(共60张PPT)
高中英语语法第04讲
代 词
代 词
代词(The Pronoun,缩写pron.)主要用来指代人,物或事件,代替已经出现过的词,短语或句子,以避免重复
代词分为九大类:人称代词(Personal Pronouns) 物主代词(Possessive Pronouns ) 反身代词(Self Pronouns) 相互代词 (Reciprocal Pronouns)指示代词 (Demonstrative Pronouns)不定代词(Indefinite Pronouns) 疑问代词(Interrogative Pronouns) 连接代词(Conjunctive Pronouns) 关系代词(Relative Pronouns)
一 人称代词
1 人称代词的分类
人称代词是表示我(们),你(们) , 他/她/它(们)的词。有人称,数和格的变化.
人称 数 格 单 数 复 数 主 格 宾 格 主 格 宾 格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you 第三人称 he him they them
she her it 2 人称代词的句法功能
人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格形式在句子中作主语,表语等成分。宾格形式在句子中作宾语,同位语等,口语中中也常用宾格作表语。
(1) 作主语
作主语时用主格
I came here yesterday.
(2) 作宾语
作宾语用宾格
Tell him to come here later
(3)作表语
作表语一般用宾格,但在口语中可用主格
I saw at once it was her 我马上看出是她
---Who gave out the news?
---It’s me/I
特别提示:
人称代词用于as和than之后,通常用宾格。但如果as和than之后时一个句子则用主语.
She speaks Chinese as well as me
She speaksChinese as well as I do
人称代词单独使用时,常用宾格
---I‘d like to stay here for another week. ---Me.too
3 人称代词的用法
(1) I, we,you的用法
主格I在句中的任何位置都要大写,we是I的复数形式,you既可以是第二人称单数形式,也可是复数,需要根据上下文确定。
If I were you, I would take the job.
I will lend you this book but you need to return it by next Friday.
(2) he 和she 的用法
①he 指男人,男孩,she指女人,女孩
②he指雄性或者凶猛的动物,she指雌性或弱小的动物界
I chase the cat and she climbed the tree.
The fierce tiger came at the monkey,but he missed her.
③she 可指船舶,车辆,国家等
Nice car!How much did she cost?
(3)we,you,they和he表泛指的用法
在英语中,we ,you,they可泛指人类,单数用he.
We all have our weakness. 人人都要弱点。
You can never tell what the future will be like. 你永远也无法预测未来会是什么样子。
They say that everyone can make mistakes. 人们说每个人都会犯错,
He laughs best who laughs last. (谚语)谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。
(4) it 的用法
人称代词it 主要指某样东西,抽象事物,不知性别的孩子,不明身份的人,也可指时间,距离,天气等
①指上文提到的某样东西
Look at the bird. It always comes to my window
②指抽象事物
You have helped me a lot. I shall never forget it.
③不知性别的孩子
The baby is crying. It might be hungry.
④指不明身份的人
-Who is it knocking at the door?
-It might be the postman
⑤指时间,日期
-What day is it today?
-It is Monday
⑥指天气,环境
It is raining hard outside.
⑦指距离
-How far is it to Chicago?
-It is 80 kilometers.
(5)多个人称代词并列时的顺序
在英语中如果出现多个人称代词,其排列顺序原则: 单数二,三,一;复数一,二,三;男女并用男在前,承担责任我在先。
①单数的场合:you ,he/she,I
She and I are good friends.
You,he and I are of same age.
②复数的场合:We,you,they
We and they are longing to see you
We,you and they are all Chinese.
③男女两性并列的场合:he,she
He and she don't agree with me.
Every student must have his or her homework finished by tomorrow
④承担责任时把I(me)或we(us)放在第一位。
I and he are to blame for the accident.
We,you and they have all made mistakes.
二 物主代词
1 物主代词的分类
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,是人称代词的属格形式。物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
物主 代词 单数 复数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他/她/它们的
形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their
名词词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
2 物主代词的句法功能及用法
(1)形容词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,置于名词之前作定语。
Is this your seat,sir?
