Unit 5Education
Part A Topic Talk
【学习目标】
课时词汇 重点短语 经典句式
promote, consistent, sympathy, insist, analyse, evaluate devote to, be adapted to, be consistent with, pass on, a great deal of 1.insist＋宾语从句； 2．it作形式主语； 3．while＋doing
【单词巧练 写准记牢】
核心单词练习：请根据所给英语单词和词性写出汉意或根据汉意和词性写出正确单词
1．________________ n. 重要性，意义
2．facilitate vt. ________________
3．sympathy n. ________________
4．fellow man ________________
5．________________ n. 教育工作者
6．________________ vt. 促进，增进；晋升
________________ n. 促进；晋升
7．consistent adj. ________________
be consistent with sth. ________________
________________ adj. 不一致的；前后矛盾的
8．cultivate vt. ______________
cultivation n. ______________
9．________________ vt. 分析，剖析
________________ n. 分析(事物)，分析(物质)
10．philosopher n. ______________
philosophy n. ______________
11．insist vi. ________________
insist on ________________
12．________________ vt. 评估，评价
________________ n. 评价，评估
第一版块：重点单词
1．provide v．提供 provider n．提供者，供应者
(教材P28)For example, it provides opportunities for us to acquire knowledge and skills to solve real-world problems.
例如，它为我们提供了获得知识和技能的机会来解决现实世界中的问题。
归纳拓展
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①In their cages the monkeys were provided ________ touch screens.
②They were not provided ________ amusing equipment.
③Hannah's Place is divided into several areas, ________ (provide) shelter for people when it is so cold that sleeping outdoors can mean death.
④The US was also the largest ________ (provide) of FDI.
2.significance n．重要性，意义
(教材P209)Sure. Education has great social and personal significance...当然，教育具有重大的社会和个人意义……
be of great/much significance 重要的，有重大意义的
be of no/little significance 无关紧要的
have great/no significance (for...) (对……)很重要/不重要
attach (great) significance to... (非常)重视……
Both her parents attach much significance to education.
她父母都非常重视教育。
The discovery of the new drug is of great significance for people suffering from heart problems.
这种新药的发现对心脏病患者来说意义重大。
[归纳拓展]
significant adj.有重大意义的，显著的
significantly adv. 显著地，明显地
a highly significant discovery有重大意义的发现
It is significant that...……很重要/很明显
a significant achievement重大成就
change/increase/improve significantly显著改变/增加/提高
significantly better/greater明显更好/更大
be of significance＝be significant有重大意义的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I think his research on renewable (可再生的) energy sources is ________ great significance.
②Most students think it ________ to join the English corner, though a few haven't realized the ________ of it. (significance)
③Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a ________ (significant) greater sense of belonging, a bond with others.
3.promote vt.促进，增进 promoter n．促进者，发起人
(教材P28)promotes social development促进社会发展
promote sb. to... 将某人提升为……
get promoted 得到晋升
promote economic growth 促进经济增长
promote peace 促进和平
A clean environment can help the city bid for the Olympics, which in turn will promote its economic development.
一个清洁的环境可以帮助城市申办奥运会，这反过来将促进其经济发展。
You have made outstanding contributions to the company — I am sure you are bound to get promoted.
你为公司做出了突出的贡献，我确信你一定会被提拔的。
I do think he deserves the promotion.
我确实认为他应该得到提拔。
[联想拓展]
promote better communication and understanding
促进更好的沟通与理解
fail to get promoted没有得到晋升
a meeting to promote trade between China and the UK
中英两国贸易促进会议
[词语积累]
promotion n．提升，晋升；推销，促销；促进；发扬，振兴
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I hear they've promoted Tom, but he didn't mention ________________ (promote) when we talked on the phone.
②He got ________ (promote) for his significant contribution to the company.
③The ________ (promote) marked a turning point in her career.
完成句子
④While waiting for the opportunity to ____________________________________________ (得到提升), Henry did his best to perform his duty.
4.sympathy n．同情，同情心；赞同，支持
(教材P110)developing sympathy for and understanding of our fellow men对我们的同胞产生同情和理解
have/feel sympathy for sb. 对某人感到同情
express/offer (one's) sympathy 表达(某人的)同情
get sympathy from sb. 得到某人的同情
out of sympathy 出于同情
I have absolutely no sympathy for people who get into debt by overspending.
我一点儿也不同情那些因过度消费而负债的人。
I feel a lot of sympathy for him. It can't be easy to bring up three children on his own.
我很同情他，一个人养三个孩子不容易。
All in all, don't complain any more. You can't get sympathy from life.总而言之，不要再抱怨了。你不会得到生活的同情。
[联想拓展] in sympathy with支持
I am entirely in sympathy with his view that those who work hard deserve respecting.我完全同意他的观点：那些努力工作的人值得尊重。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①—I don't feel sympathy ________ the beggars who actually have the ability to work.
—I'm in sympathy ________ your idea.
②I thought at least I'd get some sympathy ________ you.
完成句子
③He ________________________ (很同情) the little boy whose parents were both killed in an accident.
④I did him a favour __________________________ (出于同情).
⑤I am __________________________ (支持他的观点) it didn't happen accidentally.
5.adapt vi. &vt.适应 vt.改编；使适应；使适合
(教材P109)Well, for example, the first great educational philosopher of modern times, Comenius, insisted that when teaching, the subject matter should be adapted to learners' interests, and the method of instruction should be consistent with their mental development.啊，比如，近代第一位伟大的教育哲学家夸美纽斯坚称，在教学时，(教学)主要内容应该适应学生的兴趣，指导方法应该与他们的心智发展相一致。
adapt to 适应
adapt (oneself) to 使(某人自己)适应……
adapt...for... 把……改编成……
be adapted from 根据……改编
Children have already adapted to the new life here.
孩子们已经适应了这里的新生活。
How do these insects adapt themselves to new environments
这些昆虫是如何适应新环境的？
The world will be different, so we have to be prepared to adapt to the change.
这个世界将会不同，所以我们必须准备好适应变化。
It's hard to adapt this novel for a film.
要将这部小说改编为电影很困难。
[易混辨析]
adopt a method采取一个方法
adopt a new policy通过一项新政策
adopt a healthy lifestyle采用健康的生活方式
adopt an orphan收养一个孤儿
[词语积累]
adaptation n．[U]适应；[C]改编本
adaptable adj.有适应能力的，能适应的
adapt...for...把……改编成……
adapt...from...由……改编成……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Mark has lived in China for many years, yet he still can't adapt himself ________ Chinese customs.
②The ________ (adapt) of the play by the famous writer became popular in the country.
③My classmates and I have adapted a story from our English textbook ________ a short play recently.
单句写作
④大部分学生适应大学生活没什么困难。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6.insist v．坚称；坚持主张
(教材P109)．..Comenius, insisted that when teaching, the subject matter should be adapted to learners' interests...……夸美纽斯坚持认为，在教学时，主题应该适应学习者的兴趣……
insist on/upon doing sth. 坚持做某事
My wife insisted on/upon buying the furniture with the money we had.我妻子坚持要用我们手头的钱买家具。
He insisted that we should spare no effort to attain our ultimate goal.他坚持主张我们要不遗余力地去实现我们的最终目标。
He insisted that one's commitment was of great significance.
他坚持认为一个人的承诺是非常重要的。
The professor insisted that no one was a genius and that anyone (should) work hard to attain their goals.教授坚持认为没有人是天才，每个人都应该努力工作来实现自己的目标。
[学法点拨]
insist后接that从句时，有两种情况：
(1)表示“坚决主张要做某事”时，从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
(2)表示“坚持说，坚持认为”时，从句用陈述语气。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①What I can't understand is that why he insists on ________ (promote) the products on TV.
②He insisted that he ________ (do) nothing wrong and ________ (set) free.
③He insisted that the punishment ________ (reduce) to a minimum.
完成句子
④The road is covered with snow now. I can't understand why they ______________________ (坚持去) by motorbike.
⑤The agent insisted that we ________________________ (支付费用).
7.analyse vt.分析；剖析 analysis n．分析
(教材P110)After that we analyse and evaluate what happened and then create something new from what we have learnt.在那之后，我们分析和评估发生了什么，然后从我们学到的东西中创造一些新的东西。
analyse statistics 分析数据
analyse data 分析数据
analyse the problem 分析问题
We should analyse what they said and not just agree with everything.对他们的意见我们要加以分析，不要随声附和。
The professor analysed the data to make his students convinced of the solution to the academic problem.
教授分析了数据，使他的学生相信解决这个学术问题的方法。
The information is only raw data and will need further analysis.这些资料只是原始数据，还需要进一步进行分析。
[联想拓展]
do/carry out/conduct an analysis进行分析
[误区警示]
analysis的复数形式是analyses。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①As far as I am concerned, the ________ (analyse) lacks depth.
②Still, I think that the results are consistent with some other ________ (analyse).
完成句子
③I think you should ________________________ (分析问题) that you encounter in your work and life.
④Please ______________________________________________ (分析写作风格) of the contemporary writer.
8.evaluate vt.评估，评价 evaluation n．评估，评价；估价
(教材P110)After that we analyse and evaluate what happened and then create something new from what we have learnt.
在那之后，我们分析和评估发生了什么，然后从我们学到的东西中创造一些新的东西。
evaluate the costs of... 评估……的成本
evaluate one's ability 评估某人的能力
evaluate the value/quality of... 评估……的价值/质量
evaluate the service of the hotel 评价旅馆的服务
an evaluation of the health care system 对医疗保健制度的评价
We must evaluate the consequences caused by the fire.
我们必须评估这次火灾造成的后果。
It can be a bit difficult to evaluate the effect of his presentation.
评估他的演讲效果可能有点儿困难。
It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
它评估作者与读者之间的关系。
Don't evaluate people by their clothes.
不要根据衣着来评价人。
For each side of the subject, think carefully and evaluate it.对于主题的每一方面，都要仔细思考和评估。
[辨析比较]
assess/value/estimate/evaluate
assess原义指为确定交多少税而估计，引申为通过估价以便更好地利用。
value侧重指一般人对某物的价值或价格所做的估计。
estimate通常指个人做出的主观估价。
evaluate指使判断绝对准确，但多用于对人物某方面的评价，很少用于评价某物的价值。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The effects of the drug on patients' behaviour are extremely difficult ________ (evaluate).
②We need to carry out a proper ________ (evaluate) of the new system.
完成句子
③I can't ________________________ (评估那位制片人的能力) without seeing his work.
9.explore vt. &vi.探测；勘探；探索 exploration n．探索，探险；勘探 explorer n．勘探者，探险家
(教材P110)Nowadays, education stresses more on cultivating creative minds, exploring the truth and developing sympathy for and understanding of our fellow men.
如今，教育更加注重培养创新精神，探索真理，培养对同胞的同情和理解。
explore (sth.) for oil/minerals/gold
勘探石油/矿物/黄金
explore ways of improving study efficiency
探索提高学习效率的方法
explore the possibility of a part-time job
探讨兼职工作的可能性
While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college expands the stage for that exploration.
尽管中学一般不鼓励学生探索生活的新方面，但是大学扩大了那一探索阶段。
[联想拓展]
space exploration太空探索
exploration and development勘探与开发
educator与educationist异同：
educator教育工作者；教师
educationist教育家
educator偏向于执教的教育工作者，教师
educationist偏向于理论工作的教育家，并不一定是执教
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We need to ________ (exploration) every possibility.
②The company is exploring ________ oil.
③The ________ (explore) is exploring the Amazon jungle now.
④________ (explore) needs a lot of explorers to do a lot of exploration work.
10.stress n．压力，紧张；强调；重音 vt.强调；重读
(教材P110)Nowadays, education stresses more on cultivating creative minds, exploring the truth and developing sympathy for and understanding of our fellow man.现如今，教育更加注重培养创新精神，探索真理，培养对同胞的同情和理解。
reduce/relieve stress 减轻/缓解压力
suffer from stress 承受压力
deal with stress 应对压力
lay/place/put stress on 强调；着重于
under the stress of 为……所迫
be under stress 处于压力之下
stress sth. 强调……
stress the importance of... 强调……的重要性
[词语积累]
stressful adj.充满压力的，紧张的
stressed adj.感到压力的
a stressful job一份充满压力的工作
a stressful experience一次紧张的经历
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①What I want ________ (stress) is that our group is looking for new members right now.
②Unemployment and his wife's health put the philosopher ________ great stress.
③This term, our English teacher lays great stress ________ composition and reading.
④The English teacher stressed the importance ________ reading aloud.
⑤I still intend to have fun when I have a career or else life would become too ________ (stress).
⑥Her short-term goal is to learn to do deep breathing and relaxation exercises when she gets ________ (stress).
第二版块：重点短语
1．pass on传递
(教材P109)Well, I think it means that education is not simply about passing on knowledge and skills necessary for a future life, but to provide a rich experience of living while learning to use that knowledge and those skills to solve real-world problems.噢，我觉得它的意思是教育不仅仅是传授未来生活所需的知识和技能，而且是在学习使用知识和那些技能解决现实世界的问题的同时，提供一种丰富的人生经历。
pass on to 转交；传给，递给
pass away 亡故；消失
pass through 路过，经过
pass by (从旁边)通过，经过
Since ancient times, storytelling has been a way to share and pass on wisdom.
自古以来，讲故事一直是一种分享和传递智慧的方式。
Please pass on the message to as many people as possible.
请将这个消息传达给尽可能多的人。
You should never let an opportunity pass by.
你绝不应该错过任何机会。
The waterway is wide for many ships to pass through.
这水路很宽，足以使很多船通过。
We were astonished to learn of his passing away.
我们惊悉他不幸逝世。
[归纳拓展]
pass down 使世代相传；流传
pass over 不考虑，避免提及
pass out 失去知觉
pass off (以某方式)发生并完成
pass sb. off as... 把某人伪装成……
[图文助记]
pass on传递
[即学即练] 完成句子
①他花了很长时间才把成为一名优秀舞蹈家所需的技能传给她。
It took him a long time to ________________ the skills that she needed to be an excellent dancer.
②他们给我们传授宝贵经验来了。
They have come to us to ______________________________．
③这项传统艺术形式一代又一代地传下来。
The traditional art form has been ________________ from generation to generation.
④我经过他房间的时候看到他正在画画。
I saw him drawing when I ______________________________．
单句语法填空
⑤That taught me a valuable lesson and I pass it on ________ the people who work in the market.
⑥Folk music has been passed ________ from one generation to another.
2.connect...with...把……与……联系起来(抽象含义)
(教材P110)Indeed, education and society should be closely connected.确实，教育和社会应该是紧密相连的。
connect...to/with/and... 把……与……连接起来(具体含义)
in connection with 与……有关(或相关)
have connection with 与……有联系
There is a close connection between A and B.
A和B之间存在紧密联系。
[知识联想] “与……有关系/有联系”多种表达：
be related to
be linked with/to
be involved in
be associated with
have something to do with
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The breakdown of this computer was connected ________ some software.
②We often connect his name ________ the significant invention.
③Talk directly to your audience, be yourself and make a ________ (connect).
④The computer is connected ________ the Internet.
⑤He made a connection ________ the two wires.
3.tie in with...(指材料、事实)与……一致/有关
(教材P110)It ties in with what I've been told，...这与我所听到的有关，……
tie sth. up 系住，拴住(船等)
tie sb. up 捆绑某人
tie oneself/sb. down to sth. 使自己/某人受……约束
tie sth. on 系上，系牢
Could you tie this apron around me
你受累把围裙给我系上行吗？
The two teams tied (with each other).
那两个队不分胜负。
Britain are tied with Italy for second place.
英国队和意大利队并列第二。
Most of his money is tied up in property.
他大部分钱都投资在房地产上无法动用。
I'm tied up in a meeting until 3 pm.
我开会直到下午3点才能脱身。
[联想拓展]
tie up one's shoe-laces系上鞋带
tie one's hair into a bun把头发挽成个髻
tie on a label系上标签
tie a knot in a piece of rope在绳子上打个结
tie (sb.)/ (with sb.) for sth.与(另一参赛者)得分相同
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We tied the boat ________ alongside the quay.
②Children do tie you ________， don't they
③All these things tie in ________ what I am told.
④The thieves left the night watchman ________ (tie) up and gagged.
⑤This team is tied ________ that team for the first place.
第三版块：典型句式
1．insist＋宾语从句
(教材P109)Well, for example, the first great educational philosopher of modern times, Comenius, insisted that when teaching, the subject matter should be adapted to learners' interests...嗯，例如，现代第一位伟大的教育哲学家夸美纽斯坚持在教学时，要根据学习者的兴趣来调整教学内容……
[句式分析] insist作“坚持要求”讲，从句的谓语用虚拟语气(should＋动词原形，should可省略)。作“坚持认为”讲，从句用陈述语气，根据需要选择各种时态。
insist意为“坚持认为；坚持说”时，其后常接介词on/upon。在一坚持(insist)，二命令(order，command)，三建议(suggest，propose，advise)，四要求(demand，require，request，ask)等后的宾语从句中，含这些词的派生词的其他主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句，以及It is strange/natural/necessary/important that...从句中常省略should。
She insisted that the man had stolen her wallet and that he (should) be sent to the police station.
她坚持说那个人偷了她的钱包，并坚决要求把他送到警察局。
I insist that the project (should) be carried out on schedule.
我坚决要求这个工程按计划开展。
The philosopher insisted that the identity of a person couldn't be changed.
这位哲学家坚持认为，一个人的身份是不能改变的。
If you insist on leaving now, please go ahead.
如果你现在一定要走，那就请便吧。
There is no chance of doing business if you insist on that offer.如果你们坚持那个报价，生意就不可能做成。
[特别注意]
insist和suggest有双重意思和用法，所以在使用的时候要注意什么时候用虚拟语气，什么时候不用虚拟语气。
①insist表示“坚持要求；坚决主张”时，需要使用虚拟语气；表示“坚称；坚持认为”时，不需要使用虚拟语气。
②suggest表示“建议”时，需要使用虚拟语气；表示“暗示，表明”时，不需要使用虚拟语气。
[即学即练] 单句改错
①His pale face suggests that he stay up late yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________
②My English teacher insisted that I handed in my homework tomorrow morning.
________________________________________________________________________
单句写作
③他建议我们不要改变主意。
________________________________________________________________________
④他坚持要到南方去工作。
________________________________________________________________________
⑤他的沉默说明了他同意我的决定。
________________________________________________________________________
⑥我建议你尽可能多地练习说英语。
________________________________________________________________________
2.it作形式主语
(教材P109)It's important to make education match the learners' interests and meet their needs.使教育符合学习者的兴趣并满足他们的需要是很重要的。
[句式分析] it作形式主语时代替真正的主语——不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句。
It's＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是……的。
It's no use/no good doing sth. 做某事是没有用/无益的。
It's said/reported/believed that... 据说/据报道/人们认为……
[联想拓展]
It's a pity/a shame/a wonder that...可惜/遗憾/奇怪的是……
It's up to sb. to do sth.做某事是某人的义务/职责。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It is quite necessary ________ (react) quickly to any emergency.
②It is no use ________ (give) an explanation. He is so stubborn that he won't listen.
完成句子
③据报道，这位女演员将出演这部新电影。
____________________________________________ that the actress will star in the new film.
3.while＋doing
(教材P109)．..but to provide a rich experience of living while learning to use that knowledge and those skills to solve real-world problems.……而是提供丰富的生活经验，同时学会运用这些知识和技能解决现实世界的问题。
[句式分析] 句中while learning为省略结构，补全后为while they are learning。
(1)省略条件：从句主语与主句主语一致或从句主语为it，且从句谓语含有be动词的某种形式
(2)省略成分：从句主语/it及be动词
(3)适用从句：时间、地点、让步、条件、方式状语从句
(4)省略后从句的形式：连词＋分词/不定式/介词短语/名词/副词/形容词
While (I was) at college, I began to collect stamps.
上大学时，我开始集邮了。
You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave.你应该待在你现在所在的地方，除非有人让你离开。
He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) a little dull.
他是个好人，尽管有时有点儿无聊。
口诀巧记状语从句的省略：
省略句，真容易，
符合两条就可以。
从句谓语含有be，
两句主语一样的。
从句若有it be，
照样省去莫迟疑。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①If ________ (ask) to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.
②Once ________ (begin), the research is hard to stop.
标出③④句子可省略的部分
③If it is possible, come and see me tomorrow.________________
④I'll come to help if it is necessary.________________
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．The new drug has great ________ (重要性) for the fellow men's treatment of the disease.
