2015年中考英语二轮复习学案：18 阅读理解

中考英语专项复习——阅读理解
阅读理解也是中考英语题的必考题目之 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )一，本题型旨在考查学生阅读，理解的能力，几年来，中考英语题中的阅读理解材料新，题材丰富，考查学生综合推断能力，根据语篇猜单词意思的能力的力度加大，也考查学生关注细节的能力。所以学生往往要么没能正确理解语篇中某些句子的意思，在细节题上丢分，要么就是对语篇的整体把握不够，在综合题或者推断 题方面丢分。那么到底怎么做好阅读理解这一题型呢？
一、“重文本”。读懂文章最重要。
读懂文章不仅是正确解题的第一步，也是最关键的一步。
二、 “定区间”。能够圈定各题答案的范围。
　　出题者一般都是根据文本的某一段，或某一 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )段的某一句，或某一句的某一词，或根据隐藏在字里行间的作者的暗示进行题设。这就要求做题时要进行回想、返查，锁定与问题相关信息的所在区域，为正确解题打基础。准确定位，圈定范围，定能一抓一个准。
三、 “划根据”。作答时理由要充分，并在文章中划出解题依据。
　　能够在文本中划出解题根据是正确解题的关 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )键，更是阅读理解不丢分的保障。在做阅读理解时要做到“不见根据不做题”。理由充分，根据凿实，这是“不仅知其然，而且知其所以然”的超高境界，是阅读水平提高的最大见证。
四、 “看转换”。注意同一意思的不同表述(同意转述)。
英语语言相当丰富，同一意思 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )会有多种不同表达，以避免语言表述上的单调重复。考试中常见的题型“同意改写”就是考察学生的这一能力的。出题者设计试题时总会用不同的语言结构对文本中的某些信息进行同意转述。
五、 “防陷井”。锁定是“true”还是“not true”，辨明形近词。
　　英语阅读中的陷阱设置最常见的有两种 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，判断对错真假型和词形相近型。对于判断对错真假型，考生做题前一定要认真审题，看准是“true”还是“not true”，是“right”还是“wrong”，然后才着手解题。可能会有同学认为，这么简单的事怎么会错？其实不然，在考场高度紧张的情况下，什么事情都会发生。试想你身边有过多少同学曾因把“true”与“not true”看反而懊恼不已，顿足捶胸？
对于词形相近型要做只有两个字“细心 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )”，三思而后选。只要细心，此类陷阱就会很容易被识破。归根到底，“防”的主要对象是自己，防止慌张，防止粗心大意，防止那些“想当然”的想法，防止自己的骄傲情绪
六、 “读全项”。做判断时要通读每一题的所有选项，区分鉴别，选择最佳。
　　阅读理解是从三个或四个选项中选 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )出一个最佳选项，解题时考生要通读所有选项，比较鉴别，确定最佳。切不可挑读臆断，匆匆作答。比如做判断对错真假型试题时，选项中会有“一对三错”或“三对一错”，通读全项就会补救误读题干所造成的过失。
干扰项特点
1. 以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。
2. 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。
3. 主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。
4. 张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。
5. 无中生有或似是而非。有的干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
切忌的阅读方法
??（1）“指读”，即为了“集中注意力”，用手指或笔尖指着文章逐词阅读。一遇到生词，便停顿下来，无法在通篇理解的基础上继续进行阅读。
（2）“唇读”，即有的学生在阅读中喜欢读出声来，或即使不出声，嘴唇在动，或脑子里也在想着读音，无形当中影响了大脑的思维速度。
（3）“回读”，即在阅读中遇到生词或不熟悉的 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )短语时，返回句首甚至段首重读；还有相当多的学生对阅读已经产生心理定势，即认为自已第一遍肯定读不懂，因此反复多遍，浪费很多时间。
（4）“译读”，即在阅读过 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )程中，不断地进行逐词逐句的翻译，通过译成母语来辅助理解。由于没有掌握正确的阅读方法，习惯于在不加限定的时间内，对一小块文章精雕细琢，导致了逐词阅读接受信息的习惯。
阅读理解-类型 ：
A 考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力
此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：
1) Which is the best title of the passage
2) Which of the following is this passage about
3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that______.
4) The passage tells us that______.
5) This passage mainly talks about_______.
