. The 10 (require) is simplified as “full coverage and zero rejection.”
【答案】
1．passionately 2．Suffering 3．challenges 4．But 5．which 6．acquired 7．have taken 8．to 9．to decline 10．requirement
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了视力受损的张慧玉在特教学校接受教育的情况，同时也介绍了这所特教学校的相关情况。
1．考查副词。句意：近日，一段中国视力障碍女孩张慧玉激情吟诵《黄河颂》的视频在网上引起了广泛关注。此处修饰动词reciting，应用副词形式。故填passionately。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：由于患有白内障，张慧玉在学习上面临着严峻的挑战。谓语动词是faces，suffer使用非谓语动词形式，和主语Zhang构成主动的关系，应用现在分词形式。故填Suffering。
3．考查名词复数。句意：由于患有白内障，Zhang在学习上面临着严峻的挑战。challenge“挑战”，可数名词。患有白内障的Zhang面临的不止一种挑战，应用名词复数形式。故填challenges。
4．考查连词。句意：但当我来到特殊教育学校时，我甚至发现一个完全失明的老师在给我上课，这激励了我努力学习，将来成为一名特殊教育教师。空处和空前句子构成转折关系，位于句首，首字母大写。故填But。
5．考查定语从句。句意：但当我来到特殊教育学校时，我甚至发现一个完全失明的老师在给我上课，这激励了我努力学习，将来成为一名特殊教育教师。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是“a completely blind teacher was giving a class”这件事，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
6．考查非谓语动词。句意：视力障碍科的学生，在接受九年义务教育后，要么进入高中，准备全国性的特殊高考，要么用他们所掌握的职业技能融入社会。空处修饰vocational skills，acquire和skills是逻辑动宾关系，应用过去分词转化的形容词acquired作定语，表示“习得的”。故填acquired。
7．考查时态。句意：在过去的两年里，这所职业高中有57名学生参加了特殊的“高考”，其中34人被大学录取。空处缺谓语动词，时间状语是in the past two years，应用现在完成时，主语students和take构成主动关系，且主语是复数。故填have taken。
8．考查介词。句意：中国《残疾教育条例》规定，所有残疾适龄儿童和青少年都必须接受九年义务教育。access常与介词to搭配，表示“有权使用”。故填to。
9．考查非谓语动词。句意：任何学校都不得拒绝他们的入学申请。分析可知，此处是固定搭配allow…to do sth.“允许……做某事”的被动形式be allowed to do sth.“被允许做某事”，不定式作主语补足语。故填to decline。
10．考查名词。句意：这个要求被简化为“全面覆盖和零拒绝”。此处作主语，应用名词，由空后is可知，应用名词单数形式。故填requirement。
（2023·河北保定·统考二模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
As night fell, the summer heat faded away. On the playground of an elementary school in Zunyi, Guizhou province, nearly 200 children and teachers 11 (sit) on their stools (凳子) to watch the movie 1921, 12 gives an account of the founding of the Communist Party of China.
In front of them was a large white projector (放映机) screen 13 (tie) to two bamboo poles. For most of the children, it was the first time in their lives that they 14 (watch) a movie on such a“giant” screen,as there is no cinema in the village.
Xu Longsheng, a 21-year-old from Beijing Normal University,and four of 15 (he) fellow students worked as projectionists. Although the story is set against a complex background containing many historical figures,most of the children were still 16 (attract) to it, asking the college students a lot of questions.
The event is part of a project, “Taking Movies to the Countryside”, which was 17 (recent) launched by Beijing Normal University and the China Film Archive.The university is scheduled 18 (send)12 teams of students and teachers to around50 rural areas, with Zunyi being the first stop and Ganzhou in Jiangxi province as the next destination. The project aims to improve aesthetic (美学的) education 19 rural areas, as well as providing the students majoring in education with 20 opportunity to get a taste of their future career.