2．The scientists insist that we should ________ (促进，增进) the development of new energy resources and renewable energy sources.
3．All these results are ________ (一贯的，一致的) with predictions put forward by the well-known philosopher.
4．The educator often tells the students not to be too self-centered to have ________ (同情，同情心) for those in need.
5．Our research attempts to analyse and ________ (评估，评价) the effectiveness of the different drugs.
6．Another way of setting realistic goals is to ________ (分析) your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．Remember, even world champion athletes practise their skills on a ________ (consist) basis.
2．Well, it functions by ________ (analyse) the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves.
3．First, you need ________ (evaluate) yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, etc.
4．If there is truly a concern about a professor's professionalism or ability, be sure to use online course ________ (evaluate) to calmly offer your comments.
5．UNESCO recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music and its ________ (significant).
6．You should respect the views of others, and at the same time insist ________ what you think is right.
7．...so part of Mouton's job these days is trying ________ (promote) fur.
8．Every student in the class is capable of ________ (pass) the exam.
Ⅲ.短语填空
devote to, be adapted to, be consistent with, pass on, a great deal of
1．He insisted that what he did ________________ what he said.
2．The police gained ________________ useful information about the organisation, which would be helpful for them to analyse the case.
3．The educator thinks that more of Mo Yan's books should ________________ movies and plays.
4．Only in this way could I ________________ true love and sympathy to my students.
5．We work for a living, while enjoying our life could promote us ________________ the work as well.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．这些结果与哲学家的结论一致，但他的研究方法更方便、快捷。
These results ________________________ the philosopher's conclusions, but his studying ways are more convenient and rapid.
2．只有充满勇气和同情心的人，才能适应未来社会的需求和挑战。
Persons who are full of bravery and sympathy can ________________________ the social needs and challenges in the future.
3．他坚持认为我们应该与地方政府共同努力，促进地方经济的发展。
He insists that ________________________ to promote the development of local economy.
4．为了使用这种先进的技术，我们必须培养对电脑的兴趣。
We have to cultivate the interest in computers ________________________．
5．这表明第一种药物似乎对该病有显著疗效。
________________________ the first drug seemed to have a very significant effect on this disease.
Unit 5Education
Part A Topic Talk
双基夯实·课前排查
1．significance 2.促进；使便利 3.同情，同情心 4.人类 5.educator 6.promote promotion 7.一贯的，一致的 与某事物相一致；与某事物相吻合 inconsistent 8.培养，养成(技能、态度或素质) 耕作；耕种；培养；教养 9.analyse analysis 10.哲学家 哲学 11.坚称；坚持主张 坚持
12．evaluate evaluation
核心突破·要点讲解
第一版块：重点单词
1．①with ②with ③providing ④provider
2．①of ②significant significance ③significantly
3．①having been promoted ②promoted ③promotion
④get promoted
4．①for with ②from ③has/feels great sympathy for
④out of sympathy ⑤in sympathy with his view that
5．①to ②adaptation ③for ④Most students have little difficulty (in) adapting (themselves) to college life.
6．①promoting ②had done (should) be set ③(should) be reduced ④insist on/upon going ⑤(should) cover the expense
7．①analysis ②analyses ③analyse the problems ④analyse the writing style
8．①to evaluate ②evaluation ③evaluate the producer's ability
9．①explore ②for ③explorer ④Exploration
10．①to stress ②under ③on ④of ⑤stressful ⑥stressed
第二版块：重点短语
1．①pass on to her ②pass on their valuable experience
③passed down ④passed by his room ⑤to ⑥down
2．①with ②with ③connection ④to ⑤between
3．①up ②down ③with ④tied ⑤with
第三版块：典型句式
1．①stay→stayed
②handed→(should) hand
③He suggested that we (should) not change our mind.
④He insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.
⑤His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
⑥I advise that you (should) practise speaking English as often as possible.
2．①to react ②giving ③It's reported
3．①asked ②begun ③省略it is ④省略it is
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．significance 2.promote 3.consistent 4.sympathy
5．evaluate 6.analyse
Ⅱ.
1．consistent 2.analysing 3.to evaluate 4.evaluations
5．significance 6.on/upon 7.to promote 8.passing
Ⅲ.
1．was consistent with 2.a great deal of 3.be adapted to
4．pass on 5.devoting to
Ⅳ.
1．are consistent with 2.adapt to 3.we should work with the local government 4.to use the advanced technology 5.It showed thatPart B Lesson 1 Enlightening a Mind
【学习目标】
课时词汇 重点短语 经典句式
tendency, stream, grasp, expand, exceptionally, severe, unbearable, troublesome, relate, technique, initially, excitement, painful, apparent, disappointed, breakthrough, vivid have a tendency to, relate to, the key to, be eager to, be enthusiastic about, with the help of, in a flash 1.by the time引导的时间状语从句； 2．it作形式宾语； 3．含without 的含蓄虚拟语气； 4．with＋复合宾语； 5．now that引导原因状语从句
【单词巧练 写准记牢】
核心单词练习：请根据所给英语单词和词性写出汉意或根据汉意和词性写出正确单词
1．enlighten vt. ________________
2．troublesome adj. ________________
3．stubborn adj. ________________
4．superb adj. ________________
5．eyesight n. ________________
6．straightforward adj. ________________
7．doll n. ________________
8．stream n. ________________
9．liquid n. ________________
10．________________adj. 宝贵的
11．grasp vt. ________________
12．vocabulary n. ________________
13．ray n. ________________
14．abstract adj. ________________
15．concept n. ________________
16．________________n. 突破；重大进展
17．necklace n. ________________
18．forehead n. ________________
19．vivid adj. ________________
20．exceptionally adv. ________________
exceptional adj. ________________
[词语积累]
[1] enlighten/ n'la tn/ vt.启迪；指导，教导
[2] Helen Keller /'hel n 'kel /海伦·凯勒
[3] exceptionally / k'sep n li/ adv.极其，非常
[4] by the time到……的时候
[5] severe /s 'v / adj.很严重的
[6] restriction/r 'str k n/n.限制，规定，约束
[7] communication n．沟通，交流；传达
[8] behaviour n．行为，举止
behave v．使守规矩；表现
[9] unbearable / n'be r b l/ adj.难以忍受的；承受不住的
[10] troublesome/'tr b ls m/ adj.引起麻烦的；令人烦恼的
[11] stubborn/'st b n/ adj.固执的，执拗的；倔强的
[12] tendency/'tend nsi/n.倾向
have a tendency to do sth.倾向于做某事
[13] superb /sju 'p b/adj.极好的，卓越的
[14] Anne Sullivan/' n 's l v n/安妮·莎莉文
[15] former adj.前者的，前任的
[16] the blind盲人(the＋adj.表示一类人)
[17] Boston/'b st n/波士顿
[18] eyesight/'a sa t/n.视力
[19] as well也，同样地
[20] relate /r 'le t/vi.理解；相联系
relate to...理解……；与……有关系
[21] technique/tek'ni k/n.技巧，手法
[22] straightforward / stre t'f w d/
adj.简单的，易懂的；诚实的，坦率的
[23] start with从……开始
[24] doll /d l/ n．玩偶
[25] initially/ 'n li/ adv.起初
[26] excitement/ k'sa tm nt/ n．兴奋，激动
excite vt.使兴奋，刺激
exciting adj.令人兴奋的，使人激动的
[27] hold up举起
[28] simply adv.仅仅；简直；简单地；朴素地
[29] imitation/ m 'te n/ n．模仿，仿效
[30] well n．井
[31] stream /stri m/ n．水流
[32] movement n．运动，活动
move v．移动，搬家；使感动
[33] liquid/'l kw d/ n．液体
[34] precious/'pre s/ adj.宝贵的
[35] open up打开，开发
[36] now that既然，因为
[37] grasp /grɑ sp/ vt.理解，领会
[38] be eager to do sth.渴望做某事
[39] as...as sb. can尽可能……
＝as...as possible
[40] gradual/'gr d u l/ adj.逐渐的，逐步的
[41] painful/'pe nf l/ adj.令人痛苦的；困难的；疼痛的
pain n．痛苦；疼痛
[42] enthusiastic/ n θju zi' st k/ adj.热心的，热衷的
be enthusiastic about热衷于； 对……充满热情
[43] vocabulary /v 'k bj l ri/ n．词汇量
[44] expand / k'sp nd/ vi. &vt.(使)扩大；增加
[45] lead sb. to do sth.导致某人做某事
[46] complex/'k mpleks/ adj.复杂的；难以理解的
[47] violet /'va l t/ n．紫罗兰
[48] gently/'d entli/ adv.轻柔地；温和地；平缓地
[49] draw v．拉；吸引
[50] close to靠近……
[51] point to...指向……
[52] puzzle/'p z l/ vt.使困惑，使迷惑
puzzled adj.困惑的；茫然的
puzzling adj.令人迷惑的
[53] apparent/' p r nt/ adj.显而易见的；明白的
apparently adv.看来，显然
[54] keep on doing sth.不断做某事，继续做某事
[55] sweetness n．甜，芬芳
[56] warmth n．温暖；热情
[57] ray/re / n. (太阳或月亮的)光线
[58] confused adj.迷惑的
confusing adj.令人迷惑的
confuse vt.使迷惑
[59] disappointed/ d s 'p nt d/ adj.失望的，沮丧的
[60] abstract/' bstr kt/ adj.抽象的
[61] concept/'k nsept/ n．概念；想法
[62] breakthrough/'bre kθru / n．突破；重大进展
[63] necklace/'nekl s/ n．项链
[64] with the help of...在……的帮助下
[65] make mistakes/a mistake犯错误
[66] uncertain adj.不确定的
[67] fix v．修理，维修；解决
[68] stop to do sth.停下去做某事
stop doing sth.停止做某事
[69] forehead/'f hed/ n．额，前额
[70] in a flash瞬间；一刹那间
[71] at that moment就在那时
[72] return to回到；恢复到
[73] think about考虑，思考
[74] come out出来；出版
[75] in a way在某种程度上；有点儿
[76] pour into灌注，灌输；倒入
[77] vivid/'v v d/ adj.生动的，逼真的
[78]truth n．真理，真相；事实
ENLIGHTENING[1] A MIND
Helen Keller[2] was an exceptionally[3] special girl. By the time[4] she was seven years old, she still couldn't speak, read or write and needed to have everything done for her. This was because she couldn't see or hear 【1】. With these severe[5] restrictions[6] to her communication[7]， Helen's behaviour[8] was often unbearable[9]. She was sometimes troublesome[10]， stubborn[11] and angry, and had a tendency[12] to break things when no one understood her.
【1】This was because...“这是因为……”，because引导表语从句。
Helen's parents got a superb[13] teacher recommended 【2】to them, a woman named Anne Sullivan[14]. Anne was a teacher and former[15] student at a school for the blind[16] in Boston[17]. She'd had eyesight[18] problems early in life as well[19] so she could relate[20] to Helen's difficulties.
【2】got a superb teacher recommended是get sb./sth. done结构，a superb teacher与recommend之间是被动关系。
Anne's technique[21]to teach Helen language 【3】 was simple and straightforward[22]. Anne spelt words by writing on Helen's hand so that Helen could get a mental picture of the words 【4】. She started with[23] the word “doll”. She would let Helen play with the doll[24]【5】， and then spell the letters “D-O-L-L” on her hand. When they initially[25] did this, Helen thought it was a game. She wrote about her excitement[26] later in her book, TheStoryofMyLife：
“Runningdownstairstomymother【6】， Iheldup[27]myhandandmadethelettersfor‘doll’. IdidnotknowthatIwasspellingawordoreventhatwordsexisted; Iwassimply[28]makingmyfingersgoinmonkey-likeimitation[29]【7】．”
【3】to teach Helen language是动词不定式短语作定语，修饰名词technique。
【4】so that Helen could get a mental picture of the words是so that引导的目的状语从句，so that表示“为了，以便”。
【5】play with the doll是动词不定式短语作宾补，因为前面是使役动词let，故此处省略了不定式符号to。
【6】Running downstairs to my mother是现在分词短语作状语，句子主语I与run之间是主动关系。
【7】go in monkey-like imitation是动词不定式短语作宾补，因为前面是使役动词make，所以此处省略了不定式符号to。
When they were at the well[30] one day, Anne put one of Helen's hands under the stream[31] of water. As the water flowed over Helen's hand【8】， Anne spelt out “W-A-T-E-R”into Helen's other hand. As Anne wrote on Helen's hand 【9】， Helen suddenly realised that the movement[32] of the fingers meant the cool liquid[33]flowing over her hand 【10】. This precious[34] knowledge gave her hope and joy. Finally, she got the world of words opened up[35] to her.
【8】As the water flowed over Helen's hand是as引导的时间状语从句，as意为“当……的时候”。
【9】As Anne wrote on Helen's hand是as引导的时间状语从句，as意为“当……的时候”。
【10】flowing over her hand是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词liquid，liquid与flow之间是主动关系。
Now that[36] Helen grasped[37] the key to language 【11】， she was very eager to[38] learn more and use it as much as she could[39]. Children who can see and hear 【12】 learn language easily, but for Helen, it was a gradual[40] and sometimes painful[41] process. However, because Helen was so enthusiastic[42] about learning, the results were amazing.
【11】Now that...language是now that引导的原因状语从句，now that表示“既然”。
【12】who can see and hear是定语从句，修饰先行词Children，关系代词who指代人，在从句中作主语。
As Helen's knowledge and vocabulary[43] expanded[44] 【13】， she asked more and more questions. This soon led her to[45] discover more complex[46] words and changed her thinking process 【14】. Trying to learn the word “love” 【15】 was an experience that she remembered well 【16】. This is how she described it in her book 【17】：
“IrememberthemorningthatIfirstaskedthemeaningoftheword‘love’. ThiswasbeforeIknewmanywords 【18】. Ihadfoundafewearlyviolets[47]inthegardenandbroughtthemtomyteacher...MissSullivanputherarmgently[48]roundmeandwroteonmyhand，‘IloveHelen.’‘Whatislove？’Iasked. Shedrew[49]mecloserto[50]herandsaid，‘Itishere，’pointingto[51]myheart...Herwordspuzzled[52]meverymuchbecauseIdidnotthenunderstandanythingunlessItouchedit 【19】．”
【13】As Helen's...expanded是as引导的时间状语从句，as意为“随着”。
【14】thinking process中thinking是动名词作定语，修饰process。
【15】单个动名词短语Trying to learn the word “love”作句子主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数was。
【16】that she remembered well是定语从句，修饰先行词an experience，关系代词在从句中作remembered的宾语。
【17】how she described it in her book在系动词is后面，是表语从句。
【18】before I knew many words在系动词was后面，是表语从句。
【19】because引导原因状语从句；unless I touched it是条件状语从句。
Although the meaning of love was still not apparent[53] to Helen 【20】， she kept on trying[54] to understand it.“I smelt the violets in her hand and asked, half in words, half in signs, a question which meant，‘Is love the sweetness[55] of flowers？’ 【21】‘NO，’said my teacher.”
【20】Although the meaning of love...是although引导的让步状语从句。
【21】which meant，‘Is...flowers？’是定语从句，修饰先行词a question，which在从句中作主语。
When Helen and Anne were outside one day, Helen felt the warmth[56] of the sun's rays[57]. She pointed up and asked if that was love. When her teacher said that it wasn't, she was confused[58] and disappointed[59].“I thought it strange that my teacher could not show me love 【22】．”
【22】I thought...love是复合句，主句是“动词＋it＋宾补＋that...”结构，it是形式宾语，从句that my teacher...love是真正的宾语。
The word “think” was also a difficult one for Helen because it is such an abstract[60] concept[61] 【23】. However, one day as she was working on a simple task 【24】， she had a breakthrough[62]. She was making necklaces[63] with the help of[64] Anne when she noticed that she had made some mistakes[65] 【25】. Because she was uncertain[66] how to fix[67] them, she stopped to think[68] carefully. As she did this, Anne touched Helen's forehead[69] and wrote the word “think” on her hand. “In a flash[70] I knew that the word was the name of the process that was going on in my head 【26】．”
【23】because it is...concept是because引导的原因状语从句。
【24】as she was working on a simple task是as引导的时间状语从句，as意为“当……的时候”。
【25】本句是并列句，使用“was doing...when...”句型，“正在做……这时……”，并列连词when意为“这时”。
【26】that was going on in my head是定语从句，修饰先行词the process，关系代词that在从句中作主语。
It was the first time Helen had understood such a complex word 【27】—a word for something she couldn't touch. At that moment[71], her mind returned to[72] the word “love”. As she thought about[73] its meaning again, the sun came out[74]. She pointed to the sun and asked her teacher again if that was love. Anne answered Helen by explaining that love was like the sun and clouds in a way[75] 【28】．
【27】It was the first time...是固定句式，It was the first time是主句，Helen had understood such a complex word是定语从句，非正式英语中省略了time后面的定语从句关系词that。
【28】explaining that...way是动名词短语，作介词by的宾语，其中that love was...way是explaining的宾语从句。
“You cannot touch the clouds, you know; but you feel the rain... You cannot touch love either; but you feel the sweetness that it pours into[76] everything 【29】. Without love you would not be happy or want to play 【30】．”
【29】that it pours into everything是定语从句，修饰先行词the sweetness，关系代词that在从句中作动词pours的宾语。
【30】本句是以否定介词without引起的含蓄虚拟条件句，表示与现在事实相反的情况，谓语用“情态动词＋动词原形”。
In that vivid[77] moment, Helen finally understood the beautiful truth[78] of the word “love”．
启迪心灵
海伦·凯勒是一个非常特殊的女孩。她七岁时，仍不会说话，不能读书也不会写字，一切都需要别人照顾。这是因为她看不见也听不见。这些严重的障碍限制了海伦的正常交流，也让她的行为常常令人难以忍受。海伦有时很烦人、很固执，而且很易怒。如果没有人能理解她的意思，她就会摔东西。
海伦的父母经人推荐，聘请了一位名叫安妮·莎莉文的优秀老师。安妮曾是波士顿一所盲人学校的老师，也曾在那儿上过学。她小时候视力也有障碍，所以能理解海伦所面临的困境。
安妮教海伦学习语言的方法简单明了。她在海伦手上拼写单词，使海伦联想到单词的画面。安妮给海伦拼写的第一个词是“doll”。她先让海伦和洋娃娃玩耍，然后在海伦的手上拼写“D-O-L-L”。刚开始海伦以为这是在玩游戏。后来在《我的人生故事》一书中，她描述了自己的兴奋之情：
“我跑下楼去见我母亲，举起手来，也给她拼写字母组成‘doll’。可我那时并不知道自己在拼写单词，甚至压根不知道词汇的存在。我仅仅是亦步亦趋地用手指模仿老师。”
一天，她们在井边，安妮把海伦的一只手放在水流下。水流过海伦的手掌，安妮在她的另一只手上拼写“W-A-T-E-R”。安妮在海伦手上写的时候，海伦突然意识到，手指的动作代表的是流过自己手掌的清凉的液体。这宝贵的知识给她带来希望和快乐。终于，她打开了语言世界的大门。
由于海伦理解了语言的关键，她非常渴望学习更多语言，并且尽可能运用它。正常的孩子能听、能看，学起语言来很容易。但对海伦来说，学习语言是个渐进的过程，有时会很痛苦。然而，由于海伦对学习有极高的热情，学习成果令人吃惊。
随着海伦知识和词汇量的不断扩大，她提出的问题也越来越多。这很快使她学会了更复杂的单词，从而改变了思维的过程。她很清楚地记得学习“love”这个单词的难忘经历。在书中她这样描述道：
“我记得有一天早上，我第一次问‘love’这个词的含义。那时我的词汇量还很有限。我在花园里发现了早开的紫罗兰，摘下一些带给老师……莎莉文老师温柔地搂着我，在我的手上写着：‘我爱海伦。’‘什么是爱？’我问道。她把我拉得离她更近了一些，指着我的心脏说，‘爱在这里。’……她的话令我非常困惑，因为以往我只有触碰到实际物体，才能理解它的意思。”
尽管对海伦来说，爱的意义还不明确，但她一直试着理解。“我闻了闻她手里的紫罗兰，半拼写半比划地问了个问题，意思是‘爱是花朵的香味吗？’‘不，’我的老师回答道。”
一天和老师在室外，海伦感受到了阳光的温暖。她指了指太阳，问老师那是不是爱，老师说不是，海伦感到更困惑了，而且有些失望。“我觉得很奇怪，因为我的老师不能给我表示什么是爱。”
“think”这个词对海伦来说也很难理解，因为它是一个很抽象的概念。然而有一天，在做一项简单的任务时，她取得了突破。她正在安妮的帮助下做项链，这时她发现自己犯了一些错。海伦不确定该如何解决，便停下来认真思考。在她思考的时候，安妮点了点海伦的额头，在她的手上写“think”这个词。“瞬间我就明白了，我头脑中进行的活动就是这个词的意思。”
那是海伦第一次明白一个如此复杂的词语的意思——一个(代表)她触摸不到的东西的词语。这时，海伦又想起了“love”。她再次思考“love”是什么意思，恰巧这时太阳出来了。海伦指着太阳又问老师那是不是爱。安妮解释道，爱在某种程度上就像太阳和云彩。
“你知道吗，你摸不到云彩，但是你能感觉到雨……你也触摸不到爱，但是你能感觉到爱给万物带来的甜蜜。没有爱，你就不会快乐，也不会想玩耍。”
就在那个动人的时刻，海伦终于明白了“love”这个词语蕴含的美丽的真谛。
Ⅰ.课文结构图示
Ⅱ.课文预习自测
1. From the passage we can know that ________．
A．Helen knew well how to learn abstract words
B．Helen had some difficulty learning words that she couldn't touch
C．Helen gave up trying when she couldn't understand the meaning of “love”
D．Helen could learn language as easily as children who could see and hear
2. What can not we learn from the passage
A．Before seven years old, Helen could communicate with her parents in simple language.
