第二讲 名、形、副 三管齐下 巧化词形转换
词形转换是高考语法填空的一个重点。在解答语法填空中词形转换的相关题目时,一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性:名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等,动词作谓语与非谓语,形容词作表语、定语、补足语,副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;二要根据标志词及语境确定比较级;三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。
如何判断是否考查词形转换
典例导引 解题攻略
[2023·浙江高考1月卷] The term “hutong”,57.________ (original) meaning “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty. [分析] 第一步:确定是否考查词形转换。提示词为形容词,mean在此处是动词,应用副词修饰可确定,此处应该考虑词形转换。 第二步:确定转换形式。结合句意“‘胡同’一词最初在蒙古语中意为‘水井’,最早出现在元代。”可知,空处应用副词。 [答案] __originally__ 第一步:确定是否考查词形转换 提示词为形容词、副词、名词或代词时,首先要考虑词形转换; 提示词为动词,且该动词在句中既不作谓语,也不作非谓语,则要考虑动词词形转换。 第二步:确定转换形式 据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析,最终确定正确的词形转换形式。
技法1 提示词为动词的词形转换
提示词为动词,如果既不是谓语动词,也不是非谓语动词,则考虑动词词形转换。动词是转换成名词还是形容词,则根据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析。
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·山东省滨州市二模]The skewers are 70~80 percent cooked before they are brought to the table, where diners can finish cooking them on their own stoves, which lends a sense of ________ (participate). 2.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]Zou also mentioned the ________ (perform) of scientific experiments, like growing plants on the lunar surface, and the utilization of lunar resources, such as moon minerals and solar energy. 3.[2023·武汉市五月模拟]In 2019, the Chinese government had made a ________ (commit) to lift all of its 1.4 billion people out of poverty by 2020. 4.[2023·湖南省名校联盟5月冲刺压轴卷]“We have tried to make something that restores the villagers' pride in their local identity, as well as creating a local economic network,” says Xu Tiantian, ________ (found) of DNA. 5.[2023·济南市三模] Yellow River culture is a product of the material and spiritual advancement of the people living by the river throughout time. The local artistic ________ (create) are playing important roles in the Yellow River culture. 6.[2023·黄冈中学二模]“The Terracotta Warriors used a very special mechanism to connect pieces together. Such ________ (wise) was unique to China,”Lv Qiuxia, an expert on ancient Chinese art, told the Global Times on Wednesday. 7.[2023·全国甲卷] However, Carson's theme is a more weighty ________ (warn) about environmental destruction. 8.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]Xiaolongbao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food. 9.[2023·陕西省宝鸡市第十三次模考]Yang Zhenning, a ________ (respect) Nobel Prize winning physicist, became the first Chinese American scientist to return to China after the US just lifted the ban on visiting to China in 1971. 10.[2023·台州市第二次质量评估]With a history of more than 2,000 years, the Silk Route dates back to Han dynasty. Through this route, the Chinese highly ________ (qualify)silk made its fame to the western countries. 1.动词转换为名词 (1)v.+ ion/ tion/ ation/ sion转换为名词,表示“状态或行为” celebrate→celebration 庆祝 compete→competition 比赛 pollute→pollution 污染 educate→education 教育 possess→possession 拥有 (2)v.+ ment转换为名词,表示“行为或结果” develop→development 发展 announce→announcement 宣布 argue→argument 争论;论据 encourage→encouragement 鼓励 (3)v.+ r/ er/ or转换为名词,表示“人” perform→performer 表演者 settle→settler 移民者 educate→educator 教育家 direct→director 导演 visit→visitor 访问者 (4)v.+ ure转换为名词 fail→failure; mix→mixture; press→pressure; depart→departure (5)后缀 th结尾的名词 grow→growth; die→death deep→depth; wide→width warm→warmth; true→truth (6)后缀 ance/ ence结尾的名词 exist→existence; guide→guidance (7)后缀 al结尾的名词 arrive→arrival; approve→approval; survive→survival 2.动词转换为形容词 (1)v.+ able转换为形容词 accept→acceptable可接受的 adapt→adaptable能适应的 adjust→adjustable可调节的 afford→affordable负担得起的 (2)v.+ ed/ ing转换为形容词 confuse→confused感到困惑的 excite→exciting令人激动的;令人兴奋的 (3)v.+ ive转换为形容词 impress→impressive给人深刻印象的 instruct→instructive有教育意义的 (4)v.+ ful/ less转换为形容词 doubt→doubtful怀疑的 forget→forgetful健忘的 hope→hopeless 不抱希望的
技法2 提示词为名词的词形转换
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·浙江高考1月卷]Thanks to Beijing's long history 63.as the capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic ________ (event). 2.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]These objectives mainly involve studying the moon's evolution (进化), exploring star formation and ________ (activity), and observing the sun and Earth from the moon. 3.[2023·济宁市高考模拟]________ (human) are most happy and healthy when this energy is harmonious and balanced. Following treatment, you'll feel incredibly relaxed and calm. 4.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]Zou Yongliao, head of the lunar and deep space exploration division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, revealed the goals at a recent ________ (nation) space conference. 5.[2022·全国甲卷]Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ________ (meaning). 6.[2023·山东省实验中学第二次模拟] This ________ (influence) status has caused the IOC to make English one of the official languages. 7.[2023·全国甲卷]________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. 8.[2023·湖北省高三调研]The parks are expected to cover 10 percent of the ________ (country) land area and preserve more than 80 percent of the key national protected wild plant and animal species. 9.[2023·辽宁省沈阳市二模] To make this tea, the tea trees and fruit trees are planted together. The practice, passed down from ancestors, guarantees the ________ (tea) fruity and sweet taste. 1.名词的单复数 若提示词名词有以下情况时要考虑名词的复数: (1)有数词或these, those, several, few, many, all, both, various, different等词修饰时,用名词的复数形式; (2)名词前有one of时,用名词的复数形式; (3)若谓语动词是复数形式,则空处应用名词的复数形式。 2.名词转换为形容词 提示词为名词,如果作定语修饰后面的名词时,则一般考查名词变形容词。注意名词变形容词的后缀: (1)n.+ able honor→honorable 可敬的 (2)n.+ al nature→natural 自然的;天生的 music→musical 音乐的;悦耳的 (3)n.+ ful colour→colourful 颜色鲜艳的 meaning→meaningful有意义的 (4)n.+ en wood→wooden 木质的 (5)n.+ y wealth→wealthy 富有的 3.名词的所有格 提示词与其后的名词是所属关系, 应考虑名词的所有格。 (1)单数名词和不以 s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加's; (2)以 s或 es结尾的复数名词,通常在词尾加'。
1.名词变复数的规则
(1)大部分单数可数名词变为复数一般直接加s;如果是以ch, sh, s, x等结尾的单词,则一般加es:trees, bikes, books, buses, watches, boxes, bushes;
(2)辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i再加es;但元音字母+y结尾的单词,则直接加s:babies, families; boys, plays;
(3)以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro, hero)、两菜(tomato, potato)加es外,其余一般加s:radios, photos;
(4)以f或fe结尾的单词,通常变f, fe为v再加es:wives, knives, wolves。
2.名词变复数的不规则变化
(1)man→men, woman→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, child→children, mouse→mice;
(2)单复数同形:Chinese, Japanese, people, sheep, deer, fish。
技法3 提示词为形容词、副词的词形转换
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]No matter where I buy them, though,one steamer basket is ________ (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left 65.wanting more next time. 2.[2022·全国乙卷]As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea producing country, China has a ________ (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry. 3.[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷]So, what are they learning ________ (basic), how to describe a panda's life. 4.[2023·山东省泰安市三模] The new e book says ChatGPT 4 will become ________ (extreme) useful to doctors. 5.[2023·湖南省郴州市三模]Best of all, the new thermoregulatory material is inexpensive to produce, and very environmentally friendly as it is durable and ________ (easy) reusable. 6.[2023·衡水中学第五次综合素养测评]In ancient times, fireworks weren't always ________ (wide) affordable. So people in Nuanquan made use of scrap iron and developed Da Shuhua as a way to celebrate festivals. 7.[2023·石家庄市教学质量检测三]As a boy, I spent much time in London. One of the joys was spending weekends bicycling to Kew Gardens, famous for housing the world's ________ (large) greenhouses. 8.The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the ________ (hot) the spring! 9.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought a far ________ (much) powerful tool to assist with medical diagnoses—ChatGPT 4. 1.形容词、副词的词形转换 (1)分析句子结构发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时,应考虑用派生的副词或名词; (2)若空处作定语、表语则应考虑用形容词形式; (3)若空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,则应考虑用副词形式; (4)若空处在介词后,应考虑用名词作宾语。 2.形容词变副词的规则 (1)以 e结尾的形容词一般不去e,直接加 ly:immediate→immediately, brave→bravely。 (2)一些以 e结尾的形容词去e加 (l)y:true→truly, simple→simply, gentle→gently, possible→possibly。 (3)“辅音字母+ y”结尾,变y为i,再加 ly:happy→happily, easy→easily。 (4)以 ic结尾的形容词加 ally:economic→economically, basic→basically。 3.形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级 (1)利用标志词确定比较等级 ①题目中有much, far, still, even, rather, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, than等标志性词汇时用比较级; ②空后有表示范围的标志词in, of, among等时用最高级; ③空前有one of the等修饰词时,用最高级。 (2)利用固定句型 “the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……,就越……”。 (3)利用隐含信息判断 句中虽没有标志词,但暗含比较,也需要用比较级或最高级。
技法4 提示词为代词的词形转换
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]Nanxiang aside, the best xiaolongbao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of ________ (they) contents. 2.Jiuzhaigou got ________ (it) name because there are nine Tibetan villages in the valley. 3.But at least 70% of stars in the universe are red dwarfs, the tiniest and coolest ________ (one) out there. 提示词为代词,当句子缺少主语、宾语、定语或表语时,一般填代词;确定填代词之后,再看空处所填代词是否与上文提到的人或物有指代关系。具体方法如下: (1)分析句子结构发现提示词作主语,应考虑人称代词的主格形式; (2)分析句子结构发现提示词作宾语,应考虑人称代词的宾格形式; (3)分析句子结构发现提示词作定语,应考虑形容词性物主代词; (4)分析句子结构发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语,且和主语是同一人时,应考虑反身代词。
技法5 提示词为数词的词形转换
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·全国甲卷]Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well known Aesop's fables date to the ________ (six) century B.C. 2.[2023·邯郸市第二次模拟] The 12th lunar month in Chinese is called la yue, so the ________ (eight) day of this lunar month is la yue chu ba, or laba. 3.[2023·河北省高三4月联考]Jingzhe is the ________ (three) solar term of the 24 terms defined by the traditional Chinese calendar. 4.[2023·湖南省百所学校联考]The junk floats around ________ (hundred) of kilometers above the earth. Experts say the main worry is that such debris will hit a space station, satellite or other equipment. 5.It is known to all that there were two world wars in the ________ (twenty) century, which greatly changed the world situation. 6.[2023·杭州市二模]There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late ________ (eighty). 7.Back in the ________ (ninety), he would remain at the zoo for almost three months to stay with the pandas during the breeding season. 1.基数词变序数词 (1)一般由基数词加 th构成: six→sixth seven→seventh ten→tenth hundred→hundredth (2)以y结尾的基数词,先把y变为ie,再加 th: twenty→twentieth thirty→thirtieth (3)不规则变化: one→first two→second three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth 2.年龄、年代表达法 (1)表达“在某人几十多岁”时,用“in one's+整十基数词的复数”,如:in one's fifties 在某人五十多岁时; (2)表达“在几十年代时”,用“in the+整十基数词的复数”,如:in the thirties 在三十年代。
随堂落实·创新应用体验
[2023·辽宁省沈阳市二模]In China, there are 44 national level intangible cultural heritage items related 1.________ tea, including the art of making Biluochun, 2.________ type of green tea. With a history of about 1,000 years, Biluochun, 3.________ translates as “green spiral spring (碧螺春)”, is made from tender tea shoots. It is known for its spiral like 4.________ (appear).
To make this tea, the tea trees and fruit trees 5.________ (plant) together. The practice, passed down from ancestors, guarantees the 6.________ (tea) fruity and sweet taste.
Traditionally,Biluochun is produced 7.________ (entire) by hand. About 1 kilogram of leaves 8.________ (pick) from a big tea tree produce only 0.1 kilogram of tea after processing.
Biluochun must be processed soon after. Tender tea shoots are placed in a heated iron pan and stirred (搅拌) quickly. A person needs to be particularly attentive 9.________ (adjust) the level of heat to judge the condition of the tea by smell. Next 10.________ (come) the shaping process. By stirring, shaking and rubbing the tea leaves in the pan at 100℃, they begin to dry and develop a spiral form. The entire process usually takes about 40 minutes. Every minute matters, or the tea will not taste good.
