(共32张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 4
Reading
新 课 导 入
What do you think plants can do
课 堂 学 习
1
Look at the pictures and tick what plants can do.
attack
breathe
eat
sleep
move
speak
steal
think
√
√
√
√
√
Now talk about what else you think the plants can do and give examples.
make medicine
protect
environment
reduce noise
predict the solar terms
Do you think that plants can communicate with each other
If so, how can they do that
The Secret Language of Plants
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I'm being attacked!” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects - the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can't hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots. Corn and chilli plants do this. They also “listen” to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful or unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web” It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi. This fungal
network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other. For example, some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”. Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Who knows Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves.
2
Read the passage and find out the ways in which plants communicate.
Plants can communicate with each other by using chemicals, sound and “wood wide web”.
Skimming
Scanning
Match each paragraph with its main idea and then divide them into three parts.
Para. 1 A. Plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.
Para. 2 B. Plants use sound to communicate.
Para. 3 C. Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
Para. 4 D. New research has showed that plants can communicate.
Para. 5 E. Maybe one day we'll be able to "talk" with plants.
Para. 6 F. Plants use "wood wide web" to communicate.
Part 1 Para. 1-Para. 2 Part 2 Para. 3-Para. 5 Part 3 Para. 6
3
Organise information from the passage and complete the diagram.
Modern research is showing that plants can 1___________.
Using chemicals The plant releases chemicals 2__________ that are being eaten. When another plant detects the chemicals, it starts to 3___________. Using sound Some plants make noises 4________. A chilli plant can 5______________ Some trees make 6______________. Using the “Wood wide web”
This fungal network links 7_____________.
Plants can 8________ with each other.
Plants can 9________ to attack other plants.
Maybe one day we will be able to “talk” with plants.
Careful reading
Answers:
1 communicate with each other
2 from the leaves
3 release its own, different chemicals
4 with their roots
5 tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly
6 clicking noises when there is not enough water,
indicating drought is arriving
7 the roots of different plants to each other
8 share information and even food
9 steal food from each other, or spread poisons
Think Share
1 What figure of speech is being used when the plants are described as
calling for help What is its function
2 What does “wood wide web” mean
3 What do you think are the benefits of studying plant communication
4 What discoveries are described in the two reading passages in this
unit and what do their meanings have in common
1 What figure of speech is being used when the plants are described as calling
for help What is its function
2 What does “wood wide web” mean
Personification. It can make descriptions more vivid.
“Wood wide web” means an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. It is linked underground by fungi and this fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other.
3 What do you think are the benefits of studying plant communication
4 What discoveries are described in the two reading passages in this unit and
what do their meanings have in common
Passage 1 reveals the discovery of evolution and Passage 2 reveals the discovery of communication between plants. They all reflect that there are numerous secrets in nature that remain to be explored.
Learning to learn
Personification means giving human characteristics to something that is not human. By using human characteristics to describe an object, animal or even a place, personification can make descriptions more vivid.
4
Work in groups. Give a talk about communication between living things.
1 Read the passage again and talk about how plants communicate.
2 Think about and discuss the following ways of communication in
the animal world.
Bees “dance” to signal to other bees that they have found food.
Ants communicate with each other through touch, chemical signals,
moving their bodies and even using their legs to make sounds.
What other ways can you think of
3 Organise your ideas following the steps below.
Begin with what living things you have chosen to talk about.
Explain how they communicate and give examples.
Conclude by explaining what we have learnt from their behaviour.
4 Give a talk to the class about communication between living things.
Now talk about how well you contributed to your group discussion and help each other to make improvements.
Language points
1. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as
warnings to people. 许多种文化中都有会说话的树的故事，它们会
给人们建议和警告。
(1) that引导定语从句，引导先行词talking trees。
(2) as well as 也；和……一样；不但……而且
a. 连接并列成分，如名词、形容词、动词、介词短语等，意为
“和，也；不但……而且……，既……又……”。强调的是
as well as前的成分。
b. 意为“除了……还”，相当于besides, in addition to, apart from。
后面通常接名词或v.-ing形式，尤其是当其位于句首时。
c. 表示同级比较，意为“和……一样好”，此时well是副词。
2. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited
such a tree in India.
据说亚历山大大帝和马可波罗曾在印度访问过这样一棵树。
sb. be said to do=It is said that sb. ...=people say sb. ...