The government has changed its policy.
【注意】
①形容词性物主代词后可加own表示强调,意思为自己的,完全属于自己的。
Monica has her own computer. Monica 有自己的电脑.
I won't believe anything unless I see it with my own eyes.
②形容词性物主代词常用来构成固定短语,
earn one’s living 谋生 hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
keep one’s word 守信 lose one‘s way 迷路
make one’s way 前进 make up one’s mind 下定决心
save one’s life 救命 take one’s time 慢慢来
try one’s luck 碰运气 in one’s opinion 依某人看
(2)名词性物主代词
名词性物主代词相当于名词,不能放于名词之前。名词性物主代词在句中可作主语,表语,宾语,还可与of所有格一起构成双重所有格。
①作主语
This is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.
②作表语
Is this backpack his or yours?
③作宾语
I don’t like her dress while I like yours.
【注意】名词性物主代词常用在书信中,在给陌生人的书信最后常加上yours faithfully/truly/sincerely。在给熟悉的人或朋友的书信最后常用yours ever 或 yours.
三 反 身 代 词
1 反身代词的分类
表示“我(们)自己,你(们)自己,她/他/它(们)自己”的代词称为反身代词。
第一二人称的反身代词是由形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成
第三人称的反身代词有人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。
` 第 一人称 第二人称 第三人称
单 数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself
复 数 ourselves yourelves themselves
数
人 称
2 反身代词的句法功能
反身代词在句中可作宾语,表语,同位语,不能单独作主语。
(1)作宾语
反身代词作宾语表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者。
I hope you will enjoy youselves in the trip.
The little boy can dress himself now.
(2)作表语
在be和其它系动词如feel,look,seem等后面,反身代词可以用来描述感觉,情绪和状态等。
I am not feeling myself today. 今天我感觉有点不舒服
The poor girl in the picture is myself. 照片上这个可怜的女孩就是我。
(3)作同位语
在句中作名词或者代词的同位语,用来加强语气,常位于名词或代词之后,作主语的同位语时也可位于句尾。
I want to see Bob himself.我想见Bob本人
Mary worked out the problem herself. Mary 自己作出了这道题
3 反身代词的用法
(1)用来加强语气
反身代词用于强调时应该重读,常作主语或宾语的同位语,表示由自己,亲自,本人 等意思。
I can manage it myself 我自己能处理
You’d better go and see yourself.
(2)反身代词还常和for,of,in,by,between,to, among等’介词搭配构成固定短语
Don’t quarrel among yourselves. 你们不要相互吵架
You shouldn’t leave the child by himself at home. 你不应该把孩子单独留在家里
Jim is not bad in himself,but he is a little shy. Jim本身并不坏只是有点害羞
We don’t need to call him;he will wake up of himself. 我们没有必要叫他,他会自己醒的
(3)含有反身代词的常用动词短语
devote oneself to 致力于 dress oneself 自己穿衣
enjoy oneself' 玩得高兴 come to oneself 恢复知觉
help oneself to 随便吃,随便用 lose oneself 迷路
make a fool of oneself 作傻事,出丑 say to oneself 心里想
seat oneself 作下 teach oneself 自学
talk to oneself 自言自语 hide oneself 把自己藏起来
四 相互代词
相互代词只有两个:one another,each other,意思为:相互,互相。二者之间的区别很小,它们既能指两个人或事物,又能指更多的人或事物。
传统语法认为each other指两个人或事物,one another 指两个以上的人或事物,但在现在英语中,二者常可换用。相互代词在句中作宾语,有-’s所有格形式。
We often help each other when in trouble.
They looked each other’s eyes ,without any word.
We received one another’s post cards before Christmas.
each other 和 one another 不能作主语
Each other seems not to have know well(错误)
Each seems not to have known each other well(正确)
五 指示代词
1 指示代词的分类
指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示:这个(些),那个(些)
单数 this 这个(近指)
that 那个(远指)
复数 these 这些(近指)
those 那些 (远指)
为了方便学习,我们把such, so,the same 也归到这一类。
2 指示代词的句法功能
指示代词在句中可作主语,定语,表语,宾语等成分。作主语或定语时,可指人或指物。作宾语或表语时,只指物。
(1)作主语
This is my friend,Amy.