1.____________ 2.__________ 3.__________
4.____________ 5.__________ 6.__________
7.____________ 8.__________ 9.__________
10.__________
第二讲 名、形、副 三管齐下 巧化词形转换
命题专家授策略
技法1
1.答案与解析:participation 句意:在烤串端上餐桌之前,已经七八分熟了,食客可以在自己的炉子上烤至完全熟,这给人一种参与的感觉。此处应用名词作宾语,且participation,表示“参与”,为不可数名词,故填participation。
2.答案与解析:performance 句意:邹永辽还提到了科学实验的表现,比如在月球表面种植植物,以及月球资源的利用,比如月球矿物和太阳能。冠词修饰名词,作宾语,performance“表现”不可数名词,故填performance。
3.答案与解析:commitment 句意:2019年,中国政府做出承诺,到2020年实现14亿人口全部脱贫。分析句子成分可知,空处为名词形式,不定冠词a表明用单数,故填commitment。
4.答案与解析:founder 此处表示“创立者”应用名词founder。
5.答案与解析:creations 句意:地方艺术创作在黄河文化中发挥着重要作用。作主语,结合后文are可知应用复数名词creations。
6.答案与解析:wisdom 句意:这样的智慧是中国独有的。分析句子结构可知,空前是形容词,所以空处应填名词作主语,故填wisdom。
7.答案与解析:warning 考查词性转换。句意:然而,卡森的主题是一个更有分量的关于环境破坏的警告。分析句子结构可知,空前有冠词和形容词修饰,故空处应填名词warning。
8.答案与解析:tasty 考查词性转换 空处与空前的形容词hot并列,修饰空后的名词soup,故空处填形容词tasty。
9.答案与解析:respected/respectable 句意:杨振宁,一位受人尊敬的/值得尊敬的诺贝尔物理学奖得主,成为1971年美国刚刚解除访问中国禁令后第一位返回中国的华裔美国科学家。根据句意,提示词作定语修饰名词词组Nobel Prize winning physicist,应用形容词作定语。故填respected/respectable。
10.答案与解析:qualified 句意:通过这条路线,中国优质丝绸在西方国家享有盛名。此处应用形容词作定语,修饰名词silk, highly qualified意为“高质量的”,故填qualified。
技法2
1.答案与解析:events 名词单复数。此处表示几乎每一条胡同都有自己的故事,甚至有些还和历史事件有关。event“事件”,是可数名词,其前无冠词修饰,且根据句意可知,历史事件肯定不止一件,所以空处填events。
2.答案与解析:activities 句意:这些目标主要包括研究月球的演化,探索恒星的形成和活动,以及从月球上观察太阳和地球。分析句子可知,此处用名词与star formation并列作宾语,activity是可数名词,前无限定词,应用复数,表泛指,故填activities。
3.答案与解析:Humans 句意:当这种能量和谐平衡时,人类是最快乐和健康的。治疗后,你会感到无比的放松和平静。空处在句中为主语,结合空后的are可知,此处用名词复数, 故填Humans。
4.答案与解析:national 句意:中国科学院月球与深空探测部主任邹永辽在最近的一次全国航天会议上透露了这些目标。修饰名词用形容词作定语,故填national。
5.答案与解析:meaningful 根据所给提示词为名词,利用考向思维并结合语境意义可知,此处为“make+宾语+宾补(形容词)”的固定结构,空处应填形容词形式。
6.答案与解析:influential 句意:这种影响力使得国际奥委会将英语作为官方语言之一。设空处修饰名词status,应用形容词作定语,故填influential。
7.答案与解析:Different 形容词。句意:与传统寓言不同,卡森的故事以指控而非寓意结尾。be different from“与……不同”是固定短语,此处作状语,去掉be动词,且空处位于句首,单词首字母要大写,故填Different。
8.答案与解析:country's 句意:这些公园预计将覆盖全国10%的土地面积,并保护80%以上的国家重点保护野生动植物物种。分析句子可知,此处应用名词所有格形式作定语。故填country's。
9.答案与解析:tea's 句意:这种从祖先传下来的做法保证了茶的果味和甜味。tea与后文taste构成所属关系,故用名词所有格形式。故填tea's。
技法3
1.答案与解析:rarely 副词。此处enough为形容词,其前应用副词修饰,故填rarely“几乎不”。
2.答案与解析:responsibility 考查词形转换。根据空前的不定冠词a可知,此处应用名词的单数形式,故填responsibility。
3.答案与解析:Basically 副词。句意:那么,他们在学什么呢?总的说来,他们在学习如何描述大熊猫的生活。分析句子结构可知,空处作副词修饰整个句子。由于本空位于句首,首字母需要大写,所以空处需要填Basically。
4.答案与解析:extremely 句意:新的电子书表示,ChatGPT 4将对医生非常有用。分析句意可知,空格处作状语修饰形容词useful,故填extremely。
5.答案与解析:easily 修饰形容词reusable应用所给词的副词形式。
6.答案与解析:widely 句意:在古代,烟花并不总是普遍负担得起的。此处需要用副词来修饰形容词affordable。故填widely。
7.答案与解析:largest 根据范围词world's可知,空处应用形容词最高级修饰名词greenhouses。
8.答案与解析:hotter 此处是固定结构“the+比较级,the+比较级”,意为“越……,越……”,故填hotter。
9.答案与解析:more 句意:人工智能(AI)带来了一种更强大的工具来帮助医疗诊断——ChatGPT 4。分析句意可知,far修饰形容词比较级, 故填more。
技法4
1.答案与解析:their 句意:除了南翔,最好的小笼包有一个精致的外皮,可以把它们从蒸屉中拿出来,而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。设空处修饰名词contents,需用形容词性物主代词,故填their。
2.答案与解析:its 考查形容词性物主代词。句意:九寨沟因山谷中有九个藏族村庄而得名。放在名词前面,所以用形容词性物主代词作定语,故填its。
3.答案与解析:ones 考查代词。句意:但宇宙中至少70%的恒星是红矮星,它们是宇宙中最小、温度最低的恒星。空处指代“70%的恒星中最小的和温度最低的那些”,需用复数形式ones表示泛指。
技法5
1.答案与解析:sixth 序数词。语境:著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世纪。空前有定冠词the,空后是名词century,所以空处填序数词sixth。
2.答案与解析:eighth 句意:农历的第十二个月在中国被称为腊月,所以这个农历月的第八天是腊月初八,或腊八。根据下文“la yue chu ba, or laba.”可推测,这是腊月的第八天,因此用序数词。故填eighth。
3.答案与解析:third 句意:惊蛰是中国传统历法二十四节气中的第三个节气。根据“of the 24 terms”可知,此处是指惊蛰是第三个节气,所以应用序数词third表示“第三个”。故填third。
4.答案与解析:hundreds 考查数词。hundreds of为固定短语,意为“数以百计的”。
5.答案与解析:twentieth 考查数词。这里表示“20世纪”,也就是“第20个世纪”,应用序数词。
6.答案与解析:eighties 考查数词。in one's late eighties 表示“在某人快九十岁时”。
7.答案与解析:nineties 考查数词。in the nineties 意为“在九十年代”。
随堂落实 创新应用体验
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了碧螺春茶的相关知识和制作过程。
1.答案与解析:to 句意:在中国,与茶有关的国家级非物质文化遗产项目有44项,其中包括碧螺春,一种绿茶的制作工艺。短语be related to表示“与……有关”。
2.答案与解析:a 句意:在中国,与茶有关的国家级非物质文化遗产项目有44项,其中包括碧螺春,一种绿茶的制作工艺。 a type of “一种”。故填a。
3.答案与解析:which 句意:碧螺春,译作“绿色螺旋春天”,由嫩芽制成,已有1000年的历史。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Biluochun,从句缺少主语,指物,故填which。
4.答案与解析:appearance 句意:它以螺旋状的外观而闻名。作介词的宾语,应用名词, 故填appearance。
5.答案与解析:are planted 句意:为了制作这种茶,茶树和果树一起种植。主语the tea trees and fruit trees与谓语plant构成被动关系,且陈述客观事实用一般现在时的被动语态,谓语用复数。故填are planted。
6.答案与解析:tea's 句意:这种从祖先传下来的做法保证了茶的果味和甜味。tea与后文taste构成所属关系,故用名词所有格形式。故填tea's。
7.答案与解析:entirely 句意:传统上,碧螺春完全是手工制作的。修饰后文介词短语应用副词entirely,故填entirely。
8.答案与解析:picked 句意:从一棵大茶树上采摘的大约1公斤的叶子经过加工后只能产生0.1公斤的茶叶。分析句子结构可知pick与逻辑主语1 kilogram of leaves构成被动关系,用过去分词作定语。故填picked。
9.答案与解析:to adjust 句意:一个人需要特别注意调节温度,通过气味来判断茶的状况。短语be attentive to do sth.表示“注意做某事”。故填to adjust。
10.答案与解析:comes 句意:接下来是成型过程。陈述客观事实用一般现在时,主语为the shaping process,谓语用三单形式。故填comes。(共68张PPT)
第二讲
名、形、副 三管齐下 巧化词形转换
清迷点·扫盲点
练重点·练难点
清迷点·扫盲点
词形转换是高考语法填空的一个重点。在解答语法填空中词形转换的相关题目时,一要根据空处在句中所作的成分确定词性:名词在句中常作主语、宾语、表语或定语等,动词作谓语与非谓语,形容词作表语、定语、补足语,副词作状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子;二要根据标志词及语境确定比较级;三要根据名词前的数词、量词、冠词等修饰语以及主谓一致原则来确定名词的单复数。
如何判断是否考查词形转换
典例导引
[2023·浙江高考1月卷] The term “hutong”,57.________ (original) meaning “water well” in Mongolian, appeared first during the Yuan Dynasty.
[分析] 第一步:确定是否考查词形转换。提示词为形容词,mean在此处是动词,应用副词修饰可确定,此处应该考虑词形转换。
第二步:确定转换形式。结合句意“‘胡同’一词最初在蒙古语中意为‘水井’,最早出现在元代。”可知,空处应用副词。
[答案] __originally__
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否考查词形转换
提示词为形容词、副词、名词或代词时,首先要考虑词形转换;
提示词为动词,且该动词在句中既不作谓语,也不作非谓语,则要考虑动词词形转换。
第二步:确定转换形式
据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析,最终确定正确的词形转换形式。
技法1 提示词为动词的词形转换
提示词为动词,如果既不是谓语动词,也不是非谓语动词,则考虑动词词形转换。动词是转换成名词还是形容词,则根据句式结构以及空处所作成分进一步分析。
典题试做
1.[2023·山东省滨州市二模]The skewers are 70~80 percent cooked before they are brought to the table, where diners can finish cooking them on their own stoves, which lends a sense of ________ (participate).
答案与解析:participation 句意:在烤串端上餐桌之前,已经七八分熟了,食客可以在自己的炉子上烤至完全熟,这给人一种参与的感觉。此处应用名词作宾语,且participation,表示“参与”,为不可数名词,故填participation。
2.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]Zou also mentioned the ________ (perform) of scientific experiments, like growing plants on the lunar surface, and the utilization of lunar resources, such as moon minerals and solar energy.
答案与解析:performance 句意:邹永辽还提到了科学实验的表现,比如在月球表面种植植物,以及月球资源的利用,比如月球矿物和太阳能。冠词修饰名词,作宾语,performance“表现”不可数名词,故填performance。
3.[2023·武汉市五月模拟]In 2019, the Chinese government had made a ________ (commit) to lift all of its 1.4 billion people out of poverty by 2020.
答案与解析:commitment 句意:2019年,中国政府做出承诺,到2020年实现14亿人口全部脱贫。分析句子成分可知,空处为名词形式,不定冠词a表明用单数,故填commitment。
4.[2023·湖南省名校联盟5月冲刺压轴卷] “We have tried to make something that restores the villagers' pride in their local identity, as well as creating a local economic network,” says Xu Tiantian, ________ (found) of DNA.
答案与解析:founder 此处表示“创立者”应用名词founder。
5.[2023·济南市三模] Yellow River culture is a product of the material and spiritual advancement of the people living by the river throughout time. The local artistic ________ (create) are playing important roles in the Yellow River culture.
答案与解析:creations 句意:地方艺术创作在黄河文化中发挥着重要作用。作主语,结合后文are可知应用复数名词creations。
6.[2023·黄冈中学二模]“The Terracotta Warriors used a very special mechanism to connect pieces together. Such ________ (wise) was unique to China,”Lv Qiuxia, an expert on ancient Chinese art, told the Global Times on Wednesday.
答案与解析:wisdom 句意:这样的智慧是中国独有的。分析句子结构可知,空前是形容词,所以空处应填名词作主语,故填wisdom。
7.[2023·全国甲卷] However, Carson's theme is a more weighty ________ (warn) about environmental destruction.
答案与解析:warning 考查词性转换。句意:然而,卡森的主题是一个更有分量的关于环境破坏的警告。分析句子结构可知,空前有冠词和形容词修饰,故空处应填名词warning。
8.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
答案与解析:tasty 考查词性转换 空处与空前的形容词hot并列,修饰空后的名词soup,故空处填形容词tasty。
9.[2023·陕西省宝鸡市第十三次模考]Yang Zhenning, a ________ (respect) Nobel Prize winning physicist, became the first Chinese American scientist to return to China after the US just lifted the ban on visiting to China in 1971.
答案与解析:respected/respectable 句意:杨振宁,一位受人尊敬的/值得尊敬的诺贝尔物理学奖得主,成为1971年美国刚刚解除访问中国禁令后第一位返回中国的华裔美国科学家。根据句意,提示词作定语修饰名词词组Nobel Prize winning physicist,应用形容词作定语。故填respected/respectable。
10.[2023·台州市第二次质量评估]With a history of more than 2,000 years, the Silk Route dates back to Han dynasty. Through this route, the Chinese highly ________ (qualify)silk made its fame to the western countries.
答案与解析:qualified 句意:通过这条路线,中国优质丝绸在西方国家享有盛名。此处应用形容词作定语,修饰名词silk, highly qualified意为“高质量的”,故填qualified。
快捷思维
1.动词转换为名词
(1)v.+ ion/ tion/ ation/ sion转换为名词,表示“状态或行为”
celebrate→celebration 庆祝
compete→competition 比赛
pollute→pollution 污染
educate→education 教育
possess→possession 拥有
(2)v.+ ment转换为名词,表示“行为或结果”
develop→development 发展
announce→announcement 宣布
argue→argument 争论;论据
encourage→encouragement 鼓励
(3)v.+ r/ er/ or转换为名词,表示“人”
perform→performer 表演者
settle→settler 移民者
educate→educator 教育家
direct→director 导演
visit→visitor 访问者
(4)v.+ ure转换为名词
fail→failure; mix→mixture;
press→pressure; depart→departure
(5)后缀 th结尾的名词
grow→growth; die→death
deep→depth; wide→width
warm→warmth; true→truth
(6)后缀 ance/ ence结尾的名词
exist→existence; guide→guidance
(7)后缀 al结尾的名词
arrive→arrival; approve→approval;
survive→survival
2.动词转换为形容词
(1)v.+ able转换为形容词
accept→acceptable可接受的
adapt→adaptable能适应的
adjust→adjustable可调节的
afford→affordable负担得起的
(2)v.+ ed/ ing转换为形容词
confuse→confused感到困惑的
excite→exciting令人激动的;令人兴奋的
(3)v.+ ive转换为形容词
impress→impressive给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive有教育意义的
(4)v.+ ful/ less转换为形容词
doubt→doubtful怀疑的
forget→forgetful健忘的
hope→hopeless 不抱希望的
技法2 提示词为名词的词形转换
典题试做
1.[2023·浙江高考1月卷]Thanks to Beijing's long history 63.as the capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic ________ (event).
