2024年中考英语人教版（山东）一轮专题复习学案-专训6 形容词和副词

专训六 形容词和副词
【图解语法】
【知识清单】
【考向1】
形容词与副词的构成
1.形容词的主要构成形式
(1)“名词+-ful”,如:care-careful、 help-helpful等;
(2)“名词+-y”,如:cloud-cloudy、 rain-rainy、 wind-windy、 sun-sunny等;
(3)“动词+-ing”,如:interest-interesting、 surprise-surprising、 excite-exciting等;
(4)“动词+-ed”,如:interest-interested、 surprise-surprised、 please-pleased等;
(5)“名词+-ly”,如:friend-friendly、 day-daily(每日的)等;
(6)“形容词+-ly”,如:lone(单独的)-lonely(孤独的;荒凉的)、 dead-deadly等;
(7)“名词+-n/-ian”,如:America-American、Russia-Russian等;
(8)“名词+-al”,如:nation-national、 person-personal等;
(9)特殊结构,如:wool-woolen、 heat-hot、 die-dead、 China-Chinese、 Japan-Japanese等。
2.副词的主要构成形式
(1)在“形容词后加-ly”构成,如:usual-usually, wide-widely, real-really等;而以-y结尾的形容词变y为i再加-ly,如:happy-happily, heavy-heavily等。
(2)以“-ful结尾的形容词后加ly”构成,如:careful-carefully, beautiful-beautifully等;
(3)“名词+-ly”,如:part(部分)-partly(部分地)等;
易混易错
friendly、 lonely、 lively、 lovely、 deadly、 likely等以-ly 结尾的词是形容词,而不是副词。
有些词的词尾有无-ly,词义是截然不同的。如:hard(努力地;硬的)/hardly(几乎不),late(迟)/lately(近来),near(附近)/nearly(几乎),most(最)/mostly(大部分)等。另外,常见的副词与形容词同形的有hard、 late、 fast、 high、 early、 little等。
【考向2】
常见的易混形容词辨析
1.含-ed形式和-ing形式的形容词是有区别的。形容词的-ed形式意为“感到……的”,往往用来修饰人,主语往往是人;形容词的-ing形式,意为“令人……的”,往往用来修饰物,主语往往是物。例如:interesting(有趣的)/ interested(感兴趣的)、 relaxing(令人放松的)/relaxed(放松的)、 surprising(令人吃惊的)/surprised(感到吃惊的)、 exciting(使人激动的)/excited(激动的)、 moving(令人感动的)/ moved(感动的)、 frightening(令人恐惧的)/frightened(感到害怕的)等。
2. 注重常考形容词的归类
(1)描述外貌特征:fat、 thin、 slim、 tall、 short、 strong、 weak、 good-looking、 beautiful、 pretty、 overweight (超重的)等。
(2)描写性格品质:shy、 lazy、 kind、 friendly、 helpful、 outgoing、 brave、 active、 patient、 smart、 strict、 honest、 energetic等。
(3)描写人的情感、状态:angry、 sad、 busy、 sorry、 excited、 tired、 happy、 thirsty、 worried、 hungry、 proud等。
【考向3】
常见的易混副词
1.常见副词的种类
时间副词 ago、 before、 already、 just、 now、 early、 late、 finally、 tomorrow、 once、 soon
地点副词 here、 there、 near、 around、 in、 out、 up、 down、 back、 away、 outside、 somewhere
方式副词 carefully、 angrily、 badly、 calmly、 loudly、 quickly、 politely、 nervously
程度副词 very、 much、 greatly、 a bit、 a little、 so、 almost、 nearly、 also、 even、 just、 well
频度副词 always、 often、 usually、 sometimes、 never、 seldom
疑问副词 where、 when、 why、 how
关系副词 when、 where、 why
2.频度副词的辨析
(1)频度副词的频率
always总是 >usually 通常>often 常常>sometimes有时>seldom很少>never从不
(2)频度副词在句中的位置
频度副词在句子中的位置有着共同的特点:一般放在系动词be、助动词、情态动词之后,或行为动词之前,即“行之前,系助后”。例如:
He always comes to school on time. He's never late. 他总是按时到校,从不迟到。
【考向4】
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成
1.规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词 一般在词尾加-er, -est fast/faster/fastest, new/newer/newest
以字母e结尾的词,在词尾加-r, -st late/later/latest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,变y为i,再加-er, -est easy/easier/easiest
重读闭音节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写该辅音字母,再加-er,-est big/bigger/biggest, thin/thinner/thinnest
(续表)
多音节词和部分双音节词 在词前加more或most beautiful/more beautiful/most beautiful
小贴士:
比较等级要变化,词尾一般加er(est);词尾若有哑音e,直接加-r(st)就可以; 一辅重读闭音节,辅音字母要双写;辅音字母加个y,要把y来变为i。
2.不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
little less least
far farther (further) farthest (furthest)
many (much) more most
good (well) better best
