2015年中考英语二轮专题复习教案：专题20 阅读理解

备战2015年中考二轮讲练测
专题20：阅读理解（讲案）
一讲考点——考点梳理
纵观近年中考，词汇量逐渐加大，篇幅逐 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )渐变长，句式越发复杂，同时时代感也越来越强。针对这些变化，我们该采取什么措施来积极备考，提高学生的得分率呢？下面我就这个问题从若干方面加以汇报，不足处请批评指正：
一、平时巩固好的阅读习惯，提高解阅读理解题的能力。
　　(一)去除杂念，心绪安定，精神专一。切 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不可一遇到几个生词、难句，就心烦意乱，失去自控能力。任何恐慌，过分紧张的情绪都会形成一种消极因素妨碍大脑的正常思维功能。因此，遇到困难一定要从容不迫，心无旁骛。这样才能对所读的文章印象清晰，理解深刻。
　　(二)考阅读理解，从另一个方面来说，考 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )的是速度。中考阅读理解文章每篇均达到400词左右。慢读是不行的。因此做阅读理解时，要注意培养自己快速阅读的习惯。把逐词逐句的点式阅读变成一次扫描一句的线式阅读，并且把看到的东西迅速报告给大脑。切不可在个别难懂的词句上磨蹭，只要全篇理解了，个别难懂的词句可以根据上下文和构词法去猜测，去推断。
(三)注意培养语感。所谓语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )感是指人们对语言中词语搭配及句型结构的熟练程度。语感好的人，理解力就强，视读的速度就快。阅读时要留心词语的搭配。必要时可用笔划一划或记下来。读完每一篇文章，都应总结归纳一下，积累了多少单词，惯用法和句型，这样语感自然就会好起来。
（四）要善于找关键句。特别要注意文章的第一段和最后一段的头一句话，往往就是关键句，可以帮助你掌握文章的全貌，理解文章的主题。
二、了解中考英语阅读理解题类型，知己知彼。
1.主旨题
主旨题所提问题主要涉及文章的中心思想、主要内容、标题、作者的态度、目的、文章的语气等。
我们首先要找出文章的主题句，我们通常可以在以下几个地方找到：
(1)位于一段开头的段首句，演绎型文章的主题句通常能在段落的起始部分找到；
(2)位于一段结尾的段末句，归纳型文章的主题句通常能在段落的终结部分找到；
(3)若既不在段首，也不在段末，我们就应细心地在这段的中心部分去寻找。
(4)有的主题句通过某种表达方 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )式或修辞手段委婉、含蓄地提出来，这称为暗示句。这种暗示句通常难度较大，它可能不是一句完整的话而仅是一个词语，也可能是通过一些具有感彩的词语来表达的，还可能是通过字里行间来表达的。
主旨句的提问形式主要有：
(1)The main idea of the passage is…
(2) What' s the main idea of the passage
(3)Which is the best title for the passage
2.细节题
在做阅读理解题时，除了首先 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要抓住文章的主旨和大意外，还必须弄清楚文中的一些重要细节或事实。细节题在阅读理解部分占相当大一部分，涉及的内容很广，如时间、地点、人物、数字、原因、结果、文字结构等。
细节题的提问形式常见的有:
(1) According to the passage, when/where/what / who/how/why…
(2) Which of the following statements is TRUE
(3)According ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT…
3.指代题
指代题是阅读理解部分常见的一个测试项目，主要用来测试考生对文章中出现的熟悉或不熟悉的词或词组的意义的理解能力。
当遇到不认识的而又是要测试的生词时， ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )要通过上下文去进行猜测。注意与这个词紧密相连的前后几个词语的意思，特别是后面有同位语、破折号或括号时，就更容易猜测了，因为同位语、破折号或括号就是注释。
其次，利用构词法来 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )进行猜测。常用的构词法有派生法，转化法以及合成法。英语中有相当大一部分单词都是由上述三种构词法变来的，这些词的构成一般都有一定的规律，掌握一些常见的规律，对于猜测考试中遇到的生词大有帮助。
指代题的提问形式主要有：
(1)The u ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nderlined sentence “******************” means ___________ in this passage.
(2)What does the underlined word “***” mean in News 2
4.推理题
推理题是阅读理解部分的一项重要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )内容。这类题要求考生脱离字面理解的局限，透过文章的字里行间，对作者的话进行推理判断，从而获得对文章的深层理解。
推理题的答案往往在文章的字面上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )不会出现，必须依据已有信息来进行推理，不能脱离原文去主观臆断。因此，在做推理题时，必须从原文里找到推断的依据。推理题的提问形式主要有：
（1）We can learn from this passage that…
（2）We can conclude from the passage that…
（3）It can be seen from the passage that…
（4）What is the real meaning of the doctors’words
二讲题型——题型解析
【例题一】 Dear Alice,
You really have t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )wo different questions here, so we’ll discuss one of them at a time.