“据说某人做了某事”
e.g. It is said that Darwin is the writer of the book On the Origin
of Species. 据说Darwin是《物种起源》一书的作者。
3. With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has
revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate
after all. 长期以来，我们一直认为会说话的植物只是幻想，而最新
研究却揭示了一件惊人的事情：植物似乎终究可以交流。
(1) with复合结构(with+代词+doing)作状语。
此处为“with的复合结构”形式，即“with+名词/代词+非谓语动词”。
在此结构中，非谓语动词可以是不定式（多指动作尚未发生）、
动词-ing形式（多指动作正在进行）、动词-ed形式（与前面的
名词构成被动关系）。
(2) that talking ...的that引导宾语从句。
(3) it appears that ...似乎……，it作形式主语，真正的主语是由that
引导的从句。
4. It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to
communicate with each other.
人们早就知道植物利用化学物质进行交流。
it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。
5. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects.
这种情况发生在植物，比如豆类植物，受到昆虫攻击时。
when引导时间状语从句。
6. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are
being eaten. 这种植物从正被吃掉的叶子中释放出微量的化学物质。
(1) tiny amounts of 微量的
a large/small amount of 大/少量的
large/small amounts of 大/少量的
in large amounts 大量地
amount vi. 合计，共计
amount to 合计；共计；等同于
(2) that引导定语从句，修饰先行词the leaves.
7. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I'm being attacked!”
这就像是一个警告，或者一个求救的电话：“我被攻击了!”
call for 需要; 要求; 去接某人
call in 顺便拜访; 请人来帮忙; 电话通知
call off 取消
call on/upon 呼吁; 号召
call out 喊叫
call up 使想起, 使回忆起
8. When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured
neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals.
当另一株豆类植物察觉到附近受伤同伴释放的化学物质时，
它自身便开始释放不同的化学物质。
detect v. 发现，察觉（尤指不易觉察到的事物）；探测
detect a lie 识破谎言
detect a change 发觉转变
detective n. 侦探
detector n. 检测器；发现者
detection n. 侦查；发现
9. Some of these chemicals drive insects away.
这些化学物质中的一些可以驱赶昆虫。
drive ... away 把……赶走
drive sb. crazy/mad 把某人逼得发疯/发狂
drive sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事
drive off 驱车离去；驶去
drive into 打入；敲进
10. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system,
so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
科学家希望能更多地了解这种植物警报系统，从而将其应
用于不用使用农药的农作物的种植。
so that引导目的状语从句，意为“以便，为了”。
11. A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly.
辣椒能分辨出邻近的植物是有益的还是不友好的。
if引导宾语从句，作tell的宾语。
12. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water,
indicating drought is arriving.
一些树木在没有足够的水时发出咔哒声，表明干旱即将到来。
indicating...为现在分词短语作伴随状语。
13. Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of
communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest.
最令人惊讶的是，植物有一个惊人的通讯系统，可以
连接森林中几乎所有的植物。
(1) that引导定语从句，修饰先行词communication。
(2) link v.把……联系起来；连接
link up 联合，连接；使结合；使连接
link up with 与……联合/汇合/碰头
link ...with/to .. 将……和……联系或连接起来
be linked to/with 与……有关
14. It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use.
它在某些方面与我们使用的互联网相似。
(1) in some ways 在某些方面; 在某种程度上
all the way 总是; 一直
on the/one’s way 在……路上
by the way 顺便
in a way/ in one way/ in some way/ways 在某种程度上
in no way 决不
no way 没门, 不可能
in the way 挡道; 妨碍
make one’s way 前进
have a long way to go 有很长的路要走
in this/that way 以……方式
(2) we use作定语修饰the Internet。
15. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked
by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground
by fungi. 互联网是通过电缆和卫星连接的全球计算机网络，
而树联网则是在地下通过真菌连接而成的。
(1) while在此是并列连词，表示对比，意为“对比两件事物，
……而，……然而”。
(2) linked by ... 过去分词短语作定语，修饰名词computers。
16. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and
even food with each other.
通过树联网，植物可以彼此共享信息甚至食物。
Using the wood ... 为现在分词短语作伴随状语。
17. Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in
which plants talk to each other.