bad (badly) / ill worse worst
old older (elder) oldest (eldest)
小贴士:
“不规则”中找规则,比较级和最高级特殊变:一“少”“远”,二“多”“好”, 三“病”“坏”, 四变“老”。
【考向5】
形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1.形容词和副词的原级的用法
(1)“甲+be+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+乙”表示“甲不如乙……”。
(2)“甲+助动词+not+动词原形+as/so+副词原级+as+乙”表示“甲不如乙……”。例如:
This room is not as/so big as that one.这个房间不如那个大。
He doesn't walk as/so slowly as you.他走路不像你那样慢。
2.形容词和副词的比较级的用法
(1)比较级前可用much, a little, a lot等修饰,表示程度,意为“大得多、高得多”等含义。
(2)根据a bit, even, still, far 等修饰比较级的特征词来判定。
(3)“甲+be+形容词比较级+than+any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围内的其他任何一个人(物)都……”。
(4)“甲+实义动词+副词比较级+than+any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“甲比同一范围内的其他任何一个人(物)都……”。
(5)在“Who/Which...+be/实义动词+形容词/副词比较级..., A or B ”中,如果有两者供选择,前面的形容词或副词要用比较级形式。
(6)“the+形容词/副词比较级...,the+形容词/副词比较级...”,表示“越……,越……”,强调程度。
(7)“形容词/副词比较级+and+同一个形容词或副词的比较级”或“more and more+形容词/副词原级”,表示“越来越……”。
(8)“甲+be动词+the +形容词/副词比较级+of (the two)...”结构表示“甲是两个……中较……的”。在“...of (the two)...”结构中,形容词常用比较级,且此比较级前要加定冠词the,是特指,表示“两者中的另一个较……”。例如:
She drives still more carefully than her son. 她开车仍然比她儿子更认真。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.在中国,长江比其他任何河流都长。
Li Ping gets to school earlier than any other student in his class. 李平到校比他班上其他的学生都早。
The higher you stand, the farther you'll see. 你站得越高,就看得越远。
It's getting warmer and warmer when spring comes. 春天来了,天气变得越来越暖和了。
Mary is the taller of the two girls. Mary是两个女孩中较高的那个。
3.形容词和副词的最高级的用法
(1)“主语+谓语动词+the+形容词(副词)最高级+of/ in短语”,表示“……是……中最……的”。of/in短语来说明比较的范围。
(2)“one of the +形容词最高级+复数名词”句式表示“最……的……之一”。
(3)“Who / Which...+be/实义动词+形容词或副词最高级,A,B or C ”句式,表示“在三者或三者以上中哪一个最……”。例如:
Zhang Ping is the youngest in his class/of all the students. 张平在他班上(所有学生当中)年龄最小。
It is one of the largest cities in the world. 它是世界上最大的城市之一。
Who is the shortest, Tom, Jim or Sam Tom、Jim和Sam三个人中,谁的个子最矮
【随堂练习】
用所给词的适当形式填空
1.　 　(lucky), the accident was not serious!
2.The nurse is very 　 　(friend) to these patients.
3.The weather report says it will be 　 　(cloud) tomorrow.
4.My sister looked 　 　(happy) because I broke her favorite cup.
5.We hope your baby grows 　 　(healthy) and 　 　 (happy).
6.Watch 　 　(careful), and you will find the differences between the two pictures.
7.Of the two shirts, I think the blue one is much 　 　(beautiful).
8.In China, red is the 　 　(popular) color, especially during some festivals.
9.Who is the 　 　(good) basketball player in your class
10.Of the winters in recent years, it is said that last winter was the 　 　(cold) one.
11.What a　 　(sun) day it is! Let's go camping.
12.He was just falling 　 　(sleep) when there was a loud knock at the door.
13.The house next to the street is very 　 　(noise).We don't want to live there.
14.His grandfather has been　 　(die) for five years.
15.Don't play soccer in the street.It's　 　 (danger).
16.He put on his coat and went out　 　(quick).
17.Be careful, or you won't work out the physics problem　 　(successful).
18.I am 　 　 (real) in love with this movie.
19.It was a silent night.The moon shone 　 　(bright) through the window.
20.Oh, no! The road is 　 　 (most) covered with snow.Let's not drive today.
