专题十二：长难句与复杂句子分析【2024高分攻略】高考英语二轮专题复习课件

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高考英语二轮复习(通用版)
长难句与复杂句子分析
考纲解读
英语长难句信息量大，句子较长，结构复杂，逻辑性强，从句多，修饰语多，并列成分多，分隔现象普遍，有时还出现倒装、省略现象。高考阅读文章均选自外刊，“原汁原昧”，尤其阅读C篇除了生词量大、篇幅长、信息量大以外．文中句子结构较为复杂，搀杂了大量的长难句，对长难句的理解会直接影响我们的阅读成绩。
知识链接
1. 带有较多成分的简单句
Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines, the toothpaste marketer, for instance, must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used.
分析：本句是带有多个成分的简单句, 主干为the toothpaste marketer must select programs, stations and magazines. 句首非谓语，以及动词宾语的并列造成识别上的困难。
考点清单一、长难句的常见形式
知识链接
2．复合句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
I urge you to contact your state legislators to move this legislation forward so that this weekend will be one of the last times when we have to “fall back”．
分析：此句的主语为I，谓语是urge, so that引导的结果状语从句。在结果状语从句中when引导定语从句。
知识链接
3．分隔结构
高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。
“The results are pretty exciting—strong levels of reductions—but there clearly are going to be things to be learned from the areas where the reductions are not as great.” said Penn State University professor Elizabeth McGraw.
提醒：分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。
知识链接
4．含有省略成份的句子
Adverts are not only made and paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that wish to inform or educate the public.分析：该句不长，但句子出现“省略现象”。本句是个主从复合句，that引导定语从句，主句中使用了not only…but also连接并列的谓语动词，为了避免重复使句子简洁，主句中中间出现了省略现象，既but also后边承前省略了谓语动词，理解的时候要补充上去。
知识链接
5. 含有从句及非谓语成份的句子
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world.
分析：本句是一個由that引导的主语从句的复合句。that引导的主语从句中包含一个由when引导的时间状语从句的复合句， 这个复合句的主句是there be 句型， 其主语“more than 3 billion passenger pigeons”后由破折号引出同位语a number， 然后再接定语从句 “which is equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States ”的省略形式（省略了which is） 作a number的后置定语，最后这个there be 句型后又跟了一个V-ing形式的结果状语。
知识链接
5. 含有感叹句、倒装句、强调句等特殊句型
It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away – from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
分析：就是一个特殊句型：It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away.
从整个句子的结构来看，破折号后面是介词短语，两个介词短语补充from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables
知识链接
从“丑陋”（但是能吃）的蔬菜；to large amounts of uneaten dishes 到大量没有吃完的饭菜；rejected和thrown是非谓语动词，用于对前面的名词进行补充。什么样的“vegetables 蔬菜”？“rejected by grocers 被菜店抛弃的”。什么样的“dishes 饭菜”？“thrown into restaurant garbage cans 被扔进餐厅垃圾桶的”。
知识链接
1. 找谓语，定主语
一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如
Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
考点清单二 破解长难句方法
知识链接
【简析】 此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有： was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为 “he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。
句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
知识链接
1. 提主干，去枝叶（从句等）
一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：
First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Poly technique.
知识链接
【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。 “First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语;“including...”为介词短语作状语;“who made...and who had to...”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds此为主要信息。
句意：这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展。为了能够在Eco-lab Poly technique理工学院学习她曾女扮男装。
知识链接
1. 寻关联，辨逻辑
一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。
知识链接
Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
【简析】“whereas”提示前后对比; not unusual=usual; not...until...直到……才……。
句意：一个女人最亲密的女性朋友最可能是第一个告诉她离开一次失败的婚姻的人;而听见一个男人说，直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家的沙发上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常的事。
知识链接
1. 看搭配，防隔离
有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如：
Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products，to some degree，their main selling points and emphasize it in their advertising.
