北师大版（2019）选择性必修第三册Unit 9 Human Biology学案（5份打包，含答案）

Unit 9Human Biology
Part A　Topic Talk
【学习目标】
课时词汇 常用短语 典型句式
capability, justify, infer, innovate, calculate, participant according to, be/get involved in 1.反意疑问句　 2.It＋系动词＋what从句
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给英语单词和词性写出汉意或根据汉意和词性写出正确单词
1．biology n. ________________
2．betterment n. ________________
3．vaccine n. ________________
4．marathon n. ________________
5．athletics n. ________________
6．________________ n. 能力，才能
7．________________ v. 计算，核算
8．________________ v. 创新，革新
9．________________ n. 恢复力，复原力，适应力
10．________________ n. 参与者，参加者
Ⅱ.根据下面所给单词，写出对应的派生词
1．capable adj.有……能力的；能够……的→ ____________n．能力，才能
2．justice n．公平；公正；合理→____________vt. 证明……有道理，为……辩护
3．physics n．物理→____________n．物理学家→ ____________n．内科医生
4．infer vt. 推断，推定→____________n. 推理；推论
5．calculate vt.计算；核算→____________n. 计算；核算→____________n．计算器；计算者
6．athletics n．田径运动→____________n．运动员→____________adj. 体育运动的，田径运动的
7．innovate vt.革新，创新，改革→____________n．创新，革新，改革→____________ n. 创新者
8．resilience n．恢复力，复原力，适应力→__________ adj. 可迅速恢复的，有适应力的
9．participate vi.参与；参加→____________ n. 参加者，参与者
10．dope n．兴奋剂；毒品→____________ n. 使用违禁药物
第一版块：核心单词
1．capability n．(完成困难事情的)能力，才能
(教材P50)Capabilities of the Human Body人体的能力
have the capability of... 有……的能力
practical capability 实际能力；实践能力
operational capability 作业能力；操作能力
beyond one's capability 超过某人的能力
It is beyond my capability to win the election but I think it is a good chance to improve myself.我赢不了选举，但是我认为这是一个提高自己的好机会。
But what we apply that capability to is another question.
但是我们把那种能力应用到什么地方则是另一个问题了。
[词语积累]
capable adj.有能力的，有才干的；能力强的
be capable of (doing) sth.有能力/才能做某事
be capable of能够……，胜任……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①It is ________ the capability of the physician to perform the operation on such a patient.
②If you lose the ________ (capable), you will lose it forever.
完成句子
③He's quite ________________________________________ (有能耐撒谎)to get out of trouble.
④I don't think the manager ________________________________________ (有提高……的能力) the sales of the company.
2.justify vt.证明……有道理，为……辩护
(教材P50)making decisions, reasoning, justifying...
做决定、推理、证明……
justify (doing) sth. 证明(做)某事正确，正当，有理
justify oneself 为自已辩解
I don't have to justify myself to you or anyone else.
我不需要为我的行为向你或任何人解释。
How can we justify spending so much money on the car
我们怎么才能解释花那么多钱购买汽车是正当的呢？
Her success justified the faith her teachers had put in her.
她的成功证明了老师对她的信心是正确的。
[词语积累]
just adj.公正的，合理的
[相关链接]　justify是以后缀-fy结尾变为动词，表“使……化”之意。
simple→simplyfy v．使简化
beauty→beautify v．美化
ugly→uglify v．丑化
satisfactory→satisfy v．使满足
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He attempts ________ (justify) his conduct.
②The experiments justify ________ (change) the normal method of work.
③How can they ________ (just) paying such huge salaries？
3.infer vt.(inferred; inferred; inferring)推断，推定；暗示，意指
(教材P50)．..thinking and making judgements, inferring meaning ……思考判断、推断意义
infer...from 从……推导出；从……推测出
infer that... 推断……
infer from 根据……推断
It is reasonable to infer that the government knows about these deals.有理由推断政府知悉这些交易。
Are you inferring (that) I'm not capable of doing the job
你的言外之意是我不能胜任这份工作吗？
No one can infer such an opinion from his statement.
谁也不能从他的声明中得出这种看法。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Much of the meaning must ________ (infer) from the context.
②You should learn how to infer a conclusion ________ statistics.
③We inferred ________ comments he had made to friends that he was an outstanding innovator.
完成句子
④I ____________________________ (从……推断出)the article that the pilot was responsible for the accident.
4.innovate vi.&vt. 革新，创新，改革；引入
(教材P50)create, innovate, solve problems, calculate创造、创新、解决问题、计算
innovate new products　　　　　　　　　　创造新产品
It is necessary to innovate and develop military theories.
创新和发展军事理论很有必要。
Sharing economy will innovate the way traditional industry works, as the new type of economy will gradually transform the former one.共享经济将创新传统产业的运作方式，因为新型经济将逐步改变传统产业。
[词语积累]
innovator n．创新者；改革者
innovation n．创新，改革
innovative或innovatory adj.革新的，有革新精神的；采用新思想、新技术的
[词语积累]
an innovative firm一家创新公司
a period of innovation革新时期
one innovation after another一个又一个的创新项目
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①These new realities require us ________ (innovate), to compete, and to lead in new ways.
②He was one of the greatest ________ (innovate) in Chinese history.
③To expand the business, he needs to develop management skills and ________ (innovate) across his team.
5.calculate vt.计算，核算
(教材P50)create, innovate, solve problems, calculate创造、创新、解决问题、计算
calculate the total cost of the trip 算出旅行的全部费用
calculate how much/how many...we need
计算我们需要多少……
calculate roughly 估算
calculate that... 算出/预测……
calculate on 指望，期待
It has been calculated that... 据估算……
You'll need to calculate how much time the assignment will take.你需要算一算要花多少时间才能完成分配的任务。
It has been calculated that the cost of the whole construction comes to $500 million.
据计算，整个建筑的费用达5亿美元。
You should calculate on the journalist coming on time.
你应该指望那个记者会准时来。
[词语积累]
calculation n．计算；估计；算计
calculator n．计算器
calculating machines计算机
[词语积累]
calculate the cost of sth.计算某事的费用
be calculated to do sth.打算/计划做某事
calculate on sth./doing sth.指望/依靠某事物
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①I believe I have the capability of ________ (calculate) the political consequences accurately.
②It ________________ (calculate) that they produced 1，000 cars this month alone.
③They found their computers producing different results from exactly the same________(calculate).
完成句子
④We ________________________ (指望着)their cooperation.
⑤When did the first ______________________ (计算机)come into being？
6.judgement(又作judgment)n．评价；意见；看法；判断力　judge v．判断，认为　n．法官；裁判；鉴定人
(教材P50)．..thinking and making judgements, inferring meaning ……思考判断、推断意义
make a judgement (about...) (对……)作出评价
pass judgement (on sth.) (对某事)发表(批评)意见
in one's judgement 在某人看来
good/poor judgement 判断力强/弱
a lack of judgement 缺乏判断力
use one's judgement 运用某人的判断力
We have to make a qualitative judgement about the two applicants.
我们得在两个应聘者之间作出质的甄别。
[归纳拓展]
judging by/from...依据……来判断
as far as I can judge据我判断
don't judge a book by its cover勿以貌取人
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①________ (judge) from what you say in your letter, you don't sound well.
②As we all know, most of the ratings are based on others' ________ (judge) on the product or service concerned.
③He acted as ________ judge ________ the English speech contest.
④I can't decide for you. You need to use your own ________(judge).
7.cure n．疗法；药物vt.治愈，治好(疾病)；解决(问题)
(教材P50)．..discover the unknown world and the universe, find cures for diseases，...
……发现未知世界和宇宙，找到治疗疾病的方法，……
(1)cure＋疾病 治愈某种疾病
cure＋人 治愈某人的病
(2)cure sth. 解决某种问题
cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的……病；矫正/改正某人的某种不良行为或态度
(3)There is no cure for... 没有办法治愈……，
没有办法解决……
An operation finally cured the architect's injury.
手术最终治好了那位建筑师的伤。
There was no cure, only pain relief.
没有治愈的方法，只有缓解疼痛。
Many types of cancer can now be cured.
现在许多种癌症都可以治愈。
[发散联想]　与cure sb. of sth.结构相同的短语还有：
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
convince sb. of sth.使某人相信某事
remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某物
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Attempts ________ (cure) unemployment have so far failed.
②90% of patients can be cured ________ the disease.
③Nothing could cure her ________ her impatience with Anna.
④Confucius believed knives would remind people ________ killings and were too violent for use at the table.
8.athletics n．田径运动；体育运动 athletic adj.体育运动的；田径运动的；强壮的
(教材P109)I've just been watching athletics on television. I'm amazed at the speed and strength of the athletes.我一直在电视上观看田径运动会。我对运动员的速度和力量感到惊奇。
athletic sports 体育运动
athletic field 运动场，田径场地
athletic abilities 运动能力
an athletic meeting 运动会；田径比赛
an athletic coach 一位田径教练
in one's athletic career 在某人的运动生涯中
Speed is the crucial ingredient of all athletics.
速度是所有田径运动的关键性要素。
As the modern Olympics grew in stature, so too did athletics.随着现代奥林匹克运动会声名远扬，田径运动也越来越受关注。(so＋助动词/情态动词/be动词＋另一主语，表示前面所说的肯定情况也适用于后者，意为“……也是这样”)
She will take part in the athletic meeting.她明天将参加运动会。
[归纳拓展]
athlete n．运动员
a professional athlete一位专业运动员
a famous athlete一位知名的运动员
Olympic athletes奥运会运动员
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He has great ________ (athletics) ability.
②He is very ________ (athletics) because he works out regularly.
③At Beijing Olympic village I saw a lot of Olympic ________ (athlete).
9.limit vt.限制；限定n．界限；限度　limited adj.有限的　limitless adj.无限的　limitation n．限制
(教材P51)A person's life is limited but serving the people is limitless.一个人的生命是有限的，但为人民服务是无限的。
limit...to...(＝be limited to) 把……限制在……内
limit sb. to (doing) sth. 限制某人(做)某事
beyond the limit 超过限度
without limit 无限制地
It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
它确实指出，许多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是因为担心屏幕前时间增加。(谓语动词的强调用do, does或did)
The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.
限制我们实现明天梦想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。
The school plans to limit classes to maximum of 50 students.
学校计划将每个班的学生数目限制在50名之内。
[归纳拓展]
within limit在一定范围内
to the limit达到极限
a time/speed/age limit
时间/速度/年龄限制
set a limit to/on设定……的限度
a limit to/on... 对……的限制
There is a/no limit to... ……是有/无限度的。(to是介词)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①You should limit your little child to ________(watch) violent movies.
②With a broader perspective, we will be more free, more open-minded, and less________ (limit) in what we can become!
③You can do anything you like, ________ limits of course.
第二版块：重点短语
1．according to据……所说；根据，按照
(教材P51)According to the research, people are able to control how hot or cold their bodies are.根据这项研究，人们能够控制自己身体的冷热。
According to Tom, Jack is one of the most generous students in his class.
据汤姆所说，杰克是他班里最大方的学生之一。
They are paid according to how long they have been employed.
他们的工资按雇用时间而定。
[误区警示]　according to不能表示根据说话者本人的信息。如，不能说according to me/my opinion/my view，但可以说in my opinion/view等。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①________________ (根据)the air traffic rules, you should switch off your mobile phone before going aboard.
②You will be paid ________________ (依据) the amount of work you do.
③________________(在我看来)，you can calculate on his help.
2.be/get involved in参与；卷入；与……有关联
(教材P109)We saw similar effects to those we see in the bodies of athletes involved in doping.我们在服用兴奋剂的运动员身上看到了类似的效果。
No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various activities on Earth Day.无论你喜欢做什么，总有一个方法可以让你参与地球日的各种活动。(no matter what引导让步状语从句)
We are simply involved in a consultant capacity on the project.
我们只不过是以顾问身份参与这个项目。
The accident involved two cars.＝Two cars were involved in the accident.这起事故涉及两辆车。
[归纳拓展]
involvement n．(U)参与
involve (doing) sth.包括/需要做某事
involve sb. in (doing) sth.使某人参与(做)某事
be involved in...全神贯注于某事之中
[经典例句]
I regularly involve myself in community activities.我经常参与社区活动。
The job involves a lot of travelling.这项工作需要大量出差。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①His job involves ________ (spend) a lot of time with other people.
②I don't want to get ________ (involve) ________ the argument.
③We need to consider all the costs ________ (involve) in the project first.
④He was so involved ________ the book ________ he didn't hear the knock.
第三版块：典型句式
1．It＋系动词＋形容词＋what从句．
(教材P109)Isn't it amazing what the human mind and body are capable of
人类的大脑和身体所能做到的难道不令人惊奇吗？
[句式分析]　此句是一个否定疑问句，以反问的形式表示肯定，其中what引导主语从句，it是形式主语。
It is uncertain what the students do with all the information.
不确定学生们如何处理所有这些信息。
It is by no means clear what the president can do to end the strike.
总统能采取什么措施来结束罢工，这一点儿都不清楚。
[误区警示]
what在句中作主语、宾语或表语；如果不缺成分，没有含义，用that引导；如果不作成分，表示“是否”，则用whether引导；如果缺状语，可用how，where，when等引导。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①It is contradictory ________ the two witnesses said about the accident.
②It is the creative imagination of the writer ________ makes the book so extraordinary.
③It is difficult for us to imagine ________ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.
④It is fundamental __________ the local government should take some measures to guarantee the living of the disabled and the elderly.
2.反意疑问句
(教材P109)It's incredible, isn't it？太不可思议了，不是吗？
[句式分析]　此句运用了反意疑问句。
反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称、时态应保持一致。
(1)陈述部分肯定式＋疑问部分否定式
(2)陈述部分否定式＋疑问部分肯定式
(3)若陈述部分含有seldom，hardly, never，few，nothing等否定词或半否定词，其疑问部分要用肯定式。
(4)若陈述部分含有带否定前缀如un-，im-，dis-的词，疑问部分仍用否定式。
The lawyer wouldn't believe you, would he
那位律师不相信你的话，是吗？
He said nothing to the waiting journalists，did he
他对等候的记者什么也没说，是吗？
Meeting again is impossible except in a dream, isn't it
除了在梦中，再见面是不可能的，不是吗？
There was nothing in the room, was there
房间里什么也没有，是吗？
[经典例句]
He didn't really get his meaning over to the audience，did he
他未能完全把他的意思向听众讲清楚，是不是？
She hardly ever speaks to you in English, does she
她几乎没和你用英语说话，是吗？
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①—You didn't attend the conference, ________ you
—No, I ________．/Yes, I ________．
②You dislike sports, ________ you
③She is not good at playing the violin, ________ she
④Someone is expecting you, ________ he
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The satellite enables us to ________ (计算)their precise location anywhere in the world.
2．Famous ________ (物理学家)Stephen Hawking predicted there was the likelihood of time travel.
3．We ________ (创新)new computer technology to meet customers' need and always keep an eye on the latest trend.
4．Specialists around the world are collaborating to develop a new ________ (疫苗).
5．If you're trying to build ________ (恢复力)at work, you need adequate internal and external recovery periods.
6．This is one of the most stimulating developments in ________ (生物学)in recent years.
7．For managers, this means that employees must have the ________ (能力)of doing the job properly.
8．What was so impressive about Jasmine Westland's victory was that she came first in the________ (马拉松) bare-footed.
9．Ministers agreed that this decision was fully ________ (证明……有道理)by economic conditions.
10．He ________ (推断)from the latest survey that the case attracted many adventure fans.
Ⅱ.短语填空
be involved in, participate in, without limit, infer from, be capable of, judge from, on one's own, suffer from, first of all, devote to
1．At that time, I ________________ the development of a project for a large financial company.
2．But can we then ________________ the two pieces of good news that our employment situation is turning for the good
3．Ship structure may ________________ many types of damage during its service.
4．When you get there, ________________ familiarize yourself with the situation and then wander around.
5．We can ________ his expression that he has forgiven us.
6．Evidently if we are to ________________ the society in which we live, we must communicate with other people.
7．He wanted to show the Academy that he ________________ producing impressive works in oil too.
8．How much of your own time do you ________________ raising consciousness about these issues
9．Let me tell you about a young architect who made a beautiful building all________________．
10．The standard can be lowered but can't be lowered ________________．
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．The ________ (participate) followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have.
2．What can we infer ________ the last paragraph about animal actors
3．What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according ________ Morgan
4．Who can provide Lancom with a huge potential for ________ (innovate) in learning
5．________ (calculate) biological age, Professor Levine at Yale University identified nine biomarkers(生物标志)that seemed to be the most influential on lifespan by a simple blood test.
6．All ________ (participant) must address how communication or transportation technology has promoted the quality of life for Americans throughout history.
7．Students who are successful in an online course are usually capable of ________ (work) independently in a responsible and honest manner.
8．An evolutionary ________ (infer) can then be drawn.
9．According to most ________ (calculate)，race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour.
10．Our mission is to use Internet-related technologies for the prospect and ________ (better) of human life.
11．Evidently, the new findings have given researchers information to help them develop new drugs and ________ (vaccine).
12．Overwork and exhaustion are the opposite of ________ (resilient), so we need stimulating activities and good rests.
13．As an active ________ (participate) in multiple volunteer work, I have a lot of experience in serving others.
14．Scientists and specialists around the world are working together to find a cure ________AIDS.
15．I believe I am capable ________ calculating the political consequences accurately.
16．This assumption will ________ (justify) by the work of the architects and builders.
Ⅳ.汉译英
1．原始人必须要能作出这样的反应以逃避危险的动物。(强调句)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．今天的报纸上读到什么有趣的新闻了吗？(不定代词)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．有几个应聘者接受过管理培训，不是吗？(反意疑问句)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．从这台新的望远镜里竟能看到那么多的星体，这把她惊呆了。(be amazed at)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．为了作出准确的诊断，医生会对病人进行彻底的检查。(不定式作目的状语)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Unit 9　Human Biology
Part A　Topic Talk
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．生物学　2.改良，改善，提高　3.疫苗　4.马拉松　5.田径运动会　6.capability　7.calculate　8.innovate　9.resilience
10．participant
Ⅱ.
1．capability　2.justify　3.physicist　physician　4.inference
5．calculation　calculator　6.athlete　athletic　7.innovation　innovator　8.resilient　9.participant　10.doping
核心突破·要点讲解
第一版块：核心单词
1．①beyond　②capability　③capable of lying　④has the capability to boost
2．①to justify　②changing　③justify
3．①be inferred　②from　③from　④inferred from
4．①to innovate　②innovators　③innovation
5．①calculating　②has been calculated　③calculation
④calculate on　⑤calculating machine
6．①Judging　②judgement　③a　in　④judgement
7．①to cure　②of　③of　④of
8．①athletic　②athletic　③athletes
9．①watching　②limited　③within
第二版块：重点短语
1．①According to　②according to　③In my opinion/view
2．①spending　②involved　in　③involved　④in　that
第三版块：典型句式
1．①what　②that　③what　④that
2．①did　didn't　did　②don't　③is　④isn't
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．calculate　2.physicist　3.innovate　4.vaccine　5.resilience
6．biology　7.capability　8.marathon　9.justified　10.inferred
Ⅱ.
1．was involved in　2.judge from　3.be suffered from　4.first of all　5.infer from　6.participate in　7.was capable of
8．devote to　9.on his/her own　10.without limit
Ⅲ.
1．答案与解析：participants　句意：参与者也效仿，比平时吃得更多。根据句意和后面的they可知，此处要用名词复数。
2．答案与解析：from　句意：关于动物演员，我们可以从最后一段推断出什么？infer from...“从……推断出……”。
3．答案与解析：to　句意：根据摩根的说法，对于在纽约穿皮草我们能推断出什么？according to“根据”。
4．答案与解析：innovation　句意：谁能够为Lancom提供巨大的学习创新潜力？介词for后接名词作宾语。
5．答案与解析：To calculate　此处为动词不定式作目的状语。句意：为了计算生物年龄，耶鲁大学的莱文教授通过一个简单的血液测试确定了9种似乎对寿命影响最大的生物标志物。
6．答案与解析：participants　用all修饰名词的复数形式。句意：所有参赛选手都必须阐明，历史上通信或运输技术如何提高了美国人的生活质量。
7．答案与解析：working　be capable of doing sth.“有能力做某事”。句意：网上课程成功的学生通常能够以负责任和诚实的方式独立学习。
8．答案与解析：inference　作主语用infer的名词形式。句意：这样就可以得出一个进化推论。
9．答案与解析：calculations　句意：根据大多数的计算，竞走者以每小时六英里的速度移动每小时会消耗大约800卡路里。
10．betterment　11.vaccines　12.resilience　13.participant　14.for　15.of　16.be justified
Ⅳ.