【参考答案】1.Luckily　2.friendly　3.cloudy　4.unhappy　5.healthily
happily　6.carefully　7.more beautiful 　8.most popular
9.best　10.coldest 　11.sunny　12.asleep　13.noisy　14.dead　15.dangerous　16.quickly　17.successfully　18.really　19.brightly　20.mostly
【仿真训练】
一、完形填空
A(原创)
I used to think I was a victim (受害者) of life.Everything 　1　 happened to me.My dad died right before my fifth birthday. People left me often when I was young.
　　After dealing with this for so long, I finally understood that I had to change myself.I should no longer hold onto 　2　 memories.I could choose to grow from my experiences and choose another way to live.And it was all up to me.
　　Healing (治愈) old pains and changing habitual (习以为常的) behaviors are not easy, but it's always been worth it.I finally have compassion (同情) for my past, even though I did some things that I know were 　3　.
　　Now I know that I can forgive myself for not knowing better in the past.I can work harder to learn each day and move forward.I can take steps each day that fill me up instead of tearing me (and others) down.
　　I know I can't control everything, but I can control what I do as long as I take action.I can't control what happens, but I can control how I deal with it.
　　My life is completely 　4　 from it once was.I'm no longer so depressed (沮丧的) that I can't leave the house.I'm no longer 　5　.My life is mine.
　　I heard this quote in a class—“I use my memories, but I don't let them use me.” It's a beautiful thing and I know everyone is able to do it.You have so much power over your experience.
( )1.A.bad B.warm C.sweet D.happy
( )2.A.awful B.good C.exciting D.lively
( )3.A.good B.terrible C.pleasant D.proud
( )4.A.different B.same C.fine D.quiet
( )5.A.brave B.foolish C.valuable D.scared
B(原创)
　　My husband and I bought a house when we were in our fifties.One of the reasons we bought it was that it was so attractive.It had a big red pine(松树), which looked 　1　 in our front yard.For 20 years, it has been a beauty to all who passed by.Raccoons (浣熊) climbed its trunk (树干) and squirrels played in its branches.It shaded the bright sun over my small garden of roses and bushes (灌木丛) that I'd planted for bees.
　　Early last year, a heavy snowfall hit our city.While we were enjoying a 　2　 Saturday morning, the house shook and we heard a loud crash (撞击声).The tree had fallen. So we called forestry workers, who cut off the trunk and branches and took the wood away.After a week, the yard was still a mess, with wood shavings (木屑) and holes everywhere.
　　In March, I bought a few new bush and rose seedlings to replace those that I thought had been dead. And in May, plenty of 　3　 flowers were growing in the yard! As the sun shone down, the flowers were able to grow and attract bees.My old bushes grew back and were 　4　 than ever before! Our yard turned into a beautiful garden.And this summer, all of the plants are three times 　5　 than they were before.
　　Life might be hard for you at the moment, but you never know what the future holds.It might just be much brighter.
( )1.A.beautiful B.boring C.dirty D.crowded
( )2.A.terrible B.noisy C.quiet D.sad
( )3.A.new B.old C.bad D.ugly
( )4.A.sicker B.healthier C.smaller D.fewer
( )5.A.big B.bigger C.biggest D.the biggest
二、语篇填空
阅读短文,从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空,使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词,每词限用一次。
short　hard　similar　right　best
When I was little, I was taught to be a person of integrity (正直).This means that I should have 1.　 　 morals (道德) and do the right things, even when no one is watching.
　　After I grew up, I started making use of this principle in every area of my life, but when I did so, people criticized me.Whenever I told the truth, I was told, “You take things too seriously.” Whenever I worked 2.　 　,others would say, “It's not worth working so hard.” For a while, I wondered if I really needed to continue to do the right thing or if I should change the rules a bit.However, whenever I did or said something bad that went against my beliefs, I would feel bad.From then on, I decided to stick to my principles.
　　If you have had 3.　 　 experiences, why not ask yourself some questions If you send your car for repairing, do you want the repairman to give your car the best service If you allow a financial advisor (理财顾问) to handle your money, do you expect him to give you the 4.　 　 return for your investment (投资) Of course you do.Integrity is one of life's most important principles.
　　Integrity shapes your character.Stick to it in every area of your life.Perhaps, in the 5.　 　 run, you might get cheated.However, in the long run, as long as you stay true to your principles, you will be the one in charge of your life.
【参考答案】
一、完形填空
A
1~5　AABAD
B
1~5　ACABB
二、语篇填空
1.right　2.hard　3.similar　4.best　5.short
2