(2)作定语
This house is for rent
Those books are mine.
(3)作表语
What I want to stress is this 我想强调的就是这一点
(4)作宾语
What do you think of this?
3 this/that,these/those的用法
(1)表近指和远指
this/these 指空间或时间上较近的人或物,
that/those指时间或空间上较远的人或物
(2)指刚提到过(或发生)的和将要提到(或发生)的事情
指刚提过的事情或者已经发生的事情用that,指即将提到或将要发生的事情用this.
--Let me pour you a glass of beer
--That would be very nice.
I want to know this:Was Miss Jones here the whole morning?
【注意】that/those还可用来代替上文提到过的名词,以避免重复。that特指同名异物不可数名词或可数名词单数,只指物;those特指同名异物可数名词复数,可指人,也可指物。
Life today is much better than that in the old days.(that指代life)
The days in summer are longer than those in winter(those指代the days)
(3)与表示时间的名词搭配
①this与某些名词连用表示:目前的具体时间
this morning 今天早晨 this week 本周 this month 这个月 this spring 今年春天
②that与某些名词连用表示:过去的具体时间
that morning 那天早晨 that week 那个周 that month 那个月 that spring 那年春天
③these与某些名词连用表示:与目前相关的一段时间
these days 如今,目前 these years 这些年 these months 这些月
④those与某些名词连用表示:与过去相关的一段时间
those days 那些日子 those years 那些年 those months 那些月
(4)其它用法
①this,that可置于双重所有格修饰的名词前,表示厌烦,不满,赞叹等感彩
This daughter of yours is doing fine at school.你的这个女儿在学校功课很好
I don’t like that car of yours 我不喜欢你的那辆车
②英国人打电话时,this指自己,that指对方
Hello.This is Alan.Who is that speaking?
【注意】this,that还可用作副词,表示这么,那么,修饰形容词或者副词,此时其用法与so类似
She has never been this late for school before 她以前上学从没有这么晚过
She is too young to walk that far.她太小,走不了那么远。
4 such,so,the same的用法
(1)such的用法
such作代词可单独使用,指上下文所述的这样的人或事物,在句中作主语,宾语,表语,还可作限定词,修饰名词。有时such后面可以加as用来引出属于哪一类。
I work very hard but only earn very little,such is my fate.
We came across such a terrible day that we couldn’t go further.
One such smile is enough.
There is no such thing as a free lunch.
(2)so的用法
①在believe,think,reckon,expect,imagine,guess等词后,用so代替前面提出的观点,既可用于肯定句,也可用于否定句。
--Amy has been elected to the Senate(参议院),hasn’t she?
--I believe so/ I don’t believe so.
②用在hope,suppose,I ’m afraid后,代替前面提出的观点,此时只能用于肯定句中
--The mild weather might continue for days
--I hope so/ I hope not.(不能说I don’t hope so)
③do so 结构可以用来代替动词+宾语,以避免重复。此时do so的主语必须与前面的动词+宾语的主语一致。
Doctors always suggest I give up smoking,but I haven’t done so.
I promised to give the children gifts and I will do so very soon.
(3)the same 的用法
①单独用the same,指刚提到的同一个人或事物
--- Happy New Year!
--- The same to you!
②the same修饰后面的名词
You shouldn’t always repeat the samed old story.
③the same 跟在动词后面
I think the same of her as you do 我对她的看法和你一样
④the same 后跟as,用来引出所谈及的范围,as后可以是代词,名词,也可以是句子
I am of the same age as you
I don’t like the same food as you cook.
【注意】英语中有the same...as...和the same...that...结构,前者指与....是一样的(不是同一个),后者指同一个。
This is the same book as I lost.这本书和我丢的那本书是一样的
This is the same book that I lost.这就是我丢的那本书.