科学家们每天都在学习更多关于植物相互交谈的秘密方式。
in which引导定语从句，修饰先行词ways。
Retelling The Secret Language of Plants
Para. 1 Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
Para. 2 New research has showed that plants can communicate.
Para. 3 Plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.
Para. 4 Plants use sound to communicate.
Para. 5 Plants use "wood wide web" to communicate.
Para. 6 Maybe one day we'll be able to "talk" with plants.(共14张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 3
Listening and Speaking
新 课 导 入
What is your understanding of biodiversity
课 堂 学 习
1
Listen to the podcast and choose the statements that are made.
1. Biodiversity is important.
2. Bacteria are always harmful to humans.
3. Some species of bacteria are used in food production.
4. Many species of bacteria recycle dead organic matter.
5. Our immune systems are able to fight off all germs.
2
Listen again and complete the fact sheet.
Cells
Every living thing is 1 __________________________.
They are like 2 _________________________________.
In the human body there are about 3 _________________ human
cells and around 4 _________________________ bacteria cells.
made up of cells
bricks that are used to build houses
thirty trillion
thirty-nine trillion
Bacteria
Most bacteria in the human body can 5 _____________________
In the food production process, bacteria can 6 __________ dead
organic matter.
help with digestion
break down
Now work in pairs. Discuss what you know about cells and bacteria.
3
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the podcast.
Do you know about... Have you heard of...
By the way, ... In fact, ...
Actually, ... Speaking of which, ...
Checking background knowledge
Adding information
By the way, ... In fact, ...
Actually, ... Speaking of which, ...
Do you know about... Have you heard of...
4
Read the passage and answer the questions.
Earth is home to millions of different species. Some can be very small, like bacteria and viruses, which are so small that we cannot see them with only our eyes. By contrast, the largest animal species so far found on our planet is the blue whale, which can grow up to almost 30 metres in length and weigh over 130,000 kilos. The toughest species is probably the water bear. This tiny organism can survive temperatures from 150 ℃ to a below freezing -272 ℃. To best survive in their environment, each species has developed its own unique physical characteristics.
Each year, scientists identify around 15,000 new species. However, diversity on our planet is such, that there are still millions of species on Earth remaining to be discovered.
1 What species are mentioned and what is special about them
2 What other unusual life forms do you know of
Two species are mentioned: the blue whale and the water bear. The blue whale is the largest animal species on earth, which can grow up to almost 30 metres in length and weigh over 130,000 kilos. The water bear is probably the toughest species, which can survive temperatures from 150℃ to a below freezing -272℃.
5
Complete the paragraphs with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box.
ancestor scientific be native to primitive habitat appearance be home to ecosystem
The Galápagos Islands are renowned worldwide for their unique biodiversity. The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz 1___________ several species of giant tortoise that 2___________ the Galápagos Islands. The island is also home to the Charles Darwin Research Station, where 3___________ studies are carried out.
is home to
are native to
scientific
1
ancestor scientific be native to primitive habitat appearance be home to ecosystem
2
Mangroves are one of the coastal plants that grow on Isabela. They serve as the 4_____________ for various birds and fish, and are very important to the 5_____________.
habitats
ecosystem
ancestor scientific be native to primitive habitat appearance be home to ecosystem
3
Lguanas can be found on San Cristóbal. They have a very special 6_____________, with comb-like spines on their back. There is evidence that all the different iguanas have developed from more 7___________ ones and share a common 8_____________.
appearance
primitive
ancestor
6
Work in pairs. Look at the pictures of the species native to different regions of China. Talk about biodiversity in China using the words and expressions in this section. Do online research to find more information.
Now talk about what methods you used to collect the information pare your methods with your partner's and think about which methods are more efficient.
Talk about the species we have learned in this lesson.(共14张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 5
Writing & Presenting ideas
新 课 导 入
视频：水仙花的生长
课 堂 学 习
1
Read the observational journal and answer the questions.
Week 1
The daffodil bulbs have been planted side by side in soil, with the pointed ends facing up. Water has been added and the container was put in a cool, dark place. The bulbs are being watered regularly.
Week 3
A single stem has sprouted from each of the bulbs. On each stem are two leaves, which are long and narrow with a waxy texture. The container has been moved to a sunny, but cool place.
Week 6
The stems have grown to around 20 centimetres tall and each has produced a single flower. The flowers are yellow and white, and shaped like trumpets.
