2024年中考英语人教版（山东）一轮专题复习学案-专训2 代词

专训二 代词
【图解语法】
【知识清单】
【考向1】
人称代词、物主代词与反身代词一览表
数人称 单　　数 复　　数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称 代词 主格 I you he she it we you they
宾格 me you him her it us you them
形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
【考向2】
人称代词的用法
1.人称代词有单数和复数之分。人称代词主格用作主语,置于谓语动词之前。例如:
She is a good teacher. 她是一名好老师。
They are good teachers. 他(她)们是好老师。
小贴士:
开头主语用主格,主格常置谓语前, 复数概念全用are。
2.几个人称代词并列充当主语时,它们的顺序是:
单数:“二、三、一”(单数人称为you、 he/she/it、 I)
复数:“一、二、三”(复数人称为we、you、 they);在自我批评或承担责任时则把I放在前面。例如:
Sorry, I and he have made a mistake. 对不起,我和他犯了个错误。
小贴士:
代词并列作主语,排列顺序记心间。复数人称一二三,单数人称二三一。承担责任I领先,you站后面I心安。
3.人称代词宾格的用法。人称代词宾格常用作宾语,置于动词和介词后,构成动宾和介宾结构。有时在口语中还用作表语,也可以放在be动词之后作主语补足语。例如:
Let me help you.(you用作宾语,构成动宾结构)
The new bag is for him.(him用作宾语,构成介宾结构)
Who's that It's me, Tom.(me作表语,用于非正式语体中)
小贴士:
宾格充当宾和表。宾格处在介动后。
【考向3】
物主代词的用法
1.物主代词的构成
小贴士:
物主代词有两类,一是“形”二是“名”。我的my,你的your,男的his,女的her,它的its别加点,我们的our,你们的your,他们的their别混用。见到“名词”就上前,“形代”总站名词前,转变“名代”加个-s。留下his与its,唯独my变为mine。
2.物主代词的用法
(1)形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的关系。
形容词性物主代词后面要跟名词,而名词性物主代词后则不能再跟名词,它们的关系可以理解为“形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词”。例如:
This is my pen. That isn't mine.这是我的钢笔。那不是我的。(mine相当于my pen)
(2)名词性物主代词常用于指代上下文所提到的东西,以避免重复。例如:
This is his bag.=This bag is his.这个包是他的。
That is her book.= That book is hers. 那本书是她的。
小贴士:
“形代”爱交友,单独它不走。和冠词,不相连,“形代”总在名词前。没有“形物”用“名代”,单数复数要分清。作主语,数一致,单复数看后面的“名”。
易混易错
his和its既可作形容词性物主代词,也可作名词性物主代词。在使用上要区分。例如:
This is its bone. / This bone is its. 这个骨头是它的。
3.含有物主代词的固定短语
on one's way to 在某人去……的路上;with one's help 在某人的帮助下;all one's life 一生,终生;to one's surprise 使某人感到惊讶的是;to one's joy 使某人高兴的是;change one's mind 改变主意;take one's time 不急;try / do one's best 尽某人最大的努力;in one's way 挡路,妨碍。
【考向4】
反身代词的用法
1.反身代词的构成
反身代词随着人称变化而变化。反身代词由第一人称、第二人称形容词性物主代词以及第三人称代词宾格词尾加-self或-selves构成,有单数、复数之分。
易混易错
反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加,其余开头用“形物”,复数-ves代替f。
2.反身代词的常用短语
by oneself=on one's own 单独,靠某人自己;all by oneself 全靠自己;enjoy oneself=have a good time 玩得高兴,过得愉快;teach oneself=learn by oneself 自学;help oneself to 随便吃,自己吃;hurt oneself 伤着自己;for oneself 为自己;devote oneself 献身于;come to oneself 恢复常态;say to oneself 自言自语;dress oneself 给自己穿衣服; lose oneself 失去自我。
【考向5】
复合不定代词的用法
1.复合不定代词的构成
指人的复合不定代词一般是由some、 any、 every、 no等加上-body/-one构成的。指物的复合不定代词一般是由some、 any、 every、no等加上-thing构成的。
2.复合不定代词的用法
(1)something、 somebody、 someone通常用于肯定句;anything、 anybody、 anyone用于否定句和疑问句。表示邀请、请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复时常用something、 somebody、 someone。复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词一律用单数形式。例如:
Everything begins to grow in spring. 春天万物开始生长。
(2)复合不定代词被形容词修饰时,一般是形容词放在复合不定代词之后。例如:
Is there anything new in today's newspaper 今天的报纸上有什么新东西吗
(3)动词不定式、介词短语修饰复合不定代词(副词)时须后置,作后置定语。例如:
Could you give me something to eat 你能给我一些吃的吗
(4)复合不定代词与else 一词相连时,应注意else 必须置于复合不定代词之后。例如:
There is nothing else in the bag. 包里没有别的东西了。
3.复合不定代词的转换