【简析】其实本句是一个“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型“make+宾语+宾补”，即“使……成为……”，只不过宾语和宾补被“to some degree”隔开而已。
句意：一些公司把生产的卫生的、安全的产品，从某种程度上说，当作他们的卖点，并在广告中强调这一点。
知识链接
1. 关键词，抓线索
有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如：
We even have different words for some food，meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked,which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper class Normans were doing most of the eating.
知识链接
【简析】本句夹杂多种语法结构，而且包含对比。句子的主干为“We even have different words for some foods，meat in particular”;“depending on...”为分词短语作状语;“whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked”作depending on的宾语;“which”引导非限制性定语从句指代上述内容“the fact”后为其同位语，即同位语从句说明fact的具体内容。
句意：我们甚至对某些食物用不同的单词表达，特别是肉类，这取决于它是长在田野时，还是在家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大口地吃。
真题链接
1. 原文I watched with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried to hold a conversation in Italian with people who did not speak the language. （2022浙江高考卷阅读A篇第二段)
【简析】本句的主干为I watched，with great sympathy为介词短语作伴随状语，修饰动词watched。as引导时间状语从句，其中包含了一个who引导的定语从句，先行词为people。
【译文】我怀着极大的同情，看着意大利老人试图用意大利语与不懂意大利语的人交谈。
真题链接
2. 原文This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife.（2022浙江高考卷阅读B篇第四段)
【简析】：本句主干为This variety means ...。coupled with the fact that ... standard forests为插入语，其中含有一个同位语从句the fact that ...。
【译文】：这种多样性，再加上微型森林比普通森林生长速度要快十倍，会使它们（微森林）吸引大量的野生动物。
真题链接
3. 原文The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office.（2022浙江高考卷阅读C篇第三段)
【简析】：本句主干为The banker is seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues get dirty looks。本句是一个并列句，while意为“然而”，表示转折。第一个who引导定语从句，先行词为the young banker，第二个who引导定语从句，先行词为his colleagues。
【译文】：在办公桌上吃午餐的年轻银行家可能被视为一个积极进取的人，而他的同事们在会议室悠闲地吃饭聊天，只会招致办公室高层的冷眼。
真题链接
4. 原文PASS involves weekly sessions where you work in groups to tackle specially prepared problem sets, based around a unit of study you’re enrolled in. （2022北京高考卷阅读A篇)
【译文】：PASS 包括每周一次的会议，您可以在小组中根据您注册的学习单元解决专门准备的问题集。
真题链接
5. 原文Looking back, I now see that this would be the first in a series of timely opportunities that my old self would have let pass, but that this new and more confident Alice enthusiastically seized. （2022北京高考卷阅读B篇)
【译文】：回首往事，我现在看到这将是一系列及时机会中的第一个，旧的自我将会放过它，但这个新的、更自信的爱丽丝热情地抓住了。
真题链接
6. 原文This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of systems thinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system. （2022北京高考卷阅读C篇)
【译文】：这表明，在实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在这个例子中，就是识别营养系统的更多组成部分。
真题链接
7. 原文The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” （2022北京高考卷阅读D篇)
【译文】：他说，这家公司比任何其他公司“在很大程度上”更接近于建造一台“有用的”量子计算机，一台“解决一个我们无法解决的有影响力的问题”的计算机。
真题链接
8. 原文Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket —19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. （2021全国乙卷阅读B篇)
【简析】：定语从句who still have a landline修饰those Australians，谓语动词concede后接并列连词连接的两个宾语从句，破折号后面say后接宾语从句中while引导状语从句。
【译文】：在澳大利亚仍使用固定电话的人中，三分之一的人承认固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况。
真题链接
9. 原文Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.（2021全国乙卷阅读D篇)
【简析】：Since引导原因状语从句，suggest后接that引导的宾语从句。
【译文】：由于影响很小，这可能表明，我们的创造性思维在完全安静和85分贝的背景噪音下的反应没有太大区别。
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