Your problems at sch ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ool may be a result of a number of things. You don’t say much about how these classmates get along with each other. It’s possible that all the students are feeling a little cautious (谨慎的) in the first term.
It’s also possible ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) that the others are unkind. If this is so, you have to find out why you are the class “outsider”.
In your letter you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )say you often offer to help others with their work. Is it possible that your classmates don’t understand your offers Could it seem that you were trying to “buy” friends with these offers
Is it possible ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )that you took no notice of your classmates when you had your good friend near you They may have felt hurt at that time. It may take a time for them to believe in you if so. Try to ask one classmate directly what the problem is. If you hear a negative (负面的) answer, at least you’ll know what to do.
Yours truly,
Shelia
1．Who writes the letter
A. Alice B. her classmate
C. Shelia D. her teacher
2．From the letter we know that Alice was very _______________.
A. lucky B. unkind C. fair D. unhappy
3．In the letter She ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ila talked about _________ possible reasons for Alice’s problems.
A. four B. six C. seven D. eight
4．From the letter we can conclude (得出结论) that _______________.
Alice wasn’t pleased with her teachers.
Alice’s parents made her study too hard.
Alice didn’t get along well with her classmates.
Alice didn’t want to go to school any more.
【例题二】阅读表达: 阅读短文，按要求回答问题。（10分）
A mother planted many ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) kinds of vegetables in her garden. One morning she said to her daughter, "Betty, come here. Look at all these little yellow marks on the leaves of the cabbages. They are eggs of a kind of insects. They are very beautiful but very bad for cabbages. This afternoon you must find all the eggs on the leaves and kill them. In this way, you will help us have better, greener and bigger cabbages.
Betty didn't t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hink she should do it at once and in the end she forgot all about it. Her mother was ill for a few days and couldn't work in her garden. When she was well, she took Betty to the garden to see the cabbages. To their surprise, the insects had eaten up every leaf. When Betty saw this, she was upset and began to cry. Then her mother said to her, "We should never put off what we have to do today till tomorrow. And you must learn to deal with the things while they are small, or it will turn into a big problem."
1．What’s in the garden (no more than four words)
___________________________________________________________________
2．Betty didn't thin ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k she should find the eggs at once, did she (no more than three words)
___________________________________________________________________
3．What happened to the leaves (no more than seven words)
___________________________________________________________________
4．How did Betty fee ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l after she saw the cabbages after a few days (no more than three words)
___________________________________________________________________
5．What can you learn from the passage
___________________________________________________________________
【例题三】On the first da ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )y of school our teacher introduced himself and challenged us to get to know someone we didn’t already know. I stood up to look around when a gentle hand touched my shoulder. I turned around to find a little old lady with a warm smile. She said, “Hi, handsome. My name is Rose. I’m eighty-seven years old.”
“Why are you in univer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sity at such a YOUNG age ” I asked. She replied, “I’m here to meet a rich husband, get married, have a couple of kids, and then retire and travel.” I knew she was joking. I was curious (好奇) what might have encouraged her to be taking on this challenge at her age. “I always dreamed of having a university education and now I’m getting one!” she told me. We became friends. Every day we would talk nonstop after class. I always enjoyed listening to this “time machine” as she shared her wisdom (智慧) and experience with me. And Rose easily made friends wherever she went.
At the end of the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )term we invited Rose to make a little speech. She cleared her throat and began, “We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing. I’ve learned a few secrets to staying young, being happy, and achieving success. You have to laugh and find humor every day. You’ve got to have a dream. When you lose your dreams, you die.”
“There is a huge di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )fference between growing older and growing up. Anybody can grow older. That doesn’t take any talent or ability. The idea is to grow up by always finding the opportunity in change...”
1．When the author an ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d Rose first met, they began their conversation in a ________ way.
A. terrible B. impolite
C. serious D. humorous
2．Rose went to the university in order to _______.
A. meet a rich husband B. make new friends
C. get a better job D. get a university education
3． The writer con ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sidered Rose as a “time machine” because she ________.
A. always came to class on time
B. made friends easily at university
C. enjoyed a long life and had lots of wisdom and experience
D. knew the difference between growing older and growing up
4． The word“That”in Paragraph 4 refers to (指)________.
