61.misfortune / mis'f :t u:n/ n. 不幸,灾难
62.morality /m 'r l ti/ n. 道德,美德
63.notion /'n n/ n. 概念,观念,理解
64.obligation / bli'gei n/ n.(法律上或道义上)责任
65.occasion / 'kei n/ n. 场合
66.opponent / 'p n nt/ n. 敌人,对手
67.ornament /' :n m nt/ n. 装饰,装饰品
68.admiration / dm 'rei n/ n. 欣赏;赞赏;钦佩
69.advocate /' dv keit/ n. 提倡者,拥护者 v.拥护;支持;提倡
70.allowance / 'la ns/ n. 津贴; 零用钱;限额;定量
【例句】
61 misfortune / mis'f :t u:n/ n. 不幸,灾难
n.厄运;不幸
He has known great misfortune in his life.
他一生中经历过巨大的不幸。
Forture is admirable, but the conquest of misfortune is more admirable.
好的运气令人羡慕, 而战胜厄运则更令人惊叹.
真题解释:
Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.
他成年后的大部分时间都在与债务和不幸作着失败的斗争。
2019年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
disaster, calamity, catastrophe, misfortune
这些名词均表示"灾难"或"不幸"之意。
disaster: 普通用词,指大破坏、痛苦或伤亡。
calamity: 多指个人的不幸,比disaster严重,强调灾难引起的悲痛以及对于损失的感觉。
catastrophe: 语气最强,指可怕的灾难,强调最终的结局。
misfortune: 普通用词,多批较为严重的不幸,强调不幸多由外界因素所致。
morality /m 'r l ti/ n. 道德,美德
Moral authority is a special form of morality , as well as the personification of authoritative moral.
道德权威既是道德的一种特殊存在形式, 也是权威道德的人格化.
A serious offense, especially one in violation of morality.
一种严重过错, 尤指违反道德准则的行为.
goodness, integrity, morality, purity, virtue
这组名词均含有"美德"之意。
goodness: 含义最广,侧重固有的仁爱,慷慨等高尚的美德。
integrity: 指品格的纯正,有高度是非感的美德。
morality: 强调符合道德标准的行为或用道德准则衡量某事,尤注重男女间的道德品行。
purity: 侧重于道德上无缺点。
virtue: 一般用词,指符合道德准则的隐恶扬善行为或品行或指一种有意识去做善事的高尚道德。
morals, morality, ethics
这些名词均含"道德"之意。
morals: 多用于实践方面,指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准,尤指男女之间关系的道德。
morality: 指符合道德标准的行为
,或用道德标准衡量某事,既指社会的又指个人的道德。
ethics: 多用于伦理方面,指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为,常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。
63 notion /'n n/ n. 概念,观念,理解
She had only a vague notion of what might happen.
对于可能发生的事她只有一个模糊的概念。
a political system based on the notions of equality and liberty
建立在自由平等观念基础上的政治体系
词根拓展:
词根: not
=known,表示"知道,注意,注释"
adj.
noticeable 显而易见的, 值得注意的
notice注意到,注意+able……的→adj.显而易见的, 值得注意的
notable 值得注意的,显著的,著名的
not知道,注意,注释+able能……的→n.值得注意的,显著的,著名的
note 笔记;注释
not知道,注意,注释+e→n.笔记;注释 v.注意到
notebook 笔记簿, 笔记本
note笔记+book→n.笔记簿, 笔记本
notice 通知,通告,布告;注意,认识
not知道,注意,注释+ice表名词→n.通知,通告,布告;注意,认识 v.注意到,注意
notion 概念,想法,意念,看法,观点
not知道,注意,注释+ion表名词→n.概念,想法,意念,看法,观点
idea, concept, conception, thought, notion, impression
这些名词均有"思想,观点,观念"之意。
idea: 最普通常用词,几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。
concept: 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
conception: 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头,也可指概念的形成过程,含一定的想象和感彩意味。
thought: 指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
notion: 指的是一种模糊的,变化的莫测的想法,无可靠的基础,未经深思熟虑的观点。
impression: 指外部刺激在思想中所产生的印象。
64 obligation / bli'gei n/ n. (法律上或道义上的)责任
She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth.
她觉得没有义务告诉他实情。
We have a moral obligation to protect the environment.
我们有道义责任保护环境。
同义替换:关于责任的同意表达:duty/ responsibility/liability/blame
Duty ( on/off duty 值(或下)班;值(或不值)勤)
n.职责;任务
Your duties will include setting up a new computer system.
你的职责将包括建立一个新的计算机系统。
n.责任;义务;本分
It is my duty to report it to the police.
把这事报告给警方是我的责任。
真题解释:
And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — lunch! the parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.
在巢里,伴随着它的是最壮观的景象——午餐!父母已经尽了他们的责任,而且很可能会继续这样做。
2017年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
Even so, part of me continued to resent walking duty.
即便如此,我内心的一部分还是对步行任务感到厌恶。
2015年高考英语浙江卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
Finally, let's see, who is on duty today.