答案与解析:events 名词单复数。此处表示几乎每一条胡同都有自己的故事,甚至有些还和历史事件有关。event“事件”,是可数名词,其前无冠词修饰,且根据句意可知,历史事件肯定不止一件,所以空处填events。
2.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]These objectives mainly involve studying the moon's evolution (进化), exploring star formation and ________ (activity), and observing the sun and Earth from the moon.
答案与解析:activities 句意:这些目标主要包括研究月球的演化,探索恒星的形成和活动,以及从月球上观察太阳和地球。分析句子可知,此处用名词与star formation并列作宾语,activity是可数名词,前无限定词,应用复数,表泛指,故填activities。
3.[2023·济宁市高考模拟]________ (human) are most happy and healthy when this energy is harmonious and balanced. Following treatment, you'll feel incredibly relaxed and calm.
答案与解析:Humans 句意:当这种能量和谐平衡时,人类是最快乐和健康的。治疗后,你会感到无比的放松和平静。空处在句中为主语,结合空后的are可知,此处用名词复数, 故填Humans。
4.[2023·河北省邯郸市三模]Zou Yongliao, head of the lunar and deep space exploration division of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, revealed the goals at a recent ________ (nation) space conference.
答案与解析:national 句意:中国科学院月球与深空探测部主任邹永辽在最近的一次全国航天会议上透露了这些目标。修饰名词用形容词作定语,故填national。
5.[2022·全国甲卷]Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ________ (meaning).
答案与解析:meaningful 根据所给提示词为名词,利用考向思维并结合语境意义可知,此处为“make+宾语+宾补(形容词)”的固定结构,空处应填形容词形式。
6.[2023·山东省实验中学第二次模拟] This ________ (influence) status has caused the IOC to make English one of the official languages.
答案与解析:influential 句意:这种影响力使得国际奥委会将英语作为官方语言之一。设空处修饰名词status,应用形容词作定语,故填influential。
7.[2023·全国甲卷]________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral.
答案与解析:Different 形容词。句意:与传统寓言不同,卡森的故事以指控而非寓意结尾。be different from“与……不同”是固定短语,此处作状语,去掉be动词,且空处位于句首,单词首字母要大写,故填Different。
8.[2023·湖北省高三调研]The parks are expected to cover 10 percent of the ________ (country) land area and preserve more than 80 percent of the key national protected wild plant and animal species.
答案与解析:country's 句意:这些公园预计将覆盖全国10%的土地面积,并保护80%以上的国家重点保护野生动植物物种。分析句子可知,此处应用名词所有格形式作定语。故填country's。
9.[2023·辽宁省沈阳市二模] To make this tea, the tea trees and fruit trees are planted together. The practice, passed down from ancestors, guarantees the ________ (tea) fruity and sweet taste.
答案与解析:tea's 句意:这种从祖先传下来的做法保证了茶的果味和甜味。tea与后文taste构成所属关系,故用名词所有格形式。故填tea's。
1.动词转换为名词
(1)v.+ ion/ tion/ ation/ sion转换为名词,表示“状态或行为”
celebrate→celebration 庆祝
compete→competition 比赛
pollute→pollution 污染
educate→education 教育
possess→possession 拥有
(2)v.+ ment转换为名词,表示“行为或结果”
develop→development 发展
announce→announcement 宣布
argue→argument 争论;论据
encourage→encouragement 鼓励
(3)v.+ r/ er/ or转换为名词,表示“人”
perform→performer 表演者
settle→settler 移民者
educate→educator 教育家
direct→director 导演
visit→visitor 访问者
(4)v.+ ure转换为名词
fail→failure; mix→mixture;
press→pressure; depart→departure
(5)后缀 th结尾的名词
grow→growth; die→death
deep→depth; wide→width
warm→warmth; true→truth
(6)后缀 ance/ ence结尾的名词
exist→existence; guide→guidance
(7)后缀 al结尾的名词
arrive→arrival; approve→approval;
survive→survival
2.动词转换为形容词
(1)v.+ able转换为形容词
accept→acceptable可接受的
adapt→adaptable能适应的
adjust→adjustable可调节的
afford→affordable负担得起的
(2)v.+ ed/ ing转换为形容词
confuse→confused感到困惑的
excite→exciting令人激动的;令人兴奋的
(3)v.+ ive转换为形容词
impress→impressive给人深刻印象的
instruct→instructive有教育意义的
(4)v.+ ful/ less转换为形容词
doubt→doubtful怀疑的
forget→forgetful健忘的
hope→hopeless 不抱希望的
1.名词变复数的规则
(1)大部分单数可数名词变为复数一般直接加s;如果是以ch, sh, s, x等结尾的单词,则一般加es:trees, bikes, books, buses, watches, boxes, bushes;
(2)辅音字母+y结尾的单词,变y为i再加es;但元音字母+y结尾的单词,则直接加s:babies, families; boys, plays;
(3)以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro, hero)、两菜(tomato, potato)加es外,其余一般加s:radios, photos;
(4)以f或fe结尾的单词,通常变f, fe为v再加es:wives, knives, wolves。
2.名词变复数的不规则变化
(1)man→men, woman→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, child→children, mouse→mice;
(2)单复数同形:Chinese, Japanese, people, sheep, deer, fish。
技法3 提示词为形容词、副词的词形转换
典题试做
1.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]No matter where I buy them, though,one steamer basket is ________ (rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left 65.wanting more next time.
答案与解析:rarely 副词。此处enough为形容词,其前应用副词修饰,故填rarely“几乎不”。
2.[2022·全国乙卷]As a main promoter of the International Tea Day, the birthplace of tea and the largest tea producing country, China has a ________ (responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
答案与解析:responsibility 考查词形转换。根据空前的不定冠词a可知,此处应用名词的单数形式,故填responsibility。
3.[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷]So, what are they learning ________ (basic), how to describe a panda's life.
答案与解析:Basically 副词。句意:那么,他们在学什么呢?总的说来,他们在学习如何描述大熊猫的生活。分析句子结构可知,空处作副词修饰整个句子。由于本空位于句首,首字母需要大写,所以空处需要填Basically。
4.[2023·山东省泰安市三模] The new e book says ChatGPT 4 will become ________ (extreme) useful to doctors.
答案与解析:extremely 句意:新的电子书表示,ChatGPT 4将对医生非常有用。分析句意可知,空格处作状语修饰形容词useful,故填extremely。
5.[2023·湖南省郴州市三模]Best of all, the new thermoregulatory material is inexpensive to produce, and very environmentally friendly as it is durable and ________ (easy) reusable.
答案与解析:easily 修饰形容词reusable应用所给词的副词形式。
6.[2023·衡水中学第五次综合素养测评]In ancient times, fireworks weren't always ________ (wide) affordable. So people in Nuanquan made use of scrap iron and developed Da Shuhua as a way to celebrate festivals.
答案与解析:widely 句意:在古代,烟花并不总是普遍负担得起的。此处需要用副词来修饰形容词affordable。故填widely。
7.[2023·石家庄市教学质量检测三]As a boy, I spent much time in London. One of the joys was spending weekends bicycling to Kew Gardens, famous for housing the world's ________ (large) greenhouses.
答案与解析:largest 根据范围词world's可知,空处应用形容词最高级修饰名词greenhouses。
8.The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the ________ (hot) the spring!
答案与解析:hotter 此处是固定结构“the+比较级,the+比较级”,意为“越……,越……”,故填hotter。
9.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought a far ________ (much) powerful tool to assist with medical diagnoses—ChatGPT 4.
答案与解析:more 句意:人工智能(AI)带来了一种更强大的工具来帮助医疗诊断——ChatGPT 4。分析句意可知,far修饰形容词比较级, 故填more。
快捷思维
1.形容词、副词的词形转换
(1)分析句子结构发现提示词是形容词且需要改变词性时,应考虑用派生的副词或名词;
(2)若空处作定语、表语则应考虑用形容词形式;
(3)若空处修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,则应考虑用副词形式;
(4)若空处在介词后,应考虑用名词作宾语。
2.形容词变副词的规则
(1)以 e结尾的形容词一般不去e,直接加 ly:immediate→immediately, brave→bravely。
(2)一些以 e结尾的形容词去e加 (l)y:true→truly, simple→simply, gentle→gently, possible→possibly。
(3)“辅音字母+ y”结尾,变y为i,再加 ly:happy→happily, easy→easily。
(4)以 ic结尾的形容词加 ally:economic→economically, basic→basically。
3.形容词、副词转换为比较级、最高级
(1)利用标志词确定比较等级
①题目中有much, far, still, even, rather, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, than等标志性词汇时用比较级;
②空后有表示范围的标志词in, of, among等时用最高级;
③空前有one of the等修饰词时,用最高级。
(2)利用固定句型
“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”表示“越……,就越……”。
(3)利用隐含信息判断
句中虽没有标志词,但暗含比较,也需要用比较级或最高级。
技法4 提示词为代词的词形转换
典题试做
1.[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷]Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of ________ (they) contents.
答案与解析:their 句意:除了南翔,最好的小笼包有一个精致的外皮,可以把它们从蒸屉中拿出来,而不会撕裂或溢出里面的东西。设空处修饰名词contents,需用形容词性物主代词,故填their。
2.Jiuzhaigou got ________ (it) name because there are nine Tibetan villages in the valley.
答案与解析:its 考查形容词性物主代词。句意:九寨沟因山谷中有九个藏族村庄而得名。放在名词前面,所以用形容词性物主代词作定语,故填its。
3.But at least 70% of stars in the universe are red dwarfs, the tiniest and coolest ________ (one) out there.
答案与解析:ones 考查代词。句意:但宇宙中至少70%的恒星是红矮星,它们是宇宙中最小、温度最低的恒星。空处指代“70%的恒星中最小的和温度最低的那些”,需用复数形式ones表示泛指。
快捷思维
提示词为代词,当句子缺少主语、宾语、定语或表语时,一般填代词;确定填代词之后,再看空处所填代词是否与上文提到的人或物有指代关系。具体方法如下:
(1)分析句子结构发现提示词作主语,应考虑人称代词的主格形式;
(2)分析句子结构发现提示词作宾语,应考虑人称代词的宾格形式;
(3)分析句子结构发现提示词作定语,应考虑形容词性物主代词;
(4)分析句子结构发现提示词作动词或介词的宾语,且和主语是同一人时,应考虑反身代词。
技法5 提示词为数词的词形转换
典题试做
1.[2023·全国甲卷]Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well known Aesop's fables date to the ________ (six) century B.C.
答案与解析:sixth 序数词。语境:著名的伊索寓言可以追溯到公元前6世纪。空前有定冠词the,空后是名词century,所以空处填序数词sixth。
2.[2023·邯郸市第二次模拟] The 12th lunar month in Chinese is called la yue, so the ________ (eight) day of this lunar month is la yue chu ba, or laba.
答案与解析:eighth 句意:农历的第十二个月在中国被称为腊月,所以这个农历月的第八天是腊月初八,或腊八。根据下文“la yue chu ba, or laba.”可推测,这是腊月的第八天,因此用序数词。故填eighth。
3.[2023·河北省高三4月联考]Jingzhe is the ________ (three) solar term of the 24 terms defined by the traditional Chinese calendar.
答案与解析:third 句意:惊蛰是中国传统历法二十四节气中的第三个节气。根据“of the 24 terms”可知,此处是指惊蛰是第三个节气,所以应用序数词third表示“第三个”。故填third。
4.[2023·湖南省百所学校联考]The junk floats around ________ (hundred) of kilometers above the earth. Experts say the main worry is that such debris will hit a space station, satellite or other equipment.
答案与解析:hundreds 考查数词。hundreds of为固定短语,意为“数以百计的”。
5.It is known to all that there were two world wars in the ________ (twenty) century, which greatly changed the world situation.
答案与解析:twentieth 考查数词。这里表示“20世纪”,也就是“第20个世纪”,应用序数词。
6.[2023·杭州市二模]There I met a gentleman by the name of Kurien in his late ________ (eighty).
答案与解析:eighties 考查数词。in one's late eighties 表示“在某人快九十岁时”。
7.Back in the ________ (ninety), he would remain at the zoo for almost three months to stay with the pandas during the breeding season.
答案与解析:nineties 考查数词。in the nineties 意为“在九十年代”。
快捷思维
1.基数词变序数词
(1)一般由基数词加 th构成:
six→sixth seven→seventh
ten→tenth hundred→hundredth
(2)以y结尾的基数词,先把y变为ie,再加 th:
twenty→twentieth
thirty→thirtieth
(3)不规则变化:
one→first two→second
three→third five→fifth
eight→eighth nine→ninth
twelve→twelfth
2.年龄、年代表达法
(1)表达“在某人几十多岁”时,用“in one's+整十基数词的复数”,如:in one's fifties 在某人五十多岁时;
(2)表达“在几十年代时”,用“in the+整十基数词的复数”,如:in the thirties 在三十年代。
练重点·练难点
[2023·辽宁省沈阳市二模]In China, there are 44 national level intangible cultural heritage items related 1.________ tea, including the art of making Biluochun, 2.________ type of green tea. With a history of about 1,000 years, Biluochun, 3.________ translates as “green spiral spring (碧螺春)”, is made from tender tea shoots. It is known for its spiral like 4.________ (appear).
To make this tea, the tea trees and fruit trees 5.________ (plant) together. The practice, passed down from ancestors, guarantees the 6.________ (tea) fruity and sweet taste.
to
a
which
appearance
are planted
tea's
Traditionally,Biluochun is produced 7.________ (entire) by hand. About 1 kilogram of leaves 8.________ (pick) from a big tea tree produce only 0.1 kilogram of tea after processing.