(1)anything一般用于否定句和疑问句;not...anything相当于nothing;nothing是否定词,不与否定词not连用。
(2)anybody一般用于否定句和疑问句,not...anybody相当于nobody。例如:
There isn't anybody in the room. / There is nobody in the room.房间里没有人。
易混易错
everyone不可写成every one。everyone一般用来指人,相当于everybody,意为“人人,每人”。every one意为“每个”。everyone后面不能跟of短语,而every one后面可跟of短语,此时的every one可指人或物。
【考向6】
普通不定代词的用法
1.other, the other, others, the others, another
意义 习惯搭配 备注
other “另外的,其他的”,泛指“另一些人或物” other+复数名词=others 常起形容词作用,多修饰复数名词
the other 表示两个人或物中的另一个或另一部分,特指“两者中的另一个”;若把三者或三者以上的人或物分成两部分来叙述,则指“另外几个(或一些)” one...the other..., the other+名词
others 泛指“另一些(不是其余全部)” some...others 只能作代词,该词不能指“其余全部的人或物”
the others 特指范围内的“其余的人或物”或已知的人或物中“(除……之外)其余的全部” some...the others
another 表示三个或更多的人或物中同类的另一个;特指多数中还没提及的“另一个”“再一个” one...another 该词还可表示“又”“再”放于数字前,如another two weeks
2.it, one
it 可以代替上文出现过的名词,但it通常代替上文所提事物本身,有特指作用,即同类同物。it既可代替可数名词单数,也可代替不可数名词
one 指代上文中出现的可数名词单数形式,使句子更简洁。one指代的名词与上文中出现的名词不是同一事物,而是同类事物中的另外一个,即同类异物
例如:
My brother has a nice bag. I want to use it. 我哥哥(弟弟)有一个漂亮的书包。我想用一下。(同类事物,且指同一个书包)
My brother has a nice bag. I want to buy one. 我哥哥(弟弟)有一个漂亮的书包。我想去买一个。(同类事物,但不是指同一个书包)
3.no one, none
no one= nobody 意为“没有人”,只指人,不指代物。一般不和of相连。当no one作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式
none 意为“一个人也没有”,既可用来代替人,表示“(三个以上)一个也没有”,也可用来代替物(可数与不可数皆可),表示“没有任何东西”
指“(三个或三个以上的人或物中)没有一个人或物”,常与of连用,表示全部否定。作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数,也可用复数
例如:
No one is perfect. 人无完人。
None of the stories are (is) interesting. 没有一个故事有意思。
易混易错
用who, what提问的句子用no one/nobody或nothing来回答。在简略回答中,none用来回答How many... / How much... 的疑问句。
4.little, a little, few, a few
little 很少的;几乎没有 表示否定,修饰不可数名词。比较级为less,最高级为least,反义词是much (more, most) 例如:There is little milk in the glass. 玻璃杯里几乎没有牛奶了。
a little 一些,一点,少量 表示肯定,修饰不可数名词 例如:There is a little water in my bottle. I can give you some. 我的水瓶里有一些水,我可以给你一些。
few 少数的;几乎没有 表示否定,修饰可数名词的复数。比较级是fewer,最高级为fewest,反义词是many (more, most) 例如:Lily has few apples. Lily 几乎没有苹果。
a few 一些,几个 表示肯定,修饰可数名词的复数 例如:I'm going to buy a few bananas. 我打算去买一些香蕉。
5.every, each
every 强调整体,用于三者或三者以上的人或事物中的“每一个”,只能作定语。还可与not连用构成部分否定
each 强调个人,用于两者或两者以上,在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、同位语等,后面可以跟表示范围的of...结构。不可以与not连用
例如:
Every boy in the room knows it. 房间里的每个男孩都知道它。
Each of them has read this book. 他们中的每个人都读过这本书。
【考向7】
指示代词的用法
指示代词 近指 远指 单数 复数
this √ √
that √ √
these √ √
those √ √
小贴士:
指示代词四兄弟,近指远指有规律。this、 that是单数,these、 those是复数;this、 these说“近处”,that、 those表“远处”。
易混易错
1.在回答this或that(指物时)为主语的疑问句时,用it代替this或that。that is可以缩写成that's,而this is却不能缩写为this's。在回答主语是these或those的一般疑问句或特殊疑问句时,通常用they来代替问句的these或those,以避免重复。例如:
—Are those her books 那些是她的书吗
—Yes, they are./No, they aren't. 是的, 它们是。/ 不, 它们不是。
2.在电话用语中,用this指代自己,that指代对方。例如:
—Hello! This is Li Ping. Who's that 你好,我是李平。你是哪位
—Hey, Li Ping. This is Wang Hai. 嘿,李平。我是王海。
【考向8】
疑问代词的用法
疑问代词 意义 基本用法 例句
who 谁 who是主格,询问人的身份或对句子中的人进行提问,在句子中充当主语或表语的角色。who与is相连可缩写成who's(谁是),与whose同音 —Who is not here (who作主语) —Han Meimei isn't here. —Who's that (who作表语) —That's Lucy.