B.Anne Sullivan had some teaching experience before she came to teach Helen.
C．Anne Sullivan was very patient and loved Helen very much.
D．When Helen learned language, she followed a “simple to complex” way.
3. Why was her teacher so important to her
A．Her teacher could look after her and dress her.
B.Only her teacher could punish her.
C．Her teacher could understand her situation and teach her how to communicate.
D．Her teacher could teach her how to communicate with others.
4. In which order does the author organise the passage
A.Time.
B．Place.
C．People.
D．The process of learning words.
5. What is the passage mainly about
A．It's about how Helen Keller learnt from her teacher.
B．It's about a poor girl, Helen Keller.
C．It's about Helen Keller and her teacher.
D．It's about Helen Keller's success.
第一版块：重点单词
1．exceptionally adv.极其，非常 exceptional adj.杰出的；优秀的；卓越的；异常的；特别的；罕见的
(教材P30)Helen Keller was an exceptionally special girl.
海伦·凯勒是一个非常特殊的女孩。
except prep. 除……之外
exception n. 例外
He is an exceptionally humorous person who is always bringing laughter to us.
他是一个非常幽默的人，总是给我们带来笑声。
He's an exceptionally talented dancer and needs to practise several hours every day.
他是位非常有天赋的舞蹈家，每天需要练几小时。
At the age of five, he showed exceptional talent as a musician.他五岁时就表现出非凡的音乐才能。
The quality of the recording is quite exceptional.
录音质量相当不错。
I recommend him without reservation, as I believe you will appreciate his exceptional talent in his studies.
我毫无保留地向你推荐他，因为我相信你会欣赏他在研究上的非凡能力。
[归纳拓展]exceptionally用于形容词和副词之前表示强调。
show exceptional talent as a musician表现出非凡的音乐才能
an exceptional student出类拔萃的学生
exceptional bravery非凡的勇气
in exceptional circumstances在特殊情况下
an exceptional case不寻常的情况
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①About 12% of the country is in an “________ (exception)” drought, the worst category.
②Everyone has the potential to do things well if he puts his heart into what he is doing and there is no ________ (except).
③The weather, even for January, was ________ (exception) cold.
完成句子
④He insists that attitude be ________________ (相当重要) when dealing with a difficult customer.
2.restriction n．限制，规定，约束 restrict vt.限制，约束 restricted adj.受限制的；有限的
restrictive adj.限制性的；约束的
(教材P30)With these severe restrictions to her communication, Helen's behaviour was often unbearable.这些严重的障碍限制了海伦的正常交流，也让她的行为常常令人难以忍受。
remove restrictions 解除限制
relax restrictions 放宽限制
without restriction 没有限制地
restrict oneself to 限制自己
be restricted to 局限于……
We restrict the number of students per class to 50.
我们将每个班的学生人数限定为50人。
Fog severely restricted visibility.
浓雾严重影响了能见度。
[归纳拓展] impose/place a restriction on...对……实行限制
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We should place a ________ (restrict) on the speed of cars.
②On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted ________ dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.
③The tournament is ________ (restrict) to players under the age of 23.
④The school restricts the number of students per class ________ 50.
⑤Membership of the club is ________ (restrict) to women only.
3.unbearable adj.难以忍受的；承受不住的
unbearably adv. 难以忍受地；承受不住地
bearable adj. 可忍受的；支持得住的
bear v. 忍受，承受；经得起
can't bear to do sth. 不能忍受做某事
can't bear (sb.) doing sth. 不能忍受(某人)做某事
His strange behaviour is unbearable.
他奇怪的行为令人无法忍受。
I find his rude manner unbearable.
我觉得他粗鲁的态度令人无法忍受。
[联想拓展]
un-(不)＋bear(容忍)＋-able(能……的)→unbearable难以忍受的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I would rather live without these ________ (bear) tensions.
②He can't bear people ________ (smoke) while he is eating.
完成句子
③To tell you the truth, I really __________________________________ (觉得……难以忍受) to work with such a terrible man who has no sympathy at all.
4.behaviour n．行为；举止；态度(＝behavior) behave vi.表现 vi.&vt.表现得体；有礼貌
(教材P30)With these severe restrictions to her communication, Helen's behaviour was often unbearable.这些严重的障碍限制了海伦的正常交流，也让她的行为常常令人难以忍受。
good/bad behaviour 良好/恶劣行为
social behaviour 社会行为
one's behaviour towards... 某人对待……的态度
behaviour problems 行为问题
change one's behaviour 改变某人的行为
influence one's behaviour 影响某人的行为
[归纳拓展]
behave well/badly行为规矩/不好，行为检点/不检点；表现好/不好
behave like a hog举止粗鲁 behave badly towards/to对……不礼貌
well-behaved表现好的 badly-behaved表现差的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Knowing these causes can make us examine our ________ (behave) and correct bad habits.
②Multiple genes behaved ________ (different), relying on whether someone had eaten or not before walking.
③I saw that Mrs Fairfax approved of my humorous ________ (behave), and I knew that she respected me for it.
④Parents should educate their children to behave ________ (good).
5.tendency n．倾向 tend vi.往往会；趋于 vi.&vt.照料
(教材P30)She was sometimes troublesome, stubborn and angry, and had a tendency to break things when no one understood her.海伦有时很烦人、很固执，而且很易怒，如果没有人能理解她的意思，她就会摔东西。
tend v. 倾向，趋于；照顾，照料
tend to do sth. 往往会做某事，易于做某事
tend to/towards 有……的趋势
I'm aware that she has a tendency to talk too much when she's nervous.
我意识到她一紧张就会说很多话。
It is recognised that there is a tendency for this disease to run in families.
人们认识到这种疾病有在家庭中流行的趋势。
When a person is aware that he will be punished for his deed, he tends to lie.
当一个人意识到他会因为他的行为而受到惩罚时，他就倾向于说谎。
His views tend to/towards the extreme.
他的观点趋于偏激。
[归纳拓展]
have a tendency to do sth.倾向于做某事
a tendency to/towards...……的倾向/趋势
tend to sb./sth.照看某人/某物
to是介词且可以省略
display artistic tendencies显示出对艺术的偏好
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①She has a strong natural tendency ________ caution.
②Nowadays many people have a tendency ________ (give) up smoking due to its bad effects.
③The manager tends ________ (promote) the employee who is working hard.
④He ________________ (往往会) be nervous when speaking in public.
⑤The drug is effective but ____________________ (可能会引起头疼).
6.recommend v．推荐；建议 recommendation n．提议；推荐
(教材P30)Helen's parents got a superb teacher recommended to them, a woman named Anne Sullivan.海伦的父母经人推荐，聘请了一位名叫安妮·莎莉的优秀教师。
[句子分析] got a teacher recommended to them是get sth. done(使某物被做)结构，意为“获得一位被推荐给他们的老师”。后面a woman named Anne Sullivan是teacher的同位语，对teacher作进一步的说明。
recommend buying this dictionary 建议买这本词典
recommend a good dentist to me 给我推荐一个好牙医
recommend him for the job/as her secretary 推荐他做这项工作/做她的秘书
[归纳拓展]
recommend doing sth.建议做某事
recommend sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事
recommend sth. to sb.向某人推荐(介绍)某事(物)
recommend sb. for/as...推荐某人做(某职位)/作为……
recommend＋that-clause建议(从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略)。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The professor recommended me ________ (buy) some new books on violet.
②It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you ________ (find) your way in style.
③I recommended a good movie ________ him.
④I recommended her ________ the job means that I recommended her ________ his secretary.
⑤Our teacher recommended ________ this book. It means that he recommended that we ________ this book (ready).
7.relate vi.理解；相联系；认同 vt.&vi.(使)有联系
(教材P30)She'd had eyesight problems early in life as well so she could relate to Helen's difficulties.
她小时候视力也有障碍，所以能理解海伦所面临的困境。
a related issue/question 相关的议题/问题
a stress-related illness 压力导致的疾病
(be) related to 与……有关系
(be) closely/strongly related to 与……密切相关
(be) directly related to 与……有直接关系
be related to other products 与其他产品有关
be related to the other members of this family 与这个家庭的其他成员相关
in relation to 关于……；与……相比
relatively speaking 相对来说
I only stayed with him occasionally. Therefore it's hard for me to relate to his idea.
我只是偶尔和他待在一起，因此很难理解他的想法。
To tell the truth, all these don't relate to sympathy.
说实话，所有这一切与同情心无关。
The report seeks to relate the increase in the number of animals in this species to our conservation.
报告试图把这个物种中动物数量的增加与我们的保护联系起来。
[联想拓展]
relate to... 理解……；与……有关
relate...to... 使……和……有联系
be related to... 与……有关,relate vi.理解；相联系
related adj.有联系的
relation n．联系，关系；关联
relationship n．关系；联系；血缘关系
relative adj.相对的n.亲戚
relatively adv.相当程度上；相对地
related to和connected with常在句中作后置定语，相当于which/that引导的定语从句。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①I love technology and try to keep up with it, so I can relate ________ my students.
②The study tries to relate the rise in crime ________ an increase in unemployment.
③I can't relate him ________ the famous philosopher. He looks so ordinary.
④The topic you choose must ________ (relate) to your studies.
⑤Our product needs an image that people can ________________ (理解).
⑥The “new four great inventions”________________ (与……相关) China's high-tech innovation.
8.excitement n．兴奋，激动 excite vt.使兴奋 excited adj.兴奋的 exciting adj.令人兴奋的
(教材P30)She wrote about her excitement later in her book, The Story of My Life：...后来在《我的人生故事》一书中，她描述了自己的兴奋之情：……
to one's excitement 令某人兴奋的是
in/with excitement 兴奋地
a sense of excitement 兴奋感
be full of/filled with excitement 满怀激动
Much to his excitement, he got promoted shortly after he worked in this company.
令他大为兴奋的是，他在这家公司工作不久之后就升职了。
The dog leapt and wagged its tail in excitement.
狗兴奋得摇着尾巴跳来跳去。
The children were jumping up and down with excitement.
孩子们兴奋得跳上跳下。
[联想拓展]
hide one's excitement 掩饰某人的激动
be trembling with excitement 激动得直发抖
scream with excitement 激动得尖叫
control one's excitement 控制某人的激动
[易混辨析] exciting与excited
exciting表性质，常修饰物；
excited表状态，常修饰人以及人的声音、表情等。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The news caused great ________ (excite) among her friends.
②No wonder the children are ________ (excite)! This is the first time they've been abroad.
③The end of the movie was much more ________ (excite) than I'd expected.
完成句子
④He ________________________ (满怀激动) when he heard the news that his son won the national scholarship.
⑤____________________________ (令他大为兴奋的是), his dream of becoming a musician has come true.
9.grasp vt.理解，领会 抓住；紧握
(教材P31)Now that Helen grasped the key to language, she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could.由于海伦理解了语言的关键，她非常渴望学习更多语言，并且尽可能运用它。
grasp one's meaning 理解某人的意思
grasp a chance/grasp an opportunity 抓住机会
At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of treating people sincerely.
当时，我们没有完全明白真诚待人的重要性。
I grasped the opportunity to host the party and did a good job.我抓住了举办聚会的机会，办得很好。
[常见搭配]
grasp sb. by the arm 紧紧抓住某人的胳膊
take a firm grasp of sth. 紧紧抓住某物
in sb.'s grasp 在某人理解能力之内
beyond sb.'s grasp 超出某人的理解能力
[即学即练] 写出grasp在句中的含义
①Kay grasped him by the wrist.________________
②They failed to grasp the importance of his words.________________
完成句子
③He ____________________________ (抓住机会) and saved the naughty boy from the crisis.
④He ____________________________ (抓住手) of the middle-aged man and shook it warmly.
10.enthusiastic adj.热心的；热情的；热衷的
(教材P31)However, because Helen was so enthusiastic about learning, the results were amazing.然而，由于海伦对学习有极高的热情，学习成果令人吃惊。
enthusiasm n. 热情，热忱
enthusiastically adv. 热情地；热心地
He is very enthusiastic about academic research.
他对学术研究很感兴趣。
She was less enthusiastic about buying a laptop.
她对买笔记本电脑不太感兴趣。
[联想拓展]
be enthusiastic about (doing) sth. 对(做)某事热心/感兴趣
with (great) enthusiasm (非常)热情地
full of enthusiasm 充满热情
with great interest 兴致勃勃地
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The boy was not enthusiastic ________ going to the boarding school and didn't want to part with his old friends.
②The whole playground was excited with the audience cheering ________ (enthusiastic) the athletes on.
完成句子
③My new classmate is sensitive and ___________________________________________ (热心帮助别人).
11.expand vi.&vt.(使)扩大；增加
(教材P31)As Helen's knowledge and vocabulary expanded, she asked more and more questions.随着海伦知识和词汇量的不断扩大，她提出的问题也越来越多。
expansion n. 扩大；扩张；扩充；膨胀
She has expanded her career to the field of entertainment.
她已经把自己的事业扩展到娱乐领域。
The mayor is determined to expand the local airport.
市长决定扩建当地机场。
The village expanded into a town.这个村庄发展成了一个城镇。
[联想拓展]
expand into 扩展成为……
expand (...) into (把……)扩展/发展成……
expand on/upon 详述；详细阐明
an expanding economy 不断发展的经济
expand the business 扩展业务
Metals expand when they are heated.金属受热会膨胀。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①A student's vocabulary ________ (expand) through reading.
②The company got into trouble when it tried ________ (expand) quickly.
③The local government has set up a number of technical schools to meet the needs of the rapidly ________ (expand) economy.
完成句子
④____________________________________________ (为了增加知识), you have to get out of your comfort zone.
⑤She mentioned a few ideas, but she didn't ____________________________________ (进行详细说明) them.
12.gently adv.轻柔地；温和地；平缓地 gentle adj.温柔的，温和的
(教材P31)Miss Sullivan put her arm gently round me and wrote on my hand...莎莉文老师温柔地搂着我，在我的手上写着……
be gentle with 对……温柔
a quiet and gentle man 一位温文尔雅的男士
a gentle voice/laugh/touch 温柔的声音/笑声/触摸
gentle nature/smile/music 温和的性情/温柔的微笑/柔和的音乐
a gentle breeze 和风
a little gentle exercise 少量温和的运动
Gently, she took hold of the door handle and turned it.
她轻轻地握住门把手扭动了它。
The path ran gently down to the sea.
这条小路平缓地向大海延伸。
Diane replied and walked into the gentle waves.
黛安回复完，就走进了轻轻波动的浪花里。
[名师点津] gentle的副词形式是去e加y，类似的形容词还有possible, probable, simple等。即：
gentle→gently
possible→possibly
probable→probably
simple→simply
visible→visibly
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The waves ________ (gentle) lap against the shore.
②She ________ (gentle) folded the baby in a blanket.
③The professor patted the troublesome boy ________ (gentle) and comforted him.
④He is ________ (gentle) man I have ever encountered.
⑤He slowly sat next to me and touched my face ________ (gentle), as a mother would stroke a baby.
13.breakthrough n．突破；重大进展
(教材P31)However, one day as she was working on a simple task, she had a breakthrough.然而有一天，在做一项简单的任务时，她取得了突破。
make/achieve a breakthrough 取得突破/重大进展
Here came the news that the scientists had made a major scientific breakthrough.
传来了科学家们取得重大科学突破的消息。
He made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.
他在癌症治疗方面取得了重大突破。
[联想拓展] v.＋adv.→n.(由动词短语转化而来的合成名词)
break through突破→breakthrough n．突破；重大进展
break down出故障→breakdown n．故障
break out爆发→outbreak n．爆发
put out生产，输出→output n．产量，输出
come in进来→income n．收入
come out出现，结果是→outcome n．结果，后果
[即学即练] 选词填空(outbreak/breakthrough/breakdown)
①The cause of AIDS is made clear, which will help to make a great ________ in the treatment of the deadly disease.
②Blamed for the ________ of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.
③We must be ready to respond quickly to contain any ________．
完成句子
④The educator ________________________ (取得了重大突破) in vocabulary teaching.
第二版块：重点短语
1．hold up举起；支持住；延迟，阻碍
(教材P30)Running downstairs to my mother, I held up my hand and made the letters for‘doll’．我跑下楼去见我母亲，举起手来，也给她拼写字母组成‘doll’。
hold the line 别挂断，等会儿
keep hold of... 抓住……不放
get a hold of sth. 控制……
get hold of sb. 找某人，联系某人
The roof was held up by wood.房顶用木头支撑着。
Sorry, I'm late. I got held up in a traffic jam.
抱歉我迟到了。我被交通堵塞耽误了。
She held up under enormous pressure.
他在重压之下依然保持良好的状态。
He tried to keep a hold of his emotions.
他尽量控制住自己的情绪。
[归纳拓展]
hold up举起，抬起；支撑，支持；耽搁，耽误；保持良好、强壮
hold on等一下；别挂电话；坚持；抓住
hold back阻挡；犹豫；抑制；隐瞒,hold down使保持低水平；压制；控制
hold off推迟；延迟；克服
hold on to sth.保留某物；抓住某物
hold out伸出；坚持
hold over搁置；推迟
hold together(使)保持团结
[即学即练] 完成句子
①To show this, she __________________________ (举起) one doll, representing one person.
单句语法填空
②Hold ________ a minute! Isn't that your brother's superb car over there
③If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold ________ a bit because I see the results of his eating habits.
2.be eager to do...渴望做某事
(教材P31)Now that Helen grasped the key to language, she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could.由于海伦理解了语言的关键，她非常渴望学习更多语言，并且尽可能多地使用它。
in one's eagerness to do sth. 渴望做某事，急于做某事
with eagerness 热切地
hide one's eagerness 掩饰某人的渴望
[联想拓展]
be eager to do sth.渴望做某事
be eager for sth.渴望得到某物
eager crowds outside the stadium体育场外急不可耐的人群
[比较]
be anxious to do sth.急于做某事
be anxious for sth.为……而焦虑
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Some of us were exceptionally confident and eager ________ (take) part in the class activity; others were nervous and anxious.
②I wasn't able to hide my ________ (eager) when I asked，“What do you wish me to obtain now？”
③We were eager ________ the game to start.
④He is eager for ________ (succeed).
⑤He tried to hide his ________ (eager).
⑥I have failed several times in my exams, so I'm ________ my eagerness to succeed in an exam.
第三版块：典型句式
1．without虚拟条件句
(教材P31)Without love you would not be happy or want to play.没有爱，你就不会快乐，也不会想玩耍。
[句式分析] 本句中without love为隐含的虚拟条件句，相当于if there were no love。
在虚拟语气中，有时并没有明显的表示条件的句子，而是通过句子的逻辑关系或一些词、短语等暗示出来。如：but for, without等。
Without air, there wouldn't be living things in the world.
没有空气，世界上就没有生物。
Without your help, I couldn't have worked out such a complex maths problem.
