2024年中考英语人教版（山东）一轮专题复习学案-专训3 介词

专训三 介词
【图解语法】
【知识清单】
【考向1】
介词的主要类别
表示时间 at, in, on, before, after, since, until, till, by, during, from...to..., past, to...
表示地点和方位 at, in, on, round, around, over, under, above, below, down, before, behind, between, among, up, in front of, in the front of, beside, next to, near...
表示空间运动 along, across, through, over, up, down, from, to, into, out of, towards...
表示方式、方法和手段 by, with, in, through, on...
表示原因 for, at, from, with, of, because of...
表示“除……以外” besides, except, except for...
其他常用介词 about, like, without, against, off...
【考向2】
常见的时间介词
1.at, in, on
at 侧重于表示时间点,用于时刻前。表示“在某一时刻”“在几点几分”,也可表示“在……(点)” at four /four o'clock 在四点 at a quarter to nine 九点差一刻
常用于固定搭配的短语中 at noon 在中午;at night 在夜晚;at/on weekends 在周末;at breakfast/ lunch /supper 在吃早饭/午饭/晚饭时;at this time of day 在每天的这个时候;at the moment此刻,现在;at Christmas 在圣诞节
(续表)
in 强调某个时间段,常用于上午、下午、晚上或世纪、年、月、季节等之前。in+一段时间,一般用于一般将来时 in the morning /afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上; in the day 在白天
in July在七月;in 2012 在2012年;in March在三月;in spring/summer/autumn/winter 在春天/夏天/秋天/冬天; in the 21st century 在21世纪; in ten years十年后
on 表示具体的某一天,后接具体的日期,表示某一天的上午、下午、晚上,或用于有形容词修饰的某一天前等 on Sunday 在星期天;on weekdays 在工作日;on Friday morning/afternoon/evening 在星期五早上/上午/下午/晚上;on the afternoon of March 5th 在三月五日下午;on a cold winter evening 在一个寒冷冬天的晚上; on September 28th 在九月二十八日
用于公共节假日前 on New Year's Day 在元旦;on Children's Day 在儿童节;on Christmas Eve在圣诞节前夕
2.for, since
for+时间段 表示动作的延续。主句常用现在完成时、过去完成时或一般过去时 I have had (不用have bought) the car for three years.我买这辆车已有三年了。 I have been there for two weeks. 我在那儿已经待了两个星期了。
since+时间点 意为“从……起;从……以来”,表示谓语动作从过去某个时刻持续到了现在(说话时刻)。主句常用现在完成时或过去完成时 He has taught English since he came here in 1990. 他从1990年就来这教英语了。 A lot of new things have happened since three years ago. (不用since three years)自从三年前以来,许多新鲜事发生了。
【考向3】
常见的地点介词
表示地点的介词有in、 on、 at、 to等,对其考查侧重于at、 on、 in的区别。at着重把所处的位置看作是某一个点,范围不明确,意为“在……内;在……上”,一般与较小的地方连用。in表示在某一区域或某一个立体的地方内,意为“在……(里)”,一般与较大的地方连用。on表示在一条线或一个平面上,意为“在……上”,如on the ground, on the wall, on the farm。
【考向4】
常见的方位介词
1.方位介词辨析图示
2.方位介词in、 on与 to
在表示方位时,in表示在某一地区内的某个方位(属于该范围);表示两地区“接壤”时,用介词on;表示“在某一范围之外(两地没有挨着)”时,用介词to。
3.besides, except
besides 意为“而且”,侧重于“除……之外,还有”,表示加上
except 意为“除……之外”。在肯定句中,侧重把except后的宾语所涉及的部分排除在外,表示减去;在否定句中,except没有排他性
例如:
There was another visitor besides me. 除了我之外,还有一位拜访者。(包括“我”在内共两人)
The school library opens every day except Sunday. 学校图书馆除星期天外每天都开放。(星期天不开放)
易混易错
beside与besides的区别。beside用作介词,相当于be the side of,强调“在……旁”的含义。
4.across, through
across(与on有关,表示从“面上”穿过) 意为“穿过”。强调穿过某一平面、表面。常与动词walk、go、run相连,相当于from side to side。across的前面加上一个动词如walk、go、run,相当于cross
through (through与in有关,表示从“空间”纵穿) 表示“穿过,通过”。强调从某一空间内部“通过”“穿过”,往往指穿过沙漠、森林、窗户等等
例如:
Walk across the bridge, you will find the bookshop.走过桥,你就会找到那家书店。
The river runs through the city. 这条河从这座城市中间流过。
【考向5】
方式介词in、 by与with
in 表示“用某种语言”,也可表示“用工具、材料”等