whom 谁 whom是宾格,用作宾语,但在口语中,也可用who作宾语,但是在介词的后面只能用whom Whom did you go to the park with 你和谁一起去的公园
whose 谁的 whose既可作形容词性物主代词,也可作名词性物主代词,不可与who's混在一起 Whose bike is this 这是谁的自行车
what 什么 指物,对句子中的事物或一些名词进行提问 What color bike do you have 你有什么颜色的自行车
which 哪个 用于对“定语”进行提问,通常用于在一个确定的、有限的范围内做出选择 —Which color is your bike, black or blue 你的自行车是哪种颜色,黑色的还是蓝色的 —The black one. 黑色的。
拓展
1.所有疑问代词均可用作连接代词,引导宾语从句。例如:
Do you know which is right 你知道哪个是对的吗
I'm not sure who will come tonight. 我不确定今晚谁会来。
2.除what以外的疑问代词均可用作关系代词,引导定语从句。例如:
He is the teacher who you want to see. 他就是你想见的那位老师。
【考向9】
it用作形式主语的用法
(1)It's time for sb. to do sth./ It's time for sth.;(2)It takes sb. some time to do sth.;(3)It costs/cost sb. some money to do sth.;(4)It seems/seemed that...;(5)It is one's turn to do sth.;(6)It is / has been +时间段+ since +一般过去时;(7)It's said /reported that...;(8)It's+名词/形容词+ that从句;(9)It's +名词/形容词+(for/ of sb.)+不定式;(10)It looks (seems) as if...
【随堂练习】
根据句意,用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.This isn't Julie's notebook.　 　(she) is in her schoolbag.
2.You have to ask Mike 　 　(he).Nobody else knows his address.
3.These flowers belong to Miss Wang.They are as beautiful as 　 　(we).
4.“Sit down and make 　 　(you) at home, boys and girls!” said Mrs.Li kindly.
5.George introduced us to some friends of 　 　(he) at the party.
6.—Oh, I'm feeling so thirsty and tired.
—　 　(I), too.
7.This physics problem isn't hard at all.I can work it out 　 　(I).
8.　 　 (I) Chinese teacher asked me with whom I had discussed the problem.
9.—Do you know Alice
—Yes.I know 　 　(she) very well.We have been friends for long.
10.This English dictionary is not mine.It must be 　 　(Tom).
11.Lily's backpack is much bigger than　 　 (me).
12.Mrs.Guo teaches　 　 (we) history.
13.We should always keep 　 　 (we) away from danger.
14.I found it impossible for 　 　 (he) to work out the maths problem.
15.The boy who comes to the party is given a wooden apple with 　 　 (he) own name in it as a souvenir.
16.These boys have been able to dress 　 　 (them) at the age of five.
17.Betty and her sister went to the museum with a relative of 　 　(them).
18.—Is this your cousin's sweater
—No.　 　 (she) is on the chair behind the desk.
【参考答案】
1.Hers　2.himself　3.ours　4.yourself/yourselves
5.his　6.Me 　7.myself　8.My　9.her 　10.Tom's　11.mine　12.us　13.ourselves　14.him　15.his
16.themselves　17.theirs　18.Hers
【仿真训练】
一、完形填空
A(原创)
　　“It's a waste of time,” I said when my mom told 　1　 to join Madcaps, a club that helps charities.When she told me I had to volunteer at a homeless shelter (收容所), I thought that things could not get worse.
　　We got there late and walked to the dirty homeless shelter,where we saw a lady shouting at the security guard.He dealt with her and then led us to the kitchen, where we met 　2　 five fellows (伙伴).
　　Then homeless people started to walk in and a little girl, around 5 years old, walked up and pointed to the food I was handing out.I handed her a cold sandwich and she nodded to say thanks.She then walked over to her parents, who were seated at a large table.