1 How were the daffodil bulbs planted
2 In what environment did the leaves grow
3 What do the flowers look like
They were planted side by side in soil, with pointed ends facing up.
The leaves grew in a sunny, but cool place.
The flowers are yellow and white, and shaped like trumpets.
content of the passage
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
time、the way to plant、environment、the special requirement
time、sprout、shape and texture、environment
time、height 、colour and shape
2
Work in pairs. Look at the pictures and talk about how the sunflower grows.
Now write your observational journal about the sunflower.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
Work in pairs. Make improvements to each other’s observational journal and share them with the class.
Sample:
An observational journal about the sunflower
1 June
Covered with 1-2 cm of moist soil, the sunflower seed takes a few days to come up after being planted. Water has been added regularly and the hard seed coat softens in the damp soil to allow the first root to pierce downwards and the first leaves to push to the soil surface.
6 July
The root continues to grow downwards. The single stem grows hollow and smooth, revealing large spade-shaped leaves from the growing tip. Gradually, the plant’s growing tip reveals the first hints of development of the flower bud. The plant stem becomes more woody.
26 July
About three weeks after the flower bud first becomes visible at the tip of the sunflower stem. It enlarges and begins to reveal a flattened disc. Over the course of one week, the yellow ray florets, and disc florets bloom across the core of the sunflower blossom. It is yellow, looking beautiful.
4
Work in pairs. Look at the information of the nature documentaries and answer the questions.
1 Can you guess what secrets of nature are revealed in
these documentaries
2 What other nature documentaries have you watched
Which one do you like most Give your reasons.
The earth is the mother of mankind, the earth is our common home.
Harmony Between Man and Nature
Animal World, Dynasties, Our planet, HUMAN AND NATURE, Aerial China ...
5
Choose one nature documentary you like and complete the notes.
Title:
Main theme:
Reasons you recommend it:
6
Practise presenting information about your documentary. Consider the following:
1 the structure of your presentation
2 useful words, expressions and structures
7
Give your presentation to the class.
1. How can we write an observational journal
2. How can we introduce a documentary (共43张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 1
Starting out & Understanding ideas
课 堂 学 习
Look at the page from a science magazine and answer the questions.
1 What do you know about these animals
What makes them special
2 What other similar animals do you know about
Share your knowledge with the class.
They are all species that exist thousands of years on earth. They are old and rare (unusual).
1
Starting out
Watch the video and answer the questions.
2
1 How can seeds travel How can this benefit plants
2 Can you think of another example of seeds travelling
Share it with the class.
1 How can seeds travel How can this benefit plants
2 Can you think of another example of seeds travelling
Share it with the class.
Seeds usually are carried by the wind, water, and animals. Plants can have a better chance at life.
1 What species do you recognise in the picture
2 What factors can cause the process of evolution
Paramecium, earthworm, snail, crab, fish, tortoise, bird, horse, human, frog, alga, moss, fern...
The ever-changing environment of nature, environmental changes, population immigration, genetic mutation, cultural preferences...
1
Look at the evolutionary tree and answer the questions.
Understanding ideas
evolutionary
tree
2
Predict the main idea of the text according to the picture and the title.
A Journey of Discovery
Predicting
A Journey of Discovery
The captain of the ship, the Beagle, wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”. The person who answered the call was not the captain's first choice. It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree. What's more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”. Despite all this, his adventures on this ship would lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.
The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, fascinated by rocks, plants and animals. He left England on the ship the Beagle, in 1831. The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments. After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected. As he studied these, he asked himself the question: how did different species come to exist
At that time, people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time, and had not changed since. But Darwin began to think differently. He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other. Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments It was just an idea, but enough to inspire Darwin to look for more evidence.
When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most. Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands. It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island.
Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before. Over time, it had slowly evolved into many new species. And that was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist: they evolved from earlier ancestors.
It was a completely new idea - a theory of evolution. Darwin explained this theory in his book, On the Origin of Species. It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm. Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life. They were shocked. But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory.
Today, On the Origin of Species is regarded as one of the most important works ever written. It has changed ideas about life on Earth forever. And it all began with the journey on the Beagle.
Read the passage and talk about your understanding of the title.
Most commonly, people believe that a journey means a trip from one place to another, especially over a long distance and literarily a journey refers to the process by which something gradually changes and develops. The title may indicate that Darwin’s research work leading to his discovery of evolution and the origin of species took quite a long time and great efforts, determination and courage to achieve.