A. growing older B. growing up
C. staying young D. being happy
5．. From this passage we know Rose believed ________
A. “Easier said than done.”
B. “Well begun is half done.”
C. “It is never too late to learn.”
D. “Reading makes a full man.”
三讲方法——辨析特例
掌握各种阅读技巧，提高临考胜算。
1.猜词技巧。生词是英语阅读中的障碍 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，我们可以利用上下文来猜测词义，利用词的结构——词根、前缀和后缀来推测词义；通过原文提供的例子来理解词义。如：Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys.从后面举的dogs和monkeys可以猜出creatures在这里是“动物”的意思。
2.逻辑推理技巧。从文章的确凿证据中得出合乎逻辑、合乎事物发展规律的结论和决定。
如：The doctor ga ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve my sister some medicine, but it did nothing to her.
( )From this setence we know__________.
A.my siste ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r didn't like this medicine B. my sister took the medicine
C.the medicine made my sister sick D.my sister got better now
答案应选择B。从后半句中表达出的“药对她不管用”的意思中，同学们可以推测出她已经吃了药。
3.寻找关键词技巧。关键词是构成语篇的精髓，抓住了文章的关键词有助于学生理解文章。
如：It seem ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )s that everybody tells lies-well,not big lies,but what we call“white lies”.Telling white lies isn't that bad.Most of the time ,people do it because they want to protect a friendship.下面的句子符合短文内容的用T表示，不符合的用F表示
( )From the pass ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )age we learn that white lies are harmful to friendship.
这句子的答案是F，因为在这段中有关键词protect,说明whitelies是为了保护而不是损伤友谊。
4.采取适合具体文章和题目的一种或几种阅读方式：略读、浏览、细读、评读。
(1).略读(Skimming)。略读又称大 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )意阅读，就是快速阅读以获取全文的大意，对全文的总的印象以及作者的观点。略读时，只需要读一些选择的句子，以了解文章大意，也可以读如斜体词、划线词，文章的标题或副标题、释义等，无须读每个句子。
(2).浏览(Scanning)。 浏览是另 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一种快速阅读方法。我们通常采用浏览的方式以求迅速地查找出某一具体的信息或细节，如时间、日期、号码、人名、事件等。
(3).细读(Intensi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ve reading)。细读又称为研读(Study reading )，其主要目的是把握文章的细节。为了透彻领会文章的主旨，必须弄清有助于发展或论证中心思想的重要事实或细节。这些事实或细节能使我们更深刻地领会中心思想。它们可能证明一个论点、表明各种观点之间的某种关系，或者举例以帮助我们更充分地理解文章的主旨。
(4).评读(Critical ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )reading)。评读要求我们运用自己的知识、经验、观点对文章的思想内容及写作技巧进行分析和评估。它实际上也是读者的一种再创造的思维过程。
当然，阅读技巧远不止这几种。我们在做阅读理解题时，应根据命题的要求和意图，有针对性地采取这种或那种技巧，以达到既准确又迅速的目的。
四练实题——随堂小练
1．It is true that peo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ple with better education are usually able to get better paying jobs. In other words, they have more chances to choose a good job while people with little or no education don’t. It seems that the purpose of education is to make people get jobs. But this isn’t accepted by all people.
Some people may thi ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nk that a person should spend the best years of his life to get education only for a way of living. This was probably one of the earliest reasons of education. In fact, if education is just a way of making a living, people don’t need to spend so much time in school. People can get education for a living in a short time. Subjects like history and geography need not be taught to everyone. Even language and mathematics need not be taught in detail(详细地), either. Here it is clear that education is much more than teaching a man to get a way of living.
Education is well ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )-rounded. It is not only to teach him to speak, read and write, but also to develop his creative thinking and other abilities. And it is mainly for improving a man, it is to make him a wise man and thankfully enjoy the achievements of human. Education is to make a man lead a better life. Educated people are expected to be able to listen to good music, read good books, watch plays and take an interest in the world.
I would agree th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )at making a good living is an important reason for education, but certainly not the most important or the main reason.
1．People with little education usually .
A. spend a long time in school
B. have a good chance to get a job
C. spend the best years to choose jobs
D. have fewer chances to get a good job
2．The earliest education was probably to .
A. make people take an interest in the world
B. teach a man to watch plays
C. make people get a way of living
D. teach people to read good books
3．The underlined wo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rd “well-rounded” in the passage means “ “in Chinese.
A. 圆满的 B. 崭新的
C．公平的 D. 全面的
4．The passage tells us that .