1．It was primitive humans that (who) needed to be able to react like this to escape from dangerous animals.
2．Have you read anything stimulating in today's newspaper
3．Several candidates had received some training in management, hadn't they
4．She was amazed at the number of stars the new telescope revealed.
5．Physicians examine their patients thoroughly (in order) to make a correct diagnosis.Part B　Lesson 1　To Clone Or Not To Clone
【学习目标】
课时词汇 常用短语 典型句式
artificially, identical, comparison, accurate, treatment, emotion, crucial, bound, mere, blessing be devoted to, a number of， depend on, be viewed as 1.either...or...要么……要么…… 2．prove to be...证明是…… 3．insist＋宾语从句 4．whether...or...连接并列成分(不管……还是……) 5．动词不定式作定语
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给英语单词和词性写出汉意或根据汉意和词性写出正确单词
1．clone vt. ________________
2．barrier n. ________________
3．twin n. ________________
4．mammal n. ________________
5．camel n. ________________
6．________________ n. 牛
7．________________ adv. 永远；长久地
8．________________ n. 线索；提示
9．________________ adj. 至关重要的，关键性的
10．________________ adj. 很有可能的，肯定会的
v. 蹦蹦跳跳地跑
Ⅱ.根据下面所给单词，写出对应的派生词
1．edit vi. &vt.编辑，编校→____________n．编辑；主编；编者→____________ n．总编
2．gene n．基因→____________n．一代
3．artificial adj.人造的，非自然形成的→__________adv.人为地，虚假地
4．compare v．比较→____________ n．比较
5．produce v．生产→____________ n．产品(农)→____________n．生产→____________ n．生产商/者→____________ adj.生产的→____________ vt.复制，繁殖→____________ adj.可繁殖的，可复制的
6．whole adj.全部的，整个的→____________ adv.完全地
7．accurate adj.准确的，精确的→____________ adv.精确地，准确地→____________ n．精确，准确
8．treat vt.治疗→____________ n．治疗，疗法，对待方式
9．mere adj.仅仅，只不过；极力的，极不重要的→____________ adv.仅仅，只不过，只是
10．emotion n．强烈的感情→____________adj.感情的→____________ adv. 情绪激动地
[词语积累]
[1] clone /kl n/vt.克隆，使无性繁殖 n．克隆动物或植物，无性繁殖的个体
[2] artificially/ ɑ t 'f li/adv.人为地，虚假地
[3] for generations世世代代
[4] identical/a 'dent k l/adj.完全相同的，非常相似的
[5] twin/tw n/n.双胞胎中的一个
[6] attempt n．尝试 vt.试图；尝试
attempt to do sth.尝试/试图做某事
[7] mammal/'m m l/n.哺乳动物
[8] camel/'k m l/n.骆驼
[9] cattle/'k tl/n.牛
[10] goat/g t/n.山羊
[11] major adj.大的；重要的；主要的
[12] continue to do sth.继续做某事
[13] forever/f r'ev /adv.永远；长久地
[14] primate/pra me t/n.灵长目动物
[15] ape/e p/n.猿
[16] comparison/k m'p r s n/n.比较
in comparison with与……比较，同……比较起来
[17] prove to be被证明是，证明为
[18] reproductive/ ri pr 'd kt v/adj.繁殖的，生殖的
non-reproductive adj.无生殖力的
[19] wholly/'h li/adv.完全地
[20] be devoted to (to为介词)专心于/致力于……的；献身……的
[21] take care of照顾；爱护
[22] barrier/'b ri /n.障碍，壁垒
break this technical barrier突破这一技术壁垒
[23] edit/'ed t/vi. &vt.编辑，编校；剪辑，剪接
[24] gene/d i n/n.基因
[25] lead to导致；通向
[26] clue/klu /n.线索，提示
[27] have the potential to do sth.有潜能做某事
[28] raise vt.提高；筹集；养育；升起；饲养，种植
rise vi.攀升；起床；升起；休会；(数量)增加；变得更加成功；(声响)提高
[29] accurate/' kj r t/adj.准确的，正确的
[30] treatment/'tri tm nt/n.诊疗，治疗，疗法；对待方式
[31] a great deal of大量(后跟不可数名词)
[32] provoke/pr 'v k/vi.激起，引起
[33] emotion/ 'm n/n.强烈的情感，激情
[34] crucial/'kru l/adj.至关重要的，关键性的
[35] bound/ba nd/adj.很有可能，肯定会
be bound to必然；一定会
[36] ethical/'eθ k l/adj.关于伦理的；合乎道德的
ethic n．伦理；道德规范
[37] be treated as被作为；当作……来看
[38] be viewed as被看作是/被视为
[39] mere/m /adj.仅仅，只不过；极小的，极不重要的
[40] inferior/ n'f ri /adj.低级别的，下级的；差的，次的
[41] abuse/ 'bju z/vt.滥用，妄用；虐待/ 'bju s/n.滥用；虐待
[42] unethical adj.不道德的
[43] happen to发生于；偶然发生
[44] powerful adj.强大的；强有力的
powerless adj.无影响力的，无权的
[45] blessing/'bles /n.福气，幸运
[46]curse/k s/n.祸因，祸根；诅咒，咒语
Cloning[1] is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially[2]. Natural cloning has been going on for generations[3]. For example, gardeners have been using a form of cloning when they take a cutting from a plant and place it in a suitable medium, such as soil【1】. Another example of natural cloning is identical[4] twins[5]， who are produced from the same egg.
【1】此句是主从复合句。主句是gardeners have been using a form of cloning，用现在完成进行时，表示从过去某时开始一直在进行的动作，还可能持续下去。其中when引导时间状语从句。
For years, there had been attempts[6] to clone animals artificially. The first successfully cloned animal was a sheep named Dolly in 1996. At first, Dolly grew normally, but later she developed an illness that is more normally found in much older animals. She lived for six and a half years, only half the life of the sheep from which she was cloned【2】．After Dolly, scientists have cloned more than 20 mammal[7] species, including camels[8]， cattle[9]， deer, dogs, goats[10] and mice. However, they have found a similar pattern of health problems with these other species as well. This has led to questions such as, “Will this be a major[11] issue for all cloned animals？”“Will it continue to[12] happen forever[13]？”．
【2】此句中only half the life of...是同位语，修饰six and a half years，其中含“from＋which”引导的定语从句。
In January 2018, the cloning of two long-tailed monkeys, Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, was announced by Chinese scientists. They were the first-ever primates[14] (the order of mammals which include apes[15]， monkeys, and humans) to have been cloned【3】！ In comparison[16] with other species, cloning primates has proved to be[17] “much harder”， and doing so with non-reproductive[18] cells was even more complicated. Dr. Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been wholly[19] devoted to[20] the research and had been taking care of[21] more than 1，000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for more than 5 years. There had been a number of failures before they eventually found a way to successfully clone a monkey. The reason they worked so hard to break this technical barrier[22] was to get animals with edited[23] genes[24] and produce animal models that are helpful for medical research and human health【4】．
【3】此句表语为“the first-ever＋名词＋to do”结构，其中的不定式to do为完成式，表示该动作已经完成。
【4】此句为主从复合句，其中含有两个定语从句：其一，先行词为reason，引出定语从句they worked so hard to break this technical barrier；其二，先行词为animal models，定语从句为that are helpful for medical research and human health。
The successful cloning of primates has led to[25] worldwide praise as a huge breakthrough that might lead to cures for various diseases and may also offer clues[26] on how to prevent the aging process【5】. With this technology, we have the potential to[27] raise[28] a large number of monkeys with identical genes in a short amount of time, and we can even change their genes to suit research needs. This could help save research time, reduce the number of animals required for testing【6】， produce more accurate[29] results, and lead to more effective treatments[30].
【5】此句为主从复合句。其中句子的主干为The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise, as a huge breakthrough为状语，that引导定语从句，修饰、限定先行词breakthrough，后面的and连接定语从句的两个并列谓语might lead to和may offer。
【6】required for testing为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰animals。
Cloning, however, continues to be an issue that causes a great deal of[31] disagreement and provokes[32] strong emotions[33]. While some people believe it is crucial[34] for scientific advancement, others raise moral concerns【7】. They believe it is bound[35] to lead to cloning of other species, and they worry about the ethical[36] questions this raises【8】. For example, they wonder if clones should be treated as[37] objects or as individuals with their own identity. Furthermore, clones may be viewed as[38]mere[39] copies of originals thus being seen as inferior[40]. Finally, they worry that some organisations may abuse[41] the technology for unethical[42] purposes.
【7】此句含有while引导的让步状语从句。
【8】此句是并列复合句。前一个分句中，believe后接宾语从句；后一个分句中，this raises是定语从句，省略了关系代词which/that。需要说明的是，此处的this指代上文的cloning。
So far, it is still unknown what will happen to[43] Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua as they grow up【9】. Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced【10】. As Einstein said, “Science is a powerful[44] instrument. How it is used, whether it is a blessing[45]or a curse[46] to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument. A knife is useful, but it can also kill.”
【9】此句为主从复合句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是what引导的名词性从句。
【10】句中that引导宾语从句。insist意为“坚持，主张”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”。此处是其被动形式should be done。
克隆(clone)是通过自然或人为(artificially)的方式，对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。自然克隆由来已久。例如，园丁们从植物上截取一段，放在合适的培养基，例如土壤中，就是一种克隆。自然克隆的另一个例子是同(identical)卵双胞胎(twin)，它们是由同一个卵子受精产生的。
多年来，人们一直在尝试人工克隆动物。第一只成功克隆的动物是1996年的克隆羊多莉。起初，多莉发育正常，但后来患上了一种疾病，这种疾病更常见于衰老的动物。多莉活了六年半，寿命只有母体绵羊的一半。继多莉之后，科学家已经克隆了20多种哺乳动物(mammal)，包括骆驼(camel)、牛(cattle)、鹿、狗、山羊(goat)和老鼠。然而，在这些物种的克隆动物身上科学家们也发现了与多莉羊相似的健康问题。由此引发了一些疑问，例如：“这会是所有克隆动物的主要问题吗？”“这个问题会永远(forever)持续下去吗？”
2018年1月，中国科学家宣布成功克隆两只长尾猴，中中和华华。它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物(primate)[哺乳动物的一个类别，包括猿(ape)、猴子和人类]！与其他的物种相比(comparison)，克隆灵长类动物被证明要“困难得多”，而使用非生殖(reproductive)细胞克隆则更为复杂。研究小组的负责人孙强博士说，他们全身心地(wholly)投入到研究中，5年多来每周7天，每天24小时照看1 000多只猴子。在他们最终找到成功克隆猴子的方法之前，他们经历了多次失败。他们之所以如此努力地要突破这一技术壁垒(barrier)，是为了获得经过基因(gene)编辑(edit)的动物，研制动物模型，为医学研究和人类健康发展做贡献。
灵长类动物的成功克隆获得了全世界的赞誉，被认为是一项巨大的突破，从而有助于治愈多种疾病，可能也为如何延缓衰老提供线索(clue)。有了这项技术，我们就有可能在短时间内培育大量基因相同的猴子，甚至可以改变它们的基因，以适应研究需要。这有助于节省研究时间，减少实验所需动物的数量，使实验结果更准确(accurate)、治疗方法(treatment)更有效。
但是，克隆仍是一个会引起很多争议、激起(provoke)强烈反对情绪(emotion)的问题。尽管有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要(crucial)，但也有人提出了道德方面的担忧。他们认为这项技术必将(bound)导致其他物种的克隆，担心由此会引发伦理(ethical)问题。比如，他们提出克隆体是被当作物体还是具有独特个性的个体。而且，克隆体可能仅(mere)被看作母体的副本，因此被认为更低等(inferior)。最后，他们担心某些组织可能会出于不道德的目的滥用(abuse)该技术。
到目前为止，我们仍不清楚中中和华华长大后会发生什么。研究人员主张，克隆科学应进一步得到探索与发展。正如爱因斯坦所言：“科学是一种强有力的工具。怎样使用它，究竟是给人类带来幸福(blessing)还是带来灾难(curse)，完全取决于人类自己，而不取决于工具。刀子是有用的，但刀子也能杀人。”
Ⅰ.课文结构图示
Ⅱ.课文预习自测
1．It can be inferred from the passage that a cloned animal ________.
A．usually lives as long as the original one
B．usually lives longer than the original one
C．usually dies earlier than the original one
D．is usually as healthy as the original one
2．Why did Chinese scientists work so hard to break this technical barrier to clone Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua
A．They thought it helpful for medical research and human health.
B．They wanted to earn much money and fame as well.
C．They could be the first to have cloned primates species.
D．They wanted to surpass the other scientists.
3．Which of the following is not an advantage of cloning
A．Cloning can be used for medical purposes.
B．Large quantities of food can be produced by cloning.
C．Cloning can help keep animals from becoming extinct.
D．Famous persons who have passed away can be cloned.
4．We can use the skill of cloning to ________．
A．bring about global peace
B．create other famous scientists
C．cure some special diseases
D．clone a more perfect self to the world
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and 1.________ (develop) it either naturally or artificially. Natural cloning has been going on for generations.
For years, there had been attempts to clone animals artificially. The first 2.________ (successful) cloned animal was a sheep 3.________ (name) Dolly in 1996. After Dolly, scientists have cloned more than 20 mammal species. In January 2018, the cloning of two monkeys, the first-ever primates 4.________ (announce) by Chinese scientists. With this technology, we have the potential 5.________ (raise) a large number of monkeys and can even change their genes to suit research needs. Cloning, however, continues to be 6.________ issue that causes a great deal of disagreement and 7.________ (provoke) strong emotions. Some people raise moral concerns. Furthermore, clones may also suffer 8.________ feelings that they are merely a copy of another individual. Finally, some people worry that some 9.________ (organisation) may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.
So far, it is still unknown 10.________ will happen to the cloned monkeys as they grow up. Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.
第一版块：核心单词
1．artificially adv.人为地；虚假地
(教材P52)Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially.克隆是通过自然或人为的方式，对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。
artificial adj. 人工的；假的
artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能
artificial light 人造光
artificial flowers 假花
Why does the scientist need an artificially intelligent computer as an assistant
为什么这位科学家需要人工智能电脑当助手呢？
Therefore learning occurs wherever evolution is, even if artificially.因此，凡有进化，哪怕是人工进化的地方就会有学习。
Maja received her first artificial leg.
玛娅收到了她的第一条假肢。
The study of traditions should be combined with practice. Otherwise, the recreation of traditions would be artificial and empty.对传统的研究应与实践相结合。否则，对传统的再创造将是虚假的和空洞的。(be combined with与……相结合)
[易混比较]
artificial/fake/false
artificial用于模拟自然界；
fake用于欺骗；
a fake passport假护照
false修饰牙齿、睫毛、胡须。
false teeth假牙
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①They were taking advantage of an ________ (artificial) low cost of capital.
②They have kept the price of sugar ________ (artificial) high and so fattened the company's profits.
完成句子
③It was the first commercially available machine to employ ________________ (人工智能).
2.identical adj.完全相同的，非常相似的
(教材P52)Another example of natural cloning is identical twins...自然克隆的另一个例子是同卵双胞胎……
be identical to/with 和……一样，与……一致
be identical in 在……方面一样/一致
a row of identical houses完全一样的一排房子
Her dress is almost identical to mine.
她的连衣裙和我的几乎一模一样。
The sisters were identical in appearance and character.
这对姐妹在相貌和性格上极其相似。
Nearly all the houses were identical.
几乎所有的房子都一模一样。
be the same as 与……相同
be similar to 与……相似
be similar in 在……方面相似
Scientists have identified a link between diet and cancer.
科学家已经发现了饮食与癌症之间的关联。
Many top-name designers are identified with particular styles.很多顶级设计师都有某种特定的风格。
After sharing the story online, I heard from someone, who identified the lady as Erin Smith.在网上分享了这个故事之后，我收到了某个人的来信，这个人确认了那位女士是埃琳·史密斯。
[词语积累]
identity n．特性；身份
identify vt.确认；认出；发现
a sense of national/cultural/social identity民族/文化/社会认同感
identity card身份证(缩写为ID card)
one's real/true identity某人的真实身份
[词语积累]
identify sb./sth. with sth.认为……等同于……
identify sb./sth. by sth.根据/凭借……辨认出……
identify...as...确认/认出……是……
be identified with...支持……；与……有密切关联
refuse to identify oneself拒不透露身份
identify the problem areas找出问题所在
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Tom must have taken your dictionary by mistake. Your dictionary is identical ________ his.
②The two computers were identical ________ design.
③The number on the card should be ________ (identity) with the one on the chequebook.
④The thief used a false ________ (identify) so that he couldn't be discovered.
⑤The child may be ________ (identify) by his clothing.
⑥The next step, DeBruyn says，will be ________ (identify) the cause of the breakdown.
3．comparison n．比较
(教材P52)In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”．..与其他的物种相比，克隆灵长类动物被证明要“困难得多”……
by/in comparison with 与……相比
beyond comparison 举世无双，无与伦比
In comparison with the Americans, Chinese are more sensitive about their faces.
与美国人相比，中国人对他们的脸面更加敏感。
By comparison with other colleagues, he has greater capability to deal with such problems.
与其他同事相比，他处理这类问题的能力更强。
Books can be compared to friends.书可被比作朋友。
Compared with/to our small flat, Bill's house seems like a palace.与我们的小公寓相比，比尔的房子就像一座宫殿。
According to my mother, the movie directed and starred by him is beyond compare/comparison.
据我妈妈所说，他导演并主演的电影是无与伦比的。
[归纳拓展]
compare v．比较，对比
compare...with... 把……与……对比
compare...to... 把……比作……
compared with/to与……相比(常在句中作状语)
[归纳拓展]
compare notes (with sb.)(与某人)交换意见
beyond/without compare无与伦比
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①When we compare our films ________ foreign ones, we find many differences.
②Recently a survey ____________ (compare) prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused a heated debate among citizens.
③Film has a much shorter history, especially when ________ (compare) to such art forms as music and painting.
④The young persons are often compared ________ the rising sun in the morning.
⑤In ________ (compare) with the previous study, the new study expanded research subjects.
⑥I love watching films about romance and I think they are ________ compare.
4.accurate adj.准确的，精确的
(教材P53)This could help save research time, reduce the number of animals required for testing, produce more accurate results, and lead to more effective treatments.这有助于节省研究时间，减少实验所需动物的数量，使实验结果更准确、治疗方法更有效。
be accurate in 在……方面准确
to be accurate 精确地说(用作插入语)
Broadcast news was accurate and reliable but deadly dull.
新闻广播准确、可靠，但极其枯燥。
Journalists are not always accurate in what they write.
新闻工作者的报道并非总是准确的。
[易混比较]　accurate/correct/exact
accurate“准确的”，强调审慎、小心地做到与事实相符，同某一客观标准一致，侧重“精确度”；
correct“正确的，对的”，指符合一般准则的正确无误；
exact“确切的”，强调在质量、数量上达到极端正确、准确的程度。
[词语积累]
accurately adv.精确地，准确地
accuracy n．精确度，准确性
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①It will be many years before anyone can predict a hurricane's behaviour with much ________ (accurate).
②The test can ________ (accurate) predict what a bigger explosion would do.
③The journalist's report of the event was accurate ________ every detail.
完成句子
④______________________ (精确地说)，the number of the participants is 57.
5.treatment n．诊疗，治疗，疗法；对待方式
(教材P53)This could help save research time, reduce the number of animals required for testing, produce more accurate results, and lead to more effective treatments.这有助于节省研究时间，减少实验所需动物的数量，使实验结果更准确、治疗方法更有效。
under treatment 在治疗中
a treatment for ……的治疗方法
give sb. treatment 为某人治疗
get/have/receive treatment 接受治疗
need/require treatment 需要治疗
hospital/medical treatment 住院/药物治疗
At last he had no option but to go to hospital for treatment.
最后他别无选择，只能去医院治疗。
This watch is not designed for rough treatment.
这块手表不可重拿重放。
Many patients are not getting the medical treatment they need.
很多病人没有得到他们需要的医治。
She is responding well to treatment.
她经过治疗大有起色。
[词语积累]
treat vt.治疗；对待；处理；视为；请客n．请客；款待
treat sb. for治疗某人的……病
treat...with...用……治疗……
treat sb. to sth.用某物款待某人
[经典例句]
It's my treat．我请客。
The physician is treating him for his back injury.医生正在治疗他背部的伤。
After he was devoted to his research for nearly three weeks, the professor treated himself to a film.在花了近三个星期的时间进行研究之后，这位教授请自己看了一场电影。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Those who got injured in the accident are now ________ treatment in a local hospital.