　　As she walked away, I thought about how much I had. I go to one of the top schools in San Diego, I have a great house by the water, and I have a warm meal every night.Then I thought that how little she had.She probably didn't go to school, and this was where she slept and ate every day. 　3　 was the little girl who made me realize just how lucky I am.
　　I believe that if you have an open mind about things,you can learn a lot about 　4　 and the people in your community.You can make new friends and realize just how lucky you are.I believe you can make a difference just by doing 　5　 that you don't want to do.
( )1.A.I B.me C.my D.myself
( )2.A.we B.us C.our D.ours
( )3.A.It B.This C.That D.Those
( )4.A.yourself B.myself C.herself D.himself
( )5.A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything
B(改编)
　　When I was young, I was very proud.I liked to show off in front of others to earn 　1　 praise.But after one unforgettable experience, I came to understand that it's important to be modest (谦虚的).
　　One day, my friend and 　2　 were riding our bikes in a park.My mother knew I had just learned how to ride for a short time,so 　3　asked me to wear some safety equipment (装备).“No, I won't wear 　4　!” I said, pointing at 　5　 friend's elbows and knees. “She doesn't wear it either!” “It's dangerous,” my friend said.“　6　 need more practice.” “Although I have just learned it for few days, I can ride even better than you!” I said loudly.She narrowed 　7　 eyes and said, “Let's wait and see!”
　　I saw a path leading into the woods.“Let's race to the wood,”I shouted.Then 　8　 rode towards the woods.However, the path wasn't as smooth as I thought.I kept bumping (颠簸)up and down, and then suddenly...bam!I fell off 　9　 bike.I felt my elbows and knees bleeding.“Ha-ha!” My friend made a face and helped 　10　 up.“Be more careful next time,” she said.Tears ran down my face.“Sorry,” I said.
　　All in all, this experience made me realize that we must be modest.A fall into a pit (坑), a gain in my wit (智慧).
( )1.A.them B.they C.their D.theirs
( )2.A.I B.me C.my D.myself
( )3.A.she B.her C.hers D.herself
( )4.A.those B.it C.they D.these
( )5.A.I B.my C.me D.mine
( )6.A.You B.Your C.Yours D.Yourself
( )7.A.she B.herself C.hers D.her
( )8.A.you B.they C.we D.it
( )9.A.I B.me C.my D.myself
( )10.A.mine B.me C.my D.myself
二、语篇填空
阅读短文,根据语篇要求填空,使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词。
A(原创)
　　Two cats were walking through a forest.Suddenly, 1.　 　 (they) found a loaf of bread lying under a tree.Both of them pounced (猛扑) on 2.　 　(it) and caught the bread at the same time. 3.　 　of them would give up so they decided to divide it into two pieces and take one piece each.“But how do we divide it ” one cat said.
　　A monkey sitting on a branch of a tree saw what had happened between the two cats.4.　 　(he) got an idea. He came down from the tree and walked up to the confused cats.
　　“Hi, my dear friends! Can I help you ” the monkey asked.The cats told the monkey what the problem was and asked, “Can you divide the bread for 5.　 　(we) ” The monkey agreed.
　　The monkey broke the bread into two pieces.But one piece was a little bigger than the other.“Oh no! I will take a little bite (咬一小口) of this bigger piece to make both equal,” the monkey said.He took a bite of the bigger piece.When the whole loaf was finally gone, he jumped back into the tree and disappeared.
B (改编)
　　Everyone has a hero in his heart.The hero in 1.　 　 (I) heart is Yuan Longping, who is a great Chinese scientist.He is known as “Father of Hybrid Rice (杂交水稻之父)”.
Yuan Longping was born on September 7th,1930.2.　 　(he) studied very hard when he was young.After graduating from college in 1953, he became a teacher in an agriculture (农业) school.In 1960,Yuan Longping saw many people die of hunger, so he made a decision to do research into a new kind of rice-hybrid rice.After fifteen years of hard work, Yuan Longping with his students made a great wonder in 1975-feeding nearly 20% of the world's population with less than 9% of the world's farmland.So far, over 100 countries in Asia, Africa and America have grown hybrid rice.
　　Many people look up to Yuan Longping because he spent all 3.　 　(he)life working for people on the earth.Although he has been dead, we will never forget 4.　 　(he). His spirit always encourages 5.　 　(we) to try our best to serve our motherland.There is no doubt that Yuan Longping is a great hero.
【参考答案】
一、完形填空
A
1~5　BCAAA
B
1~5　CAABB　6~10　ADCCB
二、语篇填空
A
1.they　2.it 　3.Neither　4.He 　5.us
B
1.my　2.He　3.his　4.him　5.us
2