中考英语二轮语法专项复习课件 第十六讲 定语从句

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第十六讲 定语从句
中考英语专项复习
1.理解定语从句的定义；
2.会判断定语从句的先行词、关系词的选择和结构。
学习目标
一 定 语 从 句
定语可以有形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。
担任定语功能的句子称为定语从句，定语从句用来修饰一个名词或代词，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
定语从句在句中的作用相当形容词，又称形容词性从句。
1 定语从句的先行词：定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
2 定语从句的关系词：连接先行词和从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有三个作用：①. 连接作用，连接先行词与从句，从而引导从句 ；
②. 替代作用，替代先行词；
③. 担任作用，在从句中担任和充当一个句子成分。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词包括：that，which，who，whom，whose, as
关系副词包括：when, where, why
定语从句的结构：先行词+关系词+从句。
关系词 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所作的成分
关系 代词 who 人 主语 宾语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语 宾语
that 人或物 主语 宾语 表语
whose 人或物 定语
as 人，物或事 主语 宾语
关系 副词 when 时间名词 时间状语
where 地点名词 地点状语
why 原因名词 原因状语
3 关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose引导的定语从句
①who和whom的用法
二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语，宾语。whom在定语从句中作宾语，注意whom在口语和非正式语体中可用who代替，可省略。
She is than woman who lives next door.(who作主语）
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. (who/whom作宾语）
关系代词指代的时先行词，在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语等。作宾语时，口语中常省略。如果关系代词作介词的宾语且介词在关系代词的前面时，关系代词不能省略。
【注意】在从句中作介词的宾语且直接跟在介词后面时，只能用whom，不能用who。
Yesterday I came across the man about whom you talked last time.(放在了介词about后面）
②whose的用法
通常指人，也可指物，在从句中做定语。
He has a friend whose mother is a teacher.（指人）
He wears a T-shirt whose color is white.（指物）
指物时，whose+名词，可用限定词+名词+of which
或 of which +限定词+名词 两种结构来代替
Please pass me the book whose cover is green 请递给我那本绿皮的书
Please pass me the book the cover of which is green
③which的用法
which指物，在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，做宾语时可省略。
The river which runs through the center of the city brings us lots of pleasure（作主语）
That is the book(which）you are looking for.(作宾语）
My hometown is no longer the place which it used to be.（作表语）
④that的用法
that可指人或者指物。指人时可与who，whom互换；指物时可与which互换。
that可在从句中作主语，宾语，表语。作宾语时，可省略。
作介词的宾语时，介词不可放到that之前。若介词放到that之前，要用which或whom替代.
Jack is no longer the person (that/who/whom) I met five years ago.(作宾语，指人）
The book （that/which） I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.(作宾语，指物）
He is a man (who/that) never breaks his word. 他是个从不食言的人（作主语，指人）
The woman with whom you talked is my mother. (正确)
The woman with who/that you talked is my mother. (错误)
This is the book which/that I am looking for. (正确)
This is the book for which I am looking. (错误)
4 关系副词when，where，why引导的定语从句
关系副词主要用when，where，why。在从句中作状语，一般不可省略。
①when的用法
when表时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常为表示时间的名词，如time，day，morning，night，week，year等。有时when也可以和部分介词一起引导定语从句.
I still remember the time when I first travelled by plane.
I miss the night when I first met him.
She went to Japan two years ago，since when I have’t heard from her.
关系副词when引导的定语从句也可以转换为“介词+which”引导的定语从句。
I still remember the day when (on which ) I first came to China.
I still remember the time when (during which ) I lived in the countryside.
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是时间，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，则用which或that引导定语从句。
I’ll never forget the time that/which I spent on campus. 我决不会忘记我在校园中度过的日子.(作宾语）
I’ll never forget the time that/which was spent with you. 我永远不会忘记你在一起的时光。（作主语）
②where的用法
where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常为表示地点的名词，如place，street，house，room，city，town，country等。when引导的定语从句还可以放在from后面.