②With good ________ (treat) and care, Professor Smith unbelievably recovered from a heart attack within a week.
③He guaranteed that he would treat us ________ a big dinner if we finished the work on time.
完成句子
④When I visited them last year, they ____________ (请我吃了一顿大餐).
⑤His parents have collected many different drugs to ________________ (治疗他的肺癌).
⑥Today you don't need to pay for the meal. ________________ (我请客).
6.emotion n．强烈的情感；激情
(教材P53)Cloning, however, continues to be an issue that causes a great deal of disagreement and provokes strong emotions.但是，克隆仍是一个会引起很多争议、激起强烈反对情绪的问题。
full of emotion充满感情 a mixture of emotions百感交集
restrain emotion抑制感情 show emotion表达感情
vent emotion发泄感情 appeal emotion诉诸情感
Basing an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.如果你做一个重要的决定时更多的是基于情感而不是理性，你迟早会后悔的。
We often have little control over when we are swept by emotion.当情绪席卷而来的时候，我们往往无法控制自己。
Her voice trembled with emotion.
她的声音因情绪激动而颤抖。
They expressed mixed emotions at the news.
他们对这个消息表现出复杂的感情。
[词语积累]
emotional adj.情绪的，情感的；有感染力的；情绪激动的
emotionally adv.感情上；情绪上；令人激动地；情绪冲动地
[发散拓展]
emotional harm情感伤害
emotional shock情感上的打击
the physical and emotional needs of young adults青少年的身心需求
emotionally damaged children感情上受伤害的孩子
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①They have suffered physically and ________ (emotion).
②Men go through a change of life ________ (emotion) just like women.
③He tends to get ________ (emotion) on these occasions.
完成句子
④The decision was based on __________________________ (情感而不是深思熟虑).
7.crucial adj.至关重要的，关键性的
(教材P53)While some people believe it is crucial for scientific advancement...
尽管有些人认为这对于科学的进步至关重要……
a crucial point 至关重要的一点
a crucial ingredient 关键要素
a crucial battle 决定性的一战
a crucial juncture 关键时刻
a crucial factor 关键因素
a crucial reason 关键原因
a crucial resource 很重要的资源
a crucial question 关键问题
be crucial that... ……是至关重要的
be crucial to/for... 对……至关重要
remain crucial 依然重要
Talent, diligence and whole devotion are all crucial to career success.
才能、勤奋和全身心投入对于事业的成功都是至关重要的。
It is crucial that we get this right.
我们把这个问题弄正确是至关重要的。
[词语积累]
crucially adv.关键地；至关重要地
[经典例句]
She broke in on the conversation at a crucial moment.她在关键时刻打断了谈话。
Young people play a crucial role in working for peace.
年轻人在争取和平的事业中发挥着至关重要的作用。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Winning this contract is crucial ________ the success of the company.
②It was the scholar who helped me out ________ the crucial moment.
③Chewing properly is ________ (crucial) important.
完成句子
④Parents ________________ (起着至关重要的作用)in preparing their child for school.
8.bound adj.很有可能，肯定会
(教材P53)They believe it is bound to lead to cloning of other species...
他们认为这项技术必将导致其他物种的克隆……
be bound to do 一定会，必定会，很可能会；有义务做，有责任做
be bound for 前往……的
be bound up in sth. 忙于某事；热衷于某事物
be bound up with sth. 与某事物关系密切
It's bound to be sunny again tomorrow.明天肯定又是阳光灿烂。
You've done so much work—you're bound to pass the exam.
你下了这么大功夫，考试准能及格。
We'd better take a plane bound for China.
我们最好乘坐飞往中国的飞机。
Our memories and habits are bound up with the structure of the brain.
我们的记忆和习惯与大脑的构造有密切的联系。
[经典例句]
I am bound to say your absence from the meeting is unwise.
我必须告诉你，你缺席会议是不明智的。
If you keep on working hard like this, chances are bound to favour you.
如果你继续这么努力工作的话，机会一定会垂青你的。
I'm sorry I couldn't come to see you this morning. I was bound up in some urgent matters.
对不起，今天上午我未能来看你，我忙于处理一些急事。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①The rules are not suitable for the development of society. They ____________________ (一定会被废除)some day.
②He is so ambitious that I believe he ________________ (一定会成功).
单句语法填空
③You have done an excellent job and are bound ________ (admit) into the company.
④The train bound ________ New York is piled with goods.
⑤Now he is bound up________his teaching which is bound up________his promotion.
9.mere adj.仅仅，只不过；极小的，极不重要的
(教材P53)Furthermore, clones may be viewed as mere copies of originals thus being seen as inferior.而且，克隆体可能仅被看作母体的副本，因此被认为更低等。
It took her a mere 20 minutes to win the competition.
她只花了20分钟就赢了这场比赛。
The mere thought of eating made him feel sick.
他一想到吃东西就觉得恶心。
[词语积累]
merely adv.仅仅，只不过；只是
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Do you really want to go or are you ________ (mere) showing you are polite
完成句子
②But the container itself is ________________ (仅仅是一个容器).
③For them these are not __________________________________(纯粹的字母或单词).
10.abuse vt. &n．滥用；虐待；辱骂
(教材P53)Finally, they worry that some organisations may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.
最后，他们担心某些组织可能会出于不道德的目的滥用该技术。
abuse one's power/privilege/position 滥用权力/特权/职权
abuse one's trust/confidence 背信弃义
alcohol abuse 酗酒
tobacco abuse 嗜烟
drug abuse 滥用药物；嗜毒
child abuse 虐待儿童
government officials' abuse of power 政府官员的滥用职权
Much of the crime in this area is related to drug abuse.
这一地区的许多犯罪都与吸毒有关。
According to the new law, parents are also not allowed to abuse children in the family.
根据新的法律，父母也不允许在家中虐待儿童。
[经典例句]　He abused his power to help his family and was put into prison eventually.他滥用职权帮助自己的家人，最终被关进了监狱。
[经典例句]
He was accused of abusing his wife last week.
上周他被指控虐待他的妻子。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①His political reputation was ruined by his __________________________________ (滥用职权).
②To our sorrow, it was ________________________ (酗酒)that ruined his fitness and life.
③Williams ____________________________________(滥用职务)as mayor to give jobs to his friends.
④If you ______________________________________ (吸毒), you are bound to end up in prison.
11.blessing n．祝福；福气，幸运；赞同；许可　bless v．保佑；赐予，赋予；祝福，称颂
(教材P53)．..whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind... ……究竟是给人类带来幸福还是带来灾难，完全取决于人类自己……
pray for blessing 祈求降福
bless sb. 保佑某人
bless in 有幸拥有……而感到幸福
The government gave its blessing to the new plans.
政府已批准这些新计划。
Lack of traffic is one of the blessings of country life.
往来车辆少是乡村生活的一大好处。
Great intelligence can be a curse as well as a blessing.
大智是福亦是祸。
The argument that safety is a blessing has often been put forward.
平安是福的议论常有人提出。
Carol Drinkwater is blessed with a fine bone structure that stands up better to the ravages of time.卡罗尔·德林克沃特生就一副好身板，经过岁月历练还那么硬朗。
[归纳拓展]
bless sb. in sth./doing sth.有幸拥有……而感到幸福
sb. is blessed in (doing) sth.某人为自己有……而感到幸福
bless sb./sth. with sth.施惠或赐福于……/赐予某人某物
be blessed with...被赐予……
May God bless you！愿上帝保佑你！
[经典例句]
May God bless you with happiness and a bright future.
愿上帝赐予你幸福和美好的未来。
He is blessed in his children.
他为自己有儿女而感到幸福。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Rivers are ________ blessing for an agricultural country.
完成句子
②He went with ________________ (他父母的同意).
③________________ (幸好)I grabbed the boy by the arm. Otherwise, he would have been drowned in the river.
④Instead of advice, in other words, what most people seek is ________________(你的祝福).
⑤His wife is ________________ (被赐予了) beauty and intelligence.
⑥God bless you ________________ (魁梧的身材).
⑦He is blessed in ________________(拥有这样一位好女儿).
12.process n．过程，进程；工艺vt.加工，处理　processed adj.经加工的，加工过的
(教材P52)Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially.克隆是通过自然或人为的方式，对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。
in the process of doing... 在做……的过程中
in the process 同时，在……过程中
a slow/long/painful process 缓慢的/漫长的/痛苦的过程
the learning process 学习过程
process...into... 把……加工成……
process an application 处理申请
processed cheese/meat/fish 加工过的干酪/肉/鱼
The opinion that learning is a lifelong process has been expressed by education experts throughout the years.
多年来，教育专家一直表示学习是一个终身的过程。(that引导同位语从句)
[经典例句]
The company is in the process of moving to a new building.
这家公司正在搬往一座新楼。
[经典例句]
The factory processes vegetables for supermarkets.这家工厂为超市加工蔬菜。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①They are using ________ new process to make ice cream.
②Future 3D food printers could make ________ (process) food healthier.
③The university will process all ________ (apply) within a week.
④The new computer ________ (process) data ________ a very high rate.
完成句子
⑤她的科幻小说正被拍成电视连续剧。
Her science fiction is ________________________ being turned into a television series.
13.failure n．失败(者)
(教材P52)There had been a number of failures before they eventually found a way to successfully clone a monkey.在他们最终找到成功克隆猴子的方法之前，他们经历了多次失败。
end in failure 以失败告终
learn through failure 从失败中学习
suffer a complete failure 遭受一次彻底的失败
heart failure 心脏衰竭
fail vi. 失败(反义词succeed)
fail to do sth. 没能做某事
fail in (doing) sth. 在……方面失败了
fail in sth. 缺乏……；在……方面不足
fail of sth. 在……上不能达到
He failed to reach the semi-finals.他未能进入半决赛。
He failed in business.他经商失败了。
I failed in persuading him.我没能说服他。
He failed of promotion.他未能获得提升。
[学法点拨]
failure作抽象名词“失败”讲时，用作不可数名词，但作“失败的人或事”讲时，用作可数名词，这种用法叫抽象名词具体化。
consider oneself a failure认为自己是个失败者(反义词a success成功者)。
Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。
[经典例句]
He is a clever man, but fails in perseverance.
他是个聪明人，但毅力方面不足/他缺乏毅力。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①________ (fail) is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has.
②We are often ashamed of our shortcomings, our mistakes and our ________ (fail).
③He is partly successful in the plan but failed ________ its purpose.
④He writes well, but fails ________ imagination.
一句多译
⑤他没通过这次考试。
He ________________ (pass) the examination.
He ________________ (pass) the examination.
He ________ the examination.
14.breakthrough n．突破；重大进展　break through突破
(教材P53)The successful cloning of primates has led to worldwide praise as a huge breakthrough that might lead to cures for various diseases...灵长类动物的成功克隆获得了全世界的赞誉，被认为是一项巨大的突破，从而为治愈多种疾病……(提供线索)
make/achieve a breakthrough 取得突破
a major breakthrough in cancer research
癌症研究中的重要突破
The breakthrough came hours before a UN deadline.
在联合国的最后期限到来前数小时取得了重大突破。
Scientists are claiming a major breakthrough in the fight against cancer.
科学家们宣称攻克癌症已有重大的突破。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He made a breakthrough ________ computer engineering.
完成句子
②科学家认为他们在对抗癌症方面开始有所突破。
Scientists think they are beginning to ________________ in the fight against cancer.
③被视为这一领域领头人的医生终于取得突破。
The physician regarded as the leader in the field finally ________________．
15.prevent v．阻止
(教材P53)．..and may also offer clues on how to prevent the aging process.
可能也为如何延缓衰老提供线索。
[名师点津]　动词prevent常与介词from连用，构成prevent...from短语，from后面可接doing或being done的形式作宾语，在主动语态中可以省略from。意为“阻止某人/某物做某事”。
If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.
如果你喜欢，在香蕉上挤一点新鲜柠檬汁可以防止香蕉变成褐色。
[知识拓展]
(1)“阻止某人做某事”的表达法：
prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.阻止某人做某事
keep sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事(from不可省略)
(2)“保护某人不受……伤害”的表达法：
protect sb. from/against sth.保护某人免遭某物(伤害)
defend sb. from sth.保卫某人不受某物伤害
[误区警示]
在被动语态中，表示“阻止某人做某事”的三个短语中from都不能省略。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me ________ doing so.
②The processes take place to stop our brains ________ (become) loaded with memories.
③He kept us ________ (work) from morning till night and never permit us to have a break.
④We were kept ________ (work) the whole day.
⑤My son kept me ________ (work) owing to my old age.
16.inferior adj.低级别的，下级的；差的，次的n．部下，属下；劣等人/物
(教材P53)Furthermore, clones may be viewed as mere copies of originals thus being seen as inferior.而且，克隆体可能仅被看作母体的副本，因此被认为更低等。
inferior court 初级法庭
inferior officer 下级军官
inferior limit 下限
inferior by comparison 相形见绌
inferior in... 在……方面低下的
inferior to... 低于，劣于……；比……差/次
He is an inferior officer.他是一个下等军官。
They sell inferior goods at that store.
那家商店卖劣质货。
The rank of captain is inferior.
上尉军衔很低。
The rank of captain is inferiorto the rank of major.
上尉的级别低于少校。
The car is inferiorin quality.
这辆车质量差。
The house is inferiorto what I expected.
那房子比我所期望的差。
[知识拓展]
反义词：superior adj.级别或地位更高的；高傲的；上等的；优秀的 n．长者；上级；优胜者
be superior in在……方面优秀
be superior to优于……；胜过……
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The house he bought is inferior ________ quality.
②What I bought at the market is inferior ________ what he bought there.
③The implication in his article is that being a housewife is greatly inferior ________ every other occupation.
完成句子
④鉴定会上，专家们指出这种方法优于其他方法。
At the appraising meeting, specialists stated this method ________________ others.
17.purpose n．目的，意图　purposeless adj.无目的的；无意义的　purposely adv.故意地　purposeful adj.有目的的；有目标的
(教材P53)Finally, they worry that some organisations may abuse the technology for unethical purposes.最后，他们担心某些组织可能会出于不道德的目的滥用该技术。
on purpose 故意地，有意地
the purpose of... ……的目的
for the purpose of... 为了……的目的
with the purpose of... 带着……的目的
achieve/accomplish/fulfill a purpose 达到目的
Although birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
虽然鸟类用羽毛飞行，但它们的羽毛还有其他用途。
For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.
为此，选择成熟的香蕉冷冻，因为它们更甜。
Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station.
无论是偶然还是有意为之，火车站里差不多正好有150个人。
[发散联想]
by design故意地
by chance/by accident偶然地
[相关近义词]
aim n．目的；目标
goal n．目标；球门
intention n．目的；意图
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①I didn't step ________ your foot ________ purpose.
②She went to France ________ the purpose ________ studying music.
③His purpose ________ life is ________ (become) a successful director.
④He worked hard ________ (achieve) his purpose of going to college.
⑤The purpose ________ working hard at lessons is to go to college.
第二版块：重点短语
1．be devoted to专心于/致力于……的；献身……的；挚爱……的
(教材P52)Dr. Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been wholly devoted to the research...研究小组的负责人孙强博士说，他们全身心地投入到研究中……
devote oneself to 献身于，致力于
devote one's life/time/energy/attention to...
把某人的生命/时间/精力/注意力奉献于……
Qian Xuesen devoted himself entirely to science.
钱学森把一生都献给了科学事业。
He devoted most of his time to his painting.
他把大部分时间用于绘画。
[误区警示]　devote...to...和be devoted to中的to均为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
[词语积累]　devote vt.奉献　　　　devotion n．挚爱；奉献
devoted adj.挚爱的；忠诚的；全心全意的
be devoted to sb.深爱某人
be devoted to (doing) sth.致力于(做)某事
They are devoted to their children.他们深爱着自己的孩子。
The specialist has been devoted to helping the farmers to raise crop production these years.
这些年来，这位专家一直致力于帮助农民提高农作物产量。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①As we all know, he is a generous, ________ (devote), reliable and warm-hearted friend.
②Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ________ (set) up some schools for poor children.
③Fans will show their ________ (devote) by waiting for hours to get tickets for their favourite singer's concert.
④We devoted a lot of time to ________ (persuade) the stubborn old man to change his mind.
完成句子
⑤You will never achieve success unless you ________________ (致力于)your work.
⑥He was determined to ________________ (将自己的余生献给)folk music.
2.a number of若干，一些；许多
(教材P52)There had been a number of failures...历经多次失败……
a (great) number of (许多，大量的)＋可数名词复数＋复数谓语
the number of (……的数量)＋可数名词复数＋单数谓语
He held a number of patents for his many innovations.
他为他的许多革新申请了几项专利。
A number of participants have participated in the activity and the number of them has been calculated to over 500.
许多人参加了这次活动，据计算，人数已超过500。
[归纳拓展]
以下短语接名词作主语时应注意谓语动词的单复数变化：
a (large) quantity of＋
(large) quantities of＋不可数名词/可数名词复数＋复数谓语
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programmes ________ (increase) sharply.
②A large number of people ________ (be) fluent English speakers, and the number of people learning English ________ (be) increasing rapidly.
选词填空(a number of/the number of)
③He has edited ________________ articles this morning.
④________________ the passengers aboard killed in the accident comes to 12.
3.depend on取决于；由……决定；依靠，依赖
(教材P53)．..whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind... ……究竟是给人类带来幸福还是带来灾难，完全取决于人类自己……
(1)取决于，由……决定
Whether you can dispose of these goods will depend on the price.你能否处理掉这些货物将取决于价格。
(2)依靠，依赖
depend on sb.
You can depend on him to help you out of the situation, for he is reliable.
你可以依靠他来帮助你摆脱困境，因为他是值得信赖的。
[误区警示]
(1)右面所有的depend都可以用rely替代。
(2)depend on后不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，须先接形式宾语it，再接that从句。能这样用的短语还有see to, answer for, rely on, insist on, stick to等。
You may depend on it that Tom will assist you with your English.
你放心，汤姆会帮助你学英语的。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Don't always depend ________ the government for the preservation of the rare species, which is also our duty.
②The young birds depend on their parents ________ food for several weeks.
③You may depend on ________ that they will always support you.
完成句子
④—Are you going to Emma's party
—________________ (那得看情况). We might be going away that weekend.
⑤When coming across new words, instead of always ____________ (依赖)the dictionary, use your head first.
⑥You can't ________________(指望着)he will follow in your footsteps. He isn't interested in what you are doing.
4.be viewed as被看作……　view vt.观看；看待n．景色；观点；视野
(教材P53)Furthermore, clones may be viewed as mere copies of originals thus being seen as inferior.而且，克隆体可能仅被看作母体的副本，因此被认为更低等。
view...as... 把……看作……
in one's view 在某人看来
in view of sth. 鉴于，考虑到
on view 在展出
take the long view 从长远来考虑
come into view 进入视野
He viewed the job as a good chance to gain work experience.
他把这份工作看作是获得工作经验的好机会。
In view of the rain, the game was put off.
因为下雨，比赛被推迟了。
The painting is on view at the museum.那幅画正在博物馆展出。
[归纳拓展]
把……视为……的表达方式：
regard...as...　　　 take...for...　　　　 look on/upon...as...
think of...as... consider...as... consider...(to be)...
see...as... recognise...as... treat...as...
view...as...
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Thoreau viewed man ________ an inextricable(密不可分的) part of nature.
②________ her view, from Beijing's traffic and air quality, the limit line is still a relatively good measure.
完成句子
③Mao Zedong ________________ (被看作) the greatest leader in the history of China.
④As there were no curtains to the stage, any change of properties had to be made ____________________________ (在看得见的地方) the audience.
⑤________________________ (鉴于) his stern opposition, no other course remained to us to give up the whole idea.
第三版块：典型句式
1．动词不定式作定语
(教材P52)They were the first-ever primates...to have been cloned！它们是有史以来首次被克隆的灵长类动物……！
[句式分析]　不定式短语to have been cloned作后置定语，修饰the first-ever primates，名词与不定式之间是被动关系，动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态前，用不定式完成被动式。当被修饰词前有序数词(first, second等)、最高级或the next，the only，the very等修饰时，常用不定式作定语。
The journalist was the first person to get to the scene where the accident happened.