六 不定代词
不具体指明代替哪个特定名词的代词叫不定代词。
1 不定代词的分类
不定代词可分为:复合不定代词和兼做形容词的不定代词。
复合不定代词主要指由-body,-one,-thing构成的不定代词
兼做形容词的不定代词:主要是指既能单独作形容词又能修饰名词的不定代词。
(1)复合不定代词
单词 body one thing
some somebody someone something
any anybody anyone anything
no nobody no one nothing
every everybody everyone everything
在句中的作用相当于名词,可作主语,宾语,表语,补足语等
some-类:someone somebody something
any-类:anyone anybody anything
every-类:everyone everybody everything
no-类:no one,none,nobody,nothing
(2)兼作形容词的不定代词
常用的此类代词有:all,another,any,both,each,either,few,little,many,much,neither,other,some等
2 不定代词的用法
(1)somebody,someone,anybody,anyone的用法
somebody和someone的意思相同,anybody和anyone的意思相同。
肯定句中常用somebody或someone,Somebody/Someone said that you had been ill.
否定句和疑问句中常用anyone或anybody。
I didn’t know anybody/anyone at the party.
Somebody,someone也可用于疑问句中,表示希望得到肯定的回答。
Did somebody/someone phone me just now?
anyone,anybody也可用于肯定句表示任何人
Anybody/Anyone can see through you. 任何人都能看穿你
(2) everybody和everyone的用法
二者的意思相同,表示人人,每个人,用在否定句中表示部分否定。
I tried to convince everybody/everyone of my story.
Not everybody/everyone has the goodness to forgive.
并非每个人都有原谅别人的美德
(3)something和anything的用法
表示某事物,肯定句中用something,否定句及疑问句中用anything
I will tell you something of my own experience.
Is there anything I can do for you?
We can not decide anything now
(4)everthing和nothing的用法
everything表示一切,nothing表示 什么也没有
How is everything ?
I had nothing to do with the quarrel.
(5)nobody和no one 的区别
二者的意思相同,表示没有人,作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
Nobody/no one knows the secret.
(6)some 与any的区别
some和any都表示一些,可以指代或修饰人或其它可数的东西,也可指代或修饰不可数的东西,可以作主语,宾语,定语等。
some用于肯定句,any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句。
I would like some tea.(作定语)
Some believe it is my fault(作主语)
If any of your friends are interested,please let me know
We need some more paint(油漆),there is not any left.
【注意】
①some可用于表示请求的疑问句中,希望得到肯定的答复。any也可用于肯定句中,表示任何一个,任何一些。
Would you like some coffee?
You can buy this book at any bookstore in our city
②some还可表示某个,某种,用于表示不确切的人或物
Some person is asking to see you 有个人要求见你
There must be some reason for what he has done.
③not (...)any相当于no
There is not any book on the table=There is no book on the table.
(7)many,much,few,a few,little,a little的用法
这几个词都表示数量,可用作定语,也可单独使用
修饰或指代可数名词 many 许多 few 少数 a few 几个
修饰或指代不可数名词 much 许多 little 很少 a little 一点儿
①many和much 的用法
many可指代或修饰可数名词复数,much 用来指代或修饰不可数名词。表示太多的意思时,可在many和much前加too.
She never eats much for dinner.
You give the little child too much money.
Many students have tried,but few have succeeded.
②few,a few和little,a little的用法
few是many的反义词,表示很少,具有否定意义,a few表示有几个,一些
具有肯定意义,二者指代或修饰可数名词复数。
little是much的反义词,表示很少,具有否定意义,a little表示一点儿,具有肯定意义,二者修饰不可数名词。
The poem is so difficult that few people can understand.
There is only a little time left.
I know little of American literature.