【答案】
11．sat 12．which 13．tied 14．had watched 15．his 16．attracted 17．recently 18．to send 19．in 20．an
【导语】这是一篇记叙文，文章介绍了由北京师范大学和中国电影资料馆联合发起并主办的“电影下乡”项目，该项目旨在改善农村地区的审美教育，并为教育专业的学生提供一个体验未来职业的机会。
11．考查一般过去时。句意：在贵州省遵义市一所小学的操场上，近200名儿童和教师坐在凳子上观看电影《1921》，这部电影讲述了中国共产党的成立。结合上下文可知，此处是描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，故填sat。
12．考查定语从句。句意同上。分析句子可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是the movie 1921，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which。故填which。
13．考查过去分词。句意：在他们面前，有一个巨大的白色投影仪屏幕，系在两根竹竿上。动词tie和screen之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词作后置定语，故填tied。
14．考查过去完成时。句意：对于大多数孩子来说，这是他们有生以来第一次在这么大的屏幕上看电影，因为村里没有电影院。“it was the first time that…”句型中that从句使用过去完成时，固定用法，故填had watched。
15．考查代词。句意：21岁的Xu Longsheng来自北京师范大学，他和四个同学都是放映员。空处应填形容词性物主代词，修饰名词students，故填his。
16．考查过去分词。句意：虽然故事背景复杂，有许多历史人物，但大多数孩子仍然被吸引住了，他们向大学生提出了很多问题。句子是一般过去时的被动语态，空处应填过去分词，故填attracted。
17．考查副词。句意：该活动是北京师范大学和中国电影资料馆最近发起的“电影下乡”项目的一部分。空处作状语修饰动词launched，应用副词形式，故填recently。
18．考查动词不定式。句意：该大学计划派遣12支学生和教师队伍前往约50个农村地区，遵义是第一站，江西赣州是下一站。be scheduled to do sth计划做某事，固定短语，故填to send。
19．考查介词。句意：该项目旨在改善农村地区的审美教育，并为教育专业的学生提供一个体验未来职业的机会。结合句意可知，此处指“在农村地区”，应用介词in，故填in。
20．考查不定冠词。句意同上。opportunity是可数名词，此处表示泛指，应用不定冠词，且opportunity是以元音音素开头，故填an。
（2023·河北唐山·统考三模）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In 1968, many precious relics were unearthed in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty including the Changxin Palace Lamp, which is acknowledged 21 “the first lamp of China”.
The bronze lamp bears the shape of a girl on her knees 22 (hold) a lamp. The lamp plate is on her left hand while her right hand, 23 is covered by a loose sleeve (袖子), carries the lampshade. The brightness of the lamp and the direction of the light can be adjusted with a handle and it controls two movable shades. 24 (remarkable), the girl’s right sleeve traps smoke from the burning lamp oil 25 channels it into the hollow body where water is stored, thus preventing the lamp from polluting the indoor air. Apart from that, the six component parts of the lamp can all be taken apart, and 26 (be) easy to clean.
The delicate Changxin Palace Lamp provides a glimpse into China’s glorious past, showing 27 wisdom of ancient Chinese people as well as ancient China’s achievements in science and technology. The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic flame lantern 28 (inspire) by the Changxin Palace Lamp. Being a perfect 29 (marry) of green initiative and the Olympic Spirit, it uses double glass and a hidden division channel 30 (reduce) the smoke and carbon deposition (沉积).
【答案】
21．as 22．holding 23．which 24．Remarkably 25．and 26．are 27．the 28．was inspired 29．marriage 30．to reduce
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了出土的一个西汉时期的古董。
21．考查介词。句意：1968年，在西汉墓葬中出土了许多珍贵的文物，其中包括被公认为“中国第一盏灯”的长信宫灯。be acknowledged as为固定短语，意为“被公认为”。故填as。
22．考查非谓语动词。句意：这盏青铜灯的形状是一个跪在地上拿着灯的女孩。句子的谓语是bears，空处需填非谓语动词作定语，girl和hold为逻辑主谓关系，需填现在分词形式。故填holding。
23．考查定语从句。句意：灯盘戴在她的左手上，而她的右手，被一个宽松的袖子覆盖着，拿着灯罩。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词right hand，指物，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词which引导。故填which。
24．考查副词。句意：值得注意的是，这个女孩的右袖可以吸收燃烧的油灯产生的烟雾，并将其引导到储存水的中空体中，从而防止油灯污染室内空气。空处作状语，修饰整个句子，需用副词形式，句首字母需大写。故填Remarkably。
25．考查连词。句意同上。空处连接并列的谓语动词traps和channels，需用连词and。故填and。
26．考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：除此之外，灯的六个组成部分都可以拆卸，并且易于清洁。陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为the six component parts of the lamp，谓语动词使用复数形式。故填are。
27．考查冠词。句意：精致的长信宫灯，展现了中国古代人民的智慧和中国古代科学技术的成就，让我们得以一窥中国辉煌的过去。此处表示特指，需用定冠词the限定名词wisdom。故填the。
28．考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：2022年北京冬奥会火灯的设计灵感来自长信宫灯。此处陈述过去发生的事情，使用一般过去时，主语为单数名词The 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic flame lantern，和inspire为被动关系，需用被动语态，be动词用was。故填was inspired。
29．考查名词。句意：它是绿色倡议和奥林匹克精神的完美结合，它使用双层玻璃和隐藏的分隔通道，以减少烟雾和碳的沉积。不定冠词a修饰名词，空处需填名词。故填marriage。
30．考查非谓语动词。句意同上。use sth. to do sth.为固定用法，空处需填动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填to reduce。
19