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
Keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.
The little boy hid himself behind the door, from where he could see his mum enter the room.
关系副词where引导的定语从句可以转换为“介词+which”引导的定语从句。
New York is the city where (in which) I was born.
The hotel where (at which) we stayed wasn’t clean.
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是地点，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句，而不用where来引导。
The museum that/which you visited yesterday was built in 2009. （作宾语）
③why的用法
why指原因或理由，它的先行词为表原因的名词，如excuse ; explanation; reason
I dont want to listen to any reason why you were late.
We can’t accept the excuse why you were absent.
关系副词why引导的定语从句可以转换为“for +which ”引导的定语从句。
I know the reason why (=for which) she came late.
This is the explanation why (=for which) they put off the meeting.
【注意】若定语从句的先行词是reason，但定语从句缺主语或宾语，则用which或that引导定语从句。
The reason that/which she gave was not true. （作宾语）
文本信息
5 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
①限制性定语从句：与先行词间的关系非常密切，从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，若缺少从句，则句义显得不完整。同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词。如果去掉，则意思含糊不清。
This is the house which I bought last year.
The teacher told me that Peter was the only person that I could depend on.
文本信息
②非限制性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句。翻译时常常不译作定语，而是译成与主句并列的句子。常由who，whom，which，whose，as，when，where等关系词引导。
He lives in Shanghai，which is a two hour drive from here.
他住在上海，从这里开车到那里要两个小时。
His father, who loves her very much, is strict with her. 他的父亲十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。
6 定语从句用that不用which的情况：
①当先行词是all，little，few，much，something，anything，everything，nothing，none，some等不定代词时；
He did everything that he could to help us.
②先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，the same，few等修饰时：
This is the very book that I want. 这正是我想要的书。
Music is the only thing that interests me. 音乐是唯一让我感兴趣的东西。
文本信息
③先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词，形容词最高级修饰时
This is the most interesting story that I have ever read.
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
④当先行词既有人又有物时
We talked about the persons and things that we could remember.
⑤当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时
Who is the man that is standing there
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday
7 定语从句用which不用that的情况
①关系代词前有介词时,即要用介词+which
The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
②在非限制性定语从句中，
This story, which I have read three times, is very touching.
③先行词本身时that时，
What is that which flashed in the sky just now？
刚才天空中闪过的是什么东西？
8 介词+关系代词结构
（1）定语从句中的介词有时可置于关系代词之前，形成介词+关系代词的结构。
介词+which，有时可替代when，where，why等，
介词+whom/whose，在定语从句中没有与之对应的关系词可替代。
①替代when
I will never forget the days on which (when) we studied together
②替代where
I forgot the place in which （where）I had hidden the box.
输入标题文本信息
标题数字等都可以通过点击和重新输入进行更改。文字数字大小颜色参考此模板
③ 替代why
I would like you to explain the reason for which (why) you were absent.
（2）名词/代词+介词+关系代词结构
此类结构常见的有:some,several,a few,a little,many,more,most,the largerst of+which/whom等形式；
Here are questions , some of which I thought difficult for you.
二 实 战 演 练
1．（2023·湖南岳阳·统考中考真题）Lei Feng is a great person ________ sets a good example to us.
A．who B．which C．whose
2．（2023·四川成都·统考中考真题）He showed me the photos ________ he took at his graduation ceremony.
A．that B．who C．what
3．（2023·黑龙江·统考中考真题）— What can we do for the left-home children ________ need help
— We could help them with their study online on weekends.
A．which B．who C．whom
4．（2023·黑龙江绥化·统考中考真题）Mrs. Wang is an English teacher ________ makes her class lively.
A．which B．whose C．who
点击此处
输入文本信息
5．（2023·湖北十堰·统考中考真题）I will remember the important people ________ helped and supported me in my life.
A．which B．whose C．whom D．who
6．（2023·四川遂宁·中考真题）Miss Xiang is a great teacher _________always makes her classes lively and fascinating.
A．which B．who C．what D．whom
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