注意】
①many,much,(a)few,(a) little 后跟of...时,of后的名词或代词必须时特定的。
Many of people are absent today(错误)
Many of the people are absent today(正确)
We worked hard,but few us passed the test(错误)
We worke hard ,but few of us passed the test(正确)
②a little和a bit的用法区别
二者都可以单独使用,代替不可数名词或作状语。
a little可直接修饰不可数名词,而 a bit后要加of才能修饰不可数名词。
not a little 意为很多,很
not a bit 意为 一点也没有,一点也不
The professor talked a little/a bit about his latest research
The box is a little/a bit heavy
There is only a little/a bit of room left for the furniture
He is not a little angry 非常生气
He is not a bit angry 一点也不生气
(8) all each every none的用法
①all可指代或修饰可数名词复数,指三者或三者以上的人或物;作主语时,谓语动词用复数
all也可指代或修饰不可数名词,指一切,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
All work has been done.
All are here. So let’s get started.
【注意】
①all 与not连用时,表示部分否定,意思是并非所有的
Not all of us agree to the plan
All of us do not agree to the plan
②all可位于实义动词之前,系动词,助动词或情态动词之后。在简略答语中,all 不能位于句末。
My family are all fond of pop music.
--Do you all agree to this plan?
--Yes,we all are.
我们并非都同意这个计划。
②each 强调个体,用于两者或两者以上的场合,在句中可做主语,宾语,定语,同位语。
every强调整体,用于三者或三种以上的场合,在句中只能作定语。
Each child was givec a nice gift.
We each know what we should do next.
He searched every room in the house.
③none意思为没有人,没有东西,既可指代可数名词,指三者或三者以上的人或物,
也可指代不可数名词。none 可在句中作主语,宾语,表语,作主语时谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。
None of us would believe in such a person.
Tickets for Sunday?Sorry we have got none left.
None dares/dare to tell lies before the teacher.
【注意】
no one一般只指人,其后不能跟of...短语。而none既可指人也可指物,既可指可数名词,也可指不可数名词,其后可跟of...短语。回答who的提问常用no one 回答,回答how many/how much 的提问常用none回答。-
---Who told you the news?
---No one. I read the newspaper.
---How much money have you got on you?
---None
(9) both,either,neither的用法
这三个词都指两者范围,可做主语,宾语,定语等
both 指两者都,作主语时,谓语动词用复数;
either指两者中的任何一个,作主语时,谓语动词用单数;
neither指两者都不,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Both of us like science fiction.
I tried on two dresses,but neither fits me.
The news didn’t shock either of them
这个消息没有让他们任何一个人震惊。
【注意】both与not 连用表示部分否定,意思为:两者并不都
Both my parents are not for my plan
Not boht my parents are for my plan.
这两句的意思是:我父母并不都支持我的计划
both作同位语,位于实义动词之前,系动词,助动词,或情态动词之后,在简略答语中,both不能位于句末。
We both went to the cinema last night
The couple have both lived here for years.
---Are your parents both teachers?
---Yes,they both are.
(10)other,the other,another的用法区别
这些词都可兼做不定代词和限定词,它们不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上也有泛指和特指之别。
①指代或修饰可数名词单数时的用法
泛指“(三个或三个以上中没有确定的)另一个用”another,特指“已知的两者中的)另
一个”用the other
I have two aunts;one lives in Shanghai,and the other lives in Beijing.
He raised one arm and the the other.
We have had many letters like this-----another of them came today.
我们收到过许多这样的信,今天又来一封。
②指代或者修饰可数名词复数时的用法
泛指“别的....”时,用others或other+可数名词复数
特指“(一定范围内)其余的....”时,用the others或the other +可数名词复数
Mr Smith and Mrs Jones and three other teaches were there.
史密斯先生和琼斯太太以及另外三位老师都在那里
He is always ready to help to others.
The other students in my class are from this city.
我班其余的学生都是来自这个城市.
I went swimming while the others played tennis.
我去游泳,另外的人则去打网球
③another一般只能表示单数意义,其后接名词时也只能接可数名词单数。但如果后面有基数词或few时,则可接可数名词复数。
After the boy ate one apple,he asked for another (one)
We need another few chairs
In another two weeks it will be finished.