那位记者是第一个到达事故现场的人。
She was the first woman to be appointed to the board.她是第一位被任命进入董事会的女性。
[教师提醒]
(1)不定式修饰的名词是time, place, way时，尽管不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系，但其后习惯上省略介词。
(2)在way, method, opportunity等名词后可用不定式作定语，也可用of doing结构作定语。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①________________ (最后一个到的人)pays for the meal.
②Volunteering gives you a chance ________________ (改变生活), including your own.
单句语法填空
③He is the last applicant ________________ (submit) his application form.
④He deserves the achievement for he is always the first ________ (get) to the office and the last ______________________________________________________________________ (leave).
2.insist后的宾语从句
(教材P53)Researchers insist that the science of cloning should be further explored and advanced.研究人员主张，克隆科学应进一步得到探索与发展。
[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句，insist后接了that引导的宾语从句。
(1) insist后接that从句，表示“坚持，坚决要求”时，从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
(2) insist表示“坚持说，坚持认为”时，从句用陈述语气。
Our English teacher insists that we should speak English in and out of class.
英语老师坚持要我们在课堂内外都讲英语。
The scholar insisted that this graduation paper was partly based on one in a magazine and that the student (should) write it a second time.
这位学者坚持认为，这篇毕业论文部分是基于一本杂志上的一篇文章，坚决要求该学生应该再写一遍。
[归纳拓展]
后跟名词性从句，从句谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”的动词：一个“坚持”(insist)；
两道“命令”(order, command)；
四条“建议”(suggest, propose, advise, recommend)；
四点“要求”(demand, desire，request, require)。
[经典例句]
It is recommended that we (should) be retrained to keep up with the times.有人建议我们应该接受再次培训，以跟上时代的步伐。
It is required that students (should) do some exercise for at least an hour every day.要求学生们每天至少锻炼一个小时。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①She was stubborn and insisted that the work ________________ (完成)ahead of schedule.
②The doctor requested that you ________________ (不要吃任何东西)within half an hour after doing some sports.
单句语法填空
③He insisted that he ________ (do) nothing wrong and ________ (set) free.
④The captain demanded that all the seamen ________ (prepare) for sail.
⑤He advised that his grandma ________ (make) good use of her spare time.
⑥It is required that all the crops ________ (harvest) before daybreak.
3.whether...or...不管……还是……
(教材P53)How it is used, whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind, depends on mankind and not on the instrument.怎样使用它，究竟是给人类带来幸福还是带来灾难，完全取决于人类自己，而不取决于工具。
[句式分析]　本句是一个复合句。how it is used，whether it is a blessing or a curse to mankind均为主语从句。
whether...or...作“是……还是……”讲，可引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，用于提供两种选择。
Whether they'll have a picnic or not depends on the weather.
他们是否去野餐要看天气。(主语从句)
Whether they consider this opinion or ignore it is not clear. ＝It is not clear whether they consider this opinion or ignore it.
他们是考虑这个意见还是忽视它还不清楚。(主语从句)
Whether you are a farmer or a specialist, you both should obey the rules.
无论你是农民还是专家，你都应该遵守规则。(让步状语从句)
whether用法小结
whether除了用于“whether...or...”结构外，还可用于“whether...or not”“whether or not...”结构，这三个结构既可以引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。
[相关拓展]
whether...or作“不管……还是……，无论……还是……”讲，在句中引导让步状语从句，表示在从句所提供的两种选择之下，主句所表示的结果都一样。
[经典例句]
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你是否相信，它都是真的。(让步状语从句)
Whether it will do us good or harm remains to be seen.
它对我们有好处还是有害处还有待观察。(主语从句)
It's not a case of whether anyone would reject or not.这不是会不会有人拒绝的问题。(同位语从句)
[即学即练]　完成句子
①无论你走还是留在这里，我必须回家。
________ you go ________ stay here, I must go home.
②无论你是贫穷还是富有，你都必须为成功而奋斗。
____________________， you have to struggle for success.
③不管你挣钱多还是少，对我没有影响。
It makes no difference to me ______________________________．
④无论你是否喜欢它，我都不会改变主意。
____________________， I will not change my mind.
4.either...or...要么……要么……
(教材P52)Cloning is the process of making an exact copy of a plant or animal and developing it either naturally or artificially.克隆是通过自然或人为的方式，对植物或动物进行精确复制、培育的过程。
[句式分析]　either...or...连接并列结构，表示对两事物的选择，意为“要么……要么……；或者……或者……；不是……就是……”。本句中either...or...连接了两个并列状语。
Either you or I am wrong.不是你就是我错了。
Either you or he is wholly right.你和他有一方完全正确。
[易错点提示]
either...or...连接的两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的那个主语一致。not only...but also...，neither...nor...等也有这种用法。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①It had also given me a choice, either to leave that page blank or ________ (keep) writing the story with hope.
②In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or too ________ (difficulty).
③Documentaries about China, produced either ________ China or________ other countries, ________ (be) becoming increasingly popular among foreigners.
5.prove to be...证明是……
(教材P52)In comparison with other species, cloning primates has proved to be “much harder”， and doing so with non-reproductive cells was even more complicated.与其他的物种相比，克隆灵长类动物要“困难得多”，而使用非生殖细胞克隆则更为复杂。
[句式分析]　prove既可用作系动词，也可用作实义动词，在本句中，prove用作系动词，后面可接“to be＋n./adj./prep.-phrase”，to be一般可以省略。
The first attempt proved (to be) successful.
第一次尝试证明是成功的。
The report proved to be false.该报告被证明是假的。
She proved a good mother.她证明是个好母亲。
The difficulty was how the young employee could prove his ideas to other scientists.
困难在于年轻的雇员怎样向其他科学家证实他的想法。
The experiment proved his theory to be crucial to our research.
实验证明他的理论对我们的研究是至关重要的。
He proved himself to be worthy of promotion.
他证明自己是值得提升的。
[用法拓展]
prove sth. to sb.向某人证明某事
sb. prove(s) that...某人证明……
prove sb.(to be)＋n./adj.证明某人是……
It is/was proved that...据证实……
prove one's point证明某人的观点
prove sb. wrong/innocent证明某人错误/无辜
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①She proved ________ (he) to be the thief.
②These papers will prove ________ you that he is ________ (innocence).
③These papers will prove you ________ (innocence).
④He was ________ (prove) ________ (be) guilty.
⑤It was ________ (prove) soon that he was ________ (guilt).
⑥I shall prove the ________ (true) of my words.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The recipe on the card should be ________ (完全相同的) with the one on the notebook.
2．Evidently, the ________ (双胞胎)were separated at birth and brought up in entirely different environments.
3．Outside, two old boys wandered around the street corner, discussing ________ (牛).
4．Snow flake would continue to fly forward ________(永远)in a straight line were it not for gravity, which brings them down to earth.
5．The department does research on infectious diseases and ________ (繁殖的) health, and also provides services.
6．It's difficult to make ________ (准确的)predictions about the effects on the environment.
7．The idea of ________ (克隆) extinct life forms still belongs to science fiction.
8．Throughout the __________ (编辑) of this book, we have had much support and encouragement from the participants.
9．As a lawyer, I would deprecate any sort of legal control on __________ (基因)therapy at this stage.
10．There was no real ________ (障碍，壁垒)between reality and fantasy in his mind.
Ⅱ.短语填空
be blessed with, on purpose, be inferior to, be bound to, be viewed as, be crucial to, to be accurate, on the whole, by comparison with, be identical to
1．________________ , however, even these critics showed themselves uninterested in the stories that this fiction told.
2．We don't believe that our folk music ________________ any other music in the world.
3．After all this hard work, we ________________ the capability to create a project and have it use our simple template(样板).
4．Improved consumer confidence ________________ an economic recovery.
5．His appearance ________________ his mother, and anyone could identify that he was her son.
6．Linda gave me the wrong vase and I'm sure that she didn't do it ________________， for they were identical.
7．Translation ________________ a bridge linking two evidently different cultures.
8．________________， interest is calculated daily and credited once a year, on 1 April.
9．The life at school seems comfortable ________________ that in the army.
10．This announcement ________________ shake the confidence of the industry.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．You are not paying all of your tuition(学费) to ________ (mere) go to class, study, pass tests and graduate.
2．It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents, ________ (compare) with 16% in 1991.
3．In the future, I will be a good doctor to heal the wounded and rescue the dying, ________ (devote) myself to my work.
4．Already, a number of films, including “WaterforElephants”， “TheHangoverPartⅡ” and “Zookeeper” ________ (draw) the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated properly.
5．Historical ________ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.
6．Over thousands of years, they began to depend less ________ what could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
7．If I hadn't been faced with so many ________ (barrier), I wouldn't be where I am.
8．I'm Tyson's little brother, but that's only part of my ________ (identify).
9．________ comparison, the brains of apes (类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy.
10．If the copyright date of your current dictionary shows that it was published five or more years ago, consider investing in a more recent ________ (edit).
11．Even though we live in a high-tech age it's still impossible to predict the weather ________ (accurate).
12．Making right career choices is crucial ________ personal success.
13．According to these editors, however, readers are ________ (whole) to blame for the reductions.
14．The physician claimed that the patient didn't get the medical ________ (treat) he needed in time.
15．Life for the successful doctor can be ________ (emotion) and financially rewarding.
16．The evidence at hand suggests that he ________ (abuse) his power.
17．The best way to build an ________ (artificial) intelligent device would be to build it around the same sort of advanced skills.
Ⅳ.汉译英(用括号内的短语)
1．到了晚年，他用全部时间写成了这本令人百读不厌的诗集。(prove to be)
________________________________________________________________________
2．数月来，我一直都是要么不愿意，要么没办法做这件事。(either...or)
________________________________________________________________________
3．这一部分旨在强调两种模式的比较。(for the purpose of)
________________________________________________________________________
4．无论你接不接受我们的保险提议，你都可以免费得到一份礼物。(whether...or not)
________________________________________________________________________
5．校长坚持认为我们应该充分利用每分钟准备考试。(insist that)
________________________________________________________________________
Part B　Lesson 1　To Clone Or Not To Clone
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．克隆　2.障碍；壁垒　3.双胞胎中的一个　4.哺乳动物　5.骆驼　6.cattle　7.forever　8.clue　9.crucial　10.bound
Ⅱ.
1．editor　editor－in－chief　2.generation　3.artificially
4．comparison　5.product　production　producer　productive　reproduce　reproducible　6.wholly　7.accurately　accuracy　8.treatment　9.merely　10.emotional　emotionally
语篇细研·教材精读
Ⅱ
1．C　2.A　3.D　4.C
Ⅲ
1．developing　2.successfully　3.named　4.was announced　5.to raise　6.an　7.provokes　8.from　9.organisations　10.what
核心突破·要点讲解
第一版块：核心单词
1．①artificially　②artificially　③artificial intelligence
2．①to/with　②in　③identical　④identity　⑤identified
⑥to identify
3．①with/to　②comparing　③compared　④to
⑤comparison　⑥beyond
4．①accuracy　②accurately　③in　④To be accurate
5．①under　②treatment　③to　④treated me to a big dinner　⑤treat him for his lung cancer　⑥It's my treat
6．①emotionally　②emotionally　③emotional　④emotion rather than careful thought
7．①to　②at　③crucially　④play a crucial role
8．①are bound to be abolished　②is bound to succeed
③to be admitted　④for　⑤in　with
9．①merely　②a mere container　③mere letters or mere words
10．①abuse of power　②alcohol abuse　③abused his position
④abuse drugs
11．①a　②his parents' blessing　③It's a blessing that
④your blessing　⑤blessed with　⑥with a well-built body
⑦having such a good daughter
12．①a　②processed　③applications　④processes　at
⑤in the process of
13．①Failure　②failures　③of　④in　⑤failed to pass　failed in passing　failed
14．①in　②break through　③made a breakthrough
15．①from　②becoming　③working　④working
⑤from working
16．①in　②to　③to　④was superior to
17．①on　on　②for　of　③in　to become　④to achieve　⑤of
第二版块：重点短语
1．①devoted　②setting　③devotion　④persuading　
⑤devote yourself to/are devoted to　⑥devote the rest of his life to
2．①has increased　②are　is　③a number of　④The number of
3．①on　②for　③it　④That/It depends　⑤depending/relying on　⑥depend/rely on it that
4．①as　②In　③is viewed as　④in view of　⑤In view of
第三版块：典型句式
1．①The last one to arrive　②to change lives　③to submit　④to get　to leave
2．①(should) be finished　②(should) not eat anything
③had done　(should) be set　④(should) prepare
⑤(should) make　⑥(should) be harvested
3．①Whether　or　②Whether you are poor or rich　③whether you earn more or less　④Whether you like it or not
4．①to keep　②difficult　③in　in　 are
5．①him　②to　innocent　③innocent　④proved　to be
⑤proved　guilty 　⑥truth
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．identical　2.twins　3.cattle　4.forever　5.reproductive　6.accurate　7.cloning　8.editing　9.gene　10.barrier
Ⅱ.
1．On the whole　2.is inferior to　3.are blessed with　4.is crucial to　5.was identical to　6.on purpose　7.is viewed as　8.To be accurate　9.by comparison with　10.is bound to
Ⅲ.
1．答案与解析：merely　副词merely作状语。句意：你不仅仅是为了上课、学习、通过考试和毕业而支付全部费用或你的学费。
2．答案与解析：compared　句意：据说25－34岁的年轻人中大约有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年这一比例为16%。compared with“与……相比”。
3．答案与解析：devoting　句意：将来，我要成为一名救死扶伤的好医生，全身心投入到工作中去。分析结构可知，此处考查非谓语动词，主语I与devote之间为主动关系，故要用现在分词作状语。
4．答案与解析：have drawn　句意：包括《大象的眼泪》《宿醉2》和《动物园管理员》在内的多部电影已经引起了积极分子的愤怒，他们认为影片中表演的动物没有得到妥善对待。分析结构可知，此处考查谓语动词，强调现在的结果，要用现在完成时态；主语由a number of修饰，谓语动词要用复数。
5．答案与解析：accuracy　句意：历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处作主语，位于形容词historical之后，应使用名词，意为“历史的准确性”。故填accuracy。
6．答案与解析：on　句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对从野外猎取或采集的东西的依赖，而更多地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。depend on“依赖，依靠”。
7．答案与解析：barriers　句意：如果我没有面对那么多的障碍，我现在就不会在这里。根据空前的many可知，此处要用复数。
8．答案与解析：identity　句意：我是泰森的弟弟，但那只是我身份的一部分。形容词性物主代词my后要接名词。
9．答案与解析：By　by comparison“相比之下”。句意：相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要休息时间能量的8%。
10．答案与解析：edition　名词edition作宾语。句意：如果你现在的词典的版权日期表明它是五年前或更早以前出版的，考虑投资一个更近的版本。
11．答案与解析：accurately　副词作状语。句意：即使我们生活在一个高科技时代，准确地预测天气仍然是不可能的。
12．答案与解析：to　be crucial to“对……至关重要”。句意：做出正确的职业选择对个人成功至关重要。
13．wholly　14.treatment　15.emotionally　16.has abused　17.artificially
Ⅳ.
1．In his later years, he devoted all his time to the collection of poetry which proved to be a best－loved book.
2．For months I had been either unwilling or unable to go through with it.
3．This part is for the purpose of emphasising the comparison of the two patterns.
4．You are entitled to a free gift whether you accept our offer of insurance or not.
5．The head master insisted that we should make full use of every minute to prepare for the exams.Part C　Lesson 2　Brain Power
【学习目标】
课时词汇 常用短语
contain, impulse, flexible, amount, locate, intake at one's best, cut down on, make up, be responsible for, consist of
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给英语单词和词性写出汉意或根据汉意和词性写出正确单词
1．atom n. ________________
2．nerve n. ________________
3．organ n. ________________
4．contain vt. ________________
5．zone n. ________________
6．____________ n. 纵横字谜；纵横填字游戏
7．____________ vi. &vt. 找出……的准确位置
8．____________ n. 摄入量；摄取量
9．____________n. 细胞
Ⅱ.根据下面所给单词，写出对应的派生词
1．atom n．原子→____________ adj.原子的
2．nerve n．神经；紧张→____________ adj. 紧张的；焦虑的
3．organ n．器官→____________ vt. 组织→____________ n．组织
4．contain vt.包含；容纳→____________n．容器
5．locate vt.找出……的准确位置→____________ n．位置，地点→____________ adj.位于，坐落于
第一版块：核心单词
1．contain vt.包含，容纳，装盛， 容忍；抑制，克制(强烈的感情)　container n．容器，集装箱
(教材P110)．..it contains over one hundred billion cells.
……它(大脑)包含超过1 000亿个细胞。
contain oneself 抑制某人自己
contain one's excitement 抑制某人(内心)的激动
The book contains all the information you need.
这本书包含你需要的所有信息。
How much does the bottle contain
这个瓶子的容量是多少？
The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestion.
研究小组根据调查结果写了两份报告，但都没有包含任何有用的建议。
Hearing the news, he couldn't contain himself and burst into laughter.
听到这个消息他难以克制，放声大笑起来。
[学法点拨]
contain 还可以译为“抑制，克制(强烈的感情)”。
[词语辨析]　contain与include
A contains B (＝B is inside A) B在A里面
A includes B (＝B is part of A) B是A的一部分
[即学即练]　选词填空(contain/include)
①The rocket ________ a number of scientific instruments, ________ a television camera.
②Several cities competed to host the 32nd Olympic Games, Tokyo ________．
③The price doesn't ________ postage.
④Our ten-day tour ________ a visit to New York.
单句语法填空
⑤The employer will send five workers to work in the branch in Shanghai, ________ (include) my brother.
⑥When hearing the news that his father came to himself, he couldn't contain ________ (he) and burst into tears.
⑦I hope more useful information ________ (contain) in your report.
2.locate vt.找出……的准确位置
(教材P110)But even more interesting than locating different areas of the brain is...但比定位大脑不同区域更有趣的是……
be located in/on/at...　　　位于……，坐落在……
The mechanic located the fault immediately.
机修工立即找到了出故障的地方。
Located on the banks of the river, the city is famous for its scenery and attracts a number of visitors.
这座城市位于河畔，以风景闻名并吸引了许多游客。
[词语积累]
location n．位置，地点；(电影的)外景拍摄地
show the exact location of sth.显示……的准确位置
find the location of...找到……的位置
[词语积累]
pinpoint the location of...锁定……的位置
choose/select the two locations选择这两个地点/位置
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He will work in the workshop that ________ (locate) at the foot of the mountain, which worries his mother.
②The exhibition will be held in the City Museum, ________ (locate) in the north of our city.
③Make sure that the ________ (locate) service is turned on, just in case you get lost.
3.intake n．摄入量，摄取量
(教材P111)It might also be a good idea to increase your intake of Omega-3 fats...
增加你的欧米加3脂肪的摄入量可能也是个好主意……
high fluid intake 高流质摄取量
to reduce your daily intake of salt 减少每天的食盐摄入量
the annual student intake 每年招收的新生人数
a sharp intake of breath 猛吸一口气
[归纳拓展]
take in吸收；领会；欺骗；接待
[即学即练]　完成句子
①Your ________________(酒精摄入量) should not exceed two units per day.
单句语法填空
②She is one of this year's intake ________ students.
4.impulse n．(神经)冲动，(电)脉冲　pulse n．脉搏v．跳动
(教材P57)These nerve cells are connected by electrical impulses.这些神经细胞通过电脉冲连接。
on impulse 一时冲动，心血来潮
resist the impulse 克制冲动
brotherly impulse 激动手足的情分；手足般的情分
electrical impulses 电脉冲
nerve impulses 神经冲动
She wrote a letter to the boy on impulse.
她一时冲动给那个男孩写了一封信。
She felt an irresistible impulse to rush into the room.
她有一种难以抗拒的冲动想冲进房间。
[归纳拓展]
give an impulse to sth.促进……
have a sudden impulse to do sth.突然心血来潮做某事
under impulse在冲动驱使下
feel sb.'s pulse摸某人的脉
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The plan will give ________ impulse ________ industrial expansion(扩展).
②The boy escaped from school ________ impulse.
③You and I have ________ (brother) impulse and should keep in touch after graduation from university.
④He can't resist the impulse ________ (go) on holiday.
完成句子
⑤为了获得决赛资格，一些运动员冲动行事，不计代价。
To get the qualification for the final, some athletes acted ______________________ without counting the cost.