Skimming
Choose the main idea of the passage and give your reasons.
1. Darwin’s interest in various living things made him a great naturalist.
2. Darwin’s journey on the Beagle inspired his Theory of Evolution.
3. Darwin went on a journey to confirm his theory that humans had
evolved over time.
Scanning
Para. 1 A. Develop ideas.
Para. 2 B. Propose a theory.
Para. 3 C. On his journey.
Para. 4 D. Answered the call of the captain.
Para. 5 E. Generate ideas.
Para. 6 F. The greatness of his book.
Para. 7 G. Look for more evidence.
Match each paragraph with its main idea.
Careful reading
Number the puzzle pieces in order. Organise information from the passage and complete them.
1
4
2
3
5
On his journey
Darwin studied _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
He noticed that some species of animals were _______________________.
General ideas
Darwin asked the questions:
How did different species _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Look for more evidence
On the Galápagos Island:
He noticed ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
It seemed the beaks ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
various living things in their natural environments and samples of the plants and animals he had collected
very similar to each other
come to exist
Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments
that there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands
had evolved according to what food was available on that particular island
Develop ideas
Darwin suspected that the finches ______________________________
___________________________________________________________
and it had __________________________________________________.
Propose a theory
The Theory of Evolution: living things, including humans, __________
__________________________________________________________.
had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before
slowly evolved into many new species
had evolved from lower forms of life
Now discuss why Darwin did not publish his Theory of Evolution until 1859, about twenty years after his discovery. Do further research if necessary.
1 Why were many people “shocked” by Darwin’s theory
2 What kind of person was Darwin according to the passage
3 How do you think the human species will evolve in the future
4 What have you learnt about the spirit of scientific exploration
How can this spirit help you in your life and studies
Think & Share
2 What kind of person was Darwin according to the passage
Darwin was a determined man. He had strong curiosity and interest in science and was good at thinking and making discoveries.
3 How do you think the human species will evolve in the future
1 Why were many people “shocked” by Darwin’s theory
At that time, people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at the same time and had not changed since, but Darwin’s theory proposed that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life, which, as a result, shocked many people.
4 What have you learnt about the spirit of scientific exploration
How can this spirit help you in your life and studies
1. The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to
about 100,000 years ago.
发现的最古老的现代鸭嘴兽化石可以追溯到大约10万年前。
dates back to=date from “追溯到；始于”，为不及物动词短语，
没有被动语态。
e.g. ①The tradition dates back to the 15th century.
这一传统可追溯到15世纪。
②The custom of preserving a dead body as a mummy dates
from ancient Egypt.
把尸体作为木乃伊保存起来的风格始于古埃及。
Language points
拓展：out of date 过时的；缺乏新信息的；陈腐的
up to date 最新的；时髦的；拥有(或包含) 最新信息的
e.g. ①The dictionary is out of date: many words have been added to the
language since it was published.
这本字典过时了：自从它出版以来语言中又增加了许多词汇。
②Some of the older members of the profession are not up to date in
their knowledge and methods.
从事这个职业的年纪较大的成员中有一些人的知识和工作方法
已赶不上目前的情况。
2. The captain of the ship, the Beagle, wanted someone who would “profit
by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”.
“贝格尔号”船长需要个人，此人能“有机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的
国家并从中受益”。
(1) who引导定语从句，修饰先行词someone。
(2) profit vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处，对有用(或有益)
n. [C，U] 利润，收益，赢利
profit from/by ... 因……而获利/受益 profit sb. 使某人获益
a rise/an increase in profits 收益的上升/增长
a drop/fall in profits 收益的跌落/下降 make a profit 赚取利润
①Two quarrel and a third profits by it. [谚]鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。
②Many local people believe the development will profit them.
当地的许多人认为，这项开发将对他们有利。
③Because of the recent economic crisis, investors suffer a huge
drop in profits. 因为最近的经济危机，投资者的收益大减。
④It will make the cinema owners happy if more people go to the
movies as they will make a bigger profit.
如果更多的人去看电影，电影院的老板会很高兴，因为他们
就会赚更多的钱。
(3) distant adj. 遥远的，久远的；冷淡的，疏远的；远房的，远亲的
①The time we spent together is now a distant memory.