最后,让我们看看今天谁值日。
2016年高考英语北京卷 听力 原文
It gives her a sense of duty.
这给了她一种责任感。
2019年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读B 选项
Responsibility
n.责任;负责
They have responsibility for ensuring that the rules are enforced.
他们有责任确保制度的执行。
n.职责;义务;任务
Knowledge of work responsibilities includes understanding one's role, responsibilities, and authority as a leader at Toyota.
工作职责方面的认知包括对自己在组织中所扮角色, 职责以及在丰田作为领导者的权力的理解.
duty, obligation, responsibility, function
这些名词都有"义务"或"职责"之意。
duty: 指按道德和法律的标准,一个人永远要尽的义务,强调自觉性。
obligation: 指道义上或法律上对他人的义务,强调强制性。也指因作出承诺而被迫履行的某种义务。
responsibility: 指任何义务、职责、责任或职务上所尽的本分,强调对他人的责任。
function: 指因职务或职业关系去履行某种职责。
真题解释:
And she said social media companies must also take more responsibility.
她说,社交媒体公司也必须承担更多的责任。
2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.
雅典达到了她真正想要的自由是免于责任的自由的地步。
2015年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
Athens, the Athens of ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.
雅典,古希腊的雅典,拒绝承担责任;她走到了自由的尽头,再也没有自由了。
2015年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
But you can't be successful when there's a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
但是,如果一段关系中缺乏信任,而犯错的一方又不承担纠正错误的责任,那么你就不可能成功。
2015年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 七选五 原文
Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence - the underpinnings of emotional health.
童年活动帮助孩子发展责任感、独立性、自信和能力——这些都是情感健康的基础。
2016年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文
Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.
自由需要由责任来保证。
2015年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 选项
Freedom should have priority over responsibility.
自由应该优先于责任。
2015年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 选项
From the governments' point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the cost and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.
从政府的角度来看,要求扩大生产者责任的法律的主要目标是将废物管理的成本和实际责任从政府和纳税人转移到生产者身上。
2015年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读B 原文
Liability n.责任; 倾向; 债务; <口>妨碍
真题解释:
The first commercially available driver-less cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues.
考虑到自动驾驶技术的成本以及责任和维护问题,几乎可以肯定,首批商用无人驾驶汽车将由叫车服务公司投入使用。
2018年高考英语北京卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
Blame (be to blame (for sth) (对坏事)负有责任)
v.把…归咎于;责怪;指责
If you lose your job, you'll only have yourself to blame.
如果你丢掉了工作,你只能责怪你自己。
n.(坏事或错事的)责任;责备;指责
The government will have to take the blame for the riots.
政府将不得不对骚乱承担责任。
真题解释:
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning and put the blame on the alarm clock.
很多人觉得早上起不来都怪闹钟。
2017年高考英语全国卷3 阅读理解 七选五 原文
Some social app companies were to blame because they didn't adequately check their users' registration.
一些社交应用公司应该受到指责,因为它们没有充分检查用户的注册情况。
2018年高考英语江苏卷 阅读理解 阅读D 原文
We tend to blame TV, he says, for problems it doesn't really cause, overlooking our own roles in shaping children's minds.
他说,我们倾向于把问题归咎于电视,而不是它真正造成的问题,忽视了我们自己在塑造孩子思想方面的作用。
2015年高考英语广东卷 阅读理解 阅读C 原文
65 occasion / 'kei n/ n. 场合; 适当的机会,时机;理由,原因
n.特别的事情(或仪式、庆典)
Taking her with me on official occasions has been a challenge...
带着她出席正式场合对我来说一直是个挑战。
n.适当的机会;时机
It is always an important occasion for setting out government policy.
这历来都是阐明政府政策的重要时机。
n.理由;原因
Mrs. Touchett , for reasons which she seemed excellent, always retired on such occasions into impenetrable seclusion.
杜歇夫人, 为了自认为正当的理由,逢到这种时候, 总是躲进自己无法渗透的小天地.
chance, opportunity, occasion
这些名词均含"机会"之意。
chance: 侧重指偶然或意外的机会,有时也指正常或好的机会。
opportunity: 侧重指有利或适合于采取行动,以达到某一目的或实现某种愿望的最佳时机或机会。
occasion: 指特殊时机或良机,也指时节。
真题解释:
On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue
一个人在什么情况下可能会出现表演疲劳
2016年高考英语天津卷 阅读理解 阅读D 题设
"Only on special occasions would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands, " Adeline says.
阿德琳说:“只有在特殊场合,他们才会把它拿出来,让我们拿在手里。”
2019年高考英语浙江卷 阅读理解 阅读A 原文
Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.
无论是在特殊场合还是在家庭餐桌上,分享面包都是团聚的象征。
2015年高考英语安徽卷 阅读理解 阅读E 原文
This great occasion will be the national theatre of China's first visit to the UK.
这将是中国首次访英的国家大剧院。
2017年高考英语全国卷2 阅读理解 阅读A 原文
66 opponent / 'p n nt/ n. 敌人,对手
The team's opponents are unbeaten so far this season.