Biluochun must be processed soon after. Tender tea shoots are placed in a heated iron pan and stirred (搅拌) quickly. A person needs to be particularly attentive 9.________ (adjust) the level of heat to judge the condition of the tea by smell. Next 10.________ (come) the shaping process. By stirring, shaking and rubbing the tea leaves in the pan at 100℃, they begin to dry and develop a spiral form. The entire process usually takes about 40 minutes. Every minute matters, or the tea will not taste good.
entirely
picked
to adjust
comes
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了碧螺春茶的相关知识和制作过程。
1.答案与解析:to 句意:在中国,与茶有关的国家级非物质文化遗产项目有44项,其中包括碧螺春,一种绿茶的制作工艺。短语be related to表示“与……有关”。
2.答案与解析:a 句意:在中国,与茶有关的国家级非物质文化遗产项目有44项,其中包括碧螺春,一种绿茶的制作工艺。 a type of “一种”。故填a。
3.答案与解析:which 句意:碧螺春,译作“绿色螺旋春天”,由嫩芽制成,已有1000年的历史。此处为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Biluochun,从句缺少主语,指物,故填which。
4.答案与解析:appearance 句意:它以螺旋状的外观而闻名。作介词的宾语,应用名词, 故填appearance。
5.答案与解析:are planted 句意:为了制作这种茶,茶树和果树一起种植。主语the tea trees and fruit trees与谓语plant构成被动关系,且陈述客观事实用一般现在时的被动语态,谓语用复数。故填are planted。
6.答案与解析:tea's 句意:这种从祖先传下来的做法保证了茶的果味和甜味。tea与后文taste构成所属关系,故用名词所有格形式。故填tea's。
7.答案与解析:entirely 句意:传统上,碧螺春完全是手工制作的。修饰后文介词短语应用副词entirely,故填entirely。
8.答案与解析:picked 句意:从一棵大茶树上采摘的大约1公斤的叶子经过加工后只能产生0.1公斤的茶叶。分析句子结构可知pick与逻辑主语1 kilogram of leaves构成被动关系,用过去分词作定语。故填picked。
9.答案与解析:to adjust 句意:一个人需要特别注意调节温度,通过气味来判断茶的状况。短语be attentive to do sth.表示“注意做某事”。故填to adjust。
10.答案与解析:comes 句意:接下来是成型过程。陈述客观事实用一般现在时,主语为the shaping process,谓语用三单形式。故填comes。第二节 非谓语动词
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分,是语法填空的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词,在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考点主要为:动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构、分析句子成分的能力。
如何判断非谓语动词
典例印证 解题攻略
[2023·全国乙卷] 66.________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I 67.am__amazed by the co existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产)while constantly growing. [分析] 第一步:提示词是动词,句中已有谓语动词am amazed,所以此处应考虑填非谓语动词。 第二步:结合句意及句中的状语“several times over the last 10 years”可知,visit所表示的动作已经发生多次,且发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 [答案] __Having__visited__ 第一步:确定是否作非谓语 分析句子结构,所给提示词是动词时,若句中已有谓语动词,又不是作并列谓语动词或从句谓语动词时,则要考虑填非谓语动词。 第二步:确定用何种非谓语形式 根据所作句子成分,考虑非谓语动词的形式: ①提示词与逻辑主语表主动关系时常用动词 ing形式; ②提示词与逻辑主语是被动关系时常用动词 ed形式; ③提示词在句中作目的状语和意料之外的结果时常用动词不定式。
技法1 非谓语动词作主语和表语——成分分析法
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·山东省潍坊市三月份模拟]In addition to providing visitors with a rare insight into the world of art conservation, ________ (conduct) the treatments in original place allows the sculptures to be treated in the same natural light in which they are being exhibited currently. 2.[2023·连云港市考前模拟一]It is, therefore, urgent ________ (update) our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields. 3.[2023·厦门市第二次质量检测]So eager was she to be a crew member that she overcame many difficulties and ultimately became ________ (qualify). 4.[2023·山东省烟台市、德州市一模]In fact, much remains ________ (learn) about traditional Chinese painting and its elements. Through appreciating Chinese painting, you will have a better understanding of traditional Chinese culture and Chinese people. 1.作主语 (1)句中缺少主语,找到句子的谓语部分,确定应用动词 ing形式还是动词不定式作主语。 (2)掌握用动词 ing形式/动词不定式作主语的句型: It is/was+adj.(for/of sb.)+to do sth. It is no use/good doing sth. It takes sb. some time to do sth. It's worthwhile to do/doing sth. 2.作表语 非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词 ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式。 (1)动词 ing形式作表语,修饰物,意为“令人感到……的”; (2)过去分词作表语,修饰人,意为“本身感到……的”; (3)动词不定式作表语,表示将来或目的。
技法2 非谓语动词作定语——关系分析法
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2022·全国甲卷]A visually challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step ________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 2.[2023·河南省高考适应性练习]As darkness falls, the best place ________ (witness) the city is on the wall, where one can't help but imagine the distant past. 3.[2023·济宁市三模]The creativity of this mini concert is a great success: to some extent, it offers a Chinese way ________ (preserve) the world wide cultural relics. 4.[2023·全国甲卷]Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message ________ (intend) for everyone. 5.[2023·浙江高考1月卷]In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City,________ (surround) in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City. 6.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]Shanghai may be the ________ (recognize) home of the soup dumpling,but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiaolongbao's birthplace. 7.[2023·宁波“十校”3月联考]An old wooden stove, ________ (bear) rich vivid images, took center stage at a village Spring Festival gala in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, in early February. 1.动词不定式作定语 (1)表示还没有发生用to do; (2)看见first, second, last等序数词以及形容词最高级(+名词),用动词不定式作定语; (3)抽象名词ability, attempt, chance, desire, opportunity, potential, attempt, way, wish等后常用动词不定式作后置定语。 2.分词作定语 (1)动词 ing形式作定语: ①动词 ing形式作定语表示主动、正在进行; ②若表示被动且正在发生的动作,用being done结构; ③表示心理状态的动词 ing形式的形容词,意为“令人……的”。 (2)过去分词作定语: ①过去分词作定语表示被动、完成; ②过去分词形式的形容词,意为“(人)感到……的”,也可修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。
技法3 非谓语动词作状语和补语——理清逻辑关系
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·全国甲卷]For thousands of years,people have told fables (寓言) ________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well known Aesop's fables date to the 62.sixth (six) century B.C. 2.[2023·辽宁省重点高中二模]Every day, he walks back and forth the entire 5.7 kilometer stretch, from Jinshanling in the north to Gubeikou in the west ________ (ensure) no one wanders off the special path and into the undeveloped sections of Simatai. 3.[2023·连云港模拟]To feed the seven billion people on Earth, most farmers today are growing only species of plants that are easy ________ (produce) in large numbers. 2个技巧确定非谓语动词作状语 1.逻辑关系分析法 (1)主语与提示词是逻辑上的主谓关系:表目的 to do; 表出乎意料的结果only to do; 表时间/条件/原因/让步/伴随/自然而然的结果doing。 (2)主语与提示词是逻辑上的动宾关系:表动作还未发生to be done; 表动作已经发生 done。 2.固定句型用法 (1)主语+be+形容词(easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, safe等)+to do, 句子主语与不定式是逻辑上的被动关系。
4.[2023·山东省济宁市三模] A cross border cooperation mini concert held by six national treasures has gone viral overnight, ________ (touch) the hearts of audiences around the world. 5.[2023·河北省模拟] ________ (locate) in downtown, the 1 kilometer long Jiazhi ancient street is lined up with more than 30 old buildings. 6.[2023·山东省聊城市三模] A wind and rain bridge is a roof covered bridge equipped with benches and pavilions (亭子) 36.shaped like palaces. It can shelter people from the wind and rain and allow them ________ (meet) and rest. 7.As humans, we tend to be easily influenced when it comes to liking or disliking something, and we're happy to have our existing opinions ________ (confirm). 8.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________ (take). 9.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]No matter where I buy them, though,one steamer basket is 64.rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left ________ (want) more next time. 10.[2023·山东青岛市一模]Despite being two goals behind South Korea in the first half, the Chinese women's national football team got three in the second half with two goals ________ (score) in just five minutes. 11.[2023·湖南省第二次检测]The largest nang, referred to as “emanke”, is as big as the traditional food in Xinjiang, with more people ________ (bake) the bread in environmentally friendly ovens now. (2)too+adj./adv.+ to do; adj./adv.+enough +to do; so +adj./adv.+as to do; such +名词+as to do...,不定式作结果状语。 (3)主语+表情绪的形容词(excited, happy, anxious, satisfied, delighted, angry等)+to do, 不定式作原因状语。
2个技巧确定非谓语动词作补语 1.逻辑关系分析法 (1)主语或宾语与提示词是逻辑上的主谓关系:doing/(to) do。 (2)主语或宾语与提示词是逻辑上的动宾关系:被动/完成 done; 被动将来to be done; 被动进行being done。 2.固定搭配和句型法 (1)to do作宾补:allow, ask, beg, command, encourage, expect, forbid, invite, persuade, tell等+sb. to do sth.。 (2)用省略to的不定式作宾补的动词:“五”看;“三”使;“两”听;“一”感觉。“look at/see/watch/notice/observe, make/let/have, hear/listen to, feel”+sb.+do sth.。 注意:在被动语态中作主语补足语要还原to,如be made to do。 (3)have sb./sth. doing “让某人/某物一直做”; have sb./sth. done “使……被……” (4)with 符合结构 ①with+宾语+to do表示动作还未发生 ②with+宾语+doing表示主动、动作正在进行 ③with+宾语+done表示被动、动作已完成
技法4 非谓语动词作宾语——句型公式法
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·全国乙卷] As a photographer, I have spent the last two years ________ (record) everything I discovered. 2.[2023·山东模拟]For teenagers, some have learned how to use a sewing machine and made a couple of projects; some are working on a social studies project which involves ________ (construct) a family tree including researching relatives alive in the 1 800s. 3.[2023·南通市考前练习卷]Although sometimes he still has trouble ________ (distinguish) between Putonghua and the dialect, he can use the Henan dialect to communicate with others. 4.[2023·沧州市二模]This could prevent the fries from ________ (get) wet and rotting away during the 5-8 weeks' journey across the Atlantic Ocean. 5.[2023·辽宁县级重点高中协作体一模]Even though people initially laughed at him, he finally managed ________ (give) his hometown a path available to the nearby town. 6.[2022·浙江高考1月卷]That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans ________ (continue) the practice. 7.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim ________ (have) a low impact on the natural environment. 8.[2023·四川石室中学三模] The country has committed itself to ________ (finish) constructing its space by the end of this year and it is planning more than forty launches for 2023. 1.只跟动词 ing形式作宾语的动词和短语 喜欢考虑不避免 (enjoy, consider, escape, avoid) 不禁放弃太冒险 (cannot help, give up, risk) 感激承认很值得 (appreciate, admit, be worth) 介意想象莫推延 (mind, imagine, delay, put off) 允许完成是期望 (allow, permit, finish, look forward to) 建议继续勤操练 (suggest, go on,practise) 致力原谅要坚持 (be devoted to, excuse, insist on) 继续成功不错过 (keep on, succeed in, miss) 2.只跟动词不定式作宾语的动词和短语 三个希望两答应 (hope, wish, expect, agree, promise) 两个要求莫拒绝 (demand, ask, refuse) 设法学会做决定 (manage, learn, decide/determine) 不要假装在选择(pretend, choose/select) 打算提出一计划(intend, offer, plan) 申请失败负担起(apply, fail, afford) 准备愿望又碰巧(prepare, desire, happen) 3.作介词的宾语用动词 ing形式 (1)介词后跟动词 ing形式作宾语; (2)but/except后接动词不定式作宾语,若前面有实义动词do时,动词不定式就要省略to。
随堂落实·创新应用体验
[2023·武汉市四月质量检测]As the morning sun went above the hills, Liu Dachun's wife was guiding her cow through the wetland, while Liu's daughter, a college art student, spotted the pair and 1.________ (pencil) a quick drawing.
Shiyanping, a traditional Tujia village, has 182 well preserved buildings 2.________ (construct) in the typical wooden building style, 3.________ (most)built in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In 2013, the ancient architecture complex 4.________ (recognize) as one of the nation's major historical and cultural sites.
In recent years, the village's unique building complex, as well as other Tujia cultural activities, have attracted a stream of tourists. The village received more than 100,000 visits and achieved 5.________ income of about 5 million yuan from tourism in 2022.
Liu Dachun, a skilled farmer, is hard at work preparing for spring plowing (犁地). He has tried out the rice fish farming system, 6.________ not only benefits the environment but also local residents. According to Wu, fish raised in rice fields are more popular among consumers as they are environmentally friendly—the fish waste can add natural fertility (肥料) to the soil 7.________ hence promote rice output. Quan Xiping,another 59 year old villager, was among the first in the village 8.________ (establish) a family run hotel. Meanwhile, his son started an online specialty store, capitalizing on the rapid 9.________ (grow) of rural tourism in the area. His e commerce business is working more efficiently due to the village's 10.________ (rise) appeal.