④与some 对比使用时,用others,此时与some 同义
Some say yes,and others say no.有人同意,有人反对
Some people came by car,others came on foot. 有些人开车来,有些人步行来。
⑤one...another...the other...表示一个....,另一个....,另一个....
He bought three books.One is written by Ba Jin,another by Lu Xun and the other
by Lao She.
【注意】other不能单独使用,它可以定冠词连用修饰名词,也可直接修饰名词
One man was aressted,but the other one got away
He has two sons.One is thin and the other is fat.
(11)one的用法
不定代词one指代可数名词单数,既可指人也可指物。其复数形式为ones,所有格形式为one’s,反身代词为oneself.
①单独使用,泛指人或人们
One should do his best for the cause of word peace.
一个人应该为世界和平事业尽力
One often fails to see one’s/his own fault.人往往看不见自己的缺点
②表示具体的一个人或一个事物
I have not got a pen, can you lend me one?
【注意】当one前面有形容词修饰时,形容词的前面必须有冠词或代词
Could you show me a smaller one?
Her new car goes faster than her old one.
③指代同名异物的可数名词,表示泛指意义。单数用one,复数用ones.
I can not find my pen. I think I must buy one.
The apples you bought this morning are the ones imported from Thailand.
④one可以和表示时间的名词连用
One night we came across a heavy snow storm.
You will be regret one day.
【注意】it,one,that都可以代替上文中出现的名词。
it指上文出现过的同一事物,复数用they 或them
one泛指同名异物单数可数名词,复数为ones
that特指同名异物单数可数名词(相当于the one)或不可数名词,复数为those.
I left my dictionary in my drawer,but today it is gone.(it代指dictionary)
I do not like this type of CD player. Could you show me a better one?
Mary’s handwriting is far better than that of Henry.(that 指the handwriting)
(12)several
可兼做代词和形容词,意思为几个
Most students agreed to this plan,but several disagreed.
Several visitors complained about the food service.
七 疑问代词
1 疑问代词的分类和作用
疑问代词时用来进行提问,构成特殊疑问句的词,注意包括who,whom,whose,which,what等)。
疑问代词的分类及句法功能如下表所示:
形式/句法功能 作主语 作宾语 作表语 作定语
指人 主格 who √ √ √
宾格 whom √ √
属格 whose √ √ √ √
指物 which(可指人) √ √ √
what √ √ √ √
2 疑问代词的用法
(1)who,whom的用法
who意思是谁,可以指代单数和复数,作主语,宾语和表语。whom在句中只能作宾语,作动词宾语时可与who互换,作介词的宾语直接跟在介词后面时只能用whom,
如果不出现介词后,也可用who代替.
Who would you like to go with us?(作主语)
Who are the people over there talking with the manager (作表语)
Who/Whom did you see?
Who/Whom are you writing to?
With whom did you disccuss the question?
(2)whose的用法
表示谁的,既可修饰名词,也可单独使用。在句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。
They are all good at English,but whose is better 作主语
Whose are you going to borrow?你打算借谁的?作宾语
Whose are these?作表语
Whose dictionary is this 作定语
【注意】“另外谁的”可用whose else或who else’s,前者更正式;可单独使用,也可修饰名词。
The car is not mine. Whose else/Who else’s (car)can it be?
(3)which的用法
which意思为哪一个,哪一些,既可指人也可指物,既可指可数名词的单数,复数。也可指不可数名词。在句中作主语,宾语,定语等。
Which are cheaper,these printers or those?(作主语)
Which do you prefer,this one or that one?(作prefer宾语)
Which foreign language have you learned?(作定语,修饰可数名词单数)
Which cities are you going to visit this summer?(作定语,修饰复数名词)
(4)what 的用法
①what意思为什么,可单独使用,也可修饰名词,既可以指代或修饰可数名词单数,也可指代或修饰可数名词复数。在句中可做主语,宾语,表语或定语。
What makes you love your hometown so much?(作主语)
What should we do about it?(作宾语)
What are your reasons for resigning?作表语
What countries did you visit on your trip?作定语
②询问职业
常用What be +主语?和what do +主语+do?来询问职业
What is your elder sister?你姐姐是干什么的?