by “by+交通工具名词”表示搭乘或借助某种交通工具,如:by bus / bike / plane /...,可与“take a/the+交通工具名词”互换。例如: by bus=take a /the bus “by+动词的ing形式”表示“通过……方式/手段”。例如: She makes a living by selling clothes.她通过卖衣服谋生。
with 表示“借助于某一具体的工具、材料或人体器官”。例如: I write with a pen. 我用钢笔写字。
易混易错
表示出行的方式也可用“in (on)+冠词(形容词性物主代词等)+交通工具名词”结构;表示“步行”用on foot。walk to...与go...on foot表示“步行去……”,在同一个句子中,两者不能同时使用。
【考向6】
常见的介词短语
1.“动词+介词”的搭配。例如:
look after照顾, look at看, look like看起来像……, look for寻找, look over仔细检查, listen to听, get to到达, wait for等待, take care of照顾、照料, fall off跌落, catch up with赶上, agree with同意, play with玩弄, knock at敲打, pay for为……付款, hear of听说, send for派人去叫, hear from收到某人的来信, cover...with...用……覆盖, fill...with...用……装满, get on...with...与……相处, stop...from...阻止……去做, point to指向, think about考虑, operate on给……动手术, depend on依靠, do with处置, have nothing to do with与……没关系, turn on 打开。
2.“be动词+形容词+介词”的搭配。例如:
be good at擅长于……, be good for对……有益, be bad for对……有害, be late for迟到, be different from与……不同,be (become) interested in对……感兴趣, be weak in在……方面弱/不擅长, be worried about对……担心, be afraid of害怕, be famous/well-known for 因……而闻名, be famous/well-known as作为……而闻名, be proud of因……自豪, be short of短缺, be fond of喜欢, be tired of对……感到厌倦, be busy with忙于……, be strict with对……严格要求, be kind to对……友好, be ready for...为……而做准备。
3.“介词+名词”的搭配。例如:
at school在校, at home在家, at work在工作, at night在夜晚, at the moment此刻, at this time of year在一年的这个时候, at the end of在……末端, at the beginning of在……开头, at once立刻, at the same time同时, at noon在中午, at the foot of在……脚下, by air坐飞机, by the way顺便说一下, by then到那时, for example例如, for a holiday度假, in English用英语, in the open air在户外, in front of在……前面, in bed在床上, in line排队, in trouble处于困境中, in a minute马上, in surprise惊奇地, on duty值日, on the way/on one's way (home)在(回家)的路上, of course当然, on top of在……顶部, on show展览。
【随堂练习】
用适当的介词完成下列句子
1.There are many apples 　 　 the tree in our yard.
2.My grandpa died peacefully 　 　a cold winter afternoon.
3.Li Fei improved his spoken English 　 　 watching English documentaries.
4.There will be a dancing competition 　 　the sixteenth day of March.
5.The old man's garden is so beautiful 　 　spring that kids like to play there.
6.Lily is only six years old, but she is very good 　 　 cooking.
7.Mr.Lin's flight will arrive 　 　 half an hour.Let's take a taxi to the airport.
8.Miss Yang helped her neighbor buy two kilos 　 　 sugar on her way home.
9.Mary has been looking 　 　 her ruler for 10 minutes. But it is actually in her schoolbag.
10.The students usually have their first class 　 　eight o'clock 　 　the morning.
11.I like dancing and singing and often spend a lot of time　 　 them.
12.Where is the key 　 　the front door
13.After school, I like playing computer games and chatting 　 　my friends 　 　the Internet.
14.I learned a lot 　 　 the other students in this class.
15.What do you think 　 　my new car
16.I hurried to school 　 　breakfast this morning, so I feel hungry now.
17.The man is a great basketball player.We are all proud 　 　 him.