1.____________ 2.__________ 3.__________
4.____________ 5.__________ 6.__________
7.____________ 8.__________ 9.__________
10.__________
第二节 非谓语动词
命题专家授策略
技法1
1.答案与解析:conducting 考查动名词。句意:除了为游客提供一个罕见的艺术保护世界的见解,在原处进行处理允许雕塑在它们被展出的相同的自然光下被处理。空格处用动名词conducting作主语,故填conducting。
2.答案与解析:to update 考查非谓语动词。句意:因此,迫切需要通过介绍相关领域的最新发展来更新我们的课程。分析句子结构,It是形式主语,空处应用不定式形式,作真正的主语。
3.答案与解析:qualified 考查非谓语作表语。句意:她是如此渴望成为一名船员,她克服了许多困难,最终成为合格的船员。系动词became后接过去分词作表语,修饰人,意为“本身合格的……”。
4.答案与解析:to be learned/to be learnt 考查非谓语动词。句意:事实上,关于中国传统绘画及其元素,还有很多值得学习的地方。分析句子可知,remain是系动词,接不定式作表语,根据句意,主语much与谓语动词learn是被动关系,故用不定式的被动式。
技法2
1.答案与解析:to journey 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,本句的谓语动词是hiked,空处应是非谓语动词。名词step前面有序数词first修饰,因此空处应用动词不定式作后置定语。
2.答案与解析:to witness 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知此处用作定语,因其所修饰的名词前有最高级修饰,所以应用不定式作定语。
3.答案与解析:to preserve 考查非谓语动词。句意:这场迷你音乐会的创意非常成功:在某种程度上,它提供了一种保护世界文化遗产的中国方式。此处是非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰名词way, a/the way to do sth.固定搭配,意为“做某事的方法”,故填to preserve。
4.答案与解析:intended 考查非谓语动词。句意:然而,在简单的风格背后,却是一个为每个人提供的严肃信息。分析句子结构可知,is是句子谓语动词,空处为非谓语作后置定语。be intended for是固定用法,所以空处填过去分词intended。
5.答案与解析:surrounded 考查非谓语动词作定语。句中已有谓语动词was,故空处应为非谓语动词;结合句意“在明朝,中心就是紫禁城,它被内城和外城包围,形成同心圆的样貌”可知,surround与the Forbidden City构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以空处填surrounded。
6.答案与解析:recognized 考查非谓语动词作定语。此处表示“得到认可的小笼包的发源地”。空处在句中作定语,修饰名词home,且与home之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故填过去分词recognized。
7.答案与解析:bearing 句意:今年2月初,嘉兴一个村庄的春节联欢晚会上,一个带有丰富生动图像的旧木炉子占据了舞台中央。分析句子可知,本句的谓语动词为took,所以空处为非谓语。句子主语“stove”与动词“bear”为主谓关系,故填bearing。
技法3
1.答案与解析:to teach 考查非谓语动词。句意:几千年来,人们讲述寓言,目的是教训人或传递智慧。此处不定式作目的状语,所以空处填to teach。注意:后面的“or to pass”也是提示。
2.答案与解析:to ensure 句意:每天,他都要在这条全长5.7公里的道路上来回行走,从北部的金山岭到西部的古北口,以确保没有人偏离这条特殊的道路,进入司马台的未开发地区。分析句子结构可知,此处应用非谓语动词形式;再结合句意可知,此处表目的,应填不定式。
3.答案与解析:to produce 考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知,空处表示今天大多数农民只种植易于大量生产的植物品种。be easy to do sth.意为“做某事是容易的”,为固定搭配。
4.答案与解析:touching 考查非谓语动词。句意:由六大国宝举办的跨境合作小型音乐会一夜之间走红,触动了全世界观众的心。句中有谓语动词has gone viral,且前后无连词,此处应用非谓语动词作状语,主语A cross border cooperation mini concert和动词touch是逻辑主动关系,应用现在分词形式。
5.答案与解析:Located 句意:位于市中心的嘉芝古街长1公里,排列着30多座老建筑。分析句子结构可知,is lined up with为谓语动词,空处需填非谓语动词作状语,the 1 kilometer long Jiazhi ancient street和locate为逻辑动宾关系。
6.答案与解析:to meet 句意:它可以为人们遮风挡雨,让人们会面和休息。allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”,故填to meet。
7.答案与解析:confirmed 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知,设空处作宾语补足语。此处为have sth. done结构, opinions 与confirm 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系, 故填confirmed。
8.答案与解析:taken 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知,设空处作宾语补足语。宾语my photograph与take之间为被动关系,have sth. done “让某事被做”为固定用法,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
9.答案与解析:wanting 非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处考查“leave sb. doing sth.”结构,表示“使我想着下次多吃点”。
10.答案与解析:scored 考查非谓语动词。句意:虽然在上半场落后韩国队2球,但中国女足在下半场5分钟内连进2球,共进3球。此处为with的复合结构,名词two goals与动词score是被动关系,所以用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。
11.答案与解析:baking 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知, with more people ________ (bake) the bread in environmentally friendly ovens now是with复合结构,空处是非谓语动词,在句中作宾语补足语,与其逻辑主语people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,应用动词 ing形式表示主动。
技法4
1.答案与解析:recording 考查非谓语动词。此处考查“spend some time doing something”结构,故填recording。
2.答案与解析:constructing 考查非谓语动词。句意:对于青少年来说,有些人已经学会了如何使用缝纫机,并做了几个项目;有些人正在从事社会研究项目,其中包括构建一个家谱,包括研究活在19世纪的亲属。
3.答案与解析:distinguishing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知,设空处作宾语。have trouble (in) doing sth.意为“做某事很困难”,为固定搭配。因此应用动词 ing形式作宾语。
4.答案与解析:getting 考查非谓语动词。此处为prevent...from doing sth.结构,from为介词,后跟动词 ing形式作宾语。
5.答案与解析:to give 考查不定式和固定短语。句意:尽管一开始人们都嘲笑他,但他最终还是为自己的家乡开辟了一条通往附近城镇的道路。manage to do是固定短语,意为“设法完成了某事”,因此空格处是不定式to give,故填to give。
6.答案与解析:to continue 考查非谓语动词。plan to do sth.意为“计划做某事”,为固定搭配。
7.答案与解析:to have 句意: 那里的活动包括从观鲸到徒步旅行, 住宿力求对自然环境有较小的影响。 aim to do sth. “力求做到”。
8.答案与解析:finishing commit oneself to doing sth.为固定结构, 表示“承诺做某事”, 其中to为介绍, 故空白处填动名词作宾语。
随堂落实 创新应用体验
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了土家村石燕坪的旅游业和村民刘大春一家的生活。
1.答案与解析:pencil(l)ed 句意:当清晨的太阳从山上升起时,刘大春的妻子正牵着她的牛穿过湿地,而刘大春的女儿,一名艺术大学生,发现了这对夫妇,并用铅笔快速地画了一幅画。分析句子可知,pencil与spotted作并列谓语,描述过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,故填pencil(l)ed。
2.答案与解析:constructed 句意:石燕坪是一个传统的土家族村庄,拥有182座保存完好的典型木结构建筑,大多建于明清时期。分析句子可知,construct作定语,修饰building,二者之间是被动关系,用过去分词作定语,故填constructed。
3.答案与解析:mostly 修饰动词built用副词作状语,故填mostly。
4.答案与解析:were recognized 句意:2013年,古建筑群被认定为国家主要历史文化遗址之一。分析句子可知,recognize是谓语,由In 2013可知,用一般过去时,主语complex是集合名词,根据句意,此处complex可以看作是“一组建筑群”谓语动词用复数,故填were recognized。
5.答案与解析:an 句意:2022年,该村接待游客超过10万人次,旅游业收入约为500万元。an income of“……的收入”是固定用法,故填an。
6.答案与解析:which 句意:他已经尝试了稻鱼养殖系统,这不仅有利于环境,也有利于当地居民。分析句子可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰the rice fish farming system,指物,从句中作主语,故填which。
7.答案与解析:and 句意:据吴教授介绍,稻田里养的鱼更受消费者欢迎,因为它们对环境友好——鱼的排泄物可以增加土壤的自然肥力,从而提高水稻产量。根据句意,前后文是顺承关系,故填and。
8.答案与解析:to establish 句意:另一位59岁的村民全喜平(音)是村里最早建立家庭经营酒店的人之一。名词前有the first修饰,后跟不定式作后置定语,故填to establish。
9.答案与解析:growth 句意:与此同时,他的儿子利用该地区乡村旅游的快速增长,开了一家网上专卖店。形容词修饰名词,故填growth。
10.答案与解析:rising 句意:由于这个村庄的吸引力越来越大,他的电子商务业务运作得更有效率了。修饰名词作定语,故填rising。(共51张PPT)
第二节 非谓语动词
清迷点·扫盲点
练重点·练难点
清迷点·扫盲点
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分,是语法填空的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词,在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考点主要为:动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构、分析句子成分的能力。
如何判断非谓语动词
典例印证
[2023·全国乙卷] 66.________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I 67.am__amazed by the co existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产)while constantly growing.
[分析] 第一步:提示词是动词,句中已有谓语动词am amazed,所以此处应考虑填非谓语动词。
第二步:结合句意及句中的状语“several times over the last 10 years”可知,visit所表示的动作已经发生多次,且发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
[答案] __Having__visited__
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否作非谓语
分析句子结构,所给提示词是动词时,若句中已有谓语动词,又不是作并列谓语动词或从句谓语动词时,则要考虑填非谓语动词。
第二步:确定用何种非谓语形式
根据所作句子成分,考虑非谓语动词的形式:
①提示词与逻辑主语表主动关系时常用动词 ing形式;
②提示词与逻辑主语是被动关系时常用动词 ed形式;
③提示词在句中作目的状语和意料之外的结果时常用动词不定式。
技法1 非谓语动词作主语和表语——成分分析法
典题试做
1.[2023·山东省潍坊市三月份模拟]In addition to providing visitors with a rare insight into the world of art conservation, ________ (conduct) the treatments in original place allows the sculptures to be treated in the same natural light in which they are being exhibited currently.
答案与解析:conducting 考查动名词。句意:除了为游客提供一个罕见的艺术保护世界的见解,在原处进行处理允许雕塑在它们被展出的相同的自然光下被处理。空格处用动名词conducting作主语,故填conducting。
2.[2023·连云港市考前模拟一]It is, therefore, urgent ________ (update) our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields.
答案与解析:to update 考查非谓语动词。句意:因此,迫切需要通过介绍相关领域的最新发展来更新我们的课程。分析句子结构,It是形式主语,空处应用不定式形式,作真正的主语。
3.[2023·厦门市第二次质量检测]So eager was she to be a crew member that she overcame many difficulties and ultimately became ________ (qualify).
答案与解析:qualified 考查非谓语作表语。句意:她是如此渴望成为一名船员,她克服了许多困难,最终成为合格的船员。系动词became后接过去分词作表语,修饰人,意为“本身合格的……”。
4.[2023·山东省烟台市、德州市一模]In fact, much remains ________ (learn) about traditional Chinese painting and its elements. Through appreciating Chinese painting, you will have a better understanding of traditional Chinese culture and Chinese people.
答案与解析:to be learned/to be learnt 考查非谓语动词。句意:事实上,关于中国传统绘画及其元素,还有很多值得学习的地方。分析句子可知,remain是系动词,接不定式作表语,根据句意,主语much与谓语动词learn是被动关系,故用不定式的被动式。
快捷思维
1.作主语
(1)句中缺少主语,找到句子的谓语部分,确定应用动词 ing形式还是动词不定式作主语。
(2)掌握用动词 ing形式/动词不定式作主语的句型:
It is/was+adj.(for/of sb.)+to do sth.
It is no use/good doing sth.
It takes sb. some time to do sth.
It's worthwhile to do/doing sth.
2.作表语
非谓语动词中能作表语的有动词 ing形式、过去分词和动词不定式。
(1)动词 ing形式作表语,修饰物,意为“令人感到……的”;
(2)过去分词作表语,修饰人,意为“本身感到……的”;
(3)动词不定式作表语,表示将来或目的。
技法2 非谓语动词作定语——关系分析法
典题试做
1.[2022·全国甲卷]A visually challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step ________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.
答案与解析:to journey 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,本句的谓语动词是hiked,空处应是非谓语动词。名词step前面有序数词first修饰,因此空处应用动词不定式作后置定语。
2.[2023·河南省高考适应性练习]As darkness falls, the best place ________ (witness) the city is on the wall, where one can't help but imagine the distant past.
答案与解析:to witness 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知此处用作定语,因其所修饰的名词前有最高级修饰,所以应用不定式作定语。
3.[2023·济宁市三模]The creativity of this mini concert is a great success: to some extent, it offers a Chinese way ________ (preserve) the world wide cultural relics.
答案与解析:to preserve 考查非谓语动词。句意:这场迷你音乐会的创意非常成功:在某种程度上,它提供了一种保护世界文化遗产的中国方式。此处是非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰名词way, a/the way to do sth.固定搭配,意为“做某事的方法”,故填to preserve。
4.[2023·全国甲卷]Behind the simple style, however, is a serious message ________ (intend) for everyone.
答案与解析:intended 考查非谓语动词。句意:然而,在简单的风格背后,却是一个为每个人提供的严肃信息。分析句子结构可知,is是句子谓语动词,空处为非谓语作后置定语。be intended for是固定用法,所以空处填过去分词intended。
5.[2023·浙江高考1月卷]In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City,________ (surround) in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City.
答案与解析:surrounded 考查非谓语动词作定语。句中已有谓语动词was,故空处应为非谓语动词;结合句意“在明朝,中心就是紫禁城,它被内城和外城包围,形成同心圆的样貌”可知,surround与the Forbidden City构成逻辑上的动宾关系,所以空处填surrounded。
6.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]Shanghai may be the ________ (recognize) home of the soup dumpling,but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao's birthplace.
答案与解析:recognized 考查非谓语动词作定语。此处表示“得到认可的小笼包的发源地”。空处在句中作定语,修饰名词home,且与home之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故填过去分词recognized。
7.[2023·宁波“十校”3月联考]An old wooden stove, ________ (bear) rich vivid images, took center stage at a village Spring Festival gala in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, in early February.
答案与解析:bearing 句意:今年2月初,嘉兴一个村庄的春节联欢晚会上,一个带有丰富生动图像的旧木炉子占据了舞台中央。分析句子可知,本句的谓语动词为took,所以空处为非谓语。句子主语“stove”与动词“bear”为主谓关系,故填bearing。
快捷思维
1.动词不定式作定语
(1)表示还没有发生用to do;
(2)看见first, second, last等序数词以及形容词最高级(+名词),用动词不定式作定语;
(3)抽象名词ability, attempt, chance, desire, opportunity, potential, attempt, way, wish等后常用动词不定式作后置定语。
2.分词作定语
(1)动词 ing形式作定语:
①动词 ing形式作定语表示主动、正在进行;
②若表示被动且正在发生的动作,用being done结构;
③表示心理状态的动词 ing形式的形容词,意为“令人……的”。
(2)过去分词作定语:
①过去分词作定语表示被动、完成;
②过去分词形式的形容词,意为“(人)感到……的”,也可修饰体现内心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。
技法3 非谓语动词作状语和补语——理清逻辑关系
典题试做
1.[2023·全国甲卷]For thousands of years,people have told fables (寓言) ________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom. Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well known Aesop's fables date to the 62.sixth (six) century B.C.
答案与解析:to teach 考查非谓语动词。句意:几千年来,人们讲述寓言,目的是教训人或传递智慧。此处不定式作目的状语,所以空处填to teach。注意:后面的“or to pass”也是提示。
2.[2023·辽宁省重点高中二模]Every day, he walks back and forth the entire 5.7 kilometer stretch, from Jinshanling in the north to Gubeikou in the west ________ (ensure) no one wanders off the special path and into the undeveloped sections of Simatai.