A. education is mainly to make a man improve
B. people can get education in a short time
C. making a good living is the only reason for education
D. all subjects are so important for a way of living
2. How do you stu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dy each year You may answer it in one second: have classes at school, take notes and do homework. Feeling a little bored Yes So how do we make learning interesting There’s a new way of learning called digital (数字的) learning. It helps students learn by using the Internet. There are three important kinds of digital learning. Apps are computer software applications (应用软件). People can download (下载) them on their mobile devices. The other two kinds are social networking services, including weibo and WeChat (微信) and website. Every one of them is like your teacher. They help you master (掌握) what you learn at school.
Compared with regu ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lar learning ways, digital learning has its advantages（优点）. Digital learning is also diverse (多样的). It covers almost every school subject. More importantly, it’s always updating. It offers students the newest resources (资源) to learn from.
Digital learning is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) also personalized (个性化的). You can choose what you like to learn. If you don’t master what you have learned at school, you can learn again through digital ways.
【小题2】_____, digital learning also has disadvantages（缺点）. When you use digital ways to learn, you have little interaction (相互交流) with teachers and classmates. As digital learning uses computers or smart phones, watching the screen too long may be bad for your eyes. 【小题3】It is better to take a rest every 20 minutes.
【小题1】判断正误（“T”表示正确，“F”表示错误）。
Digital learning ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )has both advantages and disadvantages.____________________
【小题2】为文中的横线处，填写一个恰当的连词。______________________________
【小题3】就文中划线部分提问，变特殊疑问句。
__________________________________________________________________________
【小题4】找出并写下全文的主题句。
__________________________________________________________________________
【小题5】将文中斜体句子译成汉语。They help you master (掌握) what you learn at school.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. A little old m ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )an and his wife walked slowly into McDonald’s on a cold winter evening. They took a table near the back wall, and then the little old man walked to the cash register to order. After a while he got the food back and they began to open it.
There was one ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) hamburger, some French fries and one drink. The little old man carefully cut the hamburger in half and divided the French fries in two piles. Then he neatly put the half of the food in front of his wife. He took a sip of the drink and his wife took a sip. “how poor the old people are!” the people around them thought. As the man began to eat his hamburger and his French fries, his wife sat there watching him and took turns to drink. A young man came over and offered to buy another meal for them. But they refused politely and said that they got used to sharing everything.
Then a young la ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )dy asked a question of the little old lady. “ Madam, why aren’t you eating You said that you share everything, then what are you waiting for ” She answered, “The teeth.”
1．What did the old man order
A. One hamburger and one drink.
B. Some French fries and two cups of coffee.
C. One hamburger, some French fries and one drink
D. Some fries and drink.
2．What did they do after they opened the food
A. They left McDonald’s.
B. They shared the food.
C. They began to look for seats.
D. They began to order another one.
3．What’s the meaning of the underlined phrase “took a sip”
A. Drank something slowly B. Had a rest.
C. Had some snacks. D. Taste it.
4．As the old man began ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to eat things, his wife sat there ____________.
A. talking with him
B. looking at him quite angrily
C. watching him and took turns to drink
D. reading a newspaper
5．What can we know from the whole passage
A. The old lady wasn’t hungry at all.
B. The two old people shared the same teeth.
C. The old lady had a toothache.
D. They are very friendly.
五练原创——预测提升
1．Some people have ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a very poor sense of direction. Unlucky , I am one of them. I have visited a place many times but I may still get lost there the next time.
When I was a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) little girl, I never dared ask strangers the way. And so I used to walk round in circle and hope that by chance I would get to the place I was going to.
Now , I am n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o longer too shy to ask people for directions, but I often receive helpless or even wrong information. So I try to avoid giving people wrong directions. If anyone asks me the way somewhere, I would say,"sorry, I am a stranger here."
Once on my way to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )work I was stopped by a man. He asked me if I could tell him the way to the Friendship Building. I gave him my usual reply. But just as I walked on only a few steps. I realized that he had asked the way to my office building. However, I had no time to turn back and look for him. I was rushing to meet with someone at my office and I didn't want to keep him waiting.
When I just got to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )my office, the secretary showed in the man who had asked me for directions. Imagine how embarrassed I was and how surprised he was when we saw each other at the first sight!
1．The writer always ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )refuses to give people directions because .
A. she's a stranger to the city
B. she doesn't know the people
C. she has no time to help others
D. she's afraid of giving wrong directions.
2．A man stopped the writer on the way to .
A .sell her something B. ask for the time
C. make friends with her D. ask for the directions.
3．The Friendship Building is the place where the writer .
