2024年中考英语人教版（山东）一轮专题复习学案-专训1 名词

专训一 名词
【图解语法】
【知识清单】
【考向1】
名词的分类
专有名词 Einstein, Beijing, CCTV, December, the Spring Festival, the Great Wall...
普通名词 可数 名词 个体 名词 book, kid, friend, scarf, sweater, boat, library...
集体 名词 people, class, family, police...
不可数 名词 物质 名词 beef, meat, wood, water, air, bread...
抽象 名词 wealth, honesty, love, ability, health...
复合名词 grandfather, blackboard, classroom, birthday, housework, newspaper...
【考向2】
名词的数
1.可数名词单数变复数的规则变化
一般情况直接加-s map/maps, Indian/Indians, book/books, pencil/pencils
以s、 x、 ch、 sh等结尾的单词加-es brush/brushes, church/churches,watch/watches, dish/dishes
以元音字母+y结尾的单词,直接加-s; 以辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i, 再加-es story/stories, baby/babies, key/keys, city/cities, day/days
以f,fe 结尾的单词,将f或fe改为v再加-es half/halves, leaf/leaves, shelf/shelves, life/lives, wife/wives
以字母o结尾的可数名词 表示有生命的事物名词,构成复数时加-es tomato/tomatoes, hero/heroes, potato/potatoes, Negro/Negroes
表示无生命的事物名词,构成复数时加-s radio/radios, piano/pianos, photo/photos, zoo/zoos 注意:zero的复数形式有两种,即zeros/zeroes
★元音字母o结尾的名词变复数
小贴士:
名词词尾字母o,名词+es变复数也不多。英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿,剩下“零”也不出错。例如:
hero/heroes、 tomato/tomatoes、 potato/potatoes、 zero/zeros或zeroes
★以f,fe结尾的名词变复数
　　以f, fe结尾的名词,多数是将f, fe变为v,再加-es。这类词可这样串联记忆:
小贴士:
树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己黄,妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去割粮,架(shelf)后窜出一只狼(wolf),就像小偷(thief)逃命(life)忙。例如:
leaf/leaves、 half/halves、 wife/wives、 knife/knives
2.可数名词复数的不规则变化
单复数同形 sheep, Chinese, Japanese, deer, fish
把a改为e man/men, woman/women, policeman/policemen, Englishman/Englishmen, Frenchman/Frenchmen
oo变ee式 tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese
词尾加-ren child/children
只有复数式 trousers, clothes, glasses, congratulations, pants, scissors, gloves
易混易错
man和woman作定语时,修饰单数名词用单数,修饰复数名词用复数,如a man teacher、 two women doctors。注意:有些名词如学科类名词maths、 physics、 politics,虽以s结尾,但不是复数形式。
★有些名词单数与复数形式相同
小贴士:
单数复数不变形,特殊词语记一记。“中”“日”友好不变,“鱼”“鹿”“绵羊”来作证。例如:
Chinese、 Japanese、 fish、 deer、 sheep
★有关国籍的复数形式构成(表示“某国人”的名词)
小贴士:
世界要友好,国籍要分清。中日不变,英法变,其他加-s来转变,特殊情况记心间。例如:
Chinese、 Japanese; Englishman/Englishmen、 Frenchman/Frenchmen;Indian/Indians、 American/Americans。特例:German的复数形式是Germans。
不可数名词的分类
物质 名词 食物 bread, meat, rice, food, salt, wheat, cheese, fish, chicken...
饮料 juice, milk, tea, water, cola, coffee...
自然物质 air, soil, sand, wood...
抽象 名词 情感、概念 peace, love, friendship, joy, happiness, time, news, population, knowledge...
学科 Chinese, English, maths, physics, chemistry, politics, history...
国家、城市 等专有名词 China, England, Japan, Sydney...
小贴士:
不可数名词成员多,常用词语记心头。茶水牛奶兑橘汁,米肉面包和食品;作业家务工作忙,幸福时间钱财多。即tea、 water、 milk、 orange、 rice、 meat、 bread、 food、 homework、 housework、 work、 happiness、 time、 money。
4.既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词的名词
名词 用作可数名词 用作不可数名词
fish 表示条数,单数复数形式相同 意为“鱼肉”
表示各种各样的鱼,fish加-es
glass “玻璃杯”,其复数形式为glasses;glasses还可意为“眼镜” 意为“玻璃”
orange 意为“橘子;橙子”,复数加-s 意为“橙汁;橙色”
room 意为“房间”,复数加-s 意为“余地;地方;空间”
paper 意为“文件;试卷; 报纸”,复数加-s 意为“纸”
work 意为“著作”,复数加-s 意为“工作”
chicken 意为“小鸡”,复数加-s 意为“鸡肉”
light 意为“灯;灯具”,复数加-s 意为“光线”
【考向3】
名词的所有格
有生命的名词单数 在词尾加“'s” Lucy's cat
有生命的名词复数 (1)以-s结尾加“'” the teachers' office
(2)不以-s结尾的加“'s” her children's homework
(续表)
表示两者或多者共同拥有 在最后一个名词后加“'s” Lucy and Lily's desk(Lucy和Lily共同的课桌)
表示两者或多者各自拥有 各名词后都要加上“'s” Jim's and Sam's bikes (Jim和Sam各自的自行车)
表示时间、距离、国家、机构等无生命的名词 单数加“'s” an hour's walk
复数加“'” ten minutes' walk
双重所有格 of +'s所有格 two students of Mr. Wu's
of +名词性物主代词 a friend of mine
of+one's own a house of my own
易混易错
's不全是名词所有格
It looks like Lily's hat! 它看起来像Lily的帽子。(此句话中的Lily's是所有格,而不是Lily is的缩写。)
My dog is from China, but her dog's from Japan. 我的狗来自中国,但是她的狗来自日本。(此句中的dog's应是dog is的缩写,而不是名词所有格。)
【随堂练习】
根据句意,用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.Johnny is so hungry that he can eat up all the 　 　(bread).