What do you do for a living?你靠什么维持生计?
③询问品行,天气,外貌或客观情况
询问品行和天气情况常用What +be +主语+like?
询问外貌,长相常用What+do+主语+look like?
What is the weather like in your part this time of year?
What does she look like?
One of the twins is very talktive,friendly and open. What is the other like?
另一个什么样?
④What...for 的用法
有时省略为What for,常用来询问原因和目的
What do you need to borrow money for
---I am going to go shopping
---What for 为什么We still have enough food in the apartment.
⑤What if...的用法
这一结构用来表示假设,建议,征求意见或疑虑等
What if rains while we are on the way?要是路上下雨怎么办?
What if I lay all the books on the desk?我把所有的书放桌子上怎么样?
⑥What do you mean (by...)?的用法
这一结构常用于向对方表示愤怒,不满等情绪,为了表示强调,有时用whatever或what ever代替what,有时在what 后面加上in the world或on earth。在口语中还常用the hell,the devil代替in the world和on earth.
What do you mean by shutting the door so loudly?
You left without telling anyone. Whatever/What on earth did you mean?
⑦What about...?的用法
主要用来征求对方的意见,询问对方的情况,常与how about换用。
---What time shall we meet tomorrow?
---What about 9 o'clock?
【注意】:
①what 和which的用法区分
what泛指哪一类,一般没有具体的范围,which 常指在具体的范围内进行选择
What color do you like?
Which color do you like better,red or yellow
②What和who的用法区别:
what用来询问职业,who用来询问身份
What is your father 你爸爸是什么职业?(询问职业)
Who is the man?(询问身份)
③疑问代词作主语时,动词用单数还是复数形式,要根据它们所指的意义决定。如果数的概念不清,动词多用单数形式。
Who are there on the playground?(知道操场上有一些人)
Who is in the room?(说话者和听话者都可能不知道是否有人或有多少人)
八 连接代词
1 连接代词的分类
连接代词由疑问代词充当的,用来引导各种名词性从句,并在从句中充当一定的成份。主要包括表示疑问的连接代词和表示陈述的连接代词。常用的连接代词包括:
who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whoseever,whichever,
whatever等
2 表示疑问的连接代词的作用和用法
表示疑问的连接代词在引导的名词性从句中表语疑问意义,并且在从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语等成分。
I don't know who will teach us physics next term.who引导宾语常常,在从句 作主语
I am wondering which book you like best.(which引导宾语从句,在从句作定语)
3 表示陈述的连接代词的作用和用法
表示陈述的连接代词在引导的名词性从句中不表示疑问意义,但在从句中作一定的成分。
(1)who
who的这种用法相当于anyone who/that...或the person who/that...,表示任何....的人,.....的人。
Who believes that will believe anything.相信那件事的人会相信任何事。
I won’t trust who don’t believe in themselves.我不会信任连自己都不信任的人
(2)what
相当于anything/all/something that...,表示任何...事物,...的事物
That is what I want to know.
What you need is a warm sweater.
(3)whoever
相当于anyone who...,表示任何....的人
Whoever you invite will be welcome.
I will take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁。
(4)whomever
相当于anyone who/whom...,表示任何...的人,如果在从句作宾语,其前没有介词时可用whoever代替。
Give the task to whomever you trust.
We should try our best to help whoever/whomever we love and respect.
(5)whichever
表示...的那个人/物,既可指人,也可指物
Take whichever seat you like.
Whichever player wins will be awarded $30,000.
【注意】
连接代词还可与不定式短语连用,多作宾语,有时也做主语
I do not know whom to ask.
She could not decide which to buy.
He told us what to do next need further discussion.
九 关系代词
英语中的关系代词主要由who,whom,whose,that,which充当。
详见定语从句部分。