2024高考英语二轮复习 长难句分析及应用 课件（共31页PPT）

(共31张PPT)
删繁就简 追本溯源
高考英语长难句分析及应用
破译英语句子结构“密码”
理解三长两短两语一平行
掌握并熟练应用三大符号（），△ ，下划线
学会“切割法”，秒杀高考英语长难句！
1
2
3
Learning Aims
4
目录
CONTENTS
了解基本句子结构
01
熟悉常用分解符号
02
练习划分长难句子
03
高考阅读真题分析
04
③
Steps to draw a tree
①
②
trunk
branches
leaves
A complex sentence？
1
2
3
4
5
She smiled. ①主+谓
I love her. ②主+谓+宾
I give her my heart. ③主+谓+间宾+直宾
She makes me happy. ④主+谓+宾+宾补
She is gorgeous. ⑤主+系+表
主语subject+ 谓语verb= trunk
Sample Heading
英语中的五种基本句型可以说是一切句子的根源，实际上我们平常看到的句子更加复杂，因为就像树木的枝枝叶叶，句子中充满了修饰。
英语句子=主干+修饰
句子种类 Four Types of Sentences
并列句Compound Sentences: 并列连词连接句子和句子（and, but, so，while，or……)
复合句Complex Sentences: 从属连词连接从句和主句（状从，定从，名从）（when, if, because,which,who,that, where,what, why,how……)
并列复合句Compound-Complex Sentences: 有并列连词和从属连词
branches
简单句Simple Sentences: 仅一个主谓结构
（trunk）
长难句到底难在哪里？
（1）中心词加了较多修饰语，后置的定语给理解带来较大困难。
（2）简单句加了较多修饰语，尤其是非谓语动词，含义丰富，形式灵活。
（3）含有三大从句的复合句。(名，定，状从)
（4）并列成分、对等结构的存在。
（5）同位语、插入语的运用。
（6）特殊句式的使用：倒装、强调句型和省略。
Chinese VS English
中文——
多为短句，循序渐进（竹竿句)
英文——
长短结合，开门见山（套娃句）
What makes a sentence complex
介词短语、从句、非谓语动词（三长）
形容词、副词 （两短）
同位语、插入语（两语）
并列结构 （一并列）
修饰语leaves
介词短语
从句
非谓语动词
形容词
副词
同位语
插入语
并列结构
The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help their patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (21 新高考全国Ι卷)
The Secret of English sentences
A long and complex sentence =
1主干
+n 非谓
+n 从句
+n 形容词
+n 副词
+n 平行结构
注意：n∈自然数（N）
例：为了我的美好未来，在一个漆黑的夜晚，当其他人都在熟睡的时候，我努力地学习无聊的英语，我相信我一定会成功的。 主干 三长 两短 一平行
主谓SV 介词短语 非谓语短语 从句 形容词 副词
并列结构
主谓宾SVO 主谓宾宾SVOO 主谓宾补SVOC 主系表SLP Compulsory Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional Optional
我学习英语 在一个漆黑的夜晚 为了我的美好未来 当其他人都在熟睡 无聊的 努力地 我相信我一定会成功的
How can we understand a long and complex sentence
1. 划出句子主干 trunk ( S+V) 谓语动词有什么特点
2. 括起修饰成分 （leaves） 拨开枝叶减少干扰
3. 圈出句中连词 branches 根据连词确定从句类型
4. 理顺逻辑读懂句意 注意英汉差异：后置定语
理清句子主干和附属成分之间逻辑关系
三长两短一平行的标记原则
主干 三长 两短 一平行
主谓SV 介词短语 非谓语 短语 从句 形容词 副词
并列结构
主谓宾SVO 主谓宾宾SVOO 主谓宾补SVOC 主系表SLP Compulsory (括号原则) 不做标记 △
下划线
识别谓语
谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。
简单谓语是由一个行为动词构成的，比较容易识别。
复合谓语包括情态动词+ 动词原形、连系动词+ 表语、动词短语及被动语态be done、进行时态be doing、完成时态 has/ have done、将来时态will do / be going to do 等。
谓语动词有什么特点？_________________________________
想一想，哪些形式一看就是谓语动词？
_________________________________________________________
人称、数、时态和语态的变化
过去式，三单，动原形, is/are/was/were done, has/have done, has/have been done, will/can do, will be done……等
三长—— 1. 介词短语
【概念】介词短语指从介词开始到名词结束，表达独立完整含义的语块结构。（括号）标记介词短语。
at school、in the hospital、during the meeting、over the last few years、for three weeks、with your help…
【起止点】标记介词短语时，要从介词前到介词之后的第一个名词终止。
【例句】 After talking with Lihua on this matter for two hours from 10:00 to 12:00 in the classroom, I went back to my office.