2.This morning market sells different kinds of fresh 　 　(fish).
3.How amazing! The little cat caught two 　 　(mouse) last night.
4.The little boy has to peel three baskets of 　 　(potato) before lunch.
5.Jack spent about two hours sweeping 　 　(leaf) in the back garden.
6.It's about twenty 　 　(minute) drive from my house to the park.
7.There are few spelling and grammar 　 　(mistake) in Lily's homework.
8.The old man likes reading books very much.He owns two private 　 　(library).
9.There are more than one hundred teachers in our school, and most of them are 　 　(man) teachers.
10.The worst thing about working in the shopping mall is that you're on your 　 　(foot) all day.
11.Different people have different 　 　(hobby).
12.You can look for 　 　(information) about the shop on the Internet.
13.She bought a pair of 　 　(glove).
14.—Are those 　 　(sheep)
—No, they aren't.They're 　 　(cow).
　( Lucy and Lily ) room is on the 5th floor.
【参考答案】1.bread　2.fishes 　3.mice 　4.potatoes　5.leaves
6.minutes' 　7.mistakes　8.libraries　9.men　10.feet 　11.hobbies　12.information　13.gloves　14.sheep　cows
15.Lucy and Lily's
【仿真训练】
一、完形填空
A(原创)
　　Detective Zhang arrived home late on a Friday night after finishing a long and busy week of work.He was looking forward to a relaxing weekend.
But as he walked inside, his daughter Xiaoxiao came over to him with 　1　 running down her face.
“Oh! What's wrong, my dear ” Zhang asked.
“Doudou broke my favorite 　2　!” she cried.She was talking about her little brother,who often caused 　3　 around the house.
“Doudou,is this true Did you break Xiaoxiao's glass ” Zhang asked.
“No! I walked into the kitchen when I heard her cry, and she was in front of the 　4　, with broken glass everywhere.She must have broken it herself,” Doudou said.
“I see.That's interesting.Xiaoxiao, can you tell me the last time you saw the glass ” Zhang asked.
“I filled it with some hot 　5　 and put it in the fridge earlier this afternoon so it would be cold later.I just wanted to have a cold drink to go with the spicy food I had for dinner,” she said.
“Okay.Well, I can tell you that it's not Doudou's 　6　. But it's not really your fault either—you will know the theory if you take some 　7　 lessons, in fact,” Zhang said.
( )1.A.tears B.milk C.smile D.sweat
( )2.A.toy B.grass C.car D.glass
( )3.A.fight B.trouble C.ideas D.chances
( )4.A.fridge B.bed C.bike D.TV
( )5.A.sand B.food C.water D.fruit
( )6.A.duty B.thing C.fault D.method
( )7.A.geography B.music C.science D.history
B
Once upon a time, many feelings lived on an island, including Happiness, Sadness, Love and others. One day the 　1　were told that the island would sink, so they all made 　2　 and left except Love. Love was the only one who stayed there.When the 　3　 had almost disappeared into the water,Love decided to ask for help.
Richness in a big boat was passing by Love.Love asked, “Richness, can you take me with you ” Richness answered, “No, I can't.There is no 　4　 here for you.”
Love decided to ask Sadness.“Sadness,please help me!”“I can't help you, Love.I am so sad that I need to stay by myself!” Sadness answered.
Suddenly, there was a(n) 　5　, “Come here, Love.I will take you.” It was an old 　6　.Love was happy and even forgot to ask where they were going.When they arrived at a safe 　7　, the man walked away.Love asked Knowledge, “Who helped me ”
“It was Time,” Knowledge answered.
“Time ” asked Love.“But why did Time help me ”
Knowledge smiled and answered, “Because only Time can understand how valuable 　8　 is.”
( )1.A.feelings B.tourists C.passengers D.animals
( )2.A.friends B.boats C.houses D.fruits
( )3.A.island B.forest C.town D.city
( )4.A.tool B.room C.money D.water
( )5.A.voice B.instrument C.basket D.noise
( )6.A.woman B.man C.dog D.chance
( )7.A.horse B.order C.place D.candy
( )8.A.love B.time C.money D.life
二、语篇填空
阅读短文,从方框中选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空,使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词,每词限用一次。
stone　person　town　thing
note　farmer　side
Many years ago, there lived a very rich man.He wanted to do something nice for the people in his 1.　 　.So he hoped to find out who was worth getting his help.First of all, he put a large 2.　 　in the center of the main road in the town.Then he hid behind a tree and watched.
Soon a farmer came along with his cow.“Who put this stone in the center of the road ” said the 3.　 　.But he did not remove the stone.He passed the stone quickly. Then several other people came and did the same 4.　 　 as the farmer did.All of them complained about the stone, but no one removed it.
　　In the late afternoon, a young man came.He saw the stone and said, “It will be dark soon, and there is no street lamp here.Someone may be fallen over by the stone.It must be very dangerous.” The young man began to move the stone.After the stone was moved to one 5.　 　of the road, he found a bag of money and a 6.　 　 under the stone.The note said, “The money is for the thoughtful 7.　 　who cares about other people.That person deserves help in return.”
【参考答案】
A
1~5　ADBAC　6~7　CC
B
1~5　ABABA　6~8　BCA
二、语篇填空
1.town　2.stone　3.farmer　4.thing　5.side　6.note　7.person
2