答案与解析:to ensure 句意:每天,他都要在这条全长5.7公里的道路上来回行走,从北部的金山岭到西部的古北口,以确保没有人偏离这条特殊的道路,进入司马台的未开发地区。分析句子结构可知,此处应用非谓语动词形式;再结合句意可知,此处表目的,应填不定式。
3.[2023·连云港模拟]To feed the seven billion people on Earth, most farmers today are growing only species of plants that are easy ________ (produce) in large numbers.
答案与解析:to produce 考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知,空处表示今天大多数农民只种植易于大量生产的植物品种。be easy to do sth.意为“做某事是容易的”,为固定搭配。
4.[2023·山东省济宁市三模] A cross border cooperation mini concert held by six national treasures has gone viral overnight, ________ (touch) the hearts of audiences around the world.
答案与解析:touching 考查非谓语动词。句意:由六大国宝举办的跨境合作小型音乐会一夜之间走红,触动了全世界观众的心。句中有谓语动词has gone viral,且前后无连词,此处应用非谓语动词作状语,主语A cross border cooperation mini concert和动词touch是逻辑主动关系,应用现在分词形式。
5.[2023·河北省模拟] ________ (locate) in downtown, the 1 kilometer long Jiazhi ancient street is lined up with more than 30 old buildings.
答案与解析:Located 句意:位于市中心的嘉芝古街长1公里,排列着30多座老建筑。分析句子结构可知,is lined up with为谓语动词,空处需填非谓语动词作状语,the 1 kilometer long Jiazhi ancient street和locate为逻辑动宾关系。
6.[2023·山东省聊城市三模] A wind and rain bridge is a roof covered bridge equipped with benches and pavilions (亭子) 36.shaped like palaces. It can shelter people from the wind and rain and allow them ________ (meet) and rest.
答案与解析:to meet 句意:它可以为人们遮风挡雨,让人们会面和休息。allow sb. to do sth.“允许某人做某事”,故填to meet。
7.As humans, we tend to be easily influenced when it comes to liking or disliking something, and we're happy to have our existing opinions ________ (confirm).
答案与解析:confirmed 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知,设空处作宾语补足语。此处为have sth. done结构, opinions 与confirm 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系, 故填confirmed。
8.I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph ________ (take).
答案与解析:taken 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知,设空处作宾语补足语。宾语my photograph与take之间为被动关系,have sth. done “让某事被做”为固定用法,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
9.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]No matter where I buy them, though,one steamer basket is 64.rarely enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left ________ (want) more next time.
答案与解析:wanting 非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处考查“leave sb. doing sth.”结构,表示“使我想着下次多吃点”。
10.[2023·山东青岛市一模]Despite being two goals behind South Korea in the first half, the Chinese women's national football team got three in the second half with two goals ________ (score) in just five minutes.
答案与解析:scored 考查非谓语动词。句意:虽然在上半场落后韩国队2球,但中国女足在下半场5分钟内连进2球,共进3球。此处为with的复合结构,名词two goals与动词score是被动关系,所以用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。
11.[2023·湖南省第二次检测]The largest nang, referred to as “emanke”, is as big as the traditional food in Xinjiang, with more people ________ (bake) the bread in environmentally friendly ovens now.
答案与解析:baking 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知, with more people ________ (bake) the bread in environmentally friendly ovens now是with复合结构,空处是非谓语动词,在句中作宾语补足语,与其逻辑主语people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,应用动词 ing形式表示主动。
快捷思维
2个技巧确定非谓语动词作状语
1.逻辑关系分析法
(1)主语与提示词是逻辑上的主谓关系:表目的 to do; 表出乎意料的结果only to do; 表时间/条件/原因/让步/伴随/自然而然的结果doing。
(2)主语与提示词是逻辑上的动宾关系:表动作还未发生to be done; 表动作已经发生 done。
2.固定句型用法
(1)主语+be+形容词(easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, safe等)+to do, 句子主语与不定式是逻辑上的被动关系。
(2)too+adj./adv.+ to do; adj./adv.+enough +to do; so +adj./adv.+as to do; such +名词+as to do...,不定式作结果状语。
(3)主语+表情绪的形容词(excited, happy, anxious, satisfied, delighted, angry等)+to do, 不定式作原因状语。
2个技巧确定非谓语动词作补语
1.逻辑关系分析法
(1)主语或宾语与提示词是逻辑上的主谓关系:doing/(to) do。
(2)主语或宾语与提示词是逻辑上的动宾关系:被动/完成 done; 被动将来to be done; 被动进行being done。
2.固定搭配和句型法
(1)to do作宾补:allow, ask, beg, command, encourage, expect, forbid, invite, persuade, tell等+sb. to do sth.。
(2)用省略to的不定式作宾补的动词:“五”看;“三”使;“两”听;“一”感觉。“look at/see/watch/notice/observe, make/let/have, hear/listen to, feel”+sb.+do sth.。
注意:在被动语态中作主语补足语要还原to,如be made to do。
(3)have sb./sth. doing “让某人/某物一直做”;
have sb./sth. done “使……被……”
(4)with 符合结构
①with+宾语+to do表示动作还未发生
②with+宾语+doing表示主动、动作正在进行
③with+宾语+done表示被动、动作已完成
技法4 非谓语动词作宾语——句型公式法
典题试做
1.[2023·全国乙卷] As a photographer, I have spent the last two years ________ (record) everything I discovered.
答案与解析:recording 考查非谓语动词。此处考查“spend some time doing something”结构,故填recording。
2.[2023·山东模拟]For teenagers, some have learned how to use a sewing machine and made a couple of projects; some are working on a social studies project which involves ________ (construct) a family tree including researching relatives alive in the 1 800s.
答案与解析:constructing 考查非谓语动词。句意:对于青少年来说,有些人已经学会了如何使用缝纫机,并做了几个项目;有些人正在从事社会研究项目,其中包括构建一个家谱,包括研究活在19世纪的亲属。
3.[2023·南通市考前练习卷]Although sometimes he still has trouble ________ (distinguish) between Putonghua and the dialect, he can use the Henan dialect to communicate with others.
答案与解析:distinguishing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知,设空处作宾语。have trouble (in) doing sth.意为“做某事很困难”,为固定搭配。因此应用动词 ing形式作宾语。
4.[2023·沧州市二模]This could prevent the fries from ________ (get) wet and rotting away during the 5-8 weeks' journey across the Atlantic Ocean.
答案与解析:getting 考查非谓语动词。此处为prevent...from doing sth.结构,from为介词,后跟动词 ing形式作宾语。
5.[2023·辽宁县级重点高中协作体一模]Even though people initially laughed at him, he finally managed ________ (give) his hometown a path available to the nearby town.
答案与解析:to give 考查不定式和固定短语。句意:尽管一开始人们都嘲笑他,但他最终还是为自己的家乡开辟了一条通往附近城镇的道路。manage to do是固定短语,意为“设法完成了某事”,因此空格处是不定式to give,故填to give。
6.[2022·浙江高考1月卷]That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans ________ (continue) the practice.
答案与解析:to continue 考查非谓语动词。plan to do sth.意为“计划做某事”,为固定搭配。
7.Activities there range from whale watching to hiking and accommodations aim ________ (have) a low impact on the natural environment.
答案与解析:to have 句意: 那里的活动包括从观鲸到徒步旅行, 住宿力求对自然环境有较小的影响。 aim to do sth. “力求做到”。
8.[2023·四川石室中学三模] The country has committed itself to ________ (finish) constructing its space by the end of this year and it is planning more than forty launches for 2023.
答案与解析:finishing commit oneself to doing sth.为固定结构, 表示“承诺做某事”, 其中to为介绍, 故空白处填动名词作宾语。
快捷思维
1.只跟动词 ing形式作宾语的动词和短语
喜欢考虑不避免
(enjoy, consider, escape, avoid)不禁放弃太冒险
(cannot help, give up, risk)感激承认很值得
(appreciate, admit, be worth)介意想象莫推延
(mind, imagine, delay, put off)允许完成是期望
(allow, permit, finish, look forward to) 建议继续勤操练
(suggest, go on,practise)致力原谅要坚持
(be devoted to, excuse, insist on)继续成功不错过
(keep on, succeed in, miss)
2.只跟动词不定式作宾语的动词和短语
三个希望两答应
(hope, wish, expect, agree, promise)
两个要求莫拒绝
(demand, ask, refuse)
设法学会做决定
(manage, learn, decide/determine)
不要假装在选择(pretend, choose/select)
打算提出一计划(intend, offer, plan)
申请失败负担起(apply, fail, afford)
准备愿望又碰巧(prepare, desire, happen)
3.作介词的宾语用动词 ing形式
(1)介词后跟动词 ing形式作宾语;
(2)but/except后接动词不定式作宾语,若前面有实义动词do时,动词不定式就要省略to。
练重点·练难点
[2023·武汉市四月质量检测]As the morning sun went above the hills, Liu Dachun's wife was guiding her cow through the wetland, while Liu's daughter, a college art student, spotted the pair and 1.________ (pencil) a quick drawing.
Shiyanping, a traditional Tujia village, has 182 well preserved buildings 2.________ (construct) in the typical wooden building style, 3.________ (most)built in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In 2013, the ancient architecture complex 4._____________ (recognize) as one of the nation's major historical and cultural sites.
In recent years, the village's unique building complex, as well as other Tujia cultural activities, have attracted a stream of tourists. The village received more than 100,000 visits and achieved 5.________ income of about 5 million yuan from tourism in 2022.
pencil(l)ed
constructed
mostly
were recognized
an
Liu Dachun, a skilled farmer, is hard at work preparing for spring plowing (犁地). He has tried out the rice fish farming system, 6.________ not only benefits the environment but also local residents. According to Wu, fish raised in rice fields are more popular among consumers as they are environmentally friendly—the fish waste can add natural fertility (肥料) to the soil 7.________ hence promote rice output. Quan Xiping,another 59 year old villager, was among the first in the village 8.__________ (establish) a family run hotel. Meanwhile, his son started an online specialty store, capitalizing on the rapid 9.________ (grow) of rural tourism in the area. His e commerce business is working more efficiently due to the village's 10.________ (rise) appeal.
which
and
to establish
growth
rising
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了土家村石燕坪的旅游业和村民刘大春一家的生活。
1.答案与解析:pencil(l)ed 句意:当清晨的太阳从山上升起时,刘大春的妻子正牵着她的牛穿过湿地,而刘大春的女儿,一名艺术大学生,发现了这对夫妇,并用铅笔快速地画了一幅画。分析句子可知,pencil与spotted作并列谓语,描述过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,故填pencil(l)ed。
2.答案与解析:constructed 句意:石燕坪是一个传统的土家族村庄,拥有182座保存完好的典型木结构建筑,大多建于明清时期。分析句子可知,construct作定语,修饰building,二者之间是被动关系,用过去分词作定语,故填constructed。
3.答案与解析:mostly 修饰动词built用副词作状语,故填mostly。
4.答案与解析:were recognized 句意:2013年,古建筑群被认定为国家主要历史文化遗址之一。分析句子可知,recognize是谓语,由In 2013可知,用一般过去时,主语complex是集合名词,根据句意,此处complex可以看作是“一组建筑群”谓语动词用复数,故填were recognized。
5.答案与解析:an 句意:2022年,该村接待游客超过10万人次,旅游业收入约为500万元。an income of“……的收入”是固定用法,故填an。
6.答案与解析:which 句意:他已经尝试了稻鱼养殖系统,这不仅有利于环境,也有利于当地居民。分析句子可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰the rice fish farming system,指物,从句中作主语,故填which。
7.答案与解析:and 句意:据吴教授介绍,稻田里养的鱼更受消费者欢迎,因为它们对环境友好——鱼的排泄物可以增加土壤的自然肥力,从而提高水稻产量。根据句意,前后文是顺承关系,故填and。
8.答案与解析:to establish 句意:另一位59岁的村民全喜平(音)是村里最早建立家庭经营酒店的人之一。名词前有the first修饰,后跟不定式作后置定语,故填to establish。
9.答案与解析:growth 句意:与此同时,他的儿子利用该地区乡村旅游的快速增长,开了一家网上专卖店。形容词修饰名词,故填growth。
10.答案与解析:rising 句意:由于这个村庄的吸引力越来越大,他的电子商务业务运作得更有效率了。修饰名词作定语,故填rising。第三讲 谓语非谓语 妙法应对 玩转百变动词
动词是历年高考的必考点,对动词有关知识的掌握是考生在语法填空中得高分的关键。动词的形式变化比较多,有谓语形式的变化(如时态、语态和主谓一致及虚拟语气)、非谓语形式的变化(如不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词)及词性转换。
第一节 谓语动词(时态、语态与主谓一致)
如何判断填谓语动词
典例印证 解题攻略
[2023·全国乙卷] The 69.remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, ________ (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years. [分析] 第一步:确定填谓语。分析句子结构可知,空格处mean在句中作谓语。 第二步:考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空前空后的谓语动词时态可知,设空处应该用一般现在时;句子的主语为“The remarkable development of this city”,谓语动词应用第三人称单数, 且主语与谓语mean为主动关系。 [答案] __means__ 第一步:确定是否作谓语 首先,分析句子结构,若句中无谓语动词,或者虽然已有谓语动词,但空处所填词与之是并列关系时,空处就用谓语动词。 第二步:若填谓语动词,就要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致 (1)看“时间”定时态(注意语境中暗含的时间状语); (2)看“主语”定语态(看主语是否为动作的发出者); (3)看人称和数,确保主谓一致。
技法1 提示词为动词时, 确定时态的四原则
考生要结合句意、时间标志词或上下文时态的提示, 找准语境中动作发生的时间信息; 结合时态的基本用法和时间信息确定用何种时态。
典题试做 解题原则
1.[2023·河北省适应性考试]Nowadays, many across the world ________ (be) eager to learn about China through stories about Chinese civilization and contemporary China. 2.[2023·河北省部分示范性高中三模]He and the other workers let people vote for their favourite fat bear on Facebook. The one day event ________ (attract) just 1,700 votes in 2014. 3.[2023·河北省高三年级适应性考试] The Taizhou outlet of Dayin Bookmall, a famous bookstore chain from Shanghai, ________ (open) last year on the street in a 45.traditional Chinese style building with cutting edge designs. 4.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]For the past few decades, many of us ________ (rely) on “Doctor Google” to self diagnose (诊断) aches, pains and complaints. 原则1:时间状语标志词 (1)一般现在时:always, often, sometimes, usually, occasionally, every time, now and then等; (2)一般过去时:yesterday, last year, in 2021, the other day, two days ago,一段时间+later 等; (3)一般将来时:tomorrow, next year, in a week, in the future, soon等; (4)现在进行时:now, at this moment, at present等; (5)现在完成时:recently, lately, already, in the last/past few days, so far, up to now, till now, for+时间段等; (6)过去完成时:by then, by the end of..., by that time 等。