没有你的帮助，我不可能解出这么复杂的数学题。
But for your help, I would have been disappointed at the result of my final exam.
如果没有你的帮助，我对期末考试的结果会感到失望。
He was very busy yesterday. Otherwise, he would have come to the party.他昨天很忙，要不然他就来参加聚会了。
[学法点拨] 有时虚拟的条件不是直接通过条件句来表示，而是通过一些词或短语体现出来，甚至暗含在上下文中，这种句子称为含蓄条件句。除了without外，but for, or, otherwise, but等也有此用法。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Without you, he would ________ (take) risks to go there alone.
②Without your help, we would ________ (run) out of petrol halfway.
③He worked very hard. Otherwise, he wouldn't ________ (make) such a great breakthrough in scientific research.
完成句子
④Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ___________________________________ (就不会写出) his famous novel AFarewelltoArms.
⑤__________________________________________ (要是没有电), there would be no modern industry.
2.with复合结构
(教材P30)With these severe restrictions to her communication, Helen's behaviour was often unbearable.这些严重的障碍限制了海伦的正常交流，也让她的行为常常令人难以忍受。
[句式分析] With these severe restrictions to her communication是with复合结构作状语，表示原因。
Do you know the lady with a baby in her arms
你认识那个抱着婴儿的女士吗？
He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.
他躺在草地上，眼睛望着天空。
With so much work to do, I can't go on holiday.
有这么多工作要做，我不能去度假。
With his hair cut, he looked much younger.
由于理了发，他看起来年轻多了。
[名师点津] with＋宾语＋宾补
常在句中作定语和状语。作状语时表示原因、方式、时间、条件或伴随等。具体形式主要有：
with＋名词/代词
现在分词(主动或正在进行)
过去分词(被动或已经完成)
动词不定式(尚未发生)形容词/副词/介词短语
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①China's image is improving steadily, with more countries ________ (recognize) its role in international affairs.
②Already well over 400 of the total of 6，800 languages are close to extinction, with only a few elderly speakers ________ (leave).
③I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time ________ (get) there before dark.
④With her ________ charge, I was confident all would be OK.
3.now that引导原因状语从句 其他引导原因状语从句的连词 表示原因的其他词语
(教材P31)Now that Helen grasped the key to language, she was very eager to learn more and use it as much as she could.由于海伦理解语言的关键，她非常渴望学习更多语言，并且尽可能多地运用它。
now that引导原因状语从句的用法：now that引导原因状语从句时，意为“既然，由于”，它引导的从句通常表示显而易见的原因，语气较弱，从句通常位于主句之前。从意义和功能上看，now that与since(既然，由于)相似。在口语中that可以省去，now仍表示“既然；由于”。
because 因为(语气较强，常用于回答why提出的问题)
since 因为，既然，由于
as 因为，由于(语气较弱)
for 因为(并列连词)
due to/owing to/on account of 由于，因为
because of 因为
thanks to 由于，多亏
Now (that) it is raining, let's stay in the cabin for a break.
既然下雨了，我们在小屋里休息一下吧。
[易错提醒] 就像although/though不能与but连用，because不能与so连用一样，当since, now that引导的从句表示原因时，主句前不能再加so。
既然你已准备好了，那我们现在就出发吧。
Now that you are ready, so we set off now. (×)
Now that you are ready, we set off now.(√)
[即学即练] 一句多译
由于暴风雪，这个航班被推迟了。
①The flight was put off ________ there was a snowstorm.
②The flight was put off ________________ the snowstorm.
③The flight was put off ________________________ the snowstorm.
④________________ there was a snowstorm, the flight was put off.
完成句子
⑤既然你已经列举过你的优点，列举一下你的缺点吧。
________________________， list your imperfections.
4.It/This/That was the first/second/...time that...had done sth.这/那是某人第一/二/……次做某事
(教材P31)It was the first time Helen had understood such a complex word—a word for something she couldn't touch.
那是海伦第一次明白一个如此复杂的词语的意思——一个(代表)她触摸不到的东西的词语。
[句式分析] 本句为主从复合句，其中包含“It is/was the first/second/...time (that)...”句型，表示“这/那是第一/二/……次做某事”。
使用该句型时需要注意以下几点：
(1)该句型中的It可以根据语境换成This或That。
(2)that引导的定语从句的时态必须用完成时：如果主句中的be动词是is，从句用现在完成时；如果主句中的be动词是was，从句用过去完成时。
(3)that引导的从句为定语从句，that可以省略。
This is the first time (that) I have been to Guilin.
这是我第一次去桂林。
That was the last time (that) I had seen him.
那是我最后一次见到他。
It is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
This is the most interesting novel (that) he has ever written.这是他写的最有趣的一部小说。
[知识拓展] It/This/That is/was ＋ the ＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...(从句的谓语常用完成时)它/这/那是……最……
如：①It is the best TV play series that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电视连续剧。
②That was the happiest time that I had spent then.那是那时我所度过的最快乐的时光。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①This is the second time that he ________ (win) first prize in the competition.
②He said that it was the third time he ________ (see) Amazing China. He couldn't help feeling proud of his country.
单句写作
③这是我第一次离开家，所以我觉得很难适应这里的新生活。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
④那是他在如此大的舞台上最成功的一次表演。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5.unless引导的条件状语从句
(教材P31)“...Her words puzzled me very much because I did not then understand anything unless I touched it.”“……她的话令我非常困惑，因为以往我只有触碰到实际物体，才能理解它的意思。”
[句式分析] 本句为主从复合句。because在此引导原因状语从句，其中包含一个unless引导的条件状语从句。
unless引导的条件状语从句
(1)unless意为“除非；如果不”。若主句为一般将来时，那么unless引导的条件状语从句常用一般现在时表将来。即遵循“主将从现”的原则。
(2)unless引导的条件状语从句可与if...not引导的条件状语从句进行互换。
(3)unless引导的条件状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句的谓语中含有be动词的某种形式时，则可省略从句的主语和be动词。
Unless it snows heavily, we will go to school as usual.
我们会照常去学校，除非下大雪。
You will miss the train unless you get up early.
你如果不早点起床，就赶不上火车了。
I sleep with the window open unless it's really cold.
除非天气真的很冷，我总开着窗户睡觉。
He cannot see clearly unless he wears glasses.＝He cannot see clearly if he doesn't wear glasses.
他不戴眼镜就看不清楚。
Unless (the machine is) repaired, the machine will be of no use.
如果不修理，这台机器将毫无用处。
[误区提醒]
①由于unless相当于if...not，所以用了unless的从句中就不能再加not了。
②在翻译unless时，如果把unless译为“如果不”，主句就直接翻译就行了。
如果将unless翻译为“除非”，且先翻译从句内容，那么在翻译主句时，要在主句前用上“否则”，或“不然”等词。如：Unless you go with me, I shall not go.可以翻译为①如果你不跟我去，我也就不去了。②除非你跟我去，否则/不然我就不去了。③我不会去的，除非你跟我去。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Unless extra money is found, the factory ________ (close).
②Unless the weather ________ (get) better, I will stay at home.
③He will not be delighted with the article ________ you have it polished.
完成句子
④You will never gain success ________________________ (除非全身心地投入工作).
6.过去分词(短语)作定语
(教材P30)Helen's parents got a superb teacher recommended to them, a woman named Anne Sullivan.海伦的父母经人推荐，聘请了一位名叫安妮·莎莉文的优秀教师。
[句子分析] named Anne Sullivan是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词woman。
a broken vase 一只打碎的花瓶(被动、动作已完成)
a retired teacher 一位退休教师(动作已完成)
the guests invited (＝who had been invited) to the party 受邀参加聚会的那些客人
[句式归纳]
过去分词(短语)作定语有如下规律
(1)单个的过去分词＋被修饰词
被修饰词＋过去分词短语
(2)及物动词的过去分词→表示被动、完成
不及物动词的过去分词→只表示完成
(3)过去分词短语作后置定语时常可扩展成定语从句
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The most hopeful data ________ (share) in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.
②Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students.
③To return to the problem of water pollution, I'd like you to look at a study ________ (conduct) in Australia in 2012.
④It participates in our daily events, extending our intelligence, comprehending our feelings, and ________ (expand) the range of social activities.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．We can offer you some practical suggestions on how to e________ your vocabulary.
2．As is well known, our success in life depends on our determination to g________ opportunities that are presented to us.
3．This sentence is too c________ for the little boy to understand, so you'll have to make it simple.
4．It rained heavily, causing ________ (严重的) floods in the area.
5．I love technology and try to keep up with it so I can ________ (理解) to my students.
6．In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper ________ (技巧), she says.
7．Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love it that the ________ (兴奋) of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
8．There's a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was ________ (显而易见的) in those that gave the most.
9．The grandpa told his grandson to hold the tree tightly not to fall into the rapidly flowing ________ (水流).
10．“This medal was very ________ (宝贵的) to my parents. Only on special occasions (场合) would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands，” Adeline says.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．This mountain is ________ (exceptional) attractive, which attracts millions of visitors every year.
2．She found the weather here is really ________ (bearable) because it is too hot in summer.
3．There is a ________ (tend) that oil price will go up in the next half of this year.
4．________ (initial), we had expected that we would complete our work ahead of time.
5．The young man had his arm broken, which made him feel very ________ (pain).
6．As the small boat moved ________ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water.
7．Arriving at the party hurriedly, we were ________ (disappoint) to find that the band had stopped playing.
8．As far as I am concerned, I don't think this plan is perfect ________ a way.
9．The sky grew dark ________ a flash and the rain came pouring down all of a sudden.
10．The old lady has a tendency ________ (help) when she sees people in trouble.
Ⅲ.短语填空
be related to, hold up, with the help of, point to, be restricted to, to one's excitement, expand to, be disappointed at, in a flash, be eager for
1．The sale ________________ because the price is reckoned to be exceptionally high.
2．We ________________ the news that our picnic was cancelled because of the troublesome rain.
3．The stubborn boy ________________ his chest and made the sign of the cross.
4．In his report, he tells us the concept that economic risks ________________ the degree of economic development.
5．________________ my classmates and teachers, I have worked out the complex maths problem.
6．________________， our Chinese athletes won several precious gold medals in the competitions.
7．Their parents ________________ work, for they could not imagine the disappointing life without it.
8．Superman can fly from one place to another ________________， and disappear gently and instantly.
9．The enthusiastic man hopes the trip will take place every year and ________________ neighbouring countries.
10．Apparently, the employees ________________ working for one boss or one department in the company.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．他一直在WWF工作，一个叫世界自然基金会的组织。
He has been working for WWF, an organisation ________________________________．
2．我把所有事实都告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
I'll give you all the facts ____________________________．
3．她虽然是第一次当众讲话，却一点都不发慌。
She didn't feel a bit nervous though it was the first time ________________________________．
4．最后他拿到了博士学位，总算如了愿。
He eventually obtained a doctor's degree and thus ________________________________．
5．这都是因为他的祖父是那么好的一个人。
________________________________ his grandfather had been such a kind man.
Part B Lesson 1 Enlightening a Mind
双基夯实·课前排查
1．启迪；指导，教导 2.引起麻烦的；令人烦恼的 3.固执的，执拗的；倔强的 4.极好的，卓越的 5.视力 6.简单的，易懂的；诚实的，坦率的 7.玩偶 8.水流 9.液体 10.precious 11.理解，领会 12.词汇量 13.(太阳或月亮的)光线 14.抽象的 15.概念；想法 16.breakthrough 17.项链 18.额，前额 19.生动的，逼真的 20.极其，非常 非常好的/罕见的
语篇细研·教材精读
Ⅱ.
1．B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.A
核心突破·要点讲解
第一版块：重点单词
1．①exceptional ②exception ③exceptionally
④exceptionally significant
2．①restriction ②to ③restricted ④to ⑤restricted
3．①unbearable ②smoking ③find it unbearable
4．①behaviour ②differently ③behaviour ④well
5．①to/towards ②to give ③to promote ④has a tendency to/tends to ⑤has a tendency to cause headaches
6．①to buy ②(should) find ③to ④for as ⑤reading (should) read
7．①to ②to ③to ④be related ⑤relate to ⑥are related to/relate to
8．①excitement ②excited ③exciting ④was full of excitement/was filled with excitement ⑤Much to his excitement
9．①抓住 ②理解 ③grasped the chance/opportunity
④grasped the hand
10．①about ②enthusiastically ③enthusiastic about helping others
11．①expands ②to expand ③expanding ④To expand knowledge ⑤expand on/upon
12．①gently ②gently ③gently ④the gentlest ⑤gently
13．①breakthrough ②breakdown ③outbreak ④made a great breakthrough
第二版块：重要短语
1．①held up ②on ③back
2．①to take ②eagerness ③for ④success ⑤eagerness ⑥in
第三版块：典型句式
1．①have taken ②have run ③have made ④wouldn't have written ⑤But for/Without electricity
2．①recognizing ②left ③to get ④in
3．①because/as/since/for ②because of/due to/owing to
③on account of ④Now that ⑤Now that/Since you've listed your strengths
4．①has won ②had seen ③This is the first time (that) I have been away from home, so I find it hard to adapt to the new life here.
④That was the most successful performance (that) he had given on such a big stage.
5．①will close/will be closed ②gets ③unless ④unless fully devoted to your work
6．①shared ②spent ③conducted ④expanding
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．expand 2.grasp 3.complex 4.severe 5.relate
6．technique(s) 7.excitement 8.apparent 9.stream 10.precious
Ⅱ.
1．exceptionally 2.unbearable 3.tendency 4.Initially
5．painful 6.gently 7.disappointed 8.in 9.in
10．to help
Ⅲ.
1．has been held up 2.were disappointed at 3.pointed to 4.are related to 5.With the help of 6.To our excitement 7.were eager for 8.in a flash 9.expand to 10.are restricted to
Ⅳ.
1．called World Wide Fund for Nature 2.so that you can judge for yourself 3.she'd spoken in public 4.had his wish fulfilled 5.This was becausePart C Lesson 2 The Objectives of Education
【学习目标】
课时词汇 重点短语 经典句式
gain, contribute, expose, surrounding, judgement, behave, conclusion, assess enable sb. to do, contribute to, prepare for, regardless of 1.which引导非限制性定语从句； 2．so that引导目的状语从句
【单词巧练 写准记牢】
核心单词练习：请根据所给英语单词和词性写出汉意或根据汉意和词性写出正确单词
1．objective n. ________________
adj. ________________
2．gain vt. ________________
3．well-rounded adj. ________________
4．core adj. ________________
5．insight n. ________________
6．________________ n. 正直，诚实；完整
7．Latin n. ________________
8．circumstance n. ________________
9．citizen n. ________________
10．stimulate vt. ________________
11．pursue vt. ________________
pursuit n. ________________
in pursuit of ________________
12．________________ adj. 批评的，批判的
①criticise vt.&vi. ________________
②critic n. ________________
③critically adv. ________________
④uncritically adv. ________________
13．cognition n. ________________
cognitive adj. ________________
14．civil adj. ________________
①civilisation n. ________________
②civilised adj. ________________
15．________________ vt. 教育；教导，指导
________________ n. 教育；培养
16．________________ adj. 道德(上)的
________________ adj. 不道德的；邪恶的
________________ n. 道德；道义
17．acquisition n. ________________
acquire vt. ________________
18．________________ vi.&vt. 奉献，捐献
①________________ n. 贡献；捐献
②________________ n. 贡献者；捐助者
19．finance n. ________________
financial adj. ________________
20．economics n. ________________
①economic adj. ________________
②economy n. ________________
第一版块：重点单词
1．objective n．目的，目标adj.客观的 object n．物品，物体；目的，目标v.反对，不赞成 objection n．反对；异议
(教材P34)The objectives of education论教育目标
an objective assessment 客观评价
objective measurement 客观度量
objective description 客观描述
[归纳拓展]
subjective adj.主观的
①raise an objection to sth.对某事提出异议
have/make/take an objection to (doing) sth.反对(做)某事
②object to sb./sth.反对某人/某事
object to doing sth.反对做某事
object to sb. doing sth.反对某人做某事
object that...提出……作为反对的理由
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped ________ (object) of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground.
②It would provide true and ________ (object) information.
③She strongly objected ________ rebuilding the temple.
④The main ________ (object) to the plan was that it would cost too much but gain little.
2.gain v．获得，赢得，取得；受益 n．[C]好处；利益[C，U]增加
(教材P34)to gain knowledge获得知识
gain the/one's attention 赢得(某人的)关注
gain independence 赢得独立
gain experience 获得经验
gain one's respect/trust 获得某人的尊重/信任
What do you hope to gain from the course
你希望从这门课程中学到什么？
The car gained speed going down the hill.下山时，车加速了。
No pain, no gain.＝No gain without pain.不劳无获。
A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。
[常见搭配]
gain (sth.) from/by从……中获得(某物)
gain a reputation获得声望
gain speed加快速度
gain time赢得时间
gain weight体重增加，长胖
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①There is nothing to be gained ________ delaying the decision.
②The thieves ________ (gain) entrance through an upstairs window that was left open.
完成句子
③He ________________ (获得了好名声) by helping some poor children have access to education in the remote area.
④You will never ________________ (取得成功) unless you are fully devoted to your work.
3.educate vt.教育；教导，指导
(教材P110)So, when you are educated you are led from one place to another, including physical, moral, mental or academic.所以，当你接受教育时，你被从一个地方带到另一个地方，包括身体上、道德上、精神上或学术上。
educate sb. to do sth. 教育某人做某事，教导某人做某事
educate sb./sth. in/on/about sth. 对某人进行……教育
well educated 受过良好教育的
be highly educated 受过高等教育的，受教育程度较高的
further education 进修，继续教育
finish their college education 完成他们的大学教育
offer an excellent education 提供良好的教育
educational background 教育背景
an educational programme 教育节目
The campaign is intended to educate the public to respect the environment.
这一运动旨在教育公众爱护环境。
Children need to be educated on the dangers of drug-taking.
有必要对儿童进行吸毒危害的教育。
[词语积累]
educated adj.受过教育的，有教养的
educator n．教育家；教育工作者；教师
education n．教育
educational adj.教育的；有教育意义的
educationalist n．教育(学)家
[教师提醒]
educate意思为“教育”时，常用于被动语态。意为“教导；教养”时，常用于educate sb. in/on sth.“对……进行……的教育”和educate sb. to do sth.“教导某人去做某事”。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He has been pursuing his dream of becoming an ________ (educate).
②His parents insist that he should receive better ________ (educate).
③People live longer nowadays, and they are better ________ (educate).
④I think part of the problem is how we educate people ________ (work) in this field.
⑤Poor ________ (educate) performance is related to emotional disturbance.
⑥She tried to educate her son's taste ________ music.
完成句子
⑦The children __________________ (被教育保护环境) from an early age.
⑧We need to ____________________ (教会孩子们知道) the importance of a balanced diet.
4.contribute vi.(为……)做出贡献；是……的原因之一；vi. &vt.增进 vt. &vi.捐献，捐赠，捐助
vt. &vi.(给报刊)撰稿，投稿
(教材P110)Obviously, certain kinds of knowledge are necessary not only to pursue certain careers but also to contribute to the world.显然，某些种类的知识不仅是从事某种职业所必需的，也是为世界做出贡献所必需的。
contribute to... 为……做出贡献；有助于；是……的原因之一(to为介词)
contribute sth. to... 把某物捐献给……，捐赠某物给……
contribute to... 给……捐款
contribute to... 给……投稿
contribute...to... 给……撰写……，给……投……(稿)
No doubt the theatre has contributed to the area's development and economic growth.
毫无疑问，剧院为该地区的发展和经济增长做出了贡献。
Does smoking contribute to lung cancer
吸烟是导致肺癌的一个因素吗？
Work as a volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a local charity.做志愿者，或者如果你有能力的话，为当地的慈善机构捐一点钱。
Mr Green has contributed to China Daily for several years.
格林先生向《中国日报》投稿有几年了。
She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.
她给这家杂志撰写了很多稿件。
[归纳拓展]
contributor n．[C]捐赠者；投稿人
contribution n．[C, usually sing.]贡献；[C]捐款；稿件
make contributions/a contribution to...对……做出贡献；给……捐款
[即学即练] 判断下列句子中contribute的词义
①Located where the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road construction.________________
②Take care during the holidays! Drinking too much can contribute to heart disease and cause high blood pressure.________________
③Her family has contributed $10，000 to the fund.________________
④Mr Smith is one of the several authors contributing to the magazine.________________
单句语法填空
⑤We hope your suggestion will contribute to ________ (solve) the problem.