解体秘诀：抓主题句
1、主题句是用来表达文章或段落的中心思想的，通常在文章第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等处出现，阅读时要特别注意。
2、进行整体阅读，抓文章 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )逻辑结构。文章主题出现的位置对应于文章逻辑结构中的一个部分，而在中考阅读中以“总－分－总”结构类型题居多。所以重读文章首、尾两段以及每段首句，对把握文章结构和主旨理解有很大帮助。
如何获取段落的主旨和大意？
在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的情况有三种：
（1）主题句在段首或篇首。
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )新闻报道、说明文, 议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。例如： All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
在这篇短文之后有一道考查主题的阅读理解题：
Which of the follow ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ing do you think is the best title for this passage
A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things
（2）主题句在段末或篇末。
用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。例如If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.
（3）无主题句
首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
Killer bees starte ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make
more honey（蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists coul ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )d not control（控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.
Why are people afra ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )id of killer bees People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting（叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
Already several hundr ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.
在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题：
The best title of the passage is ____________.
A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees
C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees
B 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力
此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：
1) Which of the following is right
2) Which of the following is not mentioned
3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage
4) Choose the right order of this passage.
5) From this passage we know ________.
解题方法(找细节):
解题要点是找到问题中的关键词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，根据所划的关键词到原文中找对应词：指出文章中与题中所划关键词的意思相反或相近对应词。该对应词可能与关键词相同也可能不同。对应词所在的句子或句子部分极可能包含解题信息的信息句。将该句认真阅读后，再将四个答案与此句内容对照后，就会发现有一答案的信息与信息句的信息大致相同，则该答案即为正确答案。
中考训练　 （一）
If you look at the ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sky one night and see something moving and shining that you have never seen before, it might be a comet (彗星).
　　A comet sometimes looks like a star. Like a planet, a comet has no light of its own. It shines from the sunlight it reflects (反射). Like the earth, a comet goes round the sun, but on a much longer path (轨道) than the earth travels.
　　If a comet isn’t a star, what is it then
　　Some scientists think that a large part of a comet is water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron and rock dust and perhaps a few big pieces of rock. When sunshine melts (融化) the ice in the comet, great clouds of gas go trailing after it. These clouds, together with the dust, form a long tail.
　　Many people perhaps have seen a comet. However no one knows how many comets there are. There may be millions of comets, but only a few come close enough for us to see.
　　An Englishman named Edmund Halley, who lived from 1656 to 1742, found out a lot about the paths that comets take through the sky. Some comets move out of our sight and never come back. Others keep coming back at regular times. A big comet that keeps coming back was named after Halley because he was the one who worked out when it would come back again. Maybe you have ever seen Halley’s Comets because the last time it came close to the sun and the earth was in the year 1986. Then people all over the world were outside at night to look at it. You will probably be able to see Halley’s Comets when it comes near the earth again.
1.A comet is like _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )_______.　　A. sun B. moon C. sunlight D. the earth
2.A large part of a comet is ______.
A. water and rock B. water frozen into pieces of ice and mixed with iron
　　C. ice, iron and rock dust D. only a few big pieces of rock
3.Maybe many people _______.
　　A. haven’t seen any comets B. have seen all comets
　　C. have seen a comet at daytime D. have seen a comet
4.Some comets keep coming back ________.
　　A. at any time B. at noon C. at regular times D. at daytime
5.Halley’s Comets came back _____.
A. in 1990 B. in 1980 C. in 1986 D. in 1989
C 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力
此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是：
1) The word “ …” in the passage probably means ________.
2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _______.
3) In this story the underlined word “… ” means ________.
4) Here “it” means________.
解题技巧：上下文推理
①代入替换法。把四个选项分别代入题干，据 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语言逻辑判断哪个更加符合上下文的逻辑意思。
②在上下文中寻找同词性的词或词组。做这类题的关键是：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下文
③利用语法和逻辑。有时根据上下文提代的线索或者其他方法，仍然不能得到唯一答案，就可以利用语法和逻辑方面的规则来判断，符合语法和逻辑规则的可能为正确答案，反之则不是正确答案。
(1)根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。
例： There is a place on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand.
What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese
A. 自来水 B. 大气 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽
(2)根据同义、反义关系猜测词义。
通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，
例1 ：man has known s ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )omething about the planets venus，mars，and jupiter with the help of spaceships.
此句中的venus(金星)、mars(火 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )星)、jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：
例2 ： he is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother
根据not at all……handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
(3).通过构词法猜词
　　在阅读 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，如前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等；名词后-福ful构成形容词，如careful,useful;名词后-less表没有，如careless,friedless; 后缀- ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等； 后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词；如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，sci- ence、scientist，art、artist等，这些问题便不难解决了。
(4)根据因果关系猜测词义。
通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。
例如： You shouldn‘t have blamed him for that，for it wasn't his fault.
通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。　　
(5)根据定义或解释猜测词义或通过描述猜词
例1：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.