5.[2023·河北省高三4月联考]A report showed that a crowd of residents of Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Hunan Province, ________ (sing) and danced on Saturday to celebrate the coming of Jingzhe or the Awakening of Insects. 6.[2023·浙江高考1月卷]The large siheyuan of these high ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often ________ (feature) beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars (柱子). The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by 61.spacious homes and walled gardens. 7.[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷]Henry ________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. 8.[2021·浙江高考卷]It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ________ (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public. 9.It is high time that we ________ (devote) ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement. 原则2:瞻前顾后找并列 (1)可根据并列连词and, but, or, rather than, neither...nor...,not only...but also...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态。 (2)同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词时态要一致。 原则3:通过“语境暗示”法 在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,可以通过正确理解语境,即通过题干中的“语境暗示”解题。 原则4:固定句式 (1)Sb. was/were doing sth. when sb. did... (2)Sb. had (just) done sth. when sb. did... (3)This/That/It is the+序数词+time+that+现在完成时 (4)This/That/It was the+序数词+time+that+过去完成时 (5)祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句用一般将来时 (6)It's (high) time that sb. did/should do sth. (7)It is/has been+时间段+since+一般过去时
技法2 提示词为动词时,明确逻辑关系定语态
根据语境,弄明白谓语动词与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。如果所给动词的主语是这个动词动作的执行者,该动词就用主动语态;若所给动词的主语是这个动词动作的承受者,该动词就用被动语态。
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·浙江高考1月卷] In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City,58.surrounded in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes ________ (permit) to live closer to the center of the circles. 2.[2023·衡水中学第五次综合素养测评] Every year, this unique firework display attracts tons of people in spite of the freezing cold weather and draws attention for its protection. Since 2021, it ________ (list) as an intangible cultural heritage of China. 3.[2023·全国甲卷]However, Carson's theme is a more weighty warning about environmental destruction. Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still ________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths. 4.[2023·厦门市第四次质量检测]Before the Internet they were community centers where everyone ________ (invite) to enjoy a cup of knowledge. 5.[2023·江苏省泰州市第四次调研]This time he ________ (equip) with a newly acquired technique, which enabled most of the planted trees, well over 80%, to survive. 1.解题依据 解题时首先要找出句子的主语,然后确定主语与动词之间的关系: ①主语是动作的发出者,动词则用主动语态; ②主语是动作的承受者,则用被动语态。 ③只有及物动词(短语)才有被动语态。系动词和不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。 2.牢记常考的几种时态的被动语态: ①一般现在时:am/is/are done; ②一般过去时:was/were done; ③一般将来时:will be done; ④过去将来时:would be done; ⑤现在进行时:am/is/are being done; ⑥过去进行时:was/were being done; ⑦现在完成时:has/have been done; ⑧过去完成时:had been done。 3.牢记含有情态动词的被动语态形式: 情态动词+be done。 4.牢记常考的不及物动词,如:remain, happen, occur, belong (to)等。
技法3 提示词为动词时, 确定主谓一致的三原则
判断谓语动词的单复数时, 应注意:仔细辨识主语的单复数, 尤其主语较长时, 要准确锁定其中心词; 分析语法关系、逻辑关系, 同时考虑语法一致原则、就近原则和意义一致原则。
典题试做 解题原则
1.[2023·广东省联考]On that day, there ________ (be) lots of conventional celebration activities. 2.At present neither my wife nor I myself ________ (be) able to persuade my daughter to change her mind. 3.[2023·河南信阳二检]Four classical plays, including The Peony Pavilion, ________ (update) and restored in the past few years. 4.The musician along with his band members ________ (give) ten performances in the last three months. 5.[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ________ (be) previously unprotected... 6.[2023·邯郸市高三模拟]The formation of each celadon ________ (be) a process of life casting. Only after being burnt at around 1,300 ℃ for 400 hours can it be made into an object. 7.[2023·漳州市第二次质量检测] What ________ (make) people moved is not the film itself but the heroes of the war years. 原则1:就近一致 (1)由neither...nor..., either...or..., not only...but also..., not...but...等连接并列主语时,谓语要和位置最近的主语保持一致。 (2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和邻近的主语保持一致。 原则2:就远一致 主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引导的短语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。 原则3:语法一致 (1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时,谓语动词用单数形式。 (2)非谓语动词、从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。 (3)可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。 (4)集体名词看作整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;看作个体时,谓语动词用复数形式。
技法4 动词易错形式变化
典题试做 解题原则
1.[2023·福建三明5月质量检测]“When the community worker told me the new method I was really happy and immediately ________ (submit) my application,” he said. 2.The anti cancer kitchen, near a cancer hospital in Nanchang, ________ (set) by a couple Wan Zuocheng and Xiong Gengxiang 18 years ago. 3.They've discovered dancing can encourage exercise and can also ________ (deep) ties between the two generations. 原则1:牢记过去式和过去分词需双写尾字母再加 ed的动词 admit; permit; commit; stop; equip; drop; slip; ban; plan; hug; chat; spot; regret; rob等。 助记口诀:重读辅元辅, 双写尾字母。 原则2:牢记不规则动词的过去式和过去分词 seek→sought; think→thought; choose→chose; fall→fell 等。 原则3:形容词或名词 + en 转化而来的动词 broaden; harden; soften; darken; deepen; lengthen;ripen; shorten; strengthen; widen; frighten; brighten; sharpen; weaken
随堂落实·创新应用体验
[2023·安徽省高三联考]Pingtang Bridge, constructed in a mountainous area of Guizhou province, 1.________ (win) the IABSE Award for Infrastructure at the Outstanding Structure Award Ceremony in Zurich, Switzerland on Nov.17.
IABSE was set up 2.________ (honor) bridges or structural engineering projects which represent technological and engineering innovations for bridges and structures around the world. It 3.________ (organize) by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering. And this is 4.________ third time that the Pingtang Bridge has won international awards.
The famed Pingtang Bridge, built in 2016 5.________ completed in 2019, is a giant cable supported viaduct (高架桥) with a span of 2,135 meters and at its peak is taller than the Eiffel Tower.
It enjoys a reputation as a bridge 6.________ combines strength and beauty. And it can be regarded as a model of canyon bridge 7.________ (construct), which integrates the cultural elements of Guizhou ethnic minorities 8.________ the design of the bridge tower, forming a dynamic overall shape.
In addition, the service area 9.________ (support) Pingtang Bridge has created hundreds of jobs, which not only provides high quality traffic service for 10.________ (passenger), but also promotes the economic development of local populations.
1.____________ 2.__________ 3.__________
4.____________ 5.__________ 6.__________
7.____________ 8.__________ 9.__________
10.__________
第三讲 谓语非谓语 妙法应对 玩转百变动词
第一节 谓语动词(时态、语态与主谓一致)
命题专家授策略
技法1
1.答案与解析:are 考查动词的时态。根据Nowadays可知,时态用一般现在时;分析句子结构可知,设空处作谓语,此处考查短语be eager to do sth.,表示“渴望做某事”,故填are。
2.答案与解析:attracted 句意:2014年,这场为期一天的活动仅吸引了1 700张选票。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作谓语,根据时间状语in 2014可知谓语动词应使用一般过去时,故填attracted。
3.答案与解析:opened 句意:上海著名连锁书店大银书城(Dayin Bookmall)的台州分店去年在这条街上开业,它坐落在一座设计先进的传统中式建筑里。根据时间状语“last year”可知,此处为一般过去时。故填opened。
4.答案与解析:have relied 句意:在过去的几十年里,我们中的许多人都依赖“谷歌医生”来自我诊断疼痛和抱怨。根据时间状语the past few decades“过去几十年里”可知,使用现在完成时。
5.答案与解析:sang 句意:一份报告显示,周六,湖南省江华瑶族自治县的一群居民载歌载舞,庆祝惊蛰的到来。根据“and danced”可知,此处应用一般过去时。
6.答案与解析:featured 动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,空处在此作谓语。联系上下文(The hutongs they formed were orderly) 可知,该句描述的是过去发生的事情,所以空处填过去式。
7.答案与解析:was fixing 考查时态。考查时态和主谓一致。此处考查固定句式be doing...when...“正在做……这时……”。根据空后的“when he heard the screams”可知,设空处用过去进行时。主语为Henry,第三人称单数。
8.答案与解析:has proved/has proven 分析句子结构,发现提示词作谓语,且该句是固定句式时,考虑用相应的时态。
9.答案与解析:devoted/should devote 在“It is high time that...”句型中,从句谓语应用did/should do。
技法2
1.答案与解析:were permitted 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空前的“In the Ming Dynasty”可知,此处描述的是过去发生的事情,故应用一般过去时;较高社会阶层的人“被允许”居住在离同心圆的中心即紫禁城更近的地方,故用被动语态;主语Citizens是复数。所以空处填were permitted。
2.答案与解析:has been listed 句意:自2021年起,它被列为中国非物质文化遗产。句子主语it和谓语动词list之间是被动关系,再根据空前since可知,应该用现在完成时的被动语态。故填has been listed。
3.答案与解析:be employed 动词的语态。句意:卡森证明了一种流传千古的简单的文学形式今天仍然可以被用来引起人们对重要真理的注意。分析句子结构可知,空处是谓语动词。主语a simple literary form和动词employ “运用”之间是被动关系,故用被动语态。空前是情态动词,故填be employed。
4.答案与解析:was invited 考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意:在互联网出现之前,他们是社区中心,每个人都被邀请来享受知识。根据“they were community centers”可知,此处应用一般过去时。根据“they were community centers”可知,此处是指每个人都被邀请来享受知识,所以应用被动语态。
5.答案与解析:was equipped 考查时态和语态。句意:这一次,他掌握了一种新的技术,使大多数种植的树木能够存活下来,存活率远远超过80%。根据句中“This time”和“enabled”可知,句子陈述的是过去发生的事,且“he”和“equip”为被动关系,故填was equipped。
技法3
1.答案与解析:are 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。there be句型中的谓语动词单复数一般采用“就近一致原则”,与后面的名词保持人称和数的一致,后面的中心词是activities,应用复数形式,描述一般事实用一般现在时,故填are。
2.答案与解析:am 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的时间状语At present可知,应用一般现在时;neither... nor... 连接并列主语时,谓语动词的数由nor后面的主语(I)来决定,故填am。
3.答案与解析:have been updated 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in the past few years可知, 应用现在完成时; 分析句子结构可知, 句子主语Four classical plays为复数名词, 且和update之间为被动语态。
4.答案与解析:has given 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据in the last three months可知,应用现在完成时;A along with B作主语时,谓语动词的数由A决定,故填has given。
5.答案与解析:were 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,that引导定语从句,修饰先行词areas,谓语动词的数应与复数名词areas保持一致;空后的previously unprotected表明这个定语从句叙述的是过去发生的事,故填were。
6.答案与解析:is 考查时态及主谓一致。句意:每个青瓷的形成都是一个生命铸造的过程。根据句意可知,此句描述一般事实,故用一般现在时,故填is。
7.答案与解析:makes 考查时态和主谓一致。句意:让人感动的不是电影本身,而是战争年代的英雄们。句子是描述一个事实,应用一般现在时,What引导主语从句,且在从句中作主语,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
技法4
1.答案与解析:submitted 分析语境表示“当社区工作人员告诉我这个新方法时,我真的很高兴,并立即提交了我的申请”。分析句子结构可知,“When...method”为时间状语从句,在主句中,空处和 was 并列作谓语,表示过去的动作,应用一般过去时。
2.答案与解析:was set 该句为简单句, 空处作谓语, 根据时间状语“18 years ago”可知, 应用一般过去时, 主语与set之间为被动关系, 应用被动语态。
3.答案与解析:deepen 句意:他们发现, 跳舞可以鼓励锻炼, 也可以加深两代人之间的联系。 空处在情态动词后, 需用动词原形; 根据句意可知, 应用deepen表示“加深, 深化”。
随堂落实 创新应用体验
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述11月17日,在瑞士苏黎世举行的IABSE杰出结构奖颁奖典礼上,建造在贵州省山区的平塘大桥获得了基础设施奖。
1.答案与解析:won 句意:11月17日,在瑞士苏黎世举行的IABSE杰出结构奖颁奖典礼上,建造在贵州省山区的平塘大桥获得了基础设施奖。空处缺少谓语动词,根据时间状语“on Nov.17”可知,此处使用一般过去时。故填won。
2.答案与解析:to honor 句意:IABSE的设立是为了表彰在世界范围内代表桥梁和结构技术和工程创新的桥梁或结构工程项目。空处需填动词不定式作目的状语。故填to honor。
3.答案与解析:was organized 句意:它是由国际桥梁与结构工程协会组织的。此处陈述过去发生的事情,使用一般过去时,it和organize为被动关系,故填was organized。
4.答案与解析:the 句意:这是平塘大桥第三次获得国际大奖。表示“第三次”,应用定冠词the修饰序数词third。故填the。
5.答案与解析:and 句意:著名的平塘大桥建于2016年,于2019年完工,是一座巨大的缆索支撑高架桥,跨度2135米,最高峰比埃菲尔铁塔还高。built和completed为并列的过去分词,需用并列连词and连接。故填and。
6.答案与解析: that/which 句意:它被誉为集力量与美丽于一体的桥梁。空处引导定语从句,先行词bridge,指物,在定语从句中作主语,故填that/which。
7.答案与解析:construction 句意:它将贵州少数民族的文化元素与桥塔的设计融合在一起,形成了一个充满活力的整体造型,堪称峡谷桥梁建设的典范。空处需填名词construction,作宾语,表示抽象概念,不可数。故填construction。
8.答案与解析:into/ with integrate...into/with...为固定短语,意为“把……融为一体”。故填into/with。
9.答案与解析:supporting 句意:此外,平塘大桥配套服务区创造了数百个就业岗位,不仅为旅客提供了优质的交通服务,也促进了当地人口的经济发展。分析句子结构可知,已有谓语动词has created,空处需填非谓语动词作后置定语,area和support为逻辑主谓关系,需填现在分词形式。故填supporting。
10.答案与解析:passengers 空处需填名词作宾语,passenger为可数名词,此处表示泛指,且没有冠词限定,需填名词复数形式。故填passengers。(共47张PPT)
第一节 谓语动词(时态、语态与主谓一致)
清迷点·扫盲点
练重点·练难点
清迷点·扫盲点
如何判断填谓语动词
典例印证
[2023·全国乙卷] The 69.remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, ________ (mean) there is always something new to discover here, and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
[分析] 第一步:确定填谓语。分析句子结构可知,空格处mean在句中作谓语。
第二步:考虑时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空前空后的谓语动词时态可知,设空处应该用一般现在时;句子的主语为“The remarkable development of this city”,谓语动词应用第三人称单数, 且主语与谓语mean为主动关系。
[答案] __means__
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否作谓语
首先,分析句子结构,若句中无谓语动词,或者虽然已有谓语动词,但空处所填词与之是并列关系时,空处就用谓语动词。
第二步:若填谓语动词,就要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致
(1)看“时间”定时态(注意语境中暗含的时间状语);
(2)看“主语”定语态(看主语是否为动作的发出者);
(3)看人称和数,确保主谓一致。
技法1 提示词为动词时, 确定时态的四原则
考生要结合句意、时间标志词或上下文时态的提示, 找准语境中动作发生的时间信息; 结合时态的基本用法和时间信息确定用何种时态。
典题试做
1.[2023·河北省适应性考试]Nowadays, many across the world ________ (be) eager to learn about China through stories about Chinese civilization and contemporary China.