⑥She became a regular ________ (contribute) to the paper, writing film reviews.
⑦A teacher is always believed to be one of the greatest occupations, because teachers make great contributions ________ the world.
5.expose vt.使接触，使体验；暴露，显露，露出；使面临，使遭受(危险或不快)；揭露，揭穿
(教材P110)For example, we need to learn maths to understand finance and economics; we need to be able to read, so that we are able to communicate and expose ourselves to new things.例如，我们需要学习数学来理解金融和经济；我们要能够阅读，这样我们才能够交流并接触新的事物。
expose...to... 使……遭受……，使……暴露于……；向……显露……
be exposed to... 遭受……，暴露于……
expose sb./sth. (as...) 揭露某人/某物(为……)
expose sb./oneself to 使某人/自己暴露于……；使某人/自己接触……
expose sb./sth.to sb./sth. 暴露某人/某事物给某人/某事物
be exposed to... 暴露于……
Nowadays many parents want to have their kids exposed to art and culture as much as possible.
现在很多父母想让孩子尽可能多地接触艺术与文化。
He smiled suddenly, exposing a set of amazingly white teeth.他突然笑了，露出一口雪白的牙齿。
Young people may risk going deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.
年轻人如果每天听声音很大的音乐，就会有失聪的危险。
She was exposed as a shark and was sent to prison.
她诈骗者的面目被揭穿了，并被送入了监狱。
[特别提醒]
在expose...to...和be exposed to...结构中，to均为介词，后跟名词、代词或v-ing。另外，v-ing短语being exposed to...作主语的用法也是高考考查的重点和难点。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We should expose our children ________ difficult situations from time to time and such ________ (expose) will make them handle challenges better.
完成句子
②Don't ________________ (把土豆暴露于阳光下). They will go green.
③It's important for children to ________________ (接触名著).
句型转换
④If you expose yourself to sunlight for a long time, you will get sunburned.
→________________ sunlight for a long time, you will get sunburned.
→________________ sunlight for a long time will make you sunburned.
6.judgement n．判断力；意见，评价；判决 judge n．裁判员；法官 vi. &vt.判定；判断 vt.判决
(教材P111)．..and will enable them to act based on judgement.……同时会让他们能根据自己的判断行事。
in one's judgement 在某人看来(＝in one's opinion/view)
make a judgement about 对……作出评价
pass judgement on 对……发表批评/意见
In my judgement, the company is very appreciative of your efforts.在我看来，公司非常感激你的努力。
I don't think you have the right to pass judgement on consumers.我认为你没有权利对消费者说三道四。
Everyone on the committee was fined ten thousand dollars, following a recent court judgement.根据最近作出的一项法庭判决，委员会的每个人被罚款1万美元。
[联想拓展]
judging from/by...依据……来判断
judge the quality评价质量
Never judge a person by their looks.决不要以貌取人。
Don't judge a book by its cover.勿只凭外表判断。/勿以貌取人。
judging from/by his accent根据他的口音判断(judging from...是一个现在分词短语，但不用考虑judge和主语逻辑关系的一致性)
as far as I can judge据我判断
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①It's too soon to make a ________ (judge) about what his income will be.
②________ (judge) from what the policeman said, he was convinced that his partner could survive the accident.
完成句子
③You should not always rely on your parents. You have to ________________________ (运用你的判断力).
④__________________________ (在我看来), it is worthy of our attempt.
⑤He refused ________________________________ (对……作出评价) the situation.
⑥Our aim is to help him, not to __________________________ (对……发表意见) what he has done.
⑦____________________________ (依据她的信来判断), she is well-educated and wise.
7.behave vi.表现 vi. &vt.表现得体；有礼貌
(教材P111)It makes people behave with integrity, regardless of background and circumstances.
它使人们行为正直，不管背景和环境如何。
behave very badly to/towards sb. 对某人非常不礼貌
behave like＋n./pron. 表现得像……
behave as if/as though＋从句 表现得好像……
behave oneself 守规矩；有礼貌；举止得体
behave well/badly 表现好/不好
behave properly 举止得当
Whether he retired from work or not, he behaved well in the factory.不管他退休与否，他在工厂里表现得很好。
Behave yourself and people will have faith in you.
举止得体，人们就会相信你。
[词语积累]
behaviour n．行为，举止；习性
well-behaved adj.表现好的
badly-behaved adj.表现差的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He educated his pupils to behave ________ (good) and not to chat while listening to a lecture.
②His mother often punished him in his childhood because he ________ (behave) badly.
③They felt a sense of achievement, because their children all behaved ________ (they).
④Our community committee rewards good ________ (behave), which is encouraging.
完成句子
⑤I want you two to ____________________________ (举止得体) while staying in the boarding school.
8.circumstance n．境况，状况；情况，情形
social circumstances 社会环境
under/in the circumstances 在这种情况下，既然如此
under/in no circumstances 决不，无论如何不(放在句首时句子要部分倒装)
Adolescents tend to adapt to the study atmosphere and circumstances quickly.
青少年往往能很快地适应学习氛围和环境。
Under the circumstances, it was better not to expose yourself to violent computer games.
在这样的情况下，最好不要让自己接触暴力的电脑游戏。
Under no circumstances can you scream in such a late hour.
这么晚了，你无论如何也不能尖叫。
[误区警示]
(1)circumstance在句中常以复数形式出现。
(2)under/in no circumstances是表示否定意义的介词短语，位于句首时句子要用部分倒装，即将助动词、情态动词或连系动词be提到主语之前。有类似用法的短语还有at no time (在任何时候都不)，on no condition (无论如何都不)，on no account (决不，绝对不), in no way (决不)等。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①____________________________ (在这样的情况下), you should do what you can to gain the objective.
②Under no circumstances ____________________ (我们应该做) anything against the will of the people.
③____________________________ (无论如何都不) should you let go of the precious opportunity.
④The professor warned the students that on no account ____________________________ (他们应该使用) mobile phones in his class.
单句语法填空
⑤It's the best result that could be expected ________ such circumstances.
⑥________ no circumstances can we forget the painful experience.
9.conclusion n．[C，usually sing.]结束；[C]结论
(教材P111)In conclusion, education is important not only because it facilitates individual development, but also promotes social and national development.最后，教育不仅对促进个人发展很重要，而且对促进社会和国家发展也很重要。
in conclusion 最后(用于文章或讲话的末尾，表示即将结束)
bring...to a(n)...conclusion 使……有一个……结局
come to/arrive at/reach/draw a conclusion 得出结论
jump to conclusions 匆忙下结论
In conclusion, I'd like to thank you for all you've done for me.最后，我要感谢你为我所做的一切。
We know well what difficulties we have to overcome to bring our work to a successful conclusion.我们很清楚，要圆满完成我们的工作得克服什么困难。
We'll have a detailed discussion before we come to a conclusion.得出结论之前我们将做详细的讨论。
I concluded from their words that they were against the plan.我从他们的话中推断出他们反对这项计划。
When the group discussion is nearing its end, make sure to conclude it with a short summary.当小组讨论接近尾声时，确保用一个简短的总结来结束讨论。
[归纳拓展]
conclude vt.得出结论，推断出；vt. &vi.(使)结束，终止
conclude (从某事)推断出某事/断定……
conclude (sth.)以某事/做某事结束(某事)
to conclude (＝in conclusion)最后
[学法点拨]
conclude v．→conclusion n．结束
decide v．→decision n．决定
explode v．→explosion n．爆炸
persuade v．→persuasion n．说服
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I've arrived ________ the conclusion that he has the potential to do the job well.
②Don't jump to ________ (conclude) before considering all the facts, or you may be easily taken in.
③________ conclusion, you should never stop pursuing your dream.
④The speaker concluded his speech ________ a famous saying.
⑤________ (conclude), I'd like to say your essay is really a success.
完成句子
⑥Many experts ______________________________ (得出结论) that many diseases were related to smoking.
⑦______________________________ (最后), with this extra evidence, we can draw a conclusion with certainty.
10.responsibility n．责任 responsible adj.有责任，负责 responsibly adv.认真负责地
(教材P111)Let's first talk about teachers' responsibility.让我们先谈谈教师的责任。
have responsibility for (doing) sth. 有(做)某事的责任
take responsibility for (doing) sth. 承担(做)某事的责任
take responsibility for what you said 对你说的话负责
take full responsibility for the damage 对这次损失承担全部责任
it's one's responsibility to do sth. 某人有责任做某事
the responsibility to protect the earth 保护地球的责任
a sense of responsibility 责任感
You have responsibility for protecting the child from the thunderstorm.＝It's your responsibility to protect the child from the thunderstorm.你有责任保护孩子免受雷雨侵袭。
No one wants to take responsibility for the collapse of his house.没有人愿意为他的房子的倒塌承担责任。
[知识拓展]
be responsible for对……负责；是……的原因
be responsible for/be responsible to
be responsible for＋sb./sth.对某人/某事负责/承担义务
be responsible to＋sb.(向主管者或上级)承担责任
It is one's responsibility to do sth.做某事是某人的职责。
[词语积累]
responsible adj.有责任的；负责的
be responsible for...对……负责
irresponsible adj.不负责任的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①They have responsibility ________ ensuring that the rules are carried out.
②I do think we have the ________ (responsible) to help the unfortunate out.
③Parents need to inspire a sense of ________ (responsible) in their children.
完成句子
④My intention is to convince him __________________________ (承担……的责任) his child's education.
⑤居民有责任保持他们的房间、厨房和淋浴间干净整洁。
Citizens ____________________ keeping their rooms, kitchens and shower rooms clean and tidy.
11.stimulate vt.刺激，促使，促进
(教材P111)That means a teacher's job is not just to pass on knowledge and skills to students, but it's more important to stimulate students' interests in learning and teach them to think critically and creatively.这意味着教师的工作不仅仅是向学生传授知识和技能，更重要的是激发学生的学习兴趣，教他们批判性和创造性地思考。
stimulate sb. to do sth. 激励某人做某事
stimulate interest in sth. 激发对某事的兴趣
The professor tried his best to stimulate his students to enhance their academic performance.教授尽他最大努力激励他的学生提高他们的学习成绩。
These businesses stimulate the creation of local jobs.
这些企业刺激了当地就业机会的产生。
[词语积累]
stimulation n．刺激；激励，鼓舞
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I missed the ________ (stimulate) of working with others when I tried to do it alone.
②The growing brain next needs ________ (stimulate) in order to change and develop.
③Rewards can stimulate people ________ (do) good deeds.
完成句子
④The exhibition has __________________________ (激发对……的兴趣) her work.
12.demonstrate vt.展示；说明
(教材P111)．..and it's a brilliant idea to demonstrate what they have learnt when assessed.……这是一个聪明的想法来证明他们在评估时学到了什么。
demonstrate how to do sth. 演示如何做某事
demonstrate an ability to do sth. 展示做某事的能力
demonstrate sth. with sth. 用……来演示某物
demonstrate sth. to sb. 演示某物给某人看/向某人证明某事
it is demonstrated that... 据证明……
They demonstrated the new invention to us.
他们向我们展示了新发明。
It has been demonstrated that this drug is effective.
这种药已经证实是有效的。
[词语积累]
demonstration n．示范；证明；示威游行
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We were given a brief ________ (demonstrate) of the computer's functions.
②We want ________ (demonstrate) our commitment to human rights.
③It ________ (demonstrate) that only by expanding our vocabulary can we improve our reading ability.
完成句子
④____________ (已经证实) he can gain his objective by his own effort.
⑤他们将演示如何操控现代化的高性能汽车。
They'll demonstrate ________________________ handle modern, high performance cars.
⑥你得向我们演示一下如何使用这台计算机。
You have to __________________ how to grasp the use of the computer.
13.finance n．金融；财政；资金 vt.为……提供资金 financial adj.财务的；财政的 financially adv.经济上地；财政地
(教材P110)For example, we need to learn maths to understand finance and economics.例如，我们需要学习数学来理解金融和经济学。
raise finance/money for 为……筹资
national finance 国家财政
the company's finances 公司财务状况
personal finances 个人财务状况
large finances 雄厚的资金
gain more financial aid 获得更多助学金
because of financial problems 因为财务问题
lead to financial difficulties 导致财务困难
relieve financial pressure 缓解财政压力
[知识拓展]
support each other financially 财务上互相支持
personal finance 个人理财
the finance minister 财政部部长
in finanical trouble 处于财务困境中
the financial center of China 中国金融中心
in the financial crisis 在金融危机中
[易错提醒]
在表示“财务状况，财力”时，finance用复数形式finances。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①His ________ (finance) were in bad shape after he lost his job.
②The government ________ (finance) the construction of the road.
③He lost a lot of money ________ the ________ (financially) crisis.
④She is a ________ (finance) expert. It means that she is an expert in finance.
⑤However, these plans were abandoned because of ________ (finance) problems.
⑥The fact that college students are ________ (financial) dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.
14.economics n．经济学 economy n．经济 economic adj.经济上的；经济学的economical adj.经济的；节约的
economic growth/development 经济增长/发展
the government's economic policy 政府的经济政策
economical and practical 经济实用的
[知识拓展]
a market economy市场经济
a strong/weak economy繁荣的/疲软的经济
the world/local/national economy
世界/当地/国民经济
the state of the economy经济状况
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①More expressways will be built in Sichuan soon to promote the local ________ (economics).
②As the ________ (economic) was in decline, some people in the town had lost their jobs.
③China has witnessed a rapid ________ (economy) growth over the past three decades.
第二版块：重点短语
1．regardless (of)不管；不顾
(教材P111)．..regardless of whether it's easy or what others' opinions are...
……不管它是容易的还是别人的意见是什么……
regard vt. 看作；认为；看待
n. 注意；尊重；问候，致意(常用复数)
regard sb./sth. as... 将某人/某物看作……
in/with regard to sb./sth.＝as regards sb./sth.＝regarding sb./sth. 关于某人/某事
in that/this regard 在这一点上；在这方面
Despite (＝In spite of) all our efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it.
尽管我们竭力想保住这所学校，当局还是决定把它关闭。
Regardless of what will happen next week, we will go fishing together.
不管下周发生什么，我们都会一起去钓鱼。
Give your brother my regards when you see him.
看到你哥哥时，代我向他问好。
She is widely regarded as the current leader's natural successor.人们普遍认为她是现任领导的当然继任者。
With regard to the party on July 1st, I shall be pleased to attend.关于7月1日的聚会，我很乐意去。
I have nothing further to say in this regard.
在这方面，我没什么要说的了。
[易混辨析] regardless of, in spite of和despite的用法区别
①regardless of...强调“认为……不重要，从而不加以重视或考虑”，而despite和in spite of有“尽管……”之意。
②regardless of后可跟whether, what引导的从句也可跟名词、代词或动名词，而in spite of和despite后不可接从句，只能跟名词、代词或动名词。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Our club is open to everyone regardless ________ age, sex or educational background.
②In spite ________ being exposed to such bad surroundings, he has grown into a responsible man.
③Despite ________ (apply) for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work.
④Stop regarding yourself ________ the victim.
⑤Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.
完成句子
⑥We arrived at the station on time ________________________ (不管) the severe typhoon.
2.as well as以及；既……又……；除……之外(也)……
(教材P111)Eventually, education also enables learners to establish the right values and attitudes, as well as form good habits so that they can become responsible citizens as well.
最终，教育也能使学习者树立正确的价值观和态度，养成良好的习惯，从而成为负责任的公民。
Bella as well as her friends is going to Paris tomorrow.
贝拉和她的朋友们明天将要去巴黎。
She can speak English as well as French.她会说英语和法语。
We might as well sit down while we're waiting.
我们只能坐下来等。
Jack can speak French almost as well as he can speak English.杰克说法语几乎和说英语一样好。
[名师点津]
as well as用法：
(1)连接两者并列成分作主语时，后面的谓语动词要与as well as前面的主语保持人称和数的一致。
(2)连接并列宾语
(3)may/might as well do只能做某事/最好做某事/做……无妨
(4)和……一样好
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Jane, as well as her friends, ________ (be) going to the beach tomorrow.
②I can speak Japanese almost as ________ (good) as I can speak English.
③Since nobody else wants the job, we might ____________ let him have it.
④She is a talented musician as well as ________ (be) a photographer.
第三版块：典型句式
1．so that引导目的状语从句……
(教材P111)Referring back to the definition provided at the very beginning, education facilitates the development of an individual physically, mentally, morally and academically, so that the individual can make effective contributions to social development.再回到一开始给出的定义，教育促进个体在身体、精神、道德和学术上的发展，从而使个体能够对社会发展做出有效的贡献。
(1)so that意为“以便，为了”，可以换成in order that，引导目的状语从句。从句谓语常含有may，can，could等情态动词。
(2)当so that引导的目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语一致时，从句可以直接简化为不定式或不定式短语，作目的状语，常用to do/in order to do/so as to do。
He pretended that he was ill so that he could stay at home.他假装病了以便能待在家里。
His mother woke him up at 6 am so that he could arrive at school on time.
他妈妈早上六点钟叫醒了他，以便他能按时到校。
We got up early so that we could get there on time.＝We got up early to get there on time.＝We got up early in order to/so as to get there on time.我们起得早，以便能准时到那儿。
There is very little gravity at the space station so that things float around.宇宙空间站内几乎没有引力，所以物品到处飘浮。
[特别注意]
so that也可引导结果状语从句，意为“因此，结果”，主从句可用逗号隔开。so that引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别：引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语部分常有情态动词can，may，could等；引导结果状语从句时，从句的谓语部分一般没有情态动词。so...that...，such...that...也常用于引导结果状语从句。
[经典例句]
She is so good a teacher that all of us love and respect her.＝She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect her.
她是一位很好的老师，我们都很喜爱并尊敬她。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Cathy had quit her job when her son was born ________ she could stay home and raise her baby.
②Let's not pick these peaches until this weekend ________ they get sweet enough to be eaten.
③Peter, please send us postcards ________ we'll know where you have visited.
④He didn't plan his time well, ________ he didn't finish work in time.
同义句转换
⑤I look at some documents that I bring back from the office so that I can be ready for the next day's work.
→I look at some documents that I bring back from the office __________________________ be ready for the next day's work.
→I look at some documents that I bring back from the office ________ be ready for the next day's work.
→I look at some documents that I bring back from the office ________________ I can be ready for the next day's work.
2.not only...but (also)...不仅……而且……
(教材P110)Obviously, certain kinds of knowledge are necessary not only to pursue certain careers but also to contribute to the world.显然，某些知识不仅是从事某些职业所必需的，而且也是对世界作出贡献所必需的。
[句式分析] not only...but (also)...是并列连词，连接两个对等的成分。
Not only do the teachers have their own ideas on the matter, but the students have theirs too.对这件事不仅老师们有自己的看法，学生们也有自己的想法。
[用法详解]
(1)not only...but (also)...连接两个分句时，若not only位于句首表示强调，not only所在的分句要用部分倒装，but also所在的分句不倒装。
(2)not only...but (also)...连接并列主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致原则”。
(3)not only只能连用，而but also既可连用，也可分开用，also也可省略。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Not only the mother but the children ________ (be) also sick.
②Not only Tom and Mary but also I ________ (be) fond of watching television.
③When I look at this picture of myself, I realize how fast time flies. I have grown not only physically, but also ________ (mental) in the past few years.
完成句子
④你或许也开始注意到，它不仅对你的健康有影响，而且对你的钱财也有影响。
You might also begin to notice the effects ________________ on your health ________ in your pocket.
3.whether...or...结构
(教材P111)It helps you to understand what is wrong and what is right, explore the truth and develop cognition, regardless of whether it's easy or what others' opinions are...它帮助你理解什么是错的，什么是对的，探索真理和发展认知，不管它是否简单以及别人的看法是什么……
[句式分析] 短语介词regardless of后跟whether...or...引导的宾语从句。注意if引导名词性从句时，只能引导动词的宾语从句，不能引导介词的宾语从句，所以这里用whether...or...。
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.
我担心是否伤到她的感情。
Whether he will come is not known.他是否来还不知道。
The question is whether we should go on with the work.
问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项工作。
It's not a question whether he is rude.这不是他是否粗鲁的问题。
He wondered whether to wait for them or (to) leave immediately.他想知道是等他们还是马上离开。
I'll write to you whether or not I can come.