5.flexible adj.易弯曲的，柔韧的；灵活的　inflexible adj.不易弯曲的，不柔韧的　flexibility n．灵活性；弹性
(教材P110)This keeps the brain flexible.这使大脑保持灵活。
flexible branches 易弯曲的树枝
flexible metal 柔软的金属
a flexible policy 灵活的政策
flexible mind 头脑灵活
[归纳拓展]
flexible rules可变通的规则
be flexible in在……方面灵活
flexible options灵活地选择
keep one's brain flexible保持大脑灵活
[即学即练]　完成句子
①Remember that goals are ____________________________________ (灵活的). They can change according to circumstances.
单句语法填空
②The system has high accuracy, real-time strong ________ (flexible), and practical features.
6.amount n．数量vi.总计，等于
(教材P111)These kinds of exercise increase the amount of oxygen in the blood, which is also good for the brain.这些运动增加了血液中的氧气量，这对大脑有好处。
a large/great/good amount of... 大量的……
a small amount of... 少量的……
in large/small amounts 大量地/少量地
the amount of＋不可数名词 ……的数量
amount to 合计；总共达到；等于；相当于
He needs that amount of money to survive.
他需要那样一笔钱以生存下去。
I still do a certain amount of work for them.
我仍然为他们做一些工作。
These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被)，which reduced plant diversity in the park.这些动物消耗了大量的植被，减少了公园植物的多样性。(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句的内容)
...the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined...……每节课花在阅读上的时间都在减少……
[名师点津]
a large amount of＋不可数名词＋单数谓语动词
large amounts of＋不可数名词＋复数谓语动词
(谓语动词的数与amount的单复数形式保持一致。)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①A large amount of medicine ________ (be) indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area.
②He didn't say no, but his answer amounted ________ a refusal.
③A large amount of money ________ (spend) on the new bridge.
＝Large amounts of money ________ (spend) on the new bridge.
④He gave a large amount ________ money ________ charity.
第二版块：重点短语
1．at one's best处在最好状态；全盛时期
(教材P111)If your brain has the correct fuel, it can work at its best.
如果你的大脑能获得正确的养料，它就能保持最佳工作状态。
One should never be proud even when he is at his best.一个人在最得意时也绝不应骄傲。
[归纳拓展]
do/try one's best (at)(在某一方面)尽全力
make the best of充分利用；尽力而为；妥善处理
best of all最好的是
We must make the best of every minute to build the fence in case the goats slip out.
我们必须抓紧每一分钟把篱笆盖好，以防山羊溜出来。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①When I'm tired, I'm ________________ (没在我最好的状态).
②The store also has second-hand books and CDs/DVDs with the idea ________________ (充分利用)the used things.
单句语法填空
③The photographer was never ________ her best early in the morning.
④A man is bound to be successful if only he will do ________ best.
2.cut down on削减，减少
(教材P111)One thing you can do is to cut down on junk food.
你能做的一件事就是少吃垃圾食品。
They understand it's a good offer and they cut down on the calories.他们明白这是个好提议，减少了热量的摄入。
cut down 削减；砍倒
cut away 剪去；切除；砍掉
cut out 裁剪；删除
cut up 切碎
cut off 切掉；阻碍；中断
cut in 插嘴；插队
cut through/across 抄近路穿过
I am not able to persuade my uncle to give up smoking, but at least he has cut down.
我没能说服我叔叔戒烟，但至少他减少了。
The butcher cut off a piece of meat and cut it up for the chef to make dumplings.
屠夫切下一块肉，将它切碎，让厨师包饺子。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Sadly, despite the warning, there are still many trees being cut ________．
②The electricity was cut ________ for several days.
③Please cut ________ the vegetables into small pieces.
完成句子
④As far as I am concerned, you should ________________ (减少)the fat you take in every day.
⑤After retirement, I feel I have been ________________ (与外界隔绝)for ages.
⑥We were talking about the general tendency of the world economy when Tim________________ (插话).
3.make up
(教材P56)The brain cells make up nerve cells...
脑细胞组成了神经细胞……
(1)组成，构成(被动式：be made up of)
Ten members chosen by the employer make up the research team.＝The research team is made up of ten members chosen by the employer.由老板选出的十个人组成了研究小组。
(2)创作，编写；编造(故事、谎言等)
The company was fined because they had made up false information.
该公司被罚款，因为他们编造虚假信息。
(3)化妆，上妆
She spent two hours making herself up before the party.
她在参加聚会前花了两个小时化妆。
(4)补上(失去的东西)；作出补偿
I'm trying to make up for the time I lost while I was sick.
我正在努力补回我生病耽误的时间。
(5)和好，(与某人)言归于好
Have you made up with Patty yet？你跟帕蒂和好了吗？
[归纳拓展]
(1)make up for弥补，补偿
Her hard work makes up for her lack of intelligence.
她的勤奋弥补了她的不聪明。
(2)make up with sb.与某人和好
(3)make up the team/organization组成/构成这个队/组织
be made up of...由……组成
(4)make up a dialogue/story编写一个对话/故事
(5)make oneself up给自己化妆
[即学即练]　写出句中make up的含义
①We have made up and become best friends again.____________
②The actors were making up in the next room.____________
③Everyone in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and making up jokes.____________
④Boys make up 56% of the students' number.____________
⑤The famous singer made up a song about friendship.____________
⑥Since we entered Senior Three, the boy has studied even harder to make up the time he wasted in the past.____________
完成句子
⑦The book ________________ (由……组成)a number of different articles.
⑧Caroline doesn't have a gift for music, but she ________________ (弥补)it with hard work.
⑨Five specialists ________________(组成)this medical team to treat the hero for his illness.
4.consist of由……组成；由……构成
(教材P56)The brain consists of only white matter.
大脑只是由白色物质构成。
consist of＝be made up of＝be composed of　　　由……组成；由……构成
Our class consists of 50 students.＝Our class is made upof 50 students.＝Our class is composed of 50 students.
我们班由50名学生组成。
[误区警示]
注意：consist of不用于被动语态，不用于进行时态，但可用consisting of作定语或状语；表示被动意义时常用made up和composed。
The medical team consists of 11 members.＝The medical team is made up of/is composed of 11 members.这支医疗队由11名成员组成。
[知识拓展]
consist in＝lie in在于，取决于
Success consists in doing what you really love.成功取决于做你真正爱做的事。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The medical team consists ________ 3 doctors and 5 nurses.
②Happiness consists ________ trying to do one's duty, not ________ amassing wealth.
完成句子
③Most food webs, for instance, ________________ (由……组成) many weak links rather than a few strong ones.
④Students are provided with breakfast, dinner and either a cooked or packed lunch, ________________ (包含) a sandwich, a drink and a dessert.
5.be responsible for负责；对……负责　responsible adj.负责的；有责任的　responsibility 责任；义务
(教材P110)．..these areas are responsible for different functions.(大脑的)这些区域负责不同的功能。
be responsible for doing sth. 有责任做某事/负责做某事
be responsible to sb. 对某人负责
have/take responsibility for... 对……有责任/负责
a sense of responsibility 责任感
escape/avoid responsibility 逃避/回避责任
It's sb.'s responsibility to do sth. 做某事是某人的职责/责任
He is responsible for designing the products.
他负责设计产品。
We should be responsible for our actions.＝We should takeresponsibilityfor our actions.
我们应该对自己的行为负责。
It's our responsibility to protect the environment.
保护环境是我们的责任。
[易错比较]
Sb. is responsible for...某人负责……；某人对……负责。
Sth. is responsible for...某事是……的原因。
[经典例句]
He is responsible to me for it.这件事他对我负责。
Carelessness is responsible for the accident.粗心大意是这场事故的原因。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He is responsible ________ morals and ________ law.
②The children are responsible ________ cleaning their own rooms.
③I am responsible ________ our mayor ________ it.
④Being ill today is responsible ________ his absence from school.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The menu ________ (包含) traditional favourites as well as more adventurous dishes.
2．Unable to resist the ________ (冲动), he glanced at the sea again.
3．All substances, whether they are gaseous, liquid or solid, are made of ________ (原子).
4．________ (神经)cells, after all, do not have intelligence of their own.
5．Evidence shows that smoking harms nearly every ________(器官)of the body.
Ⅱ.短语填空
amount to, cut down, come up, be located in, be responsible for
1．The directors ________________ preparing the company's financial statements.
2．The subject ________________ during a pre-dinner drink with our clients.
3．Heilongjiang Province ________________ the northeast of China, so it's freezing cold in winter.
4．We're trying to ________________ on the amount of paperwork involved.
5．Consumer spending on sports-related items ________________ $9.75 billion.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7：30 am to 5：00 pm and____________ (locate) at Roma Street station.
2．After we returned to the hotel late in the afternoon, my 7-year-old son Ponder realised that nowhere could he find his backpack, which ____________ (contain) his Gameboy and his watch.
3．He added that the theater's ____________ (locate) was also a reason.
4．It prevents people who are cut ____________ from society falling victim to cheaters.
5．Each level has four apartments ____________ (contain) six bedrooms, toilet facilities, and a kitchen.
6．A molecule of water consists of two ____________ (atom) of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
7．This sheet ____________ (contain) a list of problems a patient might like to raise to the physician.
8．The elderly man was doubly attracted to the house—by its size and its ____________ (locate).
9．____________ (crossword), electronic games and riddles can all improve your brain's speed and memory.
10．A large amount of money ____________ (spend) on junk food every year.
Ⅳ.汉译英(用括号内的短语)
1．他虽然经验最少，却是最出色的律师。(even though引导让步状语从句)
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2．即便是在最干净的房子里，地毯也需要定期清洁以保持美观。(keep＋宾语＋宾补)
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3．除了一小部分有薪酬的工作人员，这个机构还包含没有薪酬的志愿者。(consist of)
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4．图书馆坐落在一个安静的建筑里，离公交线路很近。(be located in)
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5．我们有责任不断判断规则是否有帮助。(responsibility)
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Part C　Lesson 2　Brain Power
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．原子　2.神经；焦虑；恐惧；紧张　3.器官　4.包含，容纳；装盛　5.地区，地带　6.crossword　7.locate　8.intake　9.cell
Ⅱ.
1．atomic　2.nervous　3.organize　organization　4.container
5．location　located
核心突破·要点讲解
第一版块：核心单词
1．①contains　including　②included　③include　④includes
⑤including　⑥himself　⑦is contained
2．①is located　②located　③location
3．①intake of alcohol　②of
4．①an　to　②on　③brotherly　④to go　⑤on impulse
5．①flexible　②flexibility
6．①is/was　②to　③was spent　were spent　④of　to
第二版块：重点短语
1．①not at my best　②to make the best of　③at　④his
2．①down　②off　③up　④cut down on　⑤cut off　⑥cut in
3．①和好　②化妆　③编造　④组成，构成　⑤创作　⑥补上　⑦is made up of　⑧makes up for　⑨make up/made up
4．①of　②in　in　③consist of　④consisting of
5．①in　in　②for　③to　for　④for
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．contains/contained　2.impulse　3.atoms　4.Nerve　5.organ
Ⅱ.
1．are responsible for　2.came up　3.is located in
4．cut down　5.amounted to
Ⅲ.
1．答案与解析：is located　be located at位于。句意：失物招领办公室周一到周五上午7：30到下午5：00开放，位于罗马街站。
2．答案与解析：contained　根据主句时态可知，用一般过去时。句意：下午晚些时候我们回到酒店后，我7岁的儿子庞德意识到，他找不到他的背包了，里面装着他的游戏机和手表。
3．答案与解析：location　名词所有格后用名词location。句意：他补充说，剧院的位置也是一个原因。
4．答案与解析：off　cut off“切断与……的联系”。句意：它可以防止那些脱离社会的人成为骗子的受害者。
5．答案与解析：containing　four apartments与contain之间为主动关系，用现在分词作状语。句意：每层有四套公寓，包含六间卧室、盥洗设施和一间厨房。
6．atoms　7.contained　8.location　9.Crosswords
10．is spent
Ⅳ.
1．He's the best lawyer, even though he has the least experience.
2．Even in the most spotless homes, carpets need regular cleaning to keep them looking good.
3．Apart from a small team of paid staff, the organisation consists of unpaid volunteers.
4．The library is located in a quiet structure and it's close to bus lines.
5．We have responsibility to continuously measure whether the rules are helpful or not.Part D　Lesson 3　Epidemics Explained
【学习目标】
课时词汇 常用短语 典型句式
variation, classify, rare, opposed, widespread, depressing, estimate, visible, bury, pose, trial, outbreak, actual, underline, thorough go into detail, get through, as a result of, on record, up to 1.with复合结构 2．现在分词短语作结果状语 3．现在分词完成式作状语 4．as long as只要，引导条件状语从句 5．that引导同位语从句
Ⅰ.核心单词练习：请根据所给英语单词和词性写出汉意或根据汉意和词性写出正确单词
1．epidemic n. ________________
2．virus n. ________________
3．factor n. ________________
4．bacteria n. ________________
5．baseline n. ________________
6．____________ adj. 广泛传播的，流传很广的
7．____________ n. 联系，相似
adj. 平行的
8．____________ n. 症状，征兆；症候
9．____________ vt. 埋葬，埋藏
10．____________ vt. 强调，使突出；在……之下划线
Ⅱ.根据下面所给单词，写出对应的派生词
1．class n．种类，班级→____________ vt. 将……分类；把……归入一类→____________ n．归类，分类，分级
2．rare adj.稀有的，罕见的→____________ adv.几乎不
3．oppose vt.反对，反抗→____________adj.反对的→____________ adj.相对的，另一边的 prep. 在……对面 n．相反，相反的人或事物→__________ n．[U]反对
4．depress vt.使抑郁；使沮丧→____________ adj.令人沮丧的，令人抑郁的；让人忧愁的→____________ adj.感到沮丧的，抑郁的，消沉的→____________ n．抑郁，抑郁症；大萧条
5．visible adj.看得见的→____________ adj.看不见的
6．steady adj.平稳的，稳固的→____________ adv.稳定地；稳固地
7．try vt. &n．试验，尝试→____________ n．试验；审判，审理
8．actual adj.真实的，实际的→____________ adv.实际上；事实上
9．system n．系统；体系→____________ adj.系统化的，有条理的
10．globe n．地球，世界；地球仪→____________ adj.世界的，全球的
[词语积累]
[1] epidemic/ ep 'dem k/ n．传染病，流行病
[2] infectious adj.(疾病)传染性的
[3] factor/'f kt /n.因素，要素
[4] virus/'va r s/n.病毒
[5] bacteria/b k't ri /n.细菌
[6] officially/ 'f li/adv.官方地，正式地
[7] classify/'kl s fa /vt.将……分类；把……归入一类
be classified as被归类为……
[8] rare/re /adj.稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的
[9] baseline/'be sla n/n.(医学或科学中的)基线，准线
[10] opposed/ 'p zd/adj.与某事物相反；反对某事物，不赞成某事物
as opposed to与……截然相反；而，相对于
[11] widespread/'wa dspred/adj.分布广的，广泛流传的
[12] classification/ kl s f 'ke n/
n．归类，分类，分级
[13] parallel/'p r lel/n.(不同地点或不同时间的两事物之间的)联系，相似 adj.平行的
draw parallels between...and...将……和……相提并论
[14] depressing/d 'pres /adj.令人沮丧的，让人忧愁的
depressed adj.沮丧的；萧条的
[15] sample/'sɑ mp l/n.样本，样品
vt.品尝，尝试；对……做抽样调查
[16] on record记录在案的；公开发表的
[17] CE/ si 'i /公元(用于日期后)
[18] estimate/'est m t/n.估计，估算
/'est me t/vt.估计，估算
[19] up to一直到；相当于；多达；由……决定
[20] visible/'v z b l/adj.看得见的
invisible adj.无形的，看不见的
[21] symptom/'s mpt m/n.症状；征兆，症候
[22] strike vt.打，击，撞；(灾难、疾病)爆发(过去式struck；过去分词struck或stricken) n．罢工；打击
[23] get through通过；到达；完成；接通电话；渡过(难关)，熬过(困难时期等)
[24] bury/'beri/vt.埋葬，安葬；埋藏
[25] as a result of由于；作为……的结果
[26] than ever before比以往任何时候更……
[27] initially adv.最初，起初；开始
[28] pose/p z/vt.造成，引起，产生(问题、危险、困难等)；n.(为画像、拍照等而摆的)姿势，姿态
pose a threat构成威胁；形成一种威胁
[29] lung /l /n.肺
[30] go up增长；上升；被兴建
[31] steadily/'sted li/adv.稳定地
[32] in the course of在……过程中；在……期间
[33] outbreak/'a tbre k/n.(战争或疾病)爆发，突然发生
[34] trial/'tra l/n.试验；审判，审理
[35] result in导致，结果是
[36] a number of若干，一些；许多
[37] actual/' kt u l/adj.实际的，真实的
[38] the number of ……的数量
[39] underline/ nd 'la n/vt.强调，使突出；在……之下划线
[40] thorough/'θ r /adj.彻底的，全面的，详尽的
[41] systematic/ s st 'm t k/adj.系统化的，有条理的
[42] come up with提出；想出；赶上
[43]globe/gl b/n.地球，世界；地球仪
global adj.全球的；整体的；全面的
An epidemic[1] is the name given to an infectious[2] disease that rapidly spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time—usually two weeks or less 【1】. Epidemics have been happening for as long as there have been people living on Earth. They can be caused by several different factors[3]， such as a virus[4] being carried into an area, or changes in the way people live, like more people living in an area, which increases the chances of them coming into contact with a virus or bacteria[5] 【2】．
【1】此句为主从复合句，其中An epidemic is the name为句子主干，given to an infectious disease为过去分词短语作后置定语，that引导定语从句修饰先行词an infectious disease。
【2】此句为主从复合句，They can be caused by several different factors为句子主干；which引导非限制性定语从句，指代more people living in an area。
Each disease can only officially[6] be classified[7] as an epidemic once a certain number of deaths have occurred from the disease 【3】. The number of deaths is different for every disease. So a very rare[8] disease will have a low baseline[9] and just a few cases of it in one place will be classified as an epidemic; as opposed[10] to more common diseases, such as the flu, that have a higher baseline. The common cold is a widespread[11] virus that affects millions of people, but it is not seen as being a serious enough condition to deserve the classification[12] of epidemic 【4】．
【3】此句为主从复合句，其中once引导时间状语从句。
【4】此句为连词but连接的并列句，其中第一个分句中含有that引导的定语从句。
With recent press reports drawing parallels[13] between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past, Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing[14] history of epidemics for clues about how we can create a more positive future without epidemics 【5】．
【5】此句为主从复合句，其中Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues为句子主干；With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past为with复合结构作状语，about后跟how引导的宾语从句，作介词about的宾语。
Since bird flu first appeared in 1997, it has taken more than a hundred lives. Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic, especially as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples[15] from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu have proved that bird flu is a modern adaptation of that virus 【6】．
【6】此句为主从复合句，其中Many people fear为句子主干；it could be the next global epidemic为fear的宾语；as引导时间状语从句，其中scientists have proved为句子主干，除含有两个都由who引导的定语从句，先行词分别为scientists和people外，proved后还有一个宾语从句。
One of the earliest epidemics on record[16] happened between about 500 and 550 CE[17]. Scientists now estimate[18] that up to[19] 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic, making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire 【7】. Then, in the 1330s, this epidemic returned, this time in Asia. It spread rapidly to Europe and became known as “The Black Death” because one visible[20]symptom[21] was black spots on the body.
【7】此句为主从复合句，其中that引导宾语从句，making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire为现在分词短语作结果状语，表示一种自然而然的结果。
Centuries later, the Great Flu Epidemic of 1918, also called the Spanish Flu, struck[22] near the end of World War Ⅰ. Families who had only just got through[23] the war now had to bury[24] their loved ones who had died of the disease 【8】．As a result of[25] the war, more people were travelling and moving perhaps than ever before[26] in history and this caused the epidemic to spread worldwide. Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history 【9】. More people died of
the flu than died in the war. Initially[27], many people believed that such epidemics no longer posed[28] a threat until very recently when SARS became a cause for concern 【10】．
【8】此句为主从复合句，其中句子主干为Families had to bury their loved ones；另外含有两个定语从句，都由关系代词who引导，先行词分别为Families和loved ones。
【9】此句为简单句，其中Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months为现在分词的完成式作状语，句中to have been表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，意思是“已经成为”。
【10】此句为主从复合句，其中that引导宾语从句，when引导时间状语从句。
The SARS epidemic began in 2002 with a case of lung[29] disease in Guangdong Province. It spread to Canada, Vietnam and Singapore and lasted until 2003. SARS was examined by scientists, who were confused by this new disease and wanted to learn more about it and its causes 【11】. Infection rates went up[30]steadily[31], and in the course of[32] the outbreak[33], about 8，000 people were infected over nine months. Since the end of the SARS epidemic, scientists have been doing trials[34] on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks 【12】．
【11】此句为主从复合句，其中who引导非限制性定语从句。
【12】此句为简单句，have been doing为现在完成进行时，表示该动作在过去就已经发生，延续到现在，可能还会延续下去。
Then, from 2013 to 2016, there was the most widespread outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in West Africa, which resulted in[35] a major loss of life in a number of[36] west African countries 【13】. 11，310 deaths were officially recorded, but the actual[37] number of[38] deaths is probably much higher. The virus was extremely infectious and the survival rate was as low as 30% in some areas, indicating that very few people got over it.