三长——2. 从句
【概念】有主谓结构（主干），但不能独立成句，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if…从属连词引导的非主句部分。（括号）标记从句。
【起止点】标记从句时，一定从从属连词开始，到以下三种情况终止。
① 标点符号前，如：
Mr. Sheng is a teacher who teaches us English.
When I was young, I played basketball a lot.
② 下一个修饰成分前，如：
I will invite Lihua who was a basketball player to my school.
③ 下一个谓语动词前，如：
Mr. Sheng who is a kind man is giving class online at school.
三长——3. 非谓语动词短语
【概念】由动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类非谓语动词形式开始，表达独立完整含义的语块结构。（括号）标记非谓语动词短语。
【起止点】标记时，一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，到以下三种情况终止。
① 标点符号前，如：
Mr. Sheng is a teacher teaching us English.
To improve my English, I often speak to foreigners.
② 下一个修饰成分前，如：
The professor walked into the hall, wearing a smile on his face.
③ 下一个谓语动词前，如：
Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange.
两短——1. 形容词
【概念】形容词是用来修饰名词的词，往往带有-al、less、-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后缀；有时名词也起到形容词作用。
【常见位置】
① 一般置于名词之前，如a handsome boy。
② 修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如“一些有趣的事”应译为something interesting。
两短——2. 副词
【概念】用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀。
【常见位置】英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。
① 整句前，如：
Unfortunately, he failed in the exam.
② 整句后，如：
The boy greets his teacher excitedly.
③ 置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前”，如：
He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess.
He can hardly speak anything on seeing the princess.
④ 置于形容词或副词之前，如：
There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.
英文中形容词和副词的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情况下，形副较短且易于辨识，对句意理解影响不大，因此标记修饰成分时，形容词和副词可不标记。
一平行——平行结构
【概念】平行结构指由并列连词将两个或以上含义相似、结构相同的并列成分连接起来构成的结构。
【标记点】给并列词加△，给并列成分加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列成分。在标注形如A and B的平行并列结构时，应先找B (即右并列成分)后找A (即左并列成分)。
常见的并列关系
① 名词并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.
② 形容词并列：Jean is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.
③ 副词并列：You should answer the questions quickly and accurately.
④ 谓语动词并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.
⑤ 介词短语并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth.
⑥ 从句并列： I’ve finished reading the book which is written by Mo Yan and which you lent me last month.
⑦ 非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.
⑧ 整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.
1.Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. （22甲B）
2.The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit school to Ginni.（22甲C）
3. Accompanied throughout by "New Scientist" astronomer and science journalist Abigail Beall, tourists will observe stars through telescopes at the observatories in person and meet local experts.
同位语
同位语从句
非谓语动词做状语
说出划线部分是修饰语中的哪一种
介词短语
4.They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. (22乙B)
5.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. (21甲D)
说出划线部分是修饰语中的哪一种
并列结构
状语从句
插入语
插入语：解释说明作用，常用逗号或破折号，如“according to……”等，阅读时可以__________。
快速扫读
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.（22年甲卷B篇）
What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A.How far they are able to see.
B.How they track moving objects.
C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
The atmospheric level of carbon dioxide (CO2)—a gas that is great at trapping heat, contributing to climate change—is almost double what it was prior to the Industrial Revolution. This presents a challenge to researchers attempting to design artificial trees or other methods of capturing (捕获) carbon dioxide directly from the air. That challenge is one a Sandia National Laboratories-led team is trying to solve.32．What problem is presented in paragraph 1 A．The constant change of atmosphere. B．The design of artificial trees. C．The rising amount of carbon dioxide. D．The storage of carbon dioxide. First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity(肥胖).(22年乙卷D篇）
Why was the sugar tax introduced
A. To collect money for schools.
B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health.
D. To encourage research in education.
Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. （22年甲卷D篇）
What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A. It is losing its traditions.
B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population.
D. It is becoming more international.
Summary
Steps to analyse a complex sentence:
1.划出__________________________
2.括出__________________________
3.圈出__________________________
4.理顺__________________________
Steps to build an advanced sentence:
1.Write a simple sentence. (主干）
2.
修饰“三长两短两语一并列”
主干（主谓宾/主系表）
连词
逻辑读懂句意
Reading
Writing
Add modifiers.
3. Add the details logically and reasonably.
Thanks for your attention