不管能不能来，我都将写信告诉你。
[名师点津]
通常用whether不用if的情况：
(1)引导动词宾语从句表示“是否”时二者可以互换，但引导介词宾语从句时，通常用whether。
(2)引导置于句首的主语从句，引导表语从句或引导同位语从句时用whether。
(3)其后与不定式to do连用时，用whether。
(4)其后直接与or not连用时，用whether。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.
②The main question is ________ you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.
③When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, wondering ________ to stay or leave.
完成句子
④当我30多岁开始跑步时，我意识到跑步是一场与自己的斗争，而与竞争无关，也和我是否擅长运动无关。
When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or ________________ I was athletic.
4.“That's why...”句型
(教材P111)That's why students need to have clear learning goals for themselves and to learn how to analyse, compare and evaluate what is taught.那就是为什么学生需要有明确的学习目标，并学会如何分析、比较和评估所教的内容。
[句式分析] That's why...意为“那是……的原因”，why引导表语从句，后接结果。
[易混辨析] That's because...“那是因为……”，because后接原因。
why引导的从句作表语/because引导的从句作表语
why引导的从句作表语 强调的是事情的后果
because引导的从句作表语 强调的是事情发生的原因
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The spring here is famous. That's ________ I come here.
②I come here. That's ________ the spring here is famous.
③She was ill yesterday. That's ________ she didn't come to school.
④She didn't come to school yesterday. That's ________ she was ill.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．How can he form any ________ (judge) of the matter without the complex figures
2．They compared how these organisms ________ (表现) when exposed to different materials.
3．There is no general agreement on a standard ________ (定义) of circumstance.
4．They represent the country's culture, humanity, nature and economics ________ (各自地).
5．I think we have a moral ________ (责任) to help these countries.
6．We will gradually improve ourselves and relentlessly ________ (追求) perfection.
7．It is difficult enough to give objective judgement and be ________ (批评的) of our own mistakes.
8．He was a man of forceful character, with considerable ________ (洞察力) and brilliant mind.
9．I was not only educated academically, but I was also taught how to be a person with strong ________ (诚实，正直).
10．Citizens' education is an important means to enhance citizens' quality ________ (道德上).
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．We must pull our company out of the ________ (finance) crisis gradually.
2．The conclusion of price rises sent ________ (citizen) out to the shops to buy up as much as they could.
3．In conclusion, there is convincing evidence of a link between ________ (expose) to sun and skin cancer.
4．Small towns in South India serve as economic and cultural centres for the ________ (surround) villages.
5．To my regret, I accepted a complex theory somewhat ________ (uncritical).
6．Each of these breakthroughs can be measured with ________ (object) data.
7．It was his responsibility for foreign affairs that ________ (gain) him international reputation.
8．There are no significant differences between the main objectives of ________ (educate).
9．Children's language ________ (acquire) is an extremely complex process.
10．He was awarded a prize for his ________ (contribute) to improving living surroundings.
Ⅲ.短语填空
be exposed to, be responsible for, contribute to, go beyond, by definition, in conclusion, be surrounded with, in one's judgement, regardless of, behave well
1．________________， more and more people fall in love with surrounding language and culture.
2．If you want to gain success, you must ________________ average.
3．________________， it is necessary to pay him an initiative visit.
4．As a brilliant photographer in the wild, she ________________ the wind and rain regularly.
5．Parents should educate their children to ________________ and warn them that they would punish anyone who stepped out of line.
6．________________ the capital is the political, economic and cultural centre of a country.
7．I believe that each citizen can ________________ the future of the world.
8．It is particularly important in English learning to have the circumstance which ________________ English language.
9．Every citizen has the right to gain good medical care ________________ their ability to pay.
10．In my opinion, parents should ________________ their children's behaviour.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．从汤姆说的这一切来看，幸好她不在那儿。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2．在经济上不依赖父母，这对我很重要。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3．他觉得这个公寓唯一的缺点就是太小了。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4．打造新产品是一个漫长而艰辛的过程。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5．无论你和谁谈话，你都有说不的权利。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6．玛丽上课不认真听讲。那就是她考试不及格的原因。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Part C Lesson 2 The Objectives of Education
双基夯实·课前排查
1．目的，目标 客观的 2.获得，赢得，取得；受益 3.多面的，全面的 4.核心的 5.洞察力；顿悟 6.integrity 7.拉丁语 8.境况，状况；情况，情形 9.公民；市民 10.刺激，促使，促进 11.追求；追赶；从事 追赶；追求 寻求，追求 12.critical ①批评，批判 ②评论家，批评家 ③批评地；严重地 ④无鉴别力地；不加批评地 13.认识，认知 认知的；认识的 14.文明的，有礼貌的；公民的 ①文明 ②文明的；有礼貌的 15.educate education 16.moral immoral morality 17.获得，习得 获得，取得 18.contribute ①contribution ②contributor 19.金融；财政 金融的；财政的 20.经济学 ①经济(上)的 ②经济；经济体
核心突破·要点讲解
第一版块：重点单词
1．①objects ②objective ③to ④objection
2．①from ②gained ③has gained a good reputation
④gain success
3．①educator/educationalist ②education ③educated ④to work ⑤educational ⑥in ⑦are educated to protect the environment ⑧educate the children to know/understand
4．①(为……)做出贡献 ②是……的原因之一 ③捐献，捐赠 ④(给报刊)撰稿，投稿 ⑤solving ⑥contributor ⑦to
5．①to exposure ②expose potatoes to sunlight ③be exposed to classics ④Exposed to Being exposed to
6．①judgement ②Judging ③use your judgement ④In my judgement/opinion/view ⑤to make a judgement about
⑥pass judgement on ⑦Judging from/by her letter
7．①well ②behaved ③themselves ④behaviour
⑤behave yourselves
8．①Under/In such circumstances ②should we do
③Under/In no circumstances ④should they use
⑤under/in ⑥Under/In
9．①at ②conclusions ③In ④with ⑤To conclude
⑥arrived at/came to/reached/drew a conclusion
⑦In conclusion/To conclude
10．①for ②responsibility ③responsibility ④to take the responsibility for ⑤are responsible for
11．①stimulation ②stimulation ③to do ④stimulated interest in
12．①demonstration ②to demonstrate ③is demonstrated/has been demonstrated ④It has been demonstrated that ⑤how to ⑥demonstrate to us
13．①finances ②finances ③in financial ④financial
⑤financial ⑥financially
14．①economy ②economy ③economic
第二版块：重点短语
1．①of ②of ③applying ④as ⑤is regarded
⑥regardless of/in spite of/despite
2．①is ②well ③as well ④being
第三版块：典型句式
1．①so that/in order that ②so that/in order that ③so that/in order that ④so that ⑤in order to/so as to to so that/in order that
2．①are ②am ③mentally ④not only but (also)
3．①whether/if ②whether ③whether ④whether or not
4．①why ②because ③why ④because
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．judgement 2.behaved 3.definition 4.respectively
5．responsibility 6.pursue 7.critical 8.insight 9.integrity
10．morally
Ⅱ.
1．financial 2.citizens 3.exposure 4.surrounding
5．uncritically 6.objective 7.gained 8.education
9．acquisition 10.contribution
Ⅲ.
1．In conclusion 2.go beyond 3.In my judgement 4.was exposed to 5.behave well 6.By definition 7.contribute to
8．is surrounded with 9.regardless of 10.be responsible for
Ⅳ.
1．Judging from everything told by Tom, it was just as well she wasn't there.
2．It is important for me to be financially independent of my parents.
3．He felt the apartment's only drawback was that it was too small.
4．It has been a long and difficult process of building a new product.
5．You have the right to say no no matter who you are talking to.
6．Mary didn't listen carefully in class. That was why she didn't pass the exam.Part D Lesson 3 Understanding
【学习目标】
课时词汇 重点短语 经典句式
obvious, worthy, approve, urge, assumption, respected, owe, beneficial be used to doing, go against, search for, come to one's defence, put forward, owe...to... 1.with复合结构； 2．同位语从句； 3．what引导名词性从句； 4．“be＋adj.＋enough to do sth.”结构
【单词巧练 写准记牢】
核心单词练习：请根据所给英语单词和词性写出汉意或根据汉意和词性写出正确单词
1．rank n. ________________
2．________________ adj. 皇家的；王室的
3．church n. ________________
4．primitive adj. ________________
5．BCE (before Common Era) ________________
6．prison n. ________________
7．________________ n. 智慧
8．shadow n. ________________
9．kingdom n. ________________
10．civilisation n. ________________
11．________________ adj. 极其重要的，必不可少的
12．mankind n. ________________
13．________________ adj. 显然的，明显的；易理解的
________________ adv. 显然地
14．analysis n. ________________
analyse vt. ________________
15．inefficient adj. ________________
①efficient adj. ________________
②efficiency n. ________________
16．________________ adj. 有价值的；值得尊敬的
①________________ n. 价值
adj. 值……钱；值得的
②________________ adj. 无价值的；没用的
17．universe n. ________________
universal adj. ________________
18．________________ vi. 赞成；赞许
vt. 批准
________________ n. 批准，认可；赞成
________________ vi. 不赞同；反对
vt. 不批准
19．________________ vt. 强烈要求；敦促
①________________ adj. 紧急的；急迫的
②________________ n. 紧迫
20．abandon vt. ________________
abandoned adj. ________________
[词语积累]
[1] obvious/' bvi s/adj.显然的，明显的；易理解的
obviously adv.明显地
[2] acquire vt.获得；得到
[3] to start with首先(用作插入语)
[4] observe v．观察；庆祝；遵守
[5] be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事
be used to do sth.被用来做某事
used to do sth.过去常常做某事
[6] type v．打字；测定……的类型 n．类型；字体
[7] key adj.关键的；主要的
[8] search engine搜索引擎
[9] wait for...to do sth.等候……做某事
[10] analysis/ 'n l s s/n.分析
analyse vt.分析，剖析
[11] suggest vt.提议；建议
[12] go against违背
[13] view n．观点；景色；视野
[14] rank/r k/n.等级
[15] royal/'r l/adj.皇家的；王室的
[16] inefficient/ n 'f nt/adj.效率低的
efficient adj.有效率的
[17] worthy/'w i/adj.有价值的；值得尊敬的
be worthy of being done值得被……(＝be worthy to be done)
[18] believe in信任
[19] church/t t /n.教会；教堂
[20] universe/'ju n v s/n.宇宙
universal adj.普遍的；通用的；宇宙的
[21] punish vt.惩罚
punishment n．惩罚
[22] tend to往往；易于
[23] challenge vt.挑战；质疑
challenging adj.具有挑战性的
[24] comfortably adv.舒服地；容易地
[25] prove v．证明
[26] instead of代替；而不是
[27] choose to do sth.选择做某事
[28] primitive/'pr m t v/adj.
原始的
[29] put forward提出
[30] BCE/ bi 'si 'i /(before
Common Era)公元前
[31] feel like感觉像；摸起来像
[32] still adj.静止的；平静的
[33] approve/ 'pru v/vi. &vt.赞成；赞许 vt.批准
approve of赞成；赞同
[34] urge/ d /vt.强烈要求；敦促
[35] grow angry生气(系表结构)
[36] prison/'prz n/n.监狱
in prison坐牢
put sb. into prison把某人关进监狱
[37] abandon/ 'b nd n/vt.放弃；抛弃
[38] assumption/ 's mp n/n.假定，假设
[39] respected/r 'spekt d/adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的
[40] even though即使，尽管(＝even if)
[41] inspire vt.鼓舞；激发；启示
inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的
inspired adj.受到鼓舞的
[42] at times有时，偶尔
[43] be known as...作为……而闻名；被称为……
[44] circle n．圈；圆周
[45] therefore adv.因此，所以
[46] constantly adv.不断地
[47] in other words换句话说
[48] sit back休息；不采取行动
[49] wisdom/'w zd m/n.智慧
wise adj.聪明的；明智的
[50] owe/ /vt.有……是由于；把……归功于
owe...to...把……归功于……
[51] step out走出去，跳出
[52] shadow/' d /n.阴影
[53] conventional/k n'ven n l/
adj.守旧的；传统的
[54] thought n．思想；想法
[55] kingdom/'k d m/n.王国
[56] civilisation/ s v la 'ze n/n.文明
[57] fight for为……而战
[58] vital/'va tl/adj.极其重要的，必不可少的
be vital to...对……至关重要
[59] beneficial/ ben 'f l/adj.有利的，有帮助的
be beneficial to对……有益
benefit n．好处，益处 v．有益于
[60]mankind/ m n'ka nd/
n．人类
Who questions much, shall learn much, and remember much.
——Francis Bacon
It seems obvious[1] now how we acquire[2] knowledge and understanding【1】. To start with[3]， we need questions. Then, to find answers 【2】， we observe[4] the world around us and study the facts. After that, we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones 【3】. Although today we are more used to[5] typing[6] a few key[7] words into a search engine[8] and waiting for the Internet to give[9] us an answer, modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world's problem with this type of analysis[10]— luckily for us 【4】．
【1】It seems...understanding.是复合句。It seems obvious now是主句，It是形式主语，how...understanding是主语从句，作真正的主语。
【2】to find answer是动词不定式短语作目的状语。
【3】to find the right ones是动词不定式短语作目的状语。
【4】本句是复合句。Although...answer是让步状语从句，typing...and waiting for...是两个动名词短语作介词to的宾语；modern scientists...for是主句。
However, in the 17th century when Francis Bacon (1561-1626) suggested[11] that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge 【5】，he was going against[12] the views[13] of the day. Although Bacon held an important rank[14] in King James' royal[15] court of England, his true interest was not the day-to-day, slow and inefficient[16] working style 【6】 of the government, but the worthy[17] search for knowledge. This was certainly not the interest of most people in his days. At that time, people believed more in[18] the church[19] than in facts, and people like Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe[20]” 【7】， were often punished[21] by the church with no one coming to their defence 【8】．The church and many people tended to[22] ignore the facts and didn't want to challenge[23]what they had always comfortably[24] believed 【9】. In fact, when Galilei proved[25] that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, instead of[26] believing him, people chose to believe[27] views that were almost 2，000 years old 【10】！
【5】to gain knowledge是动词不定式短语作定语，修饰the way。
【6】working style中，working是动名词作定语。
【7】who proved the idea...universe是定语从句，修饰先行词 Galileo Galilei，关系代词在从句中作主语；that...universe是同位语从句，解释说明idea的具体内容。
【8】with no one coming to their defence是with复合结构， coming to their defence是现在分词短语作宾补，宾语no one与coming之间是主动关系。
【9】what...believed是宾语从句，作动词challenge的宾语，what在从句中作动词believed的宾语。
【10】that were...old是定语从句，修饰先行词views，关系代词that在从句中作主语。
It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive[28] ideas as they had been put forward[29] by the great philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE[30]) 【11】．He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like[31] the Earth was standing still[32]. Galilei disagreed. At first, people approved[33] of his studies and urged[34] him to continue, but later when he proved Aristotle wrong, they grew angry[35] and put him in prison[36]. They didn't want to abandon[37]what they'd always thought as true 【12】. And this is still often true today. People make the assumption[38] that if someone important and respected[39] says that something is right, then it must be so 【13】. But even though[40] Aristotle was a great man who inspired[41] many great scientists and philosophers after him 【14】， he was wrong at times[42]. And Galilei also made mistakes. He is now known as[43] the father of astronomy but he believed that the Earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle[44]. He was wrong.
【11】本句是主从复合句，It是形式主语，lt is not surprising是主句；that...ideas是从句，作真正的主语；as...Aristotle (384-322 BCE)是原因状语从句，as意为“因为”。
【12】what they'd always thought as true是宾语从句，what在从句中作动词thought的宾语。
【13】本句是主从复合句，People make the assumption是主句，that if...must be so是同位语从句，解释说明assumption的具体内容，that在从句中不作成分，没有意思，不能省略。if...right是条件状语从句。
【14】even though...after him是让步状语从句；who...after him是定语从句，修饰先行词。great man，关系代词who在宾语从句中作主语。
Therefore[45], our understanding of the world around us is constantly[46] growing and changing. In other words[47], we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back[48] and say, “We know it all.” We need to thank the great men of the past for their wisdom[49] 【15】. They understood that we don't know everything and probably never will, as this would mean a world with questions 【16】．
【15】to thank...wisdom是动词不定式短语作动词need的宾语。
【16】as...questions是as引导的原因状语从句。
We owe[50] so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out[51] from the shadows[52] of conventional[53] thought[54] in order to find the kingdom[55] of knowledge that today's civilisation[56] is built upon 【17】. These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for[57]; more vital[58] to a man, and more beneficial[59] to mankind[60], some might say, than all the money in the world.
【17】who were...upon是定语从句，修饰先行词Bacon and Galilei，关系代词在定语从句中作主语；to step...thought是动词不定式短语作结果状语；in order to...knowledge是动词不定式短语作目的状语；that today's civilisation is built upon是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作介词upon的宾语。
All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered 【18】； the point is to discover them 【19】．
—Galileo Galilei
【18】本句是复合句，All truths...understand是主句，是“主语＋系动词＋表语形容词＋to do”结构；once they are discovered是once引导的时间状语从句。
【19】to discover them是动词不定式短语作表语。
多问，多学，多得。
——弗朗西斯·培根
今天，如何获取知识、认识世界，人人皆知。首先，我们需要问题。然后，为了寻找答案，我们观察周围的世界并研究相关事实。之后，我们思考可能的答案并逐个验证，以找到正确答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中敲几个关键词，等待互联网为我们提供答案，但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。
然而，在17世纪，当弗朗西斯·培根(1561—1626)提出这种思考方式是获取知识的途径时，他(的观点)却与当时的观点背道而驰。尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的皇家宫廷中位高权重，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、缓慢、低效的工作作风，而是对知识的有价值的探索。当然，探索知识并不是那个时代大多数人的兴趣所在。那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564—1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。教会和许多人一样往往忽视事实，不愿意去挑战自己一直以来相信的东西。事实上，当伽利莱证明地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们没有选择相信他，而宁愿相信将近2000年前的陈旧观点！
人们愿意相信伟大哲学家亚里士多德[公元前384—前322]提出的那些陈旧的观点，这一点并不奇怪。亚里士多德坚信地球是宇宙的中心，因为人们感觉地球是静止不动的。伽利莱不同意。起初人们认可他的研究成果，催促他继续研究，但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时，人们生气了，并把他送进监狱。他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的知识。如今这种现象也很常见。人们认为，如果某个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么它一定是对的。但即使是亚里士多德这样曾鼓舞了很多科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会犯错误。伽利莱自己也犯过错误。虽然他现在被称为天文学之父，但他认为地球绕太阳旋转的轨迹是一个正圆。他错了。
因此，我们对周围世界的认识在不断地增长、变化。换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多的知识，谁也不能停止学习并且说：“我什么都知道了。”我们需要感谢先辈伟人的智慧。他们早就知道，人不可能什么都懂，而且或许永远都不会知道所有的事情，也就是说世界总是充满问题的。
我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于像培根和伽利莱这样的人，他们足够勇敢走出传统思想的阴影，为了寻找当今文明以之为基础的知识王国。这些伟人懂得，知识和对世界的认识才是值得追求的：正如一些人所言，和全世界的金钱相比，这些对个人而言更重要，对全人类而言更有益。
所有的真理一旦被发现，都很容易理解。最难的是发现真理。
——伽利略·伽利莱
Ⅰ.课文结构图示
Ⅱ.课文预习自测
1．What is the first step to acquire knowledge and understanding
A.To find answers.
B．To study the facts.
C．To test answers.
D．To put forward questions.
2．Who solves problems by thinking and analysing according to the passage
A．People nowadays.
B．People in the 17th century.
C．Modern scientists and thinkers.
D．The great philosopher Aristotle.
3．People in the 17th century didn't believe Galileo Galilei because ________．
A．they believed more in the church
B．the Earth was standing still
C．Bacon put forward the view that the Earth must be the centre of the universe
D．Galilei couldn't prove his view that the Earth was not the centre of the universe
4．What's the aim of the writer when Aristotle and Galilei are referred to in the third paragraph
A．Aristotle was wrong.
B．It's unbelievable for great men to be wrong.
C．Galilei was wrong.
D．Everyone can be wrong at times.
5．What's the main idea of the sentence “All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to discover them.”？
A．All truths are easy to discover.
B．It's most important to discover truths.
C．It's more important to understand truths than to discover them.