【13】此句为主从复合句，其中which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容。
Despite, or perhaps because of, the epidemics the world has faced in recent years, governments worldwide have underlined[39] the fact that they want thorough[40] and systematic[41] medical research on epidemics to get at the causes and come up with[42] cures as soon as possible 【14】. Countries will need to work together to do this because teamwork among nations across the globe[43] can save lives 【15】．
【14】此句为主从复合句，Despite，or perhaps because of，the epidemics the world has faced in recent years为介词短语作状语，其中包含定语从句the world has faced in recent years；主句为governments worldwide have underlined the fact，后跟that引导的同位语从句，其中动词不定式短语to get at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible作目的状语。
【15】此句为主从复合句，其中because引导原因状语从句。
流行病(epidemic)是指在短时间内(通常两周或更短)迅速在大量人群中传播的传染性疾病。自地球上有人类生活以来，流行病就一直存在。它们会由不同因素(factor)引起，例如病毒(virus)被带入某个地区，或者由于人们生活方式的改变，比如说某一地区居住的人群增多，从而增加了接触病毒或细菌(bacteria)的几率。
只有致死病例达到一定数量，某种疾病才会被正式(officially)定性(classify)为流行病。每种疾病的死亡数量各不相同。罕见(rare)疾病的基线(baseline)很低，即使某一地区只出现少数病例，也会被认定为流行病；与此相反(opposed)，常见疾病的基线较高，如流感。普通感冒由一种广泛传播的(widespread)病毒引起，可感染数百万人，但它并没严重到可以被称为(classification)流行病。
最近有新闻报道，吉姆·史密斯将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比(parallel)，在屡屡令人感到沮丧的(depressing)流行病史中寻找线索，从而创造一个远离流行病的美好未来。
禽流感自1997年首次出现以来，已经夺去了一百多人的生命。尤其是当科学家们仔细研究了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸体的组织样本(sample)，证明禽流感是该病毒的现代变异版本，许多人担心它可能会引起下一场全球流行病。
人类有记载的最早的流行病，大约发生在公元(CE)500年至550年之间。现今科学家们估计(estimate)发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病，成为罗马帝国衰落的一个主要原因。接着，14世纪30年代，这一流行病卷土重来，这次发生在亚洲，并迅速传播到欧洲。由于患者身上会出现明显的(visible)黑斑症状(symptom)，这种流行病被称为“黑死病”。
几个世纪后，第一次世界大战快结束时爆发了1918年大流感，又称西班牙流感。刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬(bury)他们死于疾病的亲人。
战争引发的人口流动前所未有，从而导致这一流行病蔓延到全世界。西班牙流感在18个月内造成5 000万人死亡，成为历史上最严重的流行病。死于该病的人比死于战争的人还要多。最初，人们以为这种大规模流行病不会再对人类构成(pose)威胁，直至非典出现，再次让全球陷入担忧。
非典疫情始于2002年广东省的一例肺部(lung)疾病，后蔓延到加拿大、越南和新加坡，并一直持续到2003年。科学家对这种新型疾病感到困惑，对SARS病毒进行检测，以期了解该病与致病原因的更多信息。非典的感染率不断(steadily)上升，在爆发(outbreak)期九个月内感染了约8 000人。非典疫情结束后，科学家们一直在试验(trial)各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再爆发。
随后，2013年到2016年间，西非爆发了大规模传染病——埃博拉出血热(EVD)，夺去了这一地区多个国家的很多人的生命。官方统计的死亡人数为11 310人，而实际(actual)死亡人数可能要更高。该病毒传染性极强，一些地区的存活率低至30%，也就是说很少有人能康复。
尽管(或者是因为)近年来全球爆发了流行病，世界各国政府都已经强调(underline)，要对流行病进行彻底(thorough)和系统(systematic)的医学研究，以便尽快找出原因并找到治疗方法。这需要各个国家的共同努力，因为全球(globe)各国之间的团队合作才能拯救生命。
Ⅰ.课文结构图示
　　　　
Ⅱ.课文预习自测
1．What is an epidemic
A．It is an infectious disease.
B．It is a disease that spreads rapidly.
C.It is a disease that kills a great number of people.
D.It is an infectious disease that spreads rapidly.
2．Which of the following statements is right about an epidemic
A．A disease which causes deaths can be classified as an epidemic.
B．A disease which spreads rapidly can be classified as an epidemic.
C．Epidemics have been happening for as long as there have been people living on Earth.
D．Epidemics can only be caused by a virus or bacteria.
3．Which of these diseases can be classified as an epidemic
A．Common cold. B．SARS.
C．Cancer. D．Cough.
4．Why did the Spanish Flu spread worldwide rapidly
A．The World War Ⅰ speeded it.
B．People ignored it at first.
C．It struck before World War Ⅰ.
D．The medical condition was poor.
5．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear
A．Entertainment. B．Health.
C．Education. D．Science.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
An epidemic is an infectious disease that 1.________ (rapid) spreads to a large number of people within a short period of time. Epidemics can be caused by several different 2.________ (factor), such as a virus or bacteria.
One of the earliest 3.________ (record) epidemics happened between about 500 and 550 CE. It killed close to 50% of the population, 4.________ (make) it one of the reasons of the fall of the Roman Empire. In 5.________ 1330s, the epidemic known as “The Black Death” returned in Asia and spread to Europe. Centuries later in 1918, the Spanish Flu 6.________ (strike). In 2002, SARS began 7.________ a case of lung disease in China. It spread to Canada, Vietnam and Singapore and lasted until 2003. Then in West Africa between 2013 and 2016, there was the most widespread outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), 8.________ killed over 11，000 people.
Governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they need 9.________ (far) medical research on epidemics 10.________ (get) at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible.
第一版块：核心单词
1．variation n．变化物，变体；差异，变动　vary v．变化；相异；改变
(教材P58)A new epidemic can be a different variation of a virus that people caught in the past.一种新的流行病可能是过去人们感染的病毒的不同变种。
vary from...to... 从……到……变化
vary between...and... 从……到……不等
vary in 在……方面不同
vary with... 随……而变化
vary from place to place 各地不同
vary from person to person 因人而异
vary with the seasons 随季节而变化
vary in colour and size 色彩和大小各异
The dial records very slight variations in pressure.
该刻度盘能显示很微小的压力变化。
White bread is really just a variation of French bread.
白面包其实只是法式面包的一种变化物。
There is a great deal of variation among the responses.
反应各不相同。
Wedding traditions and customs vary from one country to another.不同国家的婚礼传统和习俗不同。
But the importance of natural factors and artificial factors vary in places.但自然因素和人为因素的重要性因地而异。
[词语积累]
vary v．变化；相异
variety n．种类；多样性
various adj.各种各样的
a variety of＝varieties of(＝various)各种各样的
for various reasons出于种种原因
in various sizes大小不一
in various ways以各种各样的方式
various factors各种因素
[词语积累]
a variety of＝varieties of＝various种类繁多的
a great/wide/large variety of
各种各样的
a variety of activities/reasons
各种各样的活动/理由
[即学即练]　完成句子
①Our customs ________________________________ (各地不同).
②有各种各样的果树和动物。
There are different kinds of fruit trees as well as ________________________ animals.
单句语法填空
③People vary ________ preference for colour.
④There's no doubt that customs vary ________ the times.
⑤Take it easy! Jackets are available in ________ (vary) colours.
⑥Disneyland, a fantasy amusement park, which offers a ________ (vary) of attractions for tourists, brings you into a magical world.
⑦This soup is a spicy ________ (vary) on a traditional favourite.
⑧This delicious ________ (vary) on chocolate flakes is quick and easy to prepare.
2.classify vt.将……分类；把……归入一类
(教材P58)Each disease can only officially be classified as an epidemic...
……某种疾病才会被正式定性为流行病。
classify...as... 把……归类为……
classify...according to... 根据……把……分类
classify...into... 把……分成……
be classified by/according to 根据……分类
be classified into 被分成……
be classified as 被划分为……
classification method 分类方法
classification system 分类系统；分类制度
In law, beer is classified as a food product.
在法律上，啤酒归为食品一类。
We'd classify Drabble's novels under “Romance”．
我们把德拉布尔的小说归在“爱情小说”一类里。
All employees are classified according to competence.
所有员工是按照能力分类的。
These files are classified into three categories according to the contents.
根据内容，这些文件被分为三种类型。
Only eleven of these accidents were classified as major.
这些事故中只有十一例被判定为重大事故。
[词语积累]
classification n．分类；类别，等级
[学法点拨]
-ify/-fy为动词后缀，表示“……化”“使得，变成”。
simple→simplify vt.简化
pure→purify vt.净化
beautiful→beautify vt.美化
identity→identify vt.认出，识别
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①It is required that the books in the library should be ________ (classify) by different topics.
②From the classical class, the student with glasses knows the ________ (classify) of classics.
③It means we have not allowed ourselves ________ (classify) as objects.
④The application form has now been ________ (simple).
完成句子
⑤Men in the post office ________________(根据……将邮件分类) places it is to go.
⑥We usually ________ types of characters ________ (把……划分为)good and bad.
3.rare adj.稀有的，罕见的，不常发生的
(教材P58)So a very rare disease will have a low baseline...罕见疾病的基线很低……
a rare book/coin/stamp 珍贵的书/硬币/邮票
a rare breed/plant 珍稀物种/植物
It is rare for the seaman to live such an easy life on land.
海员在陆地上过着如此安逸的生活是很少见的。
[学法点拨]
rare的副词形式为rarely，更多的情况下表示“很少，几乎没有”，为接近否定意义的词，置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。
Rarely can I have time to glance the newspaper in the office.我在办公室里很少有时间浏览报纸。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①It is rare ________ (find) such loyalty these days.
②It was ________ rare honour to be made a fellow of the college.
③The scientist absorbed himself in studies and ________ (rare) cared about clothes and food.
4.opposed adj.与某事物相反的；反对某事物的，不赞成某事物的　oppose v．反对
(教材P58)．..as opposed to more common diseases, such as the flu，that have a higher baseline.……与此相反，常见疾病的基线较高，如流感。
be opposed to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事
as opposed to 与……截然相反；而，相对于
the opposing team 对方球队
a player from the opposing side 一名对方的运动员
split into two opposing camps 分裂成两个对立的阵营
opposing views 对立的观点
be opposite to 与……相反
in the opposite direction 向相反的方向
have the opposite effect 起反作用
the opposite of... ……的对立物
exactly/just the opposite 恰恰相反
live opposite 住在对面
sit opposite 坐在对面
in opposition to sb. /sth. 强烈反对/抵制某人/某事物
This exercise develops suppleness as opposed to (＝rather than) strength.这项锻炼不是增强力量，而是增强柔韧性的。
I came up with a proposal, and nobody was opposed to it.
我提出了一项建议，没有人反对。
Our views are diametrically opposed on this issue.
在这个问题上，我们的观点大相径庭。
[归纳拓展]
①反对(做)某事
be opposed to (doing) sth.　 object to (doing) sth.
oppose (doing) sth. be against (doing) sth.
②同意(做)某事
subscribe to (doing) sth. be for sth.
agree to (do) sth. be in favour of sth.
He was opposed/objected to taking the risk of trying out the new method.他反对冒险试验这个新方法。
I have never subscribed to the view that females are not fit for this kind of job.我向来不赞同女性不适合这种工作的观点。
[词语积累]
opposing adj.对立的
opposite prep.在……对面 adj.对面的；相反的 adv.在对面 n．相反的人(或物)；对立物
opposition n．反对，反抗
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Many local people opposed ________ (build) the new airport.
②The majority of members were opposed ________ my proposal, which upset me greatly.
③We are strongly ________ (oppose) to racial prejudice.
④There are 200 people who attended, as opposed ________ 300 the previous year.
⑤To tell the truth, I am strongly opposed to ________ (clone) any kind of animals no matter what circumstances.
同义句转换
⑥I was against the unfair judgement.
＝________________________________________________________________________
＝________________________________________________________________________
＝________________________________________________________________________
5.widespread adj.分布广的，广泛流传的；普遍的，广泛的
(教材P58)The common cold is a widespread virus that affects millions of people...普通感冒由一种广泛传播的病毒引起，可感染数百万人……
the widespread use of chemicals in agriculture 化学品在农业中的广泛使用
a widespread hobby 一种广泛的爱好
deep and widespread concern 深切而广泛的关注
widespread support 普遍支持
widespread damage 大面积的损坏
Widespread floods struck large areas of the village.
泛滥的洪水侵袭了这个村庄的大片区域。
The government acted quickly to relieve the widespread distress caused by the earthquake.
地震造成大范围的灾难，政府迅速采取行动赈济灾民。
[经典例句]
There is widespread support for the new proposals.新提议获得了广泛的支持。
Food shortages are widespread．食物短缺的情况很普遍。
[即学即练]　完成句子
①The high cost prohibits the ________________(广泛应用)of the drug.
②The plan received ______________(普遍支持)throughout the country.
③The new laws gained ________________ (普遍认同).
④This disease has ________________ (广泛的影响)in some areas.
6.depressing adj.令人沮丧的，让人忧愁的
(教材P58)．..Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues...……吉姆·史密斯在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找线索……
be depressed about 对……感到沮丧
the Great Depression 大萧条
a depressing sight/thought 令人沮丧的景象/想法
The applicant has been depressed these days for he was rejected more than once.
这名申请者这几天一直很沮丧，因为他已多次被拒绝。
Hunger and cold can make people feel depressed and lose confidence.饥饿和寒冷能让人感到沮丧，失去信心。
He is depressed because he hasn't built up his own company up to now.他很沮丧，因为他至今还没有成立自己的公司。
[词语积累]
depress vt.使沮丧；使萧条
depressed adj.沮丧的；萧条的
depression n．沮丧；不景气
[温馨提示]
跟其他-ed和-ing形式的形容词一样，depressed修饰人的声音、表情、感受等，而depressing则修饰物。
[相关链接]
常见的v.-ing和v.-ed形容词：
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Hearing the ________ news, he felt very ________. (depress)
②He went into a deep ________ (depress) after he failed to comfort his friend.
③He was not satisfied with the summer camp because the whole experience was ________ (depress).
④It struck me that I shouldn't have been so ________ (depress) for such an unimportant thing.
⑤I can tell at first sight that he is more than a little ________ (depress) by the failure.
7.estimate vt.估计，估算　estimation n．估计
(教材P59)Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic...现今科学家估计，发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病……
(1)n.估计，计算
a rough estimate(＝not an exact calculation) 粗略估算
a ballpark estimate(＝an approximate estimate) 大致相近的估计
I can give you a rough estimate of the amount of wood you will need.我可以粗略估计一下你所需要的木材量。
official government estimates of traffic growth over the next decade政府对今后十年交通增长的正式估计
(2)vt.估计，计算　underestimate v．低估
It is estimated that... 据估计……
be estimated to be worth... 估计价值……
It is estimated that the project will last ten years.
据估计，这项工程将用时10年。
Police estimate the crowd at 30，000.警方估计聚集的人有3万。
The deal is estimated to be worth around $1.5 million.
这笔交易估计价值150万美元左右。
Evidently, overweight people may underestimate the volume of food that they consume.
显然，超重的人可能低估自己摄入食物的量。
[归纳拓展]
It is said that...　　　　 据说……
It is reported that... 据报道……
It is announced that... 据宣布……
It is hoped that... 人们希望……
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is suggested that... 有人建议……
It is considered that... 有人认为……
It is reported that the bus containing 20 passengers crashed into the river due to the driver's carelessness.据报道，由于司机的粗心，一辆载有20名乘客的公共汽车坠入河中。
[学法点拨]
以上结构都可以改成“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do”结构。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①It is hard ________ (estimate) how many children suffer from dyslexia(诵读困难).
②It ________ (estimate) that half of the participants will be opposed to the plan.
③The sales figure of this month is estimated ________ (rise) by 15%.
④It ________ (say) that communicating more with your children can prevent them from depression.
⑤The construction work ________ (estimate) to complete by the end of next month.
同义句转换
⑥It is estimated (that) the project will last four years.
→________________________________________________________________________
→________________________________________________________________________
⑦It is said that the new Chinese panda coin is made up of 99.9% gold.
→________________________________________________________________________
→________________________________________________________________________
8.visible adj.看得见的
(教材P59)．..because one visible symptom was black spots on the body.
由于患者身上会出现明显的黑斑症状……
The house is clearly visible from the beach.
从海滩可以清楚地看到那所房子。
[词语积累]
invisible adj.无形的，看不见的
visibly adv.明显地；易察觉地
The password should be invisible to us.密码对我们来说应该是不可见的。
Walk the walk, and do it visibly, so others can see what you're doing.走自己的路，正大光明，所以别人才能够看到你正在做的。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①I caught a glimpse of her in the crowd but soon she was ________ (visible).
②He was very ________ (visible) upset to hear of some of the things that were told in the Ryan Report and how the children had suffered.
③There are many stars invisible ________ the naked eye.
完成句子
④He showed ________________ (不露声色).
9.bury vt.埋葬，安葬；埋藏
(教材P59)Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones...刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们的亲人……
bury one's face/head in sth. 把脸/头埋在某物里面
be buried in/bury oneself in 埋头于，专心于
She sat there, buried in thought.她坐在那儿，陷入了沉思。
She buried her face in her hands and began to cry.
她双手掩面开始哭泣。
He has buried himself in reciting English words since the winter vacation began.
＝He has been buried in reciting English words since the winter vacation began.
寒假一开始，他就埋头于背英语单词。
[学法点拨]　
专心于
[经典例句]
The girl was sitting on a park bench, burying herself in/buried in/absorbed in her book.女孩坐在公园的长椅上，专心致志地看书。
Burying herself in the film, she didn't know it was snowing outside.她埋头看电影，不知道外面在下雪。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The old photos ________ (bury)at the bottom of the suitcase reminded me of those happy old days.
同义句转换
②________ (bury) in the fiction, the boy has forgotten all around him.
→________ (bury) himself in the fiction, the boy has forgotten all around him.
完成句子
③____________________ (埋头于) the farm work, Tom didn't notice the eruption occur.
④After the argument, she ________________ (专心于)her study.
10.pose vt.造成，引起，产生(问题、危险、困难等)　n．(为画像、拍照等而摆的)姿势，姿态
(教材P59)．..such epidemics no longer posed a threat...……这种大规模流行病不会再对人类构成威胁……
pose a threat/challenge/danger/risk 构成威胁/挑战/危险/风险
pose as sb. 佯装/冒充/假扮某人
pose a threat to sb./sth. 对……构成威胁
They pose a serious threat to security.
他们对安全构成严重威胁。
The photographer asked her to rearrange herself in another pose.
摄影师要她重新摆一个姿势。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The man posed himself ________ a specialist to cheat the farmer to buy his products.
②The fellow entered the building ________ (pose) as a workman.
完成句子
③Radio waves that mobile phones emit may not ________________(对……构成威胁)health.
11.trial n．试验；审判，审理
(教材P59)．..scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks.……科学家们一直在试验各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再爆发。
be on trial 在试验中；在受审中
trial and error 反复试验
The new drug is undergoing clinical trials.
这种新药正在进行临床试验。
[归纳拓展]
stand trial/go on trial受到审判
bring to trial送交法院审判
come to trial开庭审理
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He's ________ trial for murder.
完成句子
②They didn't know how to put in a central heating system, but they managed it by ________________ (反复试验).
③She will ________________ (受到审判)for fraud.
④The man who hurt the whale on purpose will ________________ (送交法院审判).
12.outbreak n．(战争或疾病)爆发，突然发生
(教材P59)．..scientists have been doing trials on treatments to prevent any future outbreaks.……科学家们一直在试验各种治疗手段，以防止未来疫情再爆发。
the outbreak of flood 洪水爆发
the outbreak of typhoid 伤寒爆发
the outbreak of epidemic 流行病的爆发
the outbreak of war 战争的爆发
The cholera outbreak has been contained.