我们一起度过的时光现已成为久远的记忆。
②Pat sounded very cold and distant on the phone.
从电话里听起来帕特非常冷淡和疏远。
③It was only after a family conversation that I found out she was
actually my distant cousin.
只是在一次家庭谈话后，我才发现她实际上是我的远房表亲。
拓展：distance n. [C，U] 距离；[U](时间的) 久远，(空间的) 遥远；
[U，C]疏远
in the distance 在远处
from a distance 从远处
at/from a distance of ... 在/从……远的地方(of后跟具体的距离)
①The picture looks beautiful at a distance. 那幅画远看很美。
②Farther in the distance, I could enjoy the view of snowy mountains.
往远处看，我可以欣赏白雪皑皑的群山。
distantly adv. 遥远地；模糊地
3. The person who answered the call was not the captain's first choice.
响应号召的人不是船长的首选。
(1) who引导定语从句，修饰先行词person。
(2) answer the call 响应号召
e.g. I want to answer the call of nature.
我想响应大自然的号召。
4. It was a young man who had left medical school without completing
his degree. 那是一个没有完成学位就离开医学院的年轻人。
强调句型 ，其结构是： It is /was+ 被强调部分 + that/who +其他.
①it没有字面意思；②that/who只起到连接作用，不作句子成分，
但不能省略；③不管强调哪种句子成分，也不管是被强调的是人
还是事/物，都可以用that；④如果被强调的是人，既可以用that，
也可以用who。⑤辨别强调句型：先去掉It is/was ... that/who ...，
如果去掉这两个部分后句子的意思仍然完整，那么这个句子就是
强调句型；如果去掉这两个部分后句子的意思变得不完整的话，
这个句子可能就是其他类型句型。
5. What's more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting
that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”.
并且在他刚收到的家书中，父亲预言他将会成为“自己和全家人的
耻辱”。
(1) 句中的predicting ... 是现在分词作定语，修饰a letter。
(2) predict vt. 预言；预告；预报
predict+that/wh-从句... 预言……
It is predicted that... 据预测/据预报……
(It作形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语)
①It's difficult to predict who will win because two sides are competitive.
难以预料谁会赢，因为双方都有竞争力。
②It is predicted that the weather will get better tomorrow.
据预报，明天天气会变好。
prediction n. 预言，预测
predictable adj.可预见的，可预料的
unpredictable adj.不可预料的
disgrace n.丢脸，耻辱 v. 丢脸；使蒙羞
be a disgrace 是耻辱，是丢脸的事
in disgrace 为人所不齿；失宠
disgrace oneself 使某人自己丢脸/蒙羞
disgraceful adj.不名誉的，可耻的
grace n.优雅，高雅
辨析disgraced和shame
disgrace指某人因某种不光彩行为而使名誉受损或蒙受耻辱
shame使用范围较广。指某人因犯罪、做坏事或无能等引起心理上的惭愧或羞耻。shame的耻辱程度比disgrace更深。
6. Despite all this, his adventures on this ship would lead to one of
the most important scientific discoveries of all time.
尽管如此，他的这次乘船探险之旅将带来有史以来最重要的
一项科学发现。
lead to 引起，导致；通向
e.g. Excuse me, does this road lead to the railway station
请问，这条路通向火车站吗？
[知识拓展] lead sb. to do sth. 使某人做……
lead sb. to ... 使某人得出……
lead sb. by the nose 牵着某人的鼻子走
in the lead 领先，处于首位
of all time意为“有史以来，历史上”，常与形容词最高级连用。
e.g. He is universally recognized as one of the greatest scientists of all time.
世界公认他是有史以来最伟大的科学家之一。
拓展：all the time 一直，始终 in time 及时
on time 准时 at times 有时
at one time 曾经 at a time 每次
in no time 立刻，马上
at no time 决不（位于句首时句子用部分倒装）
7. The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist,
fascinated by rocks, plants and animals.
我们提到的这个年轻人就是地质学家和博物学家查尔斯·达尔文，他
对岩石和动植物有着浓厚的兴趣。
in question 讨论中的；考虑中的
e.g. One post said: "I hope the people in question are well."
一个帖子说：“我希望我们在谈论着的人会没事。”
拓展：beyond question 不容置疑
out of question 毫无疑问，没有问题
out of the question 不可能；不允许；不值得讨论
8. After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the ship
was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
在南美洲度过一段时间后，他的船舱里堆满了收集到的动植物样本。
(1) be crowded with 拥塞；挤满；充满
e.g. The hall was crowded with his devoted fans.