D．If we want to discover truths, we should first understand them.
第一版块：重点单词
1．rank n．等级；军衔；军阶 v．排列；把……分等级
(教材P36)Although Bacon held an important rank in King James' royal court of England...尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的皇家宫廷中位高权重……
the first rank 一流
hold/have the rank of 拥有……的等级/军衔
senior/junior rank 高级/低级军阶
Though he was a man of high social rank, sometimes he was stressed out.
虽然他是个社会地位很高的人，但有时他会感到压力很大。
They rank John as a first-class triathlete.
他们把约翰评价为一流的铁人三项运动员。
[常见搭配]
rise to/be promoted to/attain the rank of sth.晋升为……的等级/衔
rise to the rank of captain晋升为上尉军阶
rank the books把书籍排列好
[常见搭配]
rise from/through the ranks(从很低的职位)擢升，步步高升
a painter of the first rank一流的画家
hold the rank of captain拥有上尉军衔
[即学即练] 完成句子
①There are masses of paintings in this museum, from some painters ____________________ (一流的).
②She was not used to mixing with people ________________________ (社会地位高).
③He was soon promoted to __________________________ (上尉军衔).
④At the height of her career she __________________________ (排名第二) in the world.
2.worthy adj.值得……的；有价值的；值得尊敬的 worthwhile adj.重要的；值得花时间的 worth n．价值；作用 adj.值……钱；值得
(教材P36)．..his true interest was not the day-to-day, slow and inefficient working style of the government, but the worthy search for knowledge.……但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、缓慢、低效的工作作风，而是对知识的有价值的探索。
a worthy cause 崇高的事业
a worthy champion 当之无愧的冠军
值得(被)……
be worth nothing 一文不值
做某事是值得的
find sth. worthwhile 发现某事是值得的
The film is well worth seeing.这部影片很值得一看。
Our house is worth about $100，000.
我们的房子大约值10万美元。
The matter is worth consideration.
＝The matter is worth considering.
＝The matter is worthy of consideration.
＝The matter is worthy of being considered.
＝The matter is worthy to be considered.
＝It's worthwhile to consider the matter.
＝It's worthwhile considering the matter.
这件事值得考虑。
The mayor, who is worthy of respect/of being respected/to be respected, pays a regular visit to poor families and helps them.那位值得尊敬的市长定期走访贫困家庭并帮助他们。
[易错提醒]
be worth后接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。worth前常用well修饰，表示“很值得”。be worth sth.还可以表示“值……钱”。
[用法比较]
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The extremely scenic spot is worthy of ________ (visit).
②The manager thinks he is worth ________ (promote) because he has contributed a lot to the company.
③To tell the truth, the party last night was worthy ________ (organise), which enhanced the cooperation of the two companies.
④It is worthwhile ________ (spend) so many years on this collection.
完成句子
⑤Chimps' behaviour ________________________ (值得) be studied.
⑥This institute is worthy of ________________________ (重建).
⑦It's worthwhile ________________________ (创立这个组织).
3.defence n．防御；保卫 defend v．防御；保卫
(教材P36)．..people like Galileo Galilei...were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence.……像伽利略·伽利莱那样……的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。
in defence of 保护；为了保卫；为……辩护
in one's defence 站在某人一边；为某人辩护
come to one's defence 出来保护某人
[联想拓展]
defend one's argument 为某人的论点辩护
defend...against 防御……；保卫……以免受
defend...against/from (harm) 保护……不受(伤害)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The female hormones take the initiative to help the body defend itself ________ some kinds of infections.
完成句子
②我得为她说句话，她事先并不知道此事。
I have to say ______________ that she knew nothing about it beforehand.
③更有趣的是，Stein的工作之一是保护塑料购物袋背后的行业。
What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs __________________________ an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
4.ignore v．忽视；对……不予理会 ignorant adj.无知的；愚昧的 ignorance n．无知；愚昧
(教材P36)The church and many people tended to ignore the facts and didn't want to challenge what they had always comfortably believed.教会和许多人一样往往忽视事实，不愿意去挑战自己一直以来相信的东西。
ignore a warning 忽视警告
ignore traffic rules 无视交通规则
ignore one's advice 不理会某人的建议
ignore personal danger 不顾个人安危
ignore the fact that... 忽略……的事实
completely/totally ignore 完全忽视
He is in ignorance of his serious illness now; that is to say, he is ignorant that he is in danger now, so he ignores the doctor's advice and keeps working.他现在不知道自己病情的严重，也就是说，他不知道自己现在处于危险之中，所以他不理睬医生的建议，继续工作。
[联想拓展]
be ignorant of/about sth. 对……无知
be in ignorance of sth. 对于……的无知
out of/through ignorance 出于无知
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①How ________ (ignore) are we The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
②Sometimes ________ (ignore) and the negative outlook on situations can create anger.
③Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should ________ (ignore).
④We cannot ignore the fact ________ industrialisation brings the problems of pollution.
⑤Initially, the doctors were totally ignorant ________ how to deal with SARS.
5.challenge n．挑战 vt.向……挑战；质疑；(尤指在对方不情愿时)强烈建议 challenging adj. 具有挑战性的 challenger n．挑战者
the challenge of doing sth. 做某事的挑战
face a challenge 面对挑战
meet a challenge 迎接挑战
accept/take up a challenge 接受挑战
challenge sb. to (do) sth. 向某人挑战(做)某事
challenge a view 质疑某个观点
[易错警示]
challenge是及物动词，本身已含有“向……”之意
[即学即练] 完成句子
①紧张地面对挑战，我知道我会低声对自己说两个简单的词“Be yourself”。
Nervously ________________， I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”．
单句语法填空
②For new reporters, this can seem like a ________ (challenge) task.
③Mike challenged me ________ a game of chess.
6.disagree vi.不同意 agree v．同意 agreement n．同意 disagreement n．意见不一；分歧
(教材P37)Galilei disagreed.伽利莱不同意。
agree with 同意(某人的看法)
disagree with sb. 使难受；不适合
agree to 同意(计划、安排、建议等)
agree to do sth. 商定做某事；同意做某事
agree on 就……达成一致(主语是双方或多方)
[联想拓展]
disagree with sb. (on/about/over sth.)(在某事上)与某人意见不合
disagree with sth.反对某事
[熟词生义] 不符，不适合，不一致
disagree with sth. 与某事物不符/不一致
disagree with sb. (尤指食物)使某人不舒服
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I disagree ________ her ________ that point.
②I disagree ________ the definition that he has made.
③What he says disagrees ________ what he does.
④Mutton disagrees ________ me.
⑤Even though family members sometimes ________ (agree) with each other, they worked together to make the business successful.
7.urge vt.强烈要求；敦促n．冲动 urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的，迫切的 urgency n．紧急，紧迫，迫切
urgent adj. 紧急的
it is urgent that... ……是紧急的
urgency n. 紧急
an urgent matter 紧急的事情
urgent action 紧急行动
in urgent need of... 急需……
a matter of great urgency 极为迫切的问题
a sense of urgency 紧迫感
He constantly urged the kids not to chase each other around the kitchen table.
他不断地劝孩子们不要在餐桌周围互相追逐。
My son always gets up so late that sometimes I have an urge to drag him from his bed.
我儿子总是起得很晚，有时我真想把他从床上拽起来。
He was in urgent need of medical attention.他急需治疗。
[常见搭配]
urge sb. to do sth. 力劝某人做某事
urge that... (should) do... 极力主张做……；强烈要求做……
have/feel an urge to do sth. 有做某事的欲望/冲动
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The report urged that all children ________ (teach) to swim.
②I never felt an urge ________ (learn) any sign language before.
③Because of all this extra time, there was no sense of ________ (urgent) to do my school work immediately.
④The father urges his daughter ________ (be) enthusiastic about what she is doing.
⑤Under no circumstances can we ignore the ________ (urge) of protecting the environment.
⑥I have a sudden urge ________ (ring) him up.
⑦Dr King's office responds to all emergencies and ________ (urge) calls.
8.abandon vt.放弃(＝give up)；抛弃(＝desert) abandoned adj.被遗弃的，被抛弃的
(教材P37)They didn't want to abandon what they'd always thought as true.他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的知识。
abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事
abandon oneself to (to是介词)陷入，沉湎于(某种情感)
They abandoned their research due to lack of funds.
由于缺乏资金，他们放弃了研究。
He predicted that such citizens would be abandoned by their own country.他预言这些公民将被他们自己的国家抛弃。
After divorcing her husband, she abandoned herself to despair.与丈夫离婚后，她陷入了绝望之中。
[知识拓展]
an abandoned house/farm 废弃的房子/农场
an abandoned car 被抛弃的汽车
an abandoned child 被遗弃的孩子
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①With the assistance of the local police, he found his stolen car ________ (abandon) by the roadside.
②After the terrible accident, he abandoned himself ________ the painful memory and couldn't concentrate on his work.
③The elderly are afraid of ________ (abandon) to the care of strangers.
完成句子
④As a student, you shouldn't __________________________ (沉迷于) Internet games.
9.assumption n．假定，假设 assume vt.认为；假设
(教材P37)People make the assumption that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so.
人们认为，如果某个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么它一定是对的。
make assumptions/an assumption 作出假设
be based on an assumption 基于假设
You would be making an assumption that was not based on any fact that you could report.
你会做出不以你能报道的任何事实为依据的一种假设。
I had assumed him to be a professor before I came here.来这儿之前我本以为他是一位教授。
It is reasonable to assume (that) the economy will continue to enhance.
认为经济将继续好转是有道理的。
[归纳拓展]
assume...to be/as... 假定……是……；认定……是……
assume the worst 往最坏处想
assume (that)... 认为……
Let us/Let's assume (that)... 咱们假设……
It is reasonable to assume (that)... 认为……是有道理的。
It is generally/usually assumed that... 普遍/通常认为……
assuming (that)... 假定……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①My calculations were based on the ________ (assume) that house prices would remain stable.
②Where unemployment and crime are high, it can ________ (assume) that the latter is due to the former.
③The man assumed himself ________ a producer and cheated a lot of those who wanted to be actors and actresses.
完成句子
④We must ________________________________________ (假定他是清白的) until he is proved guilty.
⑤We can ________________________________________ (假设) the girl was abandoned by her parents.
⑥Let us ______________________________ (假定) one million people come to visit this city each year.
⑦______________________________ stress is caused by too much work.(普遍认为，紧张是工作过重所致。)
10.respected adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的 respect vt.&n.尊敬，敬重
(教材P37)People make the assumption that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so.人们认为，如果某个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么它一定是对的。
respect vt.尊敬，尊重；n.尊敬，尊重，敬意；pl.问候
respect one's views 尊重某人的观点
respect sb. for sth. 因某事尊重某人
show/have respect for sb. 尊敬某人
gain/earn/win (one's) respect 赢得(某人的)尊重
Those of integrity who are committed to their work deserve respecting.那些致力于自己工作的正直的人值得尊敬。
It is obvious that he should be respected for his contributions to the surrounding areas.
很明显，他对周边地区的贡献应该受到尊敬。
[误区警示]
respect作“尊敬，敬重”讲时，为不可数名词；用复数形式表示“问候，致意”。
give/send one's respects to 代某人向……问候
pay one's respects to sb. 给某人请安；拜访某人
show one's respects to sb. 对(某人)打招呼；表敬意
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①His bravery in the face of threats made him ________ (respect).
②People will respect you ________ your brilliant performance in the face of crisis.
③Please give my respects ________ your parents.
完成句子
④____________________________ (为了表示我们的尊敬), we usually have to take our gloves off when shaking hands with others.
⑤In a way, I think we both won—I won the game but you __________________________________________ (赢得了我的尊重).
11.owe vt.有……是由于；把……归功于
(教材P37)We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought...我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利莱这样的人，正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影……
owe sth. to... 把某事归功于……
owe it to...that... 把……归功于……
owe sb. sth.＝owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物
owe an apology to sb.＝owe sb. an apology 欠某人一个道歉
I owed it to my parents that I could live in such a grand house.我能住这么豪华的房子得归功于我父母。
He owes me a sum of money.＝He owes a sum of money to me.他欠我一笔钱。
Owing to the rain, I objected to going out.
由于下雨，我不赞成外出。
[常见搭配]
(1)有……是由于；把……归功于
owe one's success to...把某人的成功归功于……
(2)欠(账、钱、人情等)
owe an explanation to sb.＝owe sb. an explanation欠某人一个解释
owing to (＝because of)“由于，因为”，作原因状语，状语可位于句首、句中或句末。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He accidentally gave out that he owed what he had ________ the help of his friends and his luck as well.
②I owe ________ to the efforts of our professor that we can interact with each other in such a friendly atmosphere.
③________ (owe) to repeated failures, he made no further attempt.
单句写作
④他欠我一个道歉。
______________________________．
完成句子
⑤________________________________________(由于天气不好), we didn't go to the park.
⑥He asked a colleague for help, who ________________________(欠他一个人情).
12.shadow n．阴影
cast a shadow/cloud on/over sth./sb. 给某事/某人蒙上阴影
He is too frightened by the shadow to sleep at night.
他被阴影吓得不敢在夜里睡觉。
The terrible scene cast a shadow on him and he was in a bad mood from time to time.
那可怕的情景给他留下了阴影，他时不时地心情不好。
[学法点拨]
shadow既可以表示具体的阴影，也可以表示抽象的阴影。
shade指阴凉或树荫；shadow指阴影，影子。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①He has grown up ________________ (在……的阴影下)his neighbour's kid.
②That her father died in a car accident ________________(给她蒙上阴影).
③The ship's sail ________________ (投下影子) the water.
④Medicine should be put ________________ (阴凉处).
13.conventional adj.守旧的；传统的
(教材P37)We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought...我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利莱这样的人，正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影……
convention n. 惯例，习俗
by convention 按照惯例
conventionally adv. 照惯例
He has abandoned his conventional writing style and is writing in a novel way.
他抛弃了他传统的写作风格，正用一种新颖的方式写作。
It's just a social convention that men don't wear skirts.男人不穿裙子只是一种社会习俗。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The traffic police were searching for evidence in a ________ (convention) way, but their efforts were in vain.
②Organically grown produce does not differ greatly in appearance from ________ (convention) grown crops.
③________ convention, you should tip the waiter.
④________ (convention) wisdom has it that such kind of things only ever happens in cities.
14.beneficial adj.有利的，有帮助的
benefit v. 使受益；得益于
n. 益处，好处
benefit from/by 从……中受益，受益于……
for the benefit of 为了……的利益，为……好
It is vital that what you do should be beneficial to the whole team.你所做的应该对整个团队有益这是至关重要的。
[学法点拨]
be beneficial to＝be of benefit to＝benefit...对……有益
阳光对植物有益。
Sunlight is beneficial to plants.
＝Sunlight is of benefit to plants.
＝Sunlight benefits plants.
＝Plants benefit from/by sunlight.
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The new hospital will be ________ (benefit) to the local poor people.
②The medicine will be of great benefit ________ those whose immune system is declining.
完成句子
③多读书对我们有益。
Reading a lot ________ us./We ________ reading a lot.
④China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ________________ (为了……的利益) all its citizens.
第二版块：重点短语
1．be used to习惯于， to是介词
(教材P36)Although today we are more used to typing a few key words into a search engine...尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中敲几个关键词，……
[句子分析] 此句是一个由although引导的让步状语从句。句中be used to (doing) sth.意为“习惯于(做)某事”。
be used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做某事)(强调状态)
become/get used to (doing) sth. 习惯于(做某事)(强调动作)
be used to taking regular exercise 习惯于经常锻炼
I used to play football on the playground, but now I am used to reading in the library and the knowledge I get can be used to equip myself.
我过去常常在操场上踢足球，但现在我习惯于在图书馆里看书，所获取的知识可以用来武装自己。
[易混辨析]
be used to (doing) sth.“习惯于(做)某事”，可用于现在、过去、将来等多种时态；
used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”(现在不这样做了)，只用于过去时态；
be used to do sth.“被用来做某事”，动词不定式表示目的，可用于多种时态。
[即学即练] 完成句子
①我们过去认为昆虫是最小的生物，没有任何生物生活在六百米深的地方。
We ________________ think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters.
②《早安英国》的苏珊娜·里德习惯每天早上在沙发上追问嘉宾……
GoodMorningBritain's Susanna Reid ________________ grilling guests on the sofa every morning...
③“这里曾经是市中心，”他说。“现在这个地区主要是办公楼和仓库。”
“This __________________________ be the centre of town，”he said.“Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”
④玉米的一个重要作用是用来喂鸡、猪、牛。
A vital part of the corn ____________________________________ feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
2.put forward 提出
(教材P37)It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE).人们愿意相信伟大哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384-前322)提出的那些陈旧的观点，这一点并不奇怪。
put aside 不考虑；储存
put away 把……收拾起来
put on 穿上；上演
put down 放下；写下；镇压
put out 熄灭；扑灭
put up 举起；建起；张贴
put up with 忍受；容忍
put off 推迟，延期
Far water does not put out near fire.
(谚)远水救不了近火。
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
(谚)今日事，今日毕。
[用法讲解]
(1)提出(计划、建议)
The suggestion that we should expand production was put forward by an ordinary employee.我们应该扩大生产的建议是由一个普通雇员提出的。
(2)推荐
A single candidate is put forward and the people vote yes or no.
先推出一个候选人，由人们投票表示赞成或反对。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Mary is really good at taking notes in class. She can put ________ almost every word her teacher says.
②We will put ________ the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better.
③The workers will go on strike if the demands they put ________ are turned down.
④To make your argument more convinced, you should put ________ more supporting information.
完成句子
⑤John Snow ________________ (提出一个建议) that people should not be exposed to polluted water.
⑥Not everyone attending the meeting agreed with the suggestion ________________ (主席提出的).
⑦To enjoy these jobs, they are willing to ________________ (忍受) many of the disadvantages of the city life such as heavy traffic and pollution.
⑧They ________________ (正在建) several new office blocks in the centre of the town.
3.in other words换句话说＝that is to say，在句中作插入语
(教材P37)In other words, we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say，“We know it all.”换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多的知识，谁也不能停止学习并且说“我什么都知道了”。
by word of mouth 口头上；经口述
word for word 逐字地；一字不差地
eat one's words 收回前言；承认说错
without a word 一声没吭
word gets out/around 消息传开；人们听说
[归纳拓展] word构成的其他短语：
beyond words无法用言语表达 in a word总之，简言之
break one's word食言 keep one's word遵守诺言
[易错比较] word当“消息”讲时同news，是不可数名词。
have a word with sb.和某人说话
have words with sb.与某人争吵
[即学即练] 完成句子
①I live in a suburb. ______________ (换句话说), it's not convenient for me to go to the city centre.
②________________ (换句话说), whether you're pursuing life-long satisfaction or a few moments of good cheer, you've got to move forward.
③The journalist __________________ (遵守诺言), and this is the first time that the incident has been reported.
④________________ (消息传来) our Volleyball team won again.
4.instead of代替，而不是
(教材P36)In fact, when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the center of the Universe, instead of believing him, people chose to believe the views that were almost 2，000 years old!
事实上，当伽利莱证明地球不是宇宙中心时，人们没有选择相信他，而宁愿相信将近2000年前的陈旧观点！
注意：instead of后面可用“名词、代词、动名词”作此短语介词的宾语，也可用“形容词、介词短语、副词”作其宾语。
如：(1)He is always playing after school instead of doing his homework.
(2)Taking exercise every day makes him look younger instead of older.
(3)In warm weather, he often reads under a tree instead of in the library.
(4)He has suffered one setback after another, but he still works cheerfully instead of dejectedly.
instead of与in place of的比较：
这两个介词词组都有“代替”的意思。但in place of是以甲代乙；instead of则是用甲而不是用乙，除掉“代替”意思之外还有对乙作否定的意思，所以有时instead of可译成“不”。
If we redouble our efforts, we shall be able to fulfill our plan in two years instead of three as was originally planned.
如果我们加倍努力，我们只需要两年就可以完成计划，而不是原来计划的三年。
We have to elect a new director in place of Comrade Li, who has left for a new post
我们要选出一位新主任来代替已经另调工作的李同志。
[用法讲解]
instead的用法：
(1)作为替代
I couldn't attend the meeting. So Jack went instead.我不能出席那个会议，所以杰克代替我去了。
(2)相反，而是
I didn't buy a new car, Instead I bought a used one.我没买新车，而是买了一辆二手的。
instead of prep.代替，而不是。
I'd like to have tea instead of coffee.我想喝茶，而不是咖啡
Instead of going to Europe, I decided to go to America.我决定去美国，而不是欧洲。
[即学即练] 用instead of或in place of填空
①In making this dish, we should use sesame oil ________________ peanut oil.