从drought所在句子的上 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。
例：A bag is us ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )eful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”….
Now when someone lets ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”
John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ________.
A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat
C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag
(6)根据情景和逻辑进行判断。
例如：
As they go around town ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.
文章后面有这样一道题：
In the text, “put an end to” means “___________”.
A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly
D考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力
此类题目主要考查的是句语句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：
1) Many visitors come to the writer’s city to ________.
2) Some shops can be built Donfeng Square so that they may _____.
3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _____.
4) Why did the writer ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )get off the train two stops before Vienna station
解题技巧：依据原文认真比较选 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )项
①绝大多数推理题是原文意思的同义表达.
②如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文意思最接近、所用推理最少的选项即是正确答案
It was Mother's ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )Day. John was so busy with his work that he couldn't go back home. When he passed by a flower shop in the evening, an idea came to his mind, “I'll send Mum some roses(玫瑰).”While John was picking his flowers, a young man went inside. “How many roses can I get for only five dollars, madam ” he asked. The assistant(店员) was trying to tell him roses were as expensive as forty dollars a dozen(一打). Maybe he would be happy with carnations(康乃馨).
“No, I have to have r ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed roses,” he said. “My mum was badly ill last year and I didn't get to spend much time with her. Now I want to get something special, it has to be roses as rose is her favourite.”
After hearing it, J ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ohn said he would pay the rest of the money for the young man. Moved by both of them, the assistant said, “Well, lovely young men, thirty dollars a dozen, only for you.” Taking the roses, the young man almost jumped into the air and ran out of the shop. It was well worth twenty－five dollars that John paid to see the exciting moment. Then John paid for his dozen of roses and told the assistant to send them to his mother.
As he walked out, ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) he felt nice. Suddenly he saw the young man crossing the street and going into a park. But soon John realized it was not a park but a cemetery(墓地). Crying, the young man carefully put down the roses, “Mum, oh, Mum, why didn't I tell you how much I loved you God, please help me find my mum and tell her I love her.”
Seeing this, Joh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )n turned and quickly walked to the shop. He would take the flowers home himself.
l The assistant tri ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ed to ask the young man to buy carnations instead of roses because_________ .
A. carnations were nicer than roses B. roses were saved for John
C. roses were mor ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e expensive than carnations D. carnations were special flowers for Mother's Day
2.John spent _________ altogether(总共) in the flower shop that day.
A.$5 B.$25 C.$30 D.$55
l 3.The young man cried at the cemetery because he .
A. had spent all h ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )is money on the roses B. wasn't able to tell his mother he loved her himself
C. felt sorry to as ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )k John to pay for his flowers D. hadn't got enough money for his sick mother
4.At last John changed his mind and went home because he wanted to .
A. tell his ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )mother he loved her himself B. ask his mother for more money
C. tell his mothe ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r the young man's story D. ask his mother if she liked roses
5.The writer writes the passage in order to tell us “ .”
A. Buy roses ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) for your mother when she is ill B. Let your mother know how much you love her
C. Work hard to g ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )et more money for your mother D. Send your mother flowers on Mother's Day
E 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力
此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是：
1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______.
2) We can infer from the text that _______.
3) From the lett ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ers we’ve learned that it’s very _____ to know something about American social customs.
4) From the story we can guess ______.
5) What would be happy if …
解题秘技巧:
这种题目往往不能直接从文中找到答案 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )，而必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、态度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，才能获得正确答案。 所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。
在阅读材料中，有这样一段文字：
Secondly, a n ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ews story has to be interesting and unusual. People don’t want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news.
According to th ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV
A. You often play football with your friends after school.
B. Your teacher has got a cold.
C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasn’t been caught.
D. The bike in front of your house is lost.
F 考查推断作者意图和态度的能力
该题型主要考察学生对文中的有关语句、要点、细 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )节、观点等的理解能力。这种题要求在宏观把握文章的基础上，作出合理判断。这种题要求在宏观把握文章的基础上，选出作者对文章所谈问题的态度，而不是我们对某一问题的经验。这类题要求考生从文章的论述方法、语气和遣词造句中把握作者对人与事的好恶，了解作者的态度和情感；这类题目需要多注意文章开头、结尾等传达作者感情倾向的地方。
1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station
2) The writer writes this text to ______.
3) The writer believes that ______.
4) The writer suggests that ______.
一般作者的态度分为三大类：
①支持、赞同、乐观 ②客观、中立 ③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观
解题技巧：①理解文章、合理推断，切不可经验主义。
②找文中带有感彩的名词、动词、形容词、副词
③根据作者举的例子判断