霍乱的爆发已被遏制住。
The area was struck by the outbreak of epidemic.
这一地区突然发生了流行病。
[归纳拓展]
v.＋adv.→n.(由动词短语转化而来的合成名词)
break down出故障→breakdown n．故障
Always carry your toolbox in case you have a breakdown on the motorway.随身携带工具箱，以防汽车在高速公路上抛锚。
[即学即练]　选词填空(outcome/breakthrough/breakdown)
①The cause of AIDS is made clear, which will help to make a great ________ in the treatment of the deadly disease.
②Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best ________ would be for your well-being.
③It doesn't come as a shock to learn that the fuel and cooling systems are the most common causes of ________．
13.actual adj.实际的，真实的
(教材P59)．..but the actual number of deaths is probably much higher.……而实际死亡人数可能要更高。
actual buying power 实际购买力
actual cash value 实际现金价值
actual line 实线
actual shares (股票)实股
actual situation 当前情况/实际情况
actual experience 实际经验
in actual fact 实际上，事实上
The actual cost of the construction was higher than we expected.实际建造成本比我们预计的要高。
In actual fact, the information is processed in a random order.事实上，信息是按随机顺序处理的。
[归纳拓展]
actually adv.实际上，说实在的；事实上
actually＝in (actual) fact＝as a matter of fact＝in reality, in effect实际上，事实上
The present situation is actually more than a little depressing.
＝Actually/In fact/In actual fact/As a matter of fact, the present situation is more than a little depressing.
目前的情况实际上非常令人沮丧。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Most people work because it's unavoidable. By contrast, there are some people who ________ (actual) enjoy work.
②________ (actual), it was human behaviour that resulted in the catastrophe.
③________ actual fact，I haven't made sense of what the specialist said at the meeting.
④As ________ matter of fact, it is a widespread concern for the parents to see their children addicted to the mobile phone.
完成句子
⑤________________ (事实上), everybody has limitless potential.
14.underline vt.强调，使突出；在……之下划线
(教材P59)．..governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic medical research on epidemics... ……世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统的医学研究……
The report underlines the importance of preschool education.
这份报告强调学前教育的重要性。
They underline the fact that every subject has its own importance and pupils will absorb knowledge useful for their future.他们强调每个学科都有其重要性，而学生会吸收对他们的未来有用的知识。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①The report ________ (underline) his concern that standards were at risk.
完成句子
②This incident ________________ (显示了……危险)of travelling in the border areas.
15．thorough adj.彻底的，全面的，详尽的
(教材P59)．..governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic medical research on epidemics... ……世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统的医学研究……
You must see your doctor for a thorough examination.
你必须去看医生，做个全面检查。
Detectives carried out a thorough search of the building.
侦探对那栋大楼进行了彻底的搜查。
[词语积累]
thoroughly adv.完全地，彻底地
They determined to inquire thoroughly into this matter.他们决定彻底调查这件事。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①In order to know a foreign language ________ (thorough), four things are essential.
完成句子
②Our school has ________________ (大扫除)every Thursday morning.
③He had made ________________(彻底的调查).No wonder he knew so much about it.
16.deserve vi. &vt.应受(报答或惩罚)；值得
(教材P58)．..but it is not seen as being a serious enough condition to deserve the classification of epidemic.但它并没严重到可以被称为流行病。
deserve consideration 值得考虑
deserve a medal 应获得奖牌
deserve to win 应该赢
We didn't deserve to win.我们并非赢得理所当然。
E-waste deserves to be made good use of.电子垃圾值得好好利用。(deserve to be made good use of＝deserve making good use of主动形式表被动意义，介词of不能省略)
The athletes' performance in the competition deserves praising/deserves to be praised/deserves the praise.运动员们在比赛中的表现值得表扬。
With many wild animals gradually dying out, the present situation deserves extra attention.随着许多野生动物逐渐灭绝，这一现状值得格外关注。
[教师提示]
deserve表示“值得”时后接doing，用主动形式表示被动意义，相当于接动词不定式的被动语态，即deserve doing＝deserve to be done＝deserve＋名词，类似的动词还有need，require，want(需要)等。
He deserves punishing.
＝He deserves to be punished.
＝He deserves punishment.他罪有应得。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①He deserves ________________ (us, respect).
②She works hard, so she deserves ________ (succeed).
③His proposal deserves ________ (consider) seriously.
④This idea deserves ________ (discuss).
一句多译
⑤他的话值得我们注意。
A．What he said is ________________________ attention ________．
B．What he said is worthy of ________________________________ by us.
C．What he said is worthy to ________________________________ by us.
D．What he said deserves our ______________________．
E．What he said deserves to be ______________________ by us.
17.parallel n．(不同地点或不同时间的两事物之间的)联系，相似adj.平行的vt.与……媲美，与……相似
(教材P58)With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past, Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics for clues about how we can create more positive future without epidemics.最近有新闻报道，吉姆·史密斯将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比，在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找线索，从而创造一个远离流行病的美好未来。
be parallel to/with 与……平行
without parallel/have no parallel 无可匹敌
in parallel(with sth./sb.) (与某事/某人)同时
two parallel examples 两个相似的例子
have a close parallel to sth. 和……很相似
This is an achievement without parallel in modern times.
这是在现代无可匹敌的成就。
The road and the canal are parallel to/with each other, which is the result of the government's work.
这条道路与运河平行，这是政府工作的结果。
[归纳拓展]
a parallel case同类型事例
parallel trends并行发展的趋势
the parallel universe平行时空
parallel lines平行线
parallel sth. with sth. else把……与……作比较
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①This road runs parallel ________ the railroad.
②The town has a close parallel ________ this.
完成句子
③The two lines are two ________________ (平行线).
④You'd better parellel this book ________________________ (与那本书).
⑤Your experience ________________________ (与我的相似).
⑥很显然，这是一场在世界其他地方都没有出现过的生态灾难。
It's evidently an ecological disaster with ________________ anywhere else in the world.
第二版块：重点短语
1．go into detail详述，详细叙述
(教材P59)．..especially as scientists who have gone into detail studying tissue samples...
尤其是当科学家们仔细研究了……组织样本……
the detailed information 详细的信息
give full detail 详述
overlook detail 忽视细节
details of... 某事的详细情况
workout detail 定出细目
a matter of detail 一桩琐事
chief detail 主要细节
dry detail 枯燥的细节
an eye for detail 明察秋毫
minor detail 次要的细节
Alan doesn't go into detail about how they got the password.
艾伦没有详细说明他们是如何得到密码的。
We won't go into detail on this topic in this article.
在本文中，我们不会详细讨论这个主题。
[归纳拓展]
in detail详细地
We'd better discuss everything in detail before we work out the plan.在我们制订计划之前，我们最好详细地讨论每件事。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①Now let's go ________ detail and take a closer look at each of the trends presented above.
②We examine the wording ________ detail before deciding on the final text.
完成句子
③He doesn't ________________(详述)about how the stories happened.
2.get through
(教材P59)Families who had only just got through the war now had to bury their loved ones...刚刚熬过战争的人们现在不得不埋葬他们的亲人……
(1)(设法)做完；完成；通过(测试等)；渡过(难关)
It is estimated that we have got through half of the construction of our defence.
据估计，我们的防御工程已完成了一半。
(2)设法联系上(尤指打通电话)
I'm afraid the phone is out of order and I can't get through.恐怕电话出毛病了，我打不通。
[归纳拓展]
get away (from)(从……)脱离，逃脱……
get together相聚，聚集
get across被理解
get around传播；流传
get over克服；控制
get along/on (well) with和某人(和睦)相处
get in进入；收割
get on进展，进步
get away with带着……潜逃；做坏事而未受到惩罚
get down to (doing) sth.开始认真(做)某事
get hold of抓住
get rid of摆脱；除掉
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①If we can get ________ our present difficulties, then everything should be in good condition.
②Anyway, we're here now, so let's get down first ________ some complicated tasks.
③The only comfort for him in these depressing days is that he has got ________ his graduation essay.
④I've been trying to phone Charles all evening, but there must be something wrong with the network; I can't seem to get ________．
⑤The farmer was so absorbed in getting ________ his crops that he didn't notice a snake winding in front of him.
3．as a result of由于；作为……的结果
(教材P59)As a result of the war, more people were travelling and moving perhaps than ever before in history...战争引发的人口流动前所未有……
The plan failed as a result of lack of finance.
这个计划由于缺乏资金而失败。
result in 导致，造成
result from 由……引起；起因于
There is no doubt that his drunk driving resulted in the accident.
毫无疑问，他的酒驾导致了这次事故。
[词语辨析]
as a result of与as a result
as a result of“由于；作为……的结果”，后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
as a result“因此，结果”，一般放在句首，后面常加逗号。
　　　　
[即学即练]　选词填空(as a result/as a result of)
①He had some bad fish. ________________， he felt ill this morning.
②He can't participate in the sports meeting ________________ his serious injuries in an accident.
单句语法填空
③His laziness resulted ________ his failure; that is to say, his failure resulted ________his laziness.
④A lot of people in this area died as ________ result of the outbreak of the epidemic last year.
4．up to多达
(教材P59)Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic，...现今科学家们估计发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病……
up to词组多义：
(1)多达(某数量)
It takes me up to ten hours to finish the job.花费我长达十个小时完成这项工作。
(2)胜任
be up to such an important job胜任这么重要的工作
(3)忙于；从事着(尤指坏事)
be up to writing a novel忙于写小说
(4)由……决定
be up to sb. to do sth.由某人来决定做某事
(5)到，直到
up to now直到现在
[发散联想]
total up to合计，总数达到
up to date现代的，最新的，时髦的
come up to达到(标准等)；比得上
live up to符合(标准)，不负(盛名)
up to (the) average达到平均水平
[句式]
It's up to sb. to do sth.该由某人做某事了
What's she up to？她在捣什么鬼？
What's up？怎么了？
[即学即练]　完成句子
①Summer Company provides students with hands-on business training and awards of ________________ (多达) $3，000 to start and run their own summer businesses.
②While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans ________________________ (到目前为止), taking melatonin (褪黑激素) drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
③During the Athletics Games, ________________ (多达) 3，000 foreign journalists came to our country.
一句多译
④今天该你值日了。
＝It's ________ you ________ (do) duty today.
＝It's your turn ________ (do) duty today.
5.on record有记载的；有记录的；在历史记录中
(教材P59)One of the earliest epidemics on record happened between 500 and 550 CE.人类有记载的最早的流行病，大约发生在公元500年至550年之间。
(1)record n．记录；唱片
record a new album 录制新专辑
keep a record of 把……记下来
hold a record 保持纪录
break a record 打破纪录
set a record 创造纪录
record player 唱机
listen to/play a record 听/播放唱片
for the record 供记录在案，为准确起见
off the record 私底下
on (the) record 记录在案的，有记录的
(2)v.记录，录制(温度计等)指示　recorder n．录音机
I'll record his speech.我要将他的演讲记录下来。
The thermometer records 37 ℃.这温度计指示37摄氏度。
句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that...”中常用的过去分词有：recorded, said, reported, considered, believed, hoped, suggested, estimated, admitted等。
It's recorded that Qing Dynasty was turned over in 1911.
据记载，清朝于1911年被推翻。
It's said that he has set off for America.据说他已动身去了美国。
[名师点津]
有些单词既可作名词又可作动词。作名词时重音在前，作动词时重音在后，可总结为“名前动后”。
record
permit
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①That season, I broke all of Miller's ________(record) while he watched the home games from the bench.
完成句子
②做好记录，每周评估一次。
________________________ and evaluate it weekly.
③去年是有记录以来最热的一年，全球气温比平均值高出0.68 ℃。
Last year was the warmest year ________________， with global temperature 0.68 ℃ above the average.
同义句转换
④He ________ (record) her expenses every day.
＝He keeps ______________________ her expenses every day.
第三版块：典型句式
1．with＋宾语＋宾补(with复合结构可作状语或定语)
(教材P58)With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past, Jim Smith looks at the sometimes depressing history of epidemics...最近有新闻报道，吉姆·史密斯将禽流感和过去致命的流行病做对比，在屡屡令人感到沮丧的流行病史中寻找……
[句式分析]　With recent press reports drawing parallels between bird flu and killer epidemics of the past为with复合结构作状语。常在句中作状语，表示原因、方式、时间、条件或伴随等。具体形式主要有：
构成：with＋宾语＋宾补
(1)with＋宾语＋形容词
He determined to return to his homeland with the situation there depressing.
他决心回国，因为那里的局势令人沮丧。
(2)with＋宾语＋副词
He left the office，with the light on.他开着灯离开了办公室。
(3)with＋宾语＋现在分词(表示主动或正在进行)
With the specialist directing him, he has made up his mind to grow his own vegetables in greenhouses.在专家的指导下，他决定自己种植大棚蔬菜。
(4)with＋宾语＋过去分词(表示被动或已经完成)
With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch.
所有工作都做完了，他们匆忙回家吃午饭。
(5)with＋宾语＋动词不定式(表示尚未发生)
With so many things to deal with, I can't go on holiday.
有这么多的事要处理，我不能去度假。
(6)with＋宾语＋介词短语
He came in with a book in his hand.他进来了，手里拿着一本书。
Do you know the lady with a baby in her arms
你认识那个抱着婴儿的女士吗？(with复合结构作定语)
[名师点津]
with复合结构可以转换成独立主格结构，在句中作状语，其位置根据情况放在句首、句中或句尾。作原因、时间、条件、方式状语时，常放在句首或句中；作伴随或结果状语时，通常放在句尾。
(1)Music over, all the audience stood up with applause．音乐一结束，所有观众都站起来鼓掌。
＝With the music over, all the audience stood up with applause．(作时间状语)
(2)So much homework to do, I have to stay at home doing it.＝With so much homework to do, I have to stay at home doing it.(原因状语)
(3)He put on his clothes in a hurry, wrong side out.＝He put on his clothes in a hurry, with the wrong side out．(结果状语)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①With the exact date ________ (settle), it is time for us to plan for the basketball tournament.
②The whole playground was excited, with the audience ________ (cheer) enthusiastically for the athletes.
③With air pollution ________ (get) worse, the government needs to come up with some effective measures to deal with it.
④With so many goats and cattle ________ (attend) to, the little boy was depressed, because he couldn't play with his friends.
⑤With everything she needed ________ (buy), she went home happily.
⑥With too many people ________ (stare) at her, the little girl was very nervous and couldn't speak fluently.
⑦The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already ________ (lay) for a meal to be cooked.
完成句子
⑧The old man walked in ________________(手里拄着一根拐杖).
2.现在分词短语作结果状语
(教材P59)Scientists now estimate that up to 50% of the area's population died from the epidemic, making it one of the main causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.现今科学家们估计发病区域多达50%的人口死于这一流行病，成为罗马帝国衰落的一个主要原因。
[句式分析]　通常放在句末。有时为了突出结果，现在分词前可加thus或therefore，相当于so或so that引导的结果状语从句。
Carbon burns in oxygen or air, therefore forming carbon dioxide.碳在氧气或空气中燃烧，因而形成了二氧化碳。
[学法点拨]
不定式作结果状语 常与only连用，表示出乎意料的结果
现在分词作结果状语 表示自然而然的结果
I woke up in the morning, only to find the outside world greatly changed.早晨我醒来，发现外面的世界变化很大。(出乎意料的结果)
Great changes have taken place in our country in the past few years, making it one of the powerful countries in the world.在过去的几年中，我国发生了巨大的变化，使它成为世界上强大的国家之一。(顺理成章的结果)
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①It rained heavily, ________ (cause) severe flooding in that country.
②He managed to contain himself at the meeting yesterday, ________ (avoid) a conflict with his boss.
③We hurried to the station, only ________ (tell) that the train had left.
④He underlined the sentences that he didn't understand, ________ (make) it easier for him to turn to his teacher.
⑤Yesterday I went to see him, only ________ (learn) that he had gone abroad two days before.
⑥He comes home very late every evening, ________ (make) his wife very angry.
3.现在分词的完成式作状语(现在分词的完成式指分词所表示的动作发生在句子中谓语动词所表示的动作之前)
(教材P59)Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most severe epidemic in history.西班牙流感在18个月内造成5 000万人死亡，成为历史上最严重的流行病。
[句式分析]　Having killed up to...为现在分词的完成式作状语，表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
Having heard the news, Tom couldn't help crying.
听到这个消息，汤姆禁不住哭了起来。
Having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington, I got to the office earlier that day.
那天，我赶上了从帕丁顿开来的7：30的火车，提前到了办公室。
Not having received an answer, she decided to write another letter.
没有收到回信，她决定再写一封信。
Having been given such a stimulating book, the little boy was very happy.
收到这样一本有趣味的书，小男孩非常高兴。
[知识拓展]
如果现在分词所表示的动作与主语之间是逻辑主谓关系，则用主动形式，即：having done；否定形式为：not having done。如果是逻辑动宾关系，则用被动形式，即：having been done；否定形式为：not having been done。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①________ (have)a thorough cleaning yesterday, our school looks tidier and more beautiful.
②________ (finish) all the tests, we began our holiday.
③________ (injure) in the training, Tom couldn't play in the basketball season.
④________ (build) more highways, China makes it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
4．as long as 只要；和……一样长
(教材P58)Epidemics have been happening for as long as there have been people living on Earth.自地球上有人类生活以来，流行病就一直存在。
[句式分析]　as long as (＝so long as)“只要”，是从属连词词组，引导条件状语从句。
I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest.
我决定只和他玩一个玩具，只要它能保持他的兴趣。
[知识拓展]
as/so far as...和……一样远；就……而言
as well as既……又……；也
as good as和……一样好
as...as possible/as...as one can尽可能……地
as soon as一……就……
[即学即练]　完成句子
①He may use my room ______________________ (只要) he cleans it up afterwards.
②I shall love you ________________________ (和……一样长) I have breath.
③________________________ (就……而言) I know, he is not in Shanghai.
④You won't find paper cutting difficult ________________________ (只要) you keep practicing it.
5．that引导同位语从句
(教材P59)Despite, or perhaps because of, the epidemics the world has faced in recent years, governments worldwide have underlined the fact that they want thorough and systematic medical research on epidemics to get at the causes and come up with cures as soon as possible.尽管(或者是因为)近年来全球爆发了流行病，世界各国政府都已经强调，要对流行病进行彻底和系统的医学研究，以便尽快找出原因并找到治疗方法。
[句式分析]　that引导同位语从句
某些抽象名词如fact，idea，doubt, order, hope, news, promise, truth, conclusion, wish, opinion, happiness等后面，可以接同位语从句，解释该抽象名词的具体内容。
I have some doubt whether he will finish the task on time.
我有些怀疑他是否会按时完成这项任务。
The idea that I was “not athletic” stuck with me for years.
多年来，我“不擅长运动”的想法一直困扰着我。
I have no idea when I can complete the essay the teacher asks me to write.
我不知道何时能完成老师要求我写的那篇论文。
[学法点拨]
that在同位语从句中不作句子成分，没有实际意义，不能省略，也不能用which替代。如果同位语从句中意义和句子成分均完整，则用that引导；如果同位语从句意义不完整，根据从句表达的意义选取相应的连词：whether是否(if不能引导同位语从句)，who谁，what什么，which哪一个，when什么时候，where哪里，why为什么，how如何。
[即学即练]　单句语法填空
①We came to the decision ________ we must act at once.
②The question ________ was to blame has never been settled.
③He hasn't made the decision ________ he will go there or not.
④He asked me the question ________ the work was worth doing.
⑤I have no idea ________ the cellphone isn't working, so could you fix it for me？
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．Television advertising is ________ (广泛流传的)and, nowadays, even movie theaters permit advertisements.
2．The ________ (分类)based on DNA seems to be much more reliable.
3．________ (平行的)lines will never meet no matter how far extended.
4．There was simply no ________(看得见的)evidence to support such a theory.
5．It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any ________ (症状).
6．They estimated that between 17，000 and 20，000 cows would die before the ________(流行病)had run its course.
7．The results of the survey were weighted to allow for variations in the ________ (样本).
8．The FDA has approved a new treatment for a ________(罕见的)blood disorder.
9．There may contain a variety of forms of data distribution in the ________ (准线)data.
10．She remained bitterly ________ (反对)to the idea of moving abroad.
Ⅱ.短语填空
be classified as, on record, come up with, get through, no longer, be confused by, go up, result in, be parallel to, come into contact with
1．My comprehension in this matter ______________ yours, so I have nothing else to say.
2．It is ________________ desirable for adult children to live with their parents.
3．An increase in cars ________________ the decline of public transport.