②In making the dish, we used sesame oil ________________ peanut oil.
③Shall we have a cup of tea in the yard ________________ in the room
第三版块：典型句式
1．suggest that sb. (should) do...
(教材P36)However, in the 17th century when Francis Bacon (1561—1626) suggested that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge, he was going against the views of the day.然而，在17世纪，当弗朗西斯·培根(1561—1626)提出这种思考方式是获取知识的途径时，他(的观点)却与当时的观点背道而驰。
[分式分析] suggest表“建议”后接从句时，从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气，即谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。
有此用法(虚拟语气)的动词还有：
坚持：insist
命令：order, command
建议：advise, propose, recommend
要求：request, require, demand, desire, urge等。
[易错提醒]
注意：insist和suggest这两个动词后的that从句有时用陈述句语气，有时则用虚拟语气(should＋do)形式。根据语言环境,(1)当insist意为“坚持要求”时，其后面的宾语从句谓语动词要用“should＋动词原形”；当insist意为“坚持说”或“坚称”时，则后面的宾语从句谓语动词则用陈述语气。
(2)当suggest意为“建议”时，其后that引导的宾语从句谓语用“(should＋)动词原形”当suggest意为“表明”“暗示”时，其后that引导的宾语从句则用陈述语气。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①She suggested that we ________ (write) letters to our mothers every month.
②His angry face suggested that he ________ (be) not satisfied with our doings.
③He insisted that I ________ (take) him to the zoo.
④He insisted that he ________ (be) right and needn't apologize to her.
2.“not...but...”结构
(教材P36)Although Bacon held an important rank in King James' royal court of England, his true interest was not the day-to-day, slow and inefficient working style of the government, but the worthy search for knowledge.尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的皇家宫延中位高权重，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、缓慢低效的工作作风，而是对知识的有价值的探索。
[句式分析] not...but...意为“不是……而是……”，可用于连接并列的名词、形容词、副词、介宾短语、分词和句子。
Who he wanted to select was not a common student but an outstanding one.他想挑选的不是一个普通的学生，而是个优秀生。
Oxygen is not only colourless, but also odourless.
氧气不仅没有颜色，也没有气味。
[知识拓展]
(1)not...but...意为“不是……而是……”，not only...but also...意为“不但……而且……”。
(2)由not...but...，not only...but also...，either...or...，neither...nor...连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致，但both...and..., both..., both of...等结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Not he but his younger brother ________ (be) to blame.
②He failed ________ because he isn't clever ________ because he didn't work hard.
③Not the manager but the workers ________ (be) hoping to do that.
④Not only the students but (also) their teacher ________ (be) enjoying the movie.
⑤Not the teachers but the librarian ________ (have) access to the files.
⑥Not I but Tom ________ (be) fond of watching television.
3.同位语从句
(教材P37)People make the assumption that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so.人们认为，如果某个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么它一定是对的。
[句式分析] 句中that引导一个同位语从句，对the assumption作解释说明，是assumption(假想)的具体内容。
[误区警示]
that引导同位语从句时，that只起连接作用，无实际意义，不充当句子成分，但不能省略。
同位语从句与定语从句的比较
情况 同位语从句 定语从句
共同点 从句前都有一个与从句相关的名词
从句作用 对名词作解释、说明 对名词(先行词)作修饰、限制
引导词that 只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分，但不能省略 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略
The news that our team has won the game is true.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
[名师点津] 同位语从句：在复合句中，充当同位语成分的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般由that, wh-类连接词引导，常放在doubt, fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, thought等抽象名词后，解释说明该名词的具体内容。
[即学即练] 单句短语填空
①There is no doubt ________ this candidate's advantage lies in his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.
②—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday
—Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it; that's one of his favourite universities.
③The possibility ________ there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
④We shared the belief ________ if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back...
4.be＋adj.＋enough to do sth.足够……做某事
(教材P37)We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today's civilisation is built upon.我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于像培根和伽利莱这样的人，他们足够勇敢走出传统思想的阴影，为了寻找当今文明以之为基础的知识王国。
[句子分析] be＋adj.＋enough＋to do sth.意为“(某人或某物)足够……做某事”，常用来表述某人或某物的能力或特征。在此句型中，当不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同时，常用for引出不定式的逻辑主语。
You are old enough to go to school alone.
＝You are so old that you can go to school alone.你年龄够大了，可以独自去上学了。
Their performances were humorous enough to be copied by other bands.
＝Their performances were so humorous that other bands began to copy them.
他们的表演足够幽默，以至于其他的乐队也开始模仿。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ________ (cool) the house during the hot day.
②If the citizen is lucky enough ________ (land) such an accommodation, be sure he is 100 percent on time.
③If the candidate is fortunate enough ________ (have) success, he should put something back.
句型转换
④The student works so hard at his lessons that he has passed all his exams by now.
→The student works hard ________ to ________ (pass) all his exams by now.
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．She seemed to have always been under the ________ (阴影) of her father, although she was brilliant.
2．He will try his best to help the royal member by means of his ________ (传统的) medical knowledge.
3．Good financial accounts are ________ (极其重要的) to the success of any company.
4．Educational practice shows that differential teaching is ________ (有利的) for students' development and judgement.
5．This book describes the march of the ________ (文明) of a primitive society.
6．To our joy, the respected Minister says the idea is ________ (值得……的) of consideration.
7．________ (原始的) humans needed to be able to react quickly with their wisdom to escape from dangerous animals.
8．I ________ (赞成) of the doctor's order to keep him in the room till he abandoned smoking.
9．According to this ________ (假设), we can reach the conclusion as above.
10．It is accepted ________ (智慧) that science has been partly responsible for the decline of religion.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．They ________ (urge) the organisation to approve plans for their reform programme.
2．Their decision ________ (abandon) the trip was made because of financial constraints.
3．Prisoners have legal rights, but in practice these rights are not always ________ (respect).
4．The ________ (civilise) of mankind has taken thousands of years to develop.
5．These differences are associated with ________ (有利的，有帮助的) effects on cognitive function.
6．She never complains about the conversational way, but she is ________ (obvious) exhausted.
7．Traditional economic ________ (analyse) is based on the assumption that more is better.
8．It was assessed that he would be at the height of his power and ________ (rank) the fourth in the world.
9．An ________ (efficiency) transport system is vital to the long-term future of the city.
10．His son had an obsessive drive to gain his father's ________ (approve).
Ⅲ.短语填空
be beneficial to, go against, tend to, instead of, put forward, approve of, make the assumption, to start with, at times, in other words
1．The match took nearly three hours and was interrupted ________ owing to rain.
2．Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking ________ accepting opinions without questioning them.
3．In short, you arrived at a right conclusion, and I thoroughly ________ it.
4．We ________ be traditional and conventional rather than fashion-forward in our designs.
5．________， let's analyse how much money we need to build the bridge.
6．The surrounding mobile library services have been reorganised—________， they visit fewer places.
7．Academic specification ________ the development of the civilisation of the whole society.
8．The brilliant lady answered up to all the questions ________ by the lawyer.
9．You may not like the conclusion, for it may ________ your intuition (直觉).
10．Some citizens ________ that traffic laws do not apply to them, but this is not true.
Ⅳ.单句写作
1．随着考试的临近，复习一下你的课堂笔记是个不错的主意。
________________________________________________________________________
2．她最后变成了一个优秀的作家，这并不令人惊讶。
________________________________________________________________________
3．你长大了，能自己坐火车旅行了。
________________________________________________________________________
4．她的头发正在变白，这让她有点担心。
________________________________________________________________________
5．早先的报道暗示周日可能会召开会议。
________________________________________________________________________
Part D Lesson 3 Understanding
双基夯实·课前排查
1．等级 2.royal 3.教会；教堂 4.原始的 5.公元前
6．监狱 7.wisdom 8.阴影 9.王国 10.文明 11.vital 12.人类 13.obvious obviously 14.分析 分析；剖析 15.效率低的 ①有效率的；高效的 ②效率；效能；功效 16.worthy ①worth ②worthless 17.宇宙 宇宙的；普遍的 18.approve approval disapprove 19.urge ①urgent
②urgency 20.放弃；抛弃 被抛弃的，被遗弃的
语篇细研·教材精读
Ⅱ.
1．D 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B
核心突破·要点讲解
第一版块：重点单词
1．①of the first rank ②of high social rank ③the rank of captain ④ranked second
2．①being visited ②promoting ③to be organised
④spending/to spend ⑤is worthy to ⑥being rebuilt
⑦founding this organisation/to found this organisation
3．①against/from ②in her defence ③is defending
4．①ignorant ②ignorance ③be ignored ④that ⑤about
5．①facing challenges ②challenging ③to
6．①with on ②with ③with ④with ⑤disagreed
7．①(should) be taught ②to learn ③urgency ④to be ⑤urgency ⑥to ring ⑦urgent
8．①abandoned ②to ③being abandoned ④abandon yourself to
9．①assumption ②be assumed ③to be/as ④assume him to be innocent ⑤make an assumption that ⑥assume that
⑦It is generally assumed that
10．①respected ②for ③to ④To show our respect
⑤won my respect
11．①to ②it ③Owing ④He owed me an apology/He owed an apology to me ⑤Owing to the bad weather
⑥owed him a favour
12．①in the shadow of ②cast a shadow on/over her ③cast a shadow on ④in shade
13．①conventional ②conventionally ③By ④Conventional
14．①beneficial ②to ③is beneficial to/benefits/is of benefit to benefit from/by ④for the benefit of
第二版块：重点短语
1．①used to ②is used to ③used to ④is used to
2．①down ②off ③forward ④forward ⑤put forward a suggestion ⑥put forward by the chairman ⑦put up with
⑧are putting up
3．①In other words ②In other words ③kept his word
④Word came that
4．①instead of ②in place of ③instead of
第三版块：典型句式
1．①(should) write ②was ③(should) take ④was
2．①is ②not but ③are ④is ⑤has ⑥is
3．①that ②why ③that ④that
4．①to cool ②to land ③to have ④enough; have passed
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．shadow 2.conventional 3.vital 4.beneficial
5．civilisation 6.worthy 7.Primitive 8.approved
9．assumption 10.wisdom
Ⅱ.
1．urged 2.to abandon 3.respected 4.civilisation
5．beneficial 6.obviously 7.analysis 8.ranked 9.efficient
10．approval
Ⅲ.
1．at times 2.instead of 3.approve of 4.tend to 5.To start with 6.in other words 7.is beneficial to 8.put forward 9.go against 10.make the assumption
Ⅳ.
1．With exams approaching, it is a good idea to review your class notes.
2．It is not surprising that she finally turned out to be an excellent writer.
3．You're old enough to travel on the train by yourself.
4．It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.
5．Earlier reports suggested that a meeting would take place on Sunday.Part E Grammar—have/get sth. done
一、含义
have和get属于使役动词，该结构是“使役动词＋对象(宾语)＋动词的过去分词”，“对象(宾语)”和后面作宾补的“非谓语动词”之间是被动关系，表示“让……被做”，或该事情由别人来完成。
从另一个角度来看，“主语＋have/get＋sth.＋done (sb. does sth. for主语)”可表示某人做主语要求或指导他们做的事情。强调的是过程行为，而不是由谁来执行。
I have had my bicycle repaired.
我已请人修理了我的自行车。
I have got my homework finished.
我请人完成了我的家庭作业。
We will have the house painted next week.
下星期我们将请人把房子粉刷一遍。(我们不是自己要装修，而是要让其他人来装修。这个句子强调的是房子被装修的事实而不是谁要负责装修)
注意：这个句型与现在完成时和过去完成时不一样，如下表所示：
Compare
I had my hair cut. Someone cut my hair.
I've cut my hair. I'd cut my hair. I cut my own hair.
二、用法
1．表示“安排某人做某事，使某事物被处理”，即我们通常所说的“让某事被其他人做”。这种情况多指技术类的工作让别人完成，如房屋装修、机器维修等专业的技术活儿。
Last year, we had the house rebuilt.
去年，我们的房子翻新过了。(翻新房子的不是我们自己，而是建筑工人)
We're having our car repaired.
我们正在修车呢。(修车的不是我们自己，而是修车工人)
2．表示“遭遇到某事”，通常是令人不快的事件；多指“某人偷了、弄坏或破坏了属于主语的东西”。
She's had her wallet taken.
她的钱包被人拿走了。
They have had their request refused.
他们的要求被拒绝了。
If she's lucky, she'll have her business plan accepted.
如果她够幸运的话，她的商业计划会被接受。
3．表示“处于某种状态”。此时也可以将have sth. done中的done改为形容词或介词短语，作宾语补足语。
Brown has hardly any money saved for his old age.
布朗几乎没为他的晚年存什么钱。(布朗过着没有存款的生活)
I had my eyes half-closed.
我半闭着眼睛。(形容词half-closed作宾语补足语，意义相当于with my eyes half-closed)
The medicine will soon have you on your feet again.
这药会让你很快恢复健康的。(介词短语on your feet作宾语补足语，表示“回到健康状态”)
我们经常可以看到have sth. done相似的句式get sth. done。get sth. done不仅与have sth. done形式相近，它同样可以表示have sth. done的三种含义。
Go and get your hair cut!
你快去理发去！(表示让别人来给此人理发)
She got her fingers caught in the door.
她的手指让门给夹了。(表示遭遇到“手指被门夹”)
4．表示当句子主语所指代的人自己做了某件事，造成某种后果(也可能出于偶然)，或应当承担责任时。
I'll get the house cleaned if you cook the dinner.
如果你做饭，我就把房子打扫干净。
5．当更注意行为的结果而不是行为本身时，多用have。
I'll have the house cleaned by the time you get home.你到家时我会把房子打扫干净的。
Sue had her fingers trapped in the bike chain for half an hour.
苏的手指被卡在自行车链条里半个小时了。
6．想要说明主语不允许某人或某事发生什么情况时，用won't (或will not) have，不用get。
I won't have him spoken to like that.
我不允许他那样说话。
I won't have my name dragged through the dirt by the press.我不允许媒体抹黑我的名声。
三、have sb./sth. do sth.与have sb./sth. doing sth.和have sb./sth. done及have sth. to do的比较与区分
have sb./sth. do sth.与have sb./sth. doing sth.两者都是宾语发出的主动动作。前者指“使某人/某物做某事(指一次性的具体的动作)”；后者指“使某人/某物一直处于某种状态”，常用一段时间作状语。have sth. done这一结构中的宾语与宾补动词是被动关系。have sth. to do这一结构中的have意为“有”，即“有某事要做”。
1．have sth. done
“have＋sth. (宾语)＋过去分词(宾语补足语)”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”，宾语sth.后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明sth.与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。
We had the machine mended just now.
我们刚才请人把机器修好了。
He has had his hair cut.他(请人给他)理发了。
The patient is going to have his temperature taken.这个病人准备请/叫/让人为他量体温。
You'd better have your tricycle repaired.
你最好找人把你的三轮车修一下。
The old man had his house built of bricks and mud, rather than concrete.
老人的房子是用砖和泥建造的，而不是用混凝土。
She had her return ticket stolen yesterday.
昨天她的往返票被偷了。
I'd like to have the room decorated with beautiful flowers.我想让人把房间装饰上漂亮的花儿。(由别人完成)
She had all her jewellery stolen.
她所有的珠宝都被偷了。
Unfortunately, he had his right leg injured during the training.
不幸的是，他在训练中把右腿弄伤了。
2．have sb. do sth.
“have ＋ sb. (宾语) ＋ do sth. (宾语补足语)”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的have是使役动词，sb.作宾语，其后的do sth.是省去to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.
老板经常让他们一天工作14个小时。
I'll have someone repair the bike for you.
我会让人为你修理这辆自行车的。
Don't forget to have Mr Brown come to our party. (＝Don't forget to ask/invite Mr Brown to come to our party.)
别忘了让布朗先生来参加我们的聚会。
You can have the translator help you.
你可以让翻译员帮助你。
The boss had me set down what people present at the meeting said.
老板让我记录下出席会议的人员所说的话。
3．have sb./sth. doing
“have ＋ sb./sth. (宾语)＋现在分词(宾语补足语)”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”，宾语sb./sth.后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。
Don't have the baby crying！不要让婴儿啼哭！
Don't have the dog barking much, Li Lin.
李林，别让狗狂吠不停。
You'd better have your car running slowly.
你最好慢点儿开车。
He had his assistant getting involved in the matter.他让他的助理介入这件事。
I saw she had tears running down her cheeks at lunch today and one of the other teachers gave her a hug.在今天午饭时我看到她流泪了，其他教师中的一个拥抱了她。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①The computer I had ________ (repair) yesterday broke down again.
②Thailand got some famous buildings ________ (destroy) in the flood.
③He has been looking forward to having his reputation ________ (improve).
④The farmers had the tractors ________ (work) day and night at the harvest time.
⑤Don't have the water ________ (run) when you brush your teeth.
⑥He was a little poor in English but he had his vocabulary ________ (expand) gradually.
⑦The building had been out of condition for years, so we decided to get it ________ (rebuild).
⑧The director had her assistant ________ (pick) up some hot dogs for the meeting.
⑨—Did Peter fix the computer himself
—He had it ________ (fix), because he didn't know much about computers.
⑩There is something wrong with the brake of my new car, and I have to have it ________ (check).
He dropped from a tree and ________________________ (左胳膊骨折).
I ________________________ (将完成我的工作) before six o'clock this afternoon.
Mother ________________________ (让我去商店) and buy some salt.
Do you have any clothes ________________________ (要洗) today
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．We had the superb car ________ (deliver) to the airport.
2．Hundreds of people had their homes ________ (destroy) by the unbearable hurricane.
3．I had my troublesome appendix ________ (remove) when I was six.
4．Tom had his forehead ________ (break) in a fight.
5．We got a lot of precious books ________ (leave) in the classroom.
6．Finally, I had my teeth ________ (fill) yesterday afternoon.
7．The princess is going to have her new clothes ________ (make) by a young tailor.
8．The place looks much more beautiful since they had it ______ (decorate).
9．I need a new passport, so I will have to have my photographs ________ (take).
10．Claire had her luggage ________ (check) an hour before her plane left.
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．她想请一位著名的画家画她的肖像画。
________________________________________________________________________
2．我们应该找个医生给她检查一下。
________________________________________________________________________
3．我昨天把我的羽绒服拿到干洗店洗了。
________________________________________________________________________
4．你通常在哪里理发？
________________________________________________________________________
5．我们需要提前找人把这台机器修好。
________________________________________________________________________
Ⅲ.短文语法填空
The Christmas Day was approaching. I had our Christmas tree 1.________ (decorate), so I had my husband 2.________ (water) the flowers and grass after breakfast. I had him 3.________ (work) in the garden all the morning. Unfortunately, he had his hand 4.________ (injure) while mowing the lawn. My son called in his uncle and we had him 5.________ (rush) to the hospital. Hurriedly, I found my friend, a doctor, also an excellent doctor, and anxiously had him 6.________ (examine) my husband. The doctor, who was very busy and had a lot of patients 7.________ (treat), had my husband 8.________ (lie) for more than half an hour, attending to his injury. At noon, although we were hungry, we had no time 9.________ (buy) something to eat. For the whole afternoon, I kept my husband company for injections in the hospital. In the evening, we returned home. Though tired, I had his dirty clothes 10.________ (wash). What a tiring day!
Part E Grammar—have/get sth. done
即学即练①repaired ②destroyed ③improved ④working
⑤running ⑥expanded ⑦rebuilt ⑧pick ⑨fixed
⑩checked had his left arm broken will have my work finished has me go to the shop to wash/to be washed
夯实基础·一遍落实
Ⅰ.
1．delivered 2.destroyed 3.removed 4.broken 5.left
6．filled 7.made 8.redecorated 9.taken 10.checked
Ⅱ.
1．She wanted to have her portrait painted by a famous artist.
2．We ought to have her examined by a doctor.
3．I had my down jacket washed in the dry-cleaner's yesterday.
4．Where do you usually have your hair cut
5．We need to have the machine repaired in advance.
Ⅲ.
1．to decorate 2.water 3.working 4.injured 5.rushed
6．examine 7.to treat 8.lying 9.to buy 10.washed