A. lives B. studies C. works D. teaches
4．The word "embarra ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ssed" in the last paragraph means " " .
A.尴尬 B.困惑 C.激动 D.拮据
5．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage
A.The writer is too shy to give others directions
B.The writer has a very poor sense of direction
C.The writer never got lost when she was young.
D.The man was quite nervous when he saw the writer.
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Ticket: Mar. - May. 150; Other months 90
Time: 8:30 - 17:00
Bus: No. 4, 5, 6, 17, 61 buses
Tel: 0514-87357803; 0514-87370091
Website: http://www.
He garden, the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )most famous garden in the late Qing Dynasty, is known for its long double-way corridor(走廊), which is regarded as the earliest footbridge.
Ticket: Mar. - May. 40; Other months 30
Time: 7:30 - 17:15
Bus: No. 19, 61 buses
Te: 0514-87900345; 0514-87222353
Website: http://www.he-garden.net
Six months ago. J ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ack came to China to study. He has heard that Yangzhou is famous for its gardens. And he plans to visit some gardens in July, so he has collected information about them online as follows:
1．How much wil ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )l a ticket cost Jack if he visits the Slender West lake
A. 30 yuan. B. 40 yuan.
C. 90 yuan. D. 150 yuan.
2．What's He Garden famous for
A. The long corridor. B. The green bamboo.
C. The man-made hills. D. The boat travelling.
3. FILM TIMES (19th May-26th May)
APPLE CINEMAFilm: Harry Potter ( 3 hours)Date: SundayTime: 2:00pm, 5: 00pmPrice: $4.20 $3.50 (children under 18)Tele: 845616 SOSHOW CINEMAFilm: Lucy ( thour and 50 minutes)Date: from Monday to FridayTime: 2:30pmPrice: $2.00 ( children under 12 are not allowed)Tele: 831931
HOLLYOOD THEATREFilm: Madagascar ( 1 hours 33 minutes)Date: Saturday and SundayTime: 4:00pmPrice: $3.00 (free tickets for children under10 )Tele: 806163 HAPPY THEATREFilm: Fleet of Time (2 hours)Date: from Monday to FridayTime: 9:00amPrice: $2.00 $1.50 (children under 18)Tele: 873420
1．Which film can you watch in the morning
A. Fleet of Time. B. Lucy.
C. Madagascar. D. HarryPotter.
2．If you want to know something about Lucy, you can call____.
A. 845616 B. 831931 C. 873420 D. 806163
3．Mr. Green and his 9- ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )year-old son want to see Harry Potter. They should pay____.
A. $3.50 B. $4.00 C. $4.20 D. $7.70
4. What should you ta ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ke in with you when you take an exam Pen, pencil, eraser, ruler…, and don’t forget a bottle of water!
According to a study a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t the British Psychological ( 心理学的) Society Annual Conference held in London, students who bring water into exams may improve their grades by up to 10 percent.
Scientists at t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )he University of East London and the University of Westminster, UK, did a study on 447 students. The students were studying for different degrees (学历) at the University of East London. Only 25 percent of them entered the exam hall with something to drink.
Scientists then compar ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed their exam results with their normal schoolwork grades. They found that all those who had brought drinks with them got better grades by between 2 and 10 percent.
It is unclear ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) why drinking water improves exam results. But scientists say having enough water in our bodies and not feeling thirsty could have a helpful effect on our brains. Drinking water may also cut down on anxiety ( 焦虑), which has a bad effect on exam performances, according to Chris Pawson, PhD, of the University of East London.
“Whatever the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) explanation, it is clear that students should try hard to stay hydrated (含水的)with water during exams,” he said.
So next time, when ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) you are going to have a big exam, try bringing a bottle of water with you.Who knows – it may help you pass the exam!
1．How much may the s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )tudents improve their grades most if they bring water into exams
A. By 2%. B. By 8%.
C. By 10%. D. By 25%.
2． How many students in the study got better grades
A. About112 students who brought drinks or water into their exams.
B. All the447 students who come from the University of East London.
C. About300 students who took part in the study.
D. About10 percent of the students who studied different subjects.
3．The underlined phrase “cut down on” probably means _______.
A. increase B. bring
C. reduce D. change
4． According to the passage, how does water help students in exams
a. It is good for their brains. b. It makes students smarter.
c. It helps students stay cool. d. It helps students stay awake.
A. a b B. a c
C. b c D. c d
5．Where can you probably read the article
A. Fashion magazine.
B. Text book.
C. Travel guide.
D. Newspaper.