大厅里挤满了他的忠实粉丝。
拓展：crowd in (on sb.) （想法、问题等）涌上心头；涌入脑海
crowd into one's mind 涌入某人的脑海
crowd in/into (sth.) 大批地涌入（某物）
crowd around 聚集在……周围；聚拢
crowded adj. 拥挤的；挤满的；充满的
a crowd of (crowds of) 一群（成群）……
(2) he has collected是定语从句，修饰samples of the plants and animals
9. As he studied these, he asked himself the question: how did different species
come to exist
当他研究这些样本时，他产生了疑问：这些不同的物种是如何产生的？
as在此引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候；随着”。as作连词时，
有以下用法：(1) 意为“当……时候；一边……一边……；随着”时，
引导时间状语从句。
(2) 意为“按照……的方式（办法）；如同……”时，引导方式状语从句。
(3) 意为“因为；既然”时，引导原因状语从句。
(4) 意为“尽管”时，引导让步状语从句。
(5) 引导比较状语从句，常用于as...as...句型，意为“像……一样……
（第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词）”
10. He noticed that some species of animals were very similar to each other.
他注意到有些种类的动物彼此非常相似。
that引导宾语从句。
11. Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments
也许动物是随着适应环境的变化而进化的？
(1) as在此引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”。
(2) adapt to 适应，适合
e.g. We must adapt to a changing world. 我们必须适应不断变化的世界。
[拓展] adapt...to... 使……适应或适合……
adapt..from... 根据……改编或改写
adapt...for... 改编或改作……之用
adaptable adj. 能适应的，适应性强的
adaptation n. 改编（本），改造；适应
12. It was just an idea, but enough to inspire Darwin to look for more evidence.
它只是一个想法，但是足以鼓舞达尔文去寻找更多证据。
inspire vt. (1)鼓励，激励，后接“人”作宾语；
(2)启发思考，赋予灵感
inspire sb. to do sth. 激励某人去做某事
e.g. Her trust in me inspired me to do what I had thought was impossible.
她对我的信任激励着我去做本以为不可能的事。
拓展：inspiring adj. 鼓舞人心的，启发灵感的
inspired adj. 受到鼓舞的
inspiration n. 灵感；启发灵感的人
13. When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a
variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most.
1835年，当“贝格尔号”到达加拉帕戈斯群岛时，达尔文看到了各种
各样的新物种，但最让他感兴趣的是鸟类。
该句是一个复合句，when引导时间状语从句，but连接并列句，but
后面是一个强调句，强调the birds。
14. Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches on each
of the islands.
达尔文注意到，每个岛屿上的雀类都是不同的。
that引导宾语从句。
15. It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available
on that particular island.
它们的喙似乎已经根据在那个特别的岛上可获得的食物进化了。
(1)此句中seemed后边省略了that，It seems (that)... “看起来（好像），
似乎”，该句型可以转换成sb./sth. seems to do ...
(2)what引导宾语从句，做介词to的宾语。
16. Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor,
which had arrived on the islands a long time before.
达尔文猜想，这里所有的雀鸟都由共同的祖先进化而来。很久以前，
雀鸟的祖先来到这片群岛。
(1) that引导宾语从句，which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词a
common ancestor
(2) suspect v. 猜想，怀疑 n. 嫌疑犯，可疑对象
suspect that ... 怀疑…… suspect sb. to be 猜想/怀疑某人是……
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人做某事
suspected adj. 疑似的
17. It was not published until 1859 and immediately caused a storm.
这本书直到1859年才出版，出版后立即引起了轰动。
(1)until用在肯定句中，谓语动词通常是延续性动词，如：stand,
stay, take, wait等，表示主句动作终止的时间。
(2)如果用在否定句中，谓语动词既可以是瞬间性动词也可以是
延续性动词，强调主句动作开始的时间。
(3)当not until位于句首时，句子要倒装。其结构为Not until+从句/
表时间的词+助动词十（主句）主语十谓语十其他。
(4)not until的强调结构为：It is/was not until+从句/表时间的词+
that+其他。
18. Many people refused to believe that living things, including humans,
had evolved from lower forms of life.