18.My mother will come home 　 　 the morning of August 8.
19.I grew up 　 　 the foot of the mountain.
20.That naughty boy hid 　 　 the door and waited for his friends to find him.
【参考答案】
1.on　2.on 　3.by　4.on 　5.in 　6.at　7.in　8.of　9.for　10.at 　in　11.on　12.to 　13.with 　on
14.from　15.of 　16.without 　17.of　18.on　19.at　20.behind
【仿真训练】
一、完形填空
A(改编)
　　Students in China are required to learn first aid 　1　 school as part of health education.It aims to improve their ability to deal with a first aid emergency (紧急情况).
　　According 　2　 a survey, there is one sudden death each minute. A sudden loss of heart working will lead to brain damage (损害)　3　 four to six minutes and then death after another five minutes.So, it is very important 　4　 the patients to receive CPR within four to six minutes.However,only about 4.5% of such patients have a chance of receiving it 　5　 time. That's because besides medical workers, most people do not have the knowledge of first aid.In fact,about 60% of these accidents happen out of hospitals, so it's necessary for more people to learn the skills of first aid including CPR. That can make a huge difference in saving lives.
( )1.A.at B.on C.by D.from
( )2.A.to B.like C.as D.at
( )3.A.within B.through C.across D.against
( )4.A.with B.for C.of D.as
( )5.A.as B.on C.at D.in
B(原创)
　　A group of university graduates visited their old professor (教授) last week.The graduates complained 　1　 their problems and stress in work and in life.After offering coffee to his guests, the professor went to the kitchen and came back 　2　 a coffee pot and a tray (托盘).The tray was crowded with many different cups: porcelain (陶瓷) cups, glass cups, plastic cups and crystal (水晶) cups.
　　Some cups were cheap, but others were expensive.The professor asked them 　3　 pick out their cups first.When the graduates picked out their favorite cups, the professor said,“Look, all the beautiful cups are picked out and the simple and cheap ones are left.”
　　“Wanting only the best things 　4　 yourself is the source of your problems and stress.You need to understand that the cup doesn't make the coffee better.Actually, all that you wanted was the coffee, not the cup.But you consciously (有意识地) chose the best cups, and then went to see what cups others picked.”
　　“Life is the coffee.Your job, money and position in society are the cups.The type of cups doesn't determine the quality of your life.Sometimes,by concentrating only on the cups,we forget to enjoy the taste 　5　 coffee. The happiest people are not those who have the best things,but those who enjoy life and make the most of what they have.”
( )1.A.about B.as C.for D.to
( )2.A.out B.about C.from D.with
( )3.A.to B.up C.from D.down
( )4.A.for B.of C.to D.from
( )5.A.of B.from C.to D.as
二、语篇填空
阅读短文,根据语篇要求填空,使短文通顺、意思完整。每空限填一词。
A(原创)
　　For me, being a good man means having a sense 1.　 　responsibility and good values (价值观). 2.　 　 example,students should be responsible for their studies.They should try their best 3.　 　accumulate (积累) knowledge and improve their grades.
　　4.　 　the other hand, a good man should also respect others.Everyone has the freedom to choose what 5.　 　wear.We shouldn't judge others on their physical appearance.As long as people can shoulder their responsibilities, they are great regardless of their looks.
B(改编)
　　Hello, everyone.It's time to say goodbye to my junior school life.First 1.　 　all, I want to say thank you to my English teacher,Miss Wu, for being patient with me.She always helped me 2.　 　my English.She also often reminded us to be an honest person.
　　Then I want to thank my basketball coach, Mr.Long.I joined the basketball team when I was 3.　 　 Grade 7.I was always late for practice at first.He taught me to be 4.　 　 time.He also taught me different basketball skills.Now, I have become a very strong basketball player.
　　Certainly, I am also thankful that I have made so many good friends at school.My best friend, Han Meimei, is a very hard-working girl.I have learned 5.　 　 her that we must study hard in order to go to a good senior high school.
　　Thank you, my junior school life!
【参考答案】
一、完形填空
A
1~5　AAABD
B
1~5　ADAAA
二、语篇填空
A
1.of　2.For　3.to　4.On 　5.to
B
1.of　2.with 　3.in　4.on　5.from
2