该队的竞争对手本赛季尚无败绩。
Jack was really going for his opponent, handing it out with both fists.
杰克毫不客气地向她的敌手进攻, 用双拳把他狠狠地揍了一顿.
opponent, competitor, enemy, foe, rival
这些名词均有"对手,敌手"之意。
opponent: 最常用词,通常指在争论、辩论、竞选或竞赛以及其它各种矛盾冲突中站在对立面的"对手"或"敌手"。
competitor: 指为同一目标或目的竞争者,一般无感彩。
enemy: 多指充满敌意的仇敌。
foe: 语气较强,多用于书面文字和诗歌中。指不仅敌对,而且很危险,怀有很深的敌意。
rival: 指与某人目标一致而想赶上或超过他的人,匹敌者。
ornament /' :n m nt/ n. 装饰,装饰品
The house was overflowing with a profusion of ornaments.
这幢房子上的装饰物太多了.
Something, such as a handcuff, that resembles a wrist ornament.
类似于手腕装饰物的东西, 如手铐.
The ornament is highly elaborated and beautifully adapted to the shape of the vessel.
非常精巧、美丽的装饰物与容器的形状匹配完美.
decorate, ornament
这两个动词均含"装饰"之意。
decorate: 普通用词,指对人或物进行装饰,使之更加完美。
ornament: 指装饰以精美之物,使某处或某物增添美丽的或景色。
68 admiration / dm 'rei n/ n. 欣赏;赞赏;钦佩
This exquisite embroidery won people's great admiration.
这件精美的绣品,使人惊叹不已.
They were awed by him and looked at each other in uneasy admiration.
他们对他感到敬畏,彼此面面相觑,露出不安的钦佩之情.
真题解释:
The pompidou centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings, sculptures, drawings and more.
巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心举办了一场展览,展出了200多幅油画、雕塑、素描等作品,表达了对这位艺术家及其强大个性的尊重和钦佩。
2015年高考英语全国卷1 阅读理解 阅读C 原文
69Advocate /' dv keit/ n. 提倡者,拥护者 v.拥护;支持;提倡
Advocates of self-driving cars argue they will be safer than in cars driven by humans because they wouldn’t get distracted or drive when tired.
自动驾驶汽车的提倡者认为自动驾驶汽车比人为驾驶的汽车更加安全,因为不会出现司机走神或者疲劳驾驶的情况。
But critics say Chan has crossed the line and become an advocate of China's communist regime.
批评者说他超越了界限,成为中国共产主义制度的提倡者.
70 allowance / 'la ns/ n. 津贴;零用钱;限额;定量
Expense allowances are apt to mean fiddling.
开销津贴容易造成弄虚作假.
Collect and record on engineers' travel expense reports, allowance claims and leaving applications.
收集统计工程师差旅报告和津贴,并记录休假申请.
【语境小短文】
In a small town, there lived a man named John, who despite his misfortune of losing his job, never lost his sense of morality. He believed strongly in the notion that one should always do the right thing, regardless of the circumstances. This belief led him to fulfill an obligation to help others in his community, especially in times of need.
One day, an occasion arose when the town's park, once beautiful and full of life, had become neglected and overgrown. John saw this as an opportunity to bring the community together. He faced an opponent in the form of the town council, which was reluctant to allocate funds for the park's restoration. However, John, an advocate for community development, was not deterred.
He organized a volunteer group and started cleaning the park. They worked tirelessly, turning the area into a lovely place again, adorned with handmade ornaments and decorations. The transformation was so remarkable that it garnered admiration from the entire town, including the initially skeptical council members.
Impressed by the initiative, the town council agreed to make an allowance in their budget for the park’s ongoing maintenance. John’s efforts not only revived the park but also strengthened the community's bond, proving that even in the face of adversity, one person's determination can make a significant difference.
【译文】
在一个小镇上,住着一个名叫约翰的人,尽管遭受了失业的不幸,他却从未失去道德感。他坚信一个观念:无论在什么情况下,都应该做正确的事。这种信念促使他履行了向社区中的其他人提供帮助的义务,尤其是在需要的时候。
有一天,一个场合出现了,那就是镇上曾经美丽而充满生机的公园,变得荒废和杂草丛生。约翰把这看作是将社区团结起来的机会。他在镇议会这个对手面前遇到了障碍,因为镇议会不愿意拨款用于公园的修复。然而,作为社区发展的拥护者,约翰并没有被打败。
他组织了一个志愿者小组,开始清理公园。他们不知疲倦地工作,再次将这个地方变成了一个可爱的地方,装饰着手工制作的装饰品。这种转变是如此显著,以至于赢得了整个镇上人的赞赏,包括最初持怀疑态度的议会成员。
镇议会对这一举措印象深刻,同意在预算中做出拨款,用于公园的持续维护。约翰的努力不仅使公园恢复了活力,还加强了社区的纽带,证明了即使在逆境中,一个人的决心也可以带来显著的不同。