许多人不相信生物，包括人类，是从低等生物进化而来的。
that引导宾语从句。
19. But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more
and more people started to believe his theory.
但是达尔文的科学研究是如此具有说服力，以至于越来
越多的人开始相信他的理论。
(1) 本句中的“so...that...”意为“如此……以至于……”。
that在此引导结果状语从句。
(2) convincing adj. 令人信服的；有说服力的
convince vt. 使确信；使信服；说服
convince sb. of sth./convince sb. that ... 使某人相信某事
convince sb. to do sth.说服某人做某事
convinced adj. 坚信不疑的，确信的
be convinced of/that... 深信不疑；确信；坚信
Retelling A Journey of Discovery
Para. 1 Answered the call of the captain.
Para. 2 On his journey.
Para. 3 Generate ideas.
Para. 4 Look for more evidence.
Para. 5 Develop ideas.
Para. 6 Propose a theory.
Para. 7 The greatness of his book.(共11张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 2
Grammar
课 堂 学 习
Past perfect
1
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a
common ancestor, ...
b Many people refused to believe that living things, including
humans, had evolved from lower forms of life.
1 In sentence (a), which action happened first, “suspected” or “evolved
from a common ancestor”
2 In sentence (b), which action happened first, “refused to believe” or
“evolved from lower forms of life”
3 What does the structure had done indicate
In sentence (a), “evolved from a common ancestor” happened first.
In sentence (b), “evolved from lower forms of life” happened first.
It indicates the action happened before a certain past action.
Now look for more sentences with the past perfect tense in the reading passage, and summarise their uses in your own words.
1. It was a young man who had left medical school without completing
his degree.
2. What's more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting
that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”.
3. After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the
ship was crowed with samples of the plants and animals he had collected.
4. At that time, people believed that all species had appeared on Earth at
the same time, and had not changed since.
5. It seemed their beaks had evolved according to what food was available
on that particular island.
6. Over time, it had slowly evolved into many new species.
...
【语法讲解】
过去完成时的基本用法：
1）表示在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即“过去的过去”。例如：
a. Before we got to the train station, the train had already left.
b. Before I could say “thank you”, he had run away.
2）表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一个时间的动作，常用的时间状语有by then、by the end of、by the time。例如：
a. By the end of last term, we had learnt 2,000 English words.
b. They had lived there for ten years by then.
3）表示愿望，打算等的动词，如hope、want、expect、think、mean、suppose、intend、plan等后接从句时，一般用过去完成时表示本打算实现而未实现的愿望和计划。例如：
a. I had intended to meet him at the airport, but I had an important meeting to attend.
b. I had hoped to take a holiday this year but I was not able to get away.
4）在句型 hardly…when 和no sooner…than 中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，表示”一……就……”。例如：
a. Hardly had I left when it began to rain.
b. No sooner had he sat down than the telephone rang.
2
Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are the order in which they happened. They can help you to decide the use of tenses.
1 a Natural disasters led to food shortages in the 1960s.
b Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice.
c Yuan Longping developed a better type of rice.
Yuan Longping 1____________ to do research on hybrid rice because natural disasters 2____________ food shortages in the 1960s. In the end, he 3____________ a better type of rice.
began
had led to
developed
2 a Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their
characteristics were easy to control.
b Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about genetics.
c Gregor Mendel died in 1884.
Gregor Mendel 4____________ study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. By the time of his death in 1884, he 5____________ important discoveries about genetics.
had made
chose to
3
Complete the online encyclopaedia entry with the correct form of the words in the box.
compete decline eat live introduce arrive
Lonesome George
Lonesome George was the last Pinta Island tortoise. He died in 2012. After George’s death, the Pinta Island tortoise was declared extinct.
The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise blamed on humans. Before humans 1____________ on the island, the species 2____________ in isolation and 3____________ the plants that naturally grew there. George was discovered many years after their arrival, and by then humans 4____________ new species that 5____________ for the food the tortoises ate. After goats in particular had been brought to the island, the Pinta Island tortoise population 6____________. Eventually, only George remained.
had lived
eaten
had introduced
competed
declined
arrived
4
Work in pairs. Act out a role-play using the information in activity 3. One of you will play the keeper of Lonesome George, and the other will play the reporter asking about George. Use the past perfect tense where appropriate.
1. Talk about the use of the past perfect tense.
2. Make some sentences with the past perfect tense.