4．In order to solve this problem, Shang Yang ________________ a brilliant idea.
5．Evidence ________________ real evidence, testimony, direct evidence, and circumstantial evidence.
6．Emily had a hard time adjusting to her new job, but she ________________ it.
7．For every year you've worked here you will ______________ another step on the salary scale.
8．When she was abroad, she ________________ many people.
9．Due to global warming, we experienced the warmest year ________________ last year.
10．Some people ________________ the concepts of management cost and production cost.
Ⅲ.单句语法填空
1．As ________ result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner's knee, are uncommon among race walkers.
2．________ (actual), I started to learn kung fu when I was seven years old, but I have long been out of practice.
3．．..he could contact(联系)the driver, only ________ (discover) it contained ￡400 in notes, with another ￡50 in spare change beside it.
4．________ (try) and error leads to the finding of truth.
5．Jones' idea has been fully realized—the “HAPPY TO CHAT” benches help break the ________ (visible) social barrier that keeps people from saying hello.
6．People who think positively demonstrate increased life spans(寿命), lower rates of ________ (depress) and anxiety, better physical and psychological health, reduced risks of death from heart problems.
7．And the story ________ (pose) an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while others go to seed long before
8．Many farmers ________ (oppose) the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
9．There will still be lots of challenges if we are ________ (classify) garbage in a short time.
10．I began to learn this when I had my car crashed. The cost to repair it ________ (estimate) at $800.
11．My father telephoned the police station, but it couldn't get ________．
12．He firmly believes that education and a country's economic development are key ________ (factor) to progress.
13．News of the budget crisis got out before it was ________ (official) announced.
14．There is, however, a definite structural ________ (vary) between the male and female brain.
15．As soon as the interview was over, he continuously ________ (bury) himself in his work.
16．Specialists remain unclear as to why the danger appears to have been ________ (steady) increasing.
17．The accord ________ (underline) Italy's global reputation as a good steward of art and culture.
18．Doctors examine their patients __________ (thorough) in order to make the correct diagnosis.
Ⅳ.汉译英(用括号内的短语)
1．言外之意是这种电池的寿命是其他电池的两倍。(as...as)
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2．有很多的工作要做，他没有时间和以前的老同学保持联系。(with复合结构)
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3．看完这则新闻，我震惊得半晌无语。(现在分词的完成式)
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4．不可否认的事实是，他们在负责这座伟大的建筑。(同位语从句)
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5．当老师出去开会的时候，管理班级事务就成了班长的职责。(up to)
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Part D　Lesson 3　Epidemics Explained
双基夯实·课前排查
Ⅰ.
1．传染病，流行病　2.病毒　3.因素，要素　4.细菌　5.基线，准线　6.widespread　7.parallel　8.symptom　9.bury　10.underline
Ⅱ.
1．classify　classification　2.rarely　3.opposed　opposite　opposition　4.depressing　depressed　depression　5.invisible
6．steadily　7.trial　8.actually　9.systematic　10.global
语篇细研·教材精读
Ⅱ.
1．D　2.C　3.B　4.A　5.B
Ⅲ.
1．rapidly　2.factors　3.recorded　4.making　5.the
6．struck　7.with　8.which　9.further　10.to get
核心突破·要点讲解
第一版块：核心单词
1．①vary from place to place　②a variety of　③in　④with　⑤various　⑥variety　⑦variation　⑧variation
2．①classified　②classification　③to be classified
④simplified　⑤classify mail according to　⑥classify　as
3．①to find　②a　③rarely
4．①building　②to　③opposed　④to　⑤cloning
⑥I opposed the unfair judgement.
I was opposed to the unfair judgement.
I objected to the unfair judgement.
5．①widespread use　②widespread support　③widespread acceptance　④a widespread influence
6．①depressing　depressed　②depression　③depressing
④depressed　⑤depressed
7．①to estimate　②is estimated　③ to rise　④is said　⑤is estimated　⑥People estimate that the project will last four years.　The project is estimated to last four years.
⑦People say that the new Chinese panda coin is made up of 99.9% gold.　The new Chinese panda coin is said to be made up of 99.9% gold.
8．①invisible　②visibly　③to　④no visible sign of emotion
9．①buried　②Buried　Burying　③Buried in/Burying himself in　④was buried in/buried herself in/was absorbed in
10．①as　②posing　③pose a threat to
11．①on　②trial and error　③stand trial/go on trial　
④be brought to trial
12．①breakthrough　②outcome　③breakdown
13．①actually　②Actually　③In　④a　⑤Actually/In fact/In actual fact/As a matter of fact
14．①underlined　②underlines the danger
15．①thoroughly　②a thorough cleaning
③a thorough investigation
16．①our respect　②to succeed　③considering/to be considered　④discussion/discussing/to be discussed　⑤A.worth our paying　to　B．being paid attention to　C．be paid attention to　D．paying attention to　E．paid attention to
17．①to/with　②to　③parallel lines　④with that one
⑤parallels mine　⑥no parallel
第二版块：重点短语
1．①into　②in　③go into detail
2．①over　②to　③through　④through　⑤in
3．①As a result　②as a result of　③in　from　④a
4．①up to　②up to now　③up to　④up to　to do　to do
5．①records　②Keep a record　③on record　④records　a record of
第三版块：典型句式
1．①settled　②cheering　③getting　④to attend　⑤bought　⑥staring　⑦laid　⑧with a stick in his hand
2．①causing　②avoiding　③to be told　④making
⑤to learn　⑥making
3．①Having had　②Having finished　③Having been injured
④Having built
4．①as/so long as　②as long as　③As far as　④as long as
5．①that　②who　③whether　④whether　⑤why
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．widespread　2.classification　3.Parallel　4.visible
5．symptom　6.epidemic　7.sample　8.rare　9.baseline　10.opposed
Ⅱ.
1．is parallel to　2.no longer　3.has resulted in　4.came up with　5.is classified as　6.got through　7.go up　8.came into contact with　9.on record　10.are confused by
Ⅲ.
1．答案与解析：a　as a result结果。句意：结果，她说，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。
2．答案与解析：Actually　副词作状语。句意：其实，我从七岁就开始学功夫了，但我已经很久没练了。
3．答案与解析：to discover　“only＋不定式”表示意想不到的结果。句意：……他可以联系司机，却意外发现钱包里有400英镑的纸钞和50英镑的零钱。
4．答案与解析：Trial　and连接两个并列的名词作主语。句意：反复试验可以发现真理。
5．答案与解析：invisible　根据句意可知，用visible的反义词，表示看不见的、无形的。句意：琼斯的想法已经完全实现了——“快乐聊天”长椅帮助打破了阻止人们打招呼的无形的社交障碍。
6．答案与解析：depression　用名词作介词of的宾语。句意：积极思考的人寿命更长，抑郁和焦虑的概率更低，身心更健康，死于心脏病的风险也更低。
7．答案与解析：poses　根据句子时态可知用一般现在时。句意：并且这个故事提出了一个有趣的问题：为什么有些人到生命的最后一刻也能发现新的活力和创造力，而有些人却很早以前就退化了呢？
8．答案与解析：opposed　根据从句时态可知主句用一般过去时。句意：许多农民反对这项计划，因为他们担心狼会杀死他们的家畜或宠物。
9．答案与解析：to classify　句意：我们如果要在短时间内对垃圾进行分类，仍然会有很多挑战。分析句子结构可知，此处用不定式作表语，表将要发生的动作。
10．答案与解析：was estimated　根据前句时态可知用一般过去时；The cost与estimate之间是被动关系故用被动语态。句意：当我的汽车被撞坏的时候，我开始意识到这一点，修理它的费用估计为800美元。
11．答案与解析：through　get through接通电话。句意：我父亲给警察局打电话，但打不通。
12．factors　13.officially　14.variation　15.buried
16．steadily　17.underlined　18.thoroughly
Ⅳ.
1．The implication is that this battery lasts twice as long as other batteries.
2．With a lot of work to do, he has no time to keep contact with his old classmates.
3．Having finished the news, I was shocked to be speechless for a whole while.
4．There is no gainsaying the fact that they have been responsible for the great building.
5．It is up to the monitor to be responsible for the affairs of our class when the teacher goes out to attend the meeting.Part E　Grammar——完成时和动词短语
语法Ⅰ完成时
1.现在完成时
由“have/has＋过去分词”构成，基本用法如下：
(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间，但现在已经完成，且其结果对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语有：lately 近来；recently 最近；so far 到目前为止；by now 到现在；up to/till now 直到现在；in the last/past few days/years在过去的几天/几年里
Progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.到目前为止，工作进展得很顺利，我们确信工作一定会按时完成。
The journalist has written 50 reports in the past two years.这位记者在过去两年里写了50篇报道。
(2)表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还会继续进行下去，常用的时间状语有：
since＋时间点；for＋时间段
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了好评。
The librarian has worked in this library for nearly twenty years.这位图书管理员在这个图书馆工作了将近二十年。
(3)瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。在否定句中，瞬间动词可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。常用的瞬间动词有：go, come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, buy, die, fall, stop, start, kill, close, graduate, join, finish, lose等。若瞬间动词要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换，如：
buy→have　　　 买
borrow→keep 借
finish→be over 结束
leave→be away 离开
close→be closed 关闭
open→be open 打开
come/go/become→be 来/去/变得；成为
die→be dead 死
fall asleep→be asleep 睡觉
fall ill→be ill 生病
put on→have/wear 穿
marry→be married 结婚
join the army→be a soldier/be in the army参军
“他已经参军三年了”可以用以下方式表达：
He joined the army three years ago.
＝It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
＝He has been a soldier for three years.
＝He has been in the army for three years.
即学即练1　单句语法填空
①So far, the disabled boy ________ (accept) three operations in order to live a normal life.
②Up to now, the employer ________ (hire) more than ten excellent graduates to work for him.
③Don't get off the bus until it ________ (stop).
④In the last few years thousands of films ________ (produce) all over the world.
⑤It is about five years since the saleswoman ________ (work) in this factory.
⑥He ________ (do) a lot of things for the elderly in his city since his retirement.
完成句子
⑦This is _____________________________________________________________(我第一次来这里).
⑧Such a thing has ________________________________________________________(闻所未闻)before.
⑨________________ (很多年过去了) since we met last time.
⑩—Mary, I miss you so much. Where have you been
—I ____________________ (去一所学校) in a mountain area for two years.
2．过去完成时
过去完成时由“had＋过去分词”构成，必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。基本用法如下：
(1)表示在过去某一时间或过去某一事件之前已经发生并完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。
When I hurried to the station to see the specialist off, the train had already left.当我匆忙赶到车站为专家送行时，火车已经开走了。
(2)表示一个动作或状态从过去某一时间之前已经开始，一直持续到过去这一时刻，并也可能继续下去。常用的时间状语有：
by then 到那时为止；by that time 到那时候；before 在……之前；by the end of 到……末为止；until then 直到那时；by the time＋一般过去时的从句
The worker had worked in the workshop for three hours before his machine broke down.机器损坏之前这个工人已经在车间里工作了三个小时。
By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.杰克从英国回到家里，他的儿子已大学毕业。
(3)intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或想法等。
I had intended to visit you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来打算昨天去看你的，但来了一个不速之客。(实际上没去)
I had meant to go to see the dentist to have one of my broken teeth pulled out, but I had to attend an important meeting.我本想去看牙医把其中一颗坏了的牙齿拔掉，但我不得不参加一个重要的会议。(实际上没去)
3．将来完成时
将来完成时由“will/shall＋have＋过去分词”构成：
Hopefully after three years at university I will have matured and mastered the essential skills about life.希望经过三年的大学生活，我将成熟并掌握生活的基本技能。
Only five years later, your money will have grown by $94，000.仅仅5年后，你的钱就会增多94 000美元。
(1)将来完成时表示“将来完成”：即表示到将来某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作。
[温馨提示]　如果表示到将来某个时间或某件事情为止，某动作或状态已经发生或完成，要用将来完成时，常用的时间状语有“by＋将来的某个时间”或“by the end of＋将来的某个时间”或by the time引导的一个一般现在时的从句等。
—Tommy is planning to buy a car.汤米计划要买一辆汽车。
—I know. By next month, he'll have saved enough for a new one.我知道。到下个月，他就攒够买一辆新车的钱了。
When we get there, our client will have already waited for us at the hotel.当我们到那里的时候，我们的客户将已经在酒店等我们了。
I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow.我预计到明天你就会改变主意了。
(2)表示“持续”：即表示某种状况将一直持续到说话人所提及的某一将来时间。
We will have been married a year on June 25th.到6月25日我们俩就结婚1年了。
By this time next week, I will have been working as the assistant for the specialist for 2 years.到下周的这个时候，我就已经给这位专家做了两年的助理了。
(3)表示“推测”：即表示根据某情况作出的推测。
There will have been a definite result before Friday.周五之前会有明确的结果。
4．常使用完成时的句型
(1)It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句．(从句用过去完成时)
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们十年没感受这么高兴的时光了。
(2)It is the first/second/... time＋that从句．(从句用现在完成时)
It was the first/second/... time＋that从句．(从句用过去完成时)
It is the first time that the intelligent boy has made such a silly mistake.这是这个聪明的男孩第一次犯这样愚蠢的错误。
The teacher said it was the first time that little John had listened so attentively.老师说这是小约翰第一次那么聚精会神地听讲。
(3)That/This/It is/was＋最高级＋名词＋定语从句．(从句常用完成时)
The film directed and starred by him is one of the most impressive films I have ever seen.由他导演和主演的这部电影是我看过的令人印象最深刻的电影之一。
That dinner was the most expensive meal we had ever had.那顿晚饭是我们吃过的最贵的一顿饭。
(4)在hardly/scarcely... when...及no sooner... than...(一……就……)句型中，主句常用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时且hardly/scarcely及so sooner位于句首时用部分倒装。
Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.我刚到公共汽车站，公共汽车就开了。
5．现在完成进行时
由“have/has been＋现在分词”构成，基本用法如下：
(1)表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成，也可能仍在进行。常用的时间状语有：
all this morning 整个早上；this month 这个月；recently 最近；these few days 这几天；all night 整个晚上；since 自……以来
I'm tired out. I have been shopping all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
我累坏了。我整个下午都在购物，而且我好像什么事也没完成。
The librarian has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月里，那位图书管理员每天晚上都在图书馆工作。
(2)现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。
I have been ringing you several times in two days.
这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
即学即练2　单句语法填空
①Since 1978 about 5.2 million Chinese ________ (study) abroad and among those who graduated about 83.7 percent returned to China.
②In the last few years, China ________ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
③I ________ (read) half of the English novel, and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.
④The students ________ (work) hard on their lessons and their effort will be rewarded.
⑤In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat ________ (cut).
⑥It's reported that by the end of this month, the output of cement in the factory ________ (rise) by about 10%.
⑦As I walked, he explained that he ________ (win) the show the week before and wasn't allowed to go on again.
⑧Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we ________ (develop) more convenient electronic communication tools by then.
⑨That was the first time I ________ (be) to Hong Kong so I had great difficulty finding the hotel.
⑩She is surprised to find the fridge empty; the children ________ (eat) up everything!
Mother wants to be a good provider, a role she ________ (shoulder) since her marriage to Father.
I ________ (write) a book recently describing my response to the ecological dilemma we're now in.
Scientists in Australia declare proudly that they ________ (develop) the world's first blood test to find a deadly skin cancer in its early stages.
Over the last two years the park ________ (receive) 650 monkeys from a breeding farm that shut down.
I hope that when we return tomorrow, you ________ (adjust) your plan.
完成句子
那是我第一次见到那位在这个领域作出巨大贡献的专家。
________________________ who has made great achievements in this field.
在过去的几个月里，我们学校发生了巨大的变化。
________________________ in the past few months.
到下个月为止，这个厨师在这家餐馆工作满三年。
By the end of next month, the chef ______________________ for three years.
当这个销售员匆忙赶到车站时，火车已经离开了。
When the salesman hurried to the station, ________________________．
据说这家公司的财政危机在春节前已经得到了解决。
It is said that ________________________ before the Spring Festival.
________________________ (我刚做完练习) when the bell rang.
By the end of last year, we ________________________ (已经生产) 20，000 cars.
When I arrived, my friends ________________________ (已经离开了).
Too much ________________________ (发生) recently.
No wonder he is so tired out. The applicant ________________________ (在公司外焦急地等) for nearly two hours.
语法Ⅱ动词短语
1.动词短语的概念
两个或两个以上的词在一起构成一个固定结构，表达一种特定的含义，作用近似于一个单一动词，称为动词短语。
2．分类
动词短语有及物(vt.)和不及物(vi.)之分，及物动词短语必须跟宾语，不及物动词短语不跟宾语。
(1)及物动词短语
It is estimated that he has got through his work for he looks relaxed.
估计他已经完成了工作，因为他看上去很放松。
It is not essential for us to look up every unknown word when reading.
我们没有必要在阅读时查阅每一个生词。
(2)不及物动词短语
The election will take place next Friday, which has attracted a lot of attention so far.
竞选活动将于下星期五举行，到目前为止已经吸引了很多关注。
The weeks went slowly by.
时间一星期一星期慢慢地过去了。
(3)部分动词短语既可作及物动词短语，也可作不及物动词短语。
He took off his coat.他脱下他的大衣。
The plane took off at nine o'clock.飞机在九点起飞。
3．及物动词短语的用法
(1)“动词＋副词”构成的及物动词短语，宾语如果是名词，可置于动词短语之后，也可置于动词与副词之间；宾语如果是代词，则只能置于动词与副词之间。
We will hand out the advertisements.
＝We will hand the advertisements out.
我们将要分发广告。
If you like it, please try it on.如果你喜欢它，就请试试。
不能说成：If you like it, please try on it.
(2)“动词＋副词”构成的及物动词短语，举例如下：
put on　　 穿上
set up 建立
turn off 关掉
put off 推迟
pick up 捡起；恢复
turn on 打开
put up 挂起；举起
put down 放下
clean up 打扫干净
write down 写下
call/ring up 打电话
cheer up 使振奋
get back 取回
eat up 吃光
give up 放弃
look up 查阅
take off 脱下
give away 捐赠
work out 算出
cut down 砍倒
hand out 分发
turn up 把(声音)调大
wake up 叫醒
hand in 交上来
turn down 把(声音)调小
take out 取出
think up 想出
(3)“动词＋介词”或“动词＋副词＋介词”构成的及物动词短语，举例如下(宾语放于介词之后)：
come up with 想出(主意)
look after 照顾
look for 寻找
get on 上车
agree with 同意
ask for 请求；找
hear of 听说
knock at 敲(门、窗等)
laugh at 嘲笑
wait for 等候
pay for 付钱；支付
run out of 用完；用尽
即学即练3　用适当的介词或副词填空
①China's efforts on food production and safety will pay ________ after the new food law is introduced.
②Ningbo is a small city. Therefore, to speed ________ the flow of traffic, the government has determined to broaden some main streets.
③Adopting the doctor's advice, he cut down ________ coffee and cigarettes and ate a balanced diet.
④Einstein liked Bose's paper so much that he set ________ his own work and translated it into German.
⑤If you sit in an office all day long and rarely work ________， you're likely to suffer from neck and back pains.
⑥Two doctors and eight nurses make ________ the medical team, which will be sent to the countryside for the sake of the villagers' health.
⑦Our class consists ________ forty-one students and the most intelligent one is Li Mei.
⑧What was it that made the young man stand ________ among the applicants
⑨You had promised to drop ________ when passing by our town, but what was it that prevented you from showing ________ in my home
⑩Have you figured ________ whether to take up a part-time job or not this summer vacation
Economic growth in the country remains weak this year and it is hoped that it will pick ________ gradually next year.
Part E　Grammar——完成时和动词短语
即学即练1　①has accepted　②has hired　③has stopped　④have been produced　⑤worked　⑥has done　⑦the first time that I have come here　⑧never been heard of　⑨A couple of years have passed　⑩have been to a school
即学即练2　①have studied　②has made　③have read　④have been working　⑤has been cut　⑥will have risen　⑦had won　⑧will have developed　⑨had been　⑩have eaten　 has been shouldering　 have been writing　 have developed　 has received　 will have adjusted　 It is the first time that I have met with the specialist　 Our school has changed a lot/Great changes have taken place in our school　 will have worked in this restaurant　 the train had already left　 the company's financial crisis had been solved　Scarcely had I finished the exercise　had produced　had left　has been happening　has been waiting anxiously outside the company
即学即练3　①off　②up　③on　④aside　⑤out　⑥up
⑦of　⑧out　⑨in　up　⑩out　 up