答案与解析:are 考查动词的时态。根据Nowadays可知,时态用一般现在时;分析句子结构可知,设空处作谓语,此处考查短语be eager to do sth.,表示“渴望做某事”,故填are。
2.[2023·河北省部分示范性高中三模]He and the other workers let people vote for their favourite fat bear on Facebook. The one day event ________ (attract) just 1,700 votes in 2014.
答案与解析:attracted 句意:2014年,这场为期一天的活动仅吸引了1 700张选票。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作谓语,根据时间状语in 2014可知谓语动词应使用一般过去时,故填attracted。
3.[2023·河北省高三年级适应性考试] The Taizhou outlet of Dayin Bookmall, a famous bookstore chain from Shanghai, ________ (open) last year on the street in a 45.traditional Chinese style building with cutting edge designs.
答案与解析:opened 句意:上海著名连锁书店大银书城(Dayin Bookmall)的台州分店去年在这条街上开业,它坐落在一座设计先进的传统中式建筑里。根据时间状语“last year”可知,此处为一般过去时。故填opened。
4.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]For the past few decades, many of us ________ (rely) on “Doctor Google” to self diagnose (诊断) aches, pains and complaints.
答案与解析:have relied 句意:在过去的几十年里,我们中的许多人都依赖“谷歌医生”来自我诊断疼痛和抱怨。根据时间状语the past few decades“过去几十年里”可知,使用现在完成时。
5.[2023·河北省高三4月联考]A report showed that a crowd of residents of Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Hunan Province, ________ (sing) and danced on Saturday to celebrate the coming of Jingzhe or the Awakening of Insects.
答案与解析:sang 句意:一份报告显示,周六,湖南省江华瑶族自治县的一群居民载歌载舞,庆祝惊蛰的到来。根据“and danced”可知,此处应用一般过去时。
6.[2023·浙江高考1月卷]The large siheyuan of these high ranking officials and wealthy businessmen often ________ (feature) beautifully carved and painted roof beams and pillars (柱子). The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by 61.spacious homes and walled gardens.
答案与解析:featured 动词的时态。分析句子结构可知,空处在此作谓语。联系上下文(The hutongs they formed were orderly) 可知,该句描述的是过去发生的事情,所以空处填过去式。
7.[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷]Henry ________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony.
答案与解析:was fixing 考查时态。考查时态和主谓一致。此处考查固定句式be doing...when...“正在做……这时……”。根据空后的“when he heard the screams”可知,设空处用过去进行时。主语为Henry,第三人称单数。
8.[2021·浙江高考卷]It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, ________ (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
答案与解析:has proved/has proven 分析句子结构,发现提示词作谓语,且该句是固定句式时,考虑用相应的时态。
9.It is high time that we ________ (devote) ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement.
答案与解析:devoted/should devote 在“It is high time that...”句型中,从句谓语应用did/should do。
解题原则
原则1:时间状语标志词
(1)一般现在时:always, often, sometimes, usually, occasionally, every time, now and then等;
(2)一般过去时:yesterday, last year, in 2021, the other day, two days ago,一段时间+later 等;
(3)一般将来时:tomorrow, next year, in a week, in the future, soon等;
(4)现在进行时:now, at this moment, at present等;
(5)现在完成时:recently, lately, already, in the last/past few days, so far, up to now, till now, for+时间段等;
(6)过去完成时:by then, by the end of..., by that time 等。
原则2:瞻前顾后找并列
(1)可根据并列连词and, but, or, rather than, neither...nor...,not only...but also...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态。
(2)同一个主语的两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词时态要一致。
原则3:通过“语境暗示”法
在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下,可以通过正确理解语境,即通过题干中的“语境暗示”解题。
原则4:固定句式
(1)Sb. was/were doing sth. when sb. did...
(2)Sb. had (just) done sth. when sb. did...
(3)This/That/It is the+序数词+time+that+现在完成时
(4)This/That/It was the+序数词+time+that+过去完成时
(5)祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句用一般将来时
(6)It's (high) time that sb. did/should do sth.
(7)It is/has been+时间段+since+一般过去时
技法2 提示词为动词时,明确逻辑关系定语态
根据语境,弄明白谓语动词与其对应的主语之间的逻辑关系是确定谓语动词语态的关键。如果所给动词的主语是这个动词动作的执行者,该动词就用主动语态;若所给动词的主语是这个动词动作的承受者,该动词就用被动语态。
典题试做
1.[2023·浙江高考1月卷] In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City,58.surrounded in concentric (同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes ________ (permit) to live closer to the center of the circles.
答案与解析:were permitted 动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据空前的“In the Ming Dynasty”可知,此处描述的是过去发生的事情,故应用一般过去时;较高社会阶层的人“被允许”居住在离同心圆的中心即紫禁城更近的地方,故用被动语态;主语Citizens是复数。所以空处填were permitted。
2.[2023·衡水中学第五次综合素养测评] Every year, this unique firework display attracts tons of people in spite of the freezing cold weather and draws attention for its protection. Since 2021, it ________ (list) as an intangible cultural heritage of China.
答案与解析:has been listed 句意:自2021年起,它被列为中国非物质文化遗产。句子主语it和谓语动词list之间是被动关系,再根据空前since可知,应该用现在完成时的被动语态。故填has been listed。
3.[2023·全国甲卷]However, Carson's theme is a more weighty warning about environmental destruction. Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still ________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
答案与解析:be employed 动词的语态。句意:卡森证明了一种流传千古的简单的文学形式今天仍然可以被用来引起人们对重要真理的注意。分析句子结构可知,空处是谓语动词。主语a simple literary form和动词employ “运用”之间是被动关系,故用被动语态。空前是情态动词,故填be employed。
4.[2023·厦门市第四次质量检测]Before the Internet they were community centers where everyone ________ (invite) to enjoy a cup of knowledge.
答案与解析:was invited 考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意:在互联网出现之前,他们是社区中心,每个人都被邀请来享受知识。根据“they were community centers”可知,此处应用一般过去时。根据“they were community centers”可知,此处是指每个人都被邀请来享受知识,所以应用被动语态。
5.[2023·江苏省泰州市第四次调研]This time he ________ (equip) with a newly acquired technique, which enabled most of the planted trees, well over 80%, to survive.
答案与解析:was equipped 考查时态和语态。句意:这一次,他掌握了一种新的技术,使大多数种植的树木能够存活下来,存活率远远超过80%。根据句中“This time”和“enabled”可知,句子陈述的是过去发生的事,且“he”和“equip”为被动关系,故填was equipped。
快捷思维
1.解题依据 解题时首先要找出句子的主语,然后确定主语与动词之间的关系:
①主语是动作的发出者,动词则用主动语态;
②主语是动作的承受者,则用被动语态。
③只有及物动词(短语)才有被动语态。系动词和不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。
2.牢记常考的几种时态的被动语态:
①一般现在时:am/is/are done;
②一般过去时:was/were done;
③一般将来时:will be done;
④过去将来时:would be done;
⑤现在进行时:am/is/are being done;
⑥过去进行时:was/were being done;
⑦现在完成时:has/have been done;
⑧过去完成时:had been done。
3.牢记含有情态动词的被动语态形式:
情态动词+be done。
4.牢记常考的不及物动词,如:remain, happen, occur, belong (to)等。
技法3 提示词为动词时, 确定主谓一致的三原则
判断谓语动词的单复数时, 应注意:仔细辨识主语的单复数, 尤其主语较长时, 要准确锁定其中心词; 分析语法关系、逻辑关系, 同时考虑语法一致原则、就近原则和意义一致原则。
典题试做
1.[2023·广东省联考]On that day, there ________ (be) lots of conventional celebration activities.
答案与解析:are 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。there be句型中的谓语动词单复数一般采用“就近一致原则”,与后面的名词保持人称和数的一致,后面的中心词是activities,应用复数形式,描述一般事实用一般现在时,故填are。
2.At present neither my wife nor I myself ________ (be) able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.
答案与解析:am 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据句中的时间状语At present可知,应用一般现在时;neither... nor... 连接并列主语时,谓语动词的数由nor后面的主语(I)来决定,故填am。
3.[2023·河南信阳二检]Four classical plays, including The Peony Pavilion, ________ (update) and restored in the past few years.
答案与解析:have been updated 考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语in the past few years可知, 应用现在完成时; 分析句子结构可知, 句子主语Four classical plays为复数名词, 且和update之间为被动语态。
4.The musician along with his band members ________ (give) ten performances in the last three months.
答案与解析:has given 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据in the last three months可知,应用现在完成时;A along with B作主语时,谓语动词的数由A决定,故填has given。
5.[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ________ (be) previously unprotected...
答案与解析:were 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知,that引导定语从句,修饰先行词areas,谓语动词的数应与复数名词areas保持一致;空后的previously unprotected表明这个定语从句叙述的是过去发生的事,故填were。
6.[2023·邯郸市高三模拟]The formation of each celadon ________ (be) a process of life casting. Only after being burnt at around 1,300 ℃ for 400 hours can it be made into an object.
答案与解析:is 考查时态及主谓一致。句意:每个青瓷的形成都是一个生命铸造的过程。根据句意可知,此句描述一般事实,故用一般现在时,故填is。
7.[2023·漳州市第二次质量检测] What ________ (make) people moved is not the film itself but the heroes of the war years.
答案与解析:makes 考查时态和主谓一致。句意:让人感动的不是电影本身,而是战争年代的英雄们。句子是描述一个事实,应用一般现在时,What引导主语从句,且在从句中作主语,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。
解题原则
原则1:就近一致
(1)由neither...nor..., either...or..., not only...but also..., not...but...等连接并列主语时,谓语要和位置最近的主语保持一致。
(2)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时,谓语动词的数通常和邻近的主语保持一致。
原则2:就远一致
主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等引导的短语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。
原则3:语法一致
(1)由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念,兼具身份或匹配出现(不可分割的整体)时,谓语动词用单数形式。
(2)非谓语动词、从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
(3)可数名词单数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;可数名词复数作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
(4)集体名词看作整体时,谓语动词用单数形式;看作个体时,谓语动词用复数形式。
技法4 动词易错形式变化
典题试做
1.[2023·福建三明5月质量检测]“When the community worker told me the new method I was really happy and immediately ________ (submit) my application,” he said.
答案与解析:submitted 分析语境表示“当社区工作人员告诉我这个新方法时,我真的很高兴,并立即提交了我的申请”。分析句子结构可知,“When...method”为时间状语从句,在主句中,空处和 was 并列作谓语,表示过去的动作,应用一般过去时。
2.The anti cancer kitchen, near a cancer hospital in Nanchang, ________ (set) by a couple Wan Zuocheng and Xiong Gengxiang 18 years ago.
答案与解析:was set 该句为简单句, 空处作谓语, 根据时间状语“18 years ago”可知, 应用一般过去时, 主语与set之间为被动关系, 应用被动语态。
3.They've discovered dancing can encourage exercise and can also ________ (deep) ties between the two generations.
答案与解析:deepen 句意:他们发现, 跳舞可以鼓励锻炼, 也可以加深两代人之间的联系。 空处在情态动词后, 需用动词原形; 根据句意可知, 应用deepen表示“加深, 深化”。
解题原则
原则1:牢记过去式和过去分词需双写尾字母再加 ed的动词
admit; permit; commit; stop; equip; drop;
slip; ban; plan; hug; chat; spot; regret; rob等。
助记口诀:重读辅元辅, 双写尾字母。
原则2:牢记不规则动词的过去式和过去分词
seek→sought; think→thought;
choose→chose; fall→fell 等。
原则3:形容词或名词 + en 转化而来的动词
broaden; harden; soften; darken;
deepen; lengthen;ripen; shorten;
strengthen; widen; frighten; brighten;
sharpen; weaken
练重点·练难点
[2023·安徽省高三联考]Pingtang Bridge, constructed in a mountainous area of Guizhou province, 1.________ (win) the IABSE Award for Infrastructure at the Outstanding Structure Award Ceremony in Zurich, Switzerland on Nov.17.
IABSE was set up 2.________ (honor) bridges or structural engineering projects which represent technological and engineering innovations for bridges and structures around the world. It 3.____________ (organize) by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering. And this is 4.________ third time that the Pingtang Bridge has won international awards.
won
to honor
was organized
the
The famed Pingtang Bridge, built in 2016 5.________ completed in 2019, is a giant cable supported viaduct (高架桥) with a span of 2,135 meters and at its peak is taller than the Eiffel Tower.
It enjoys a reputation as a bridge 6.__________ combines strength and beauty. And it can be regarded as a model of canyon bridge 7.________ (construct), which integrates the cultural elements of Guizhou ethnic minorities 8.________ the design of the bridge tower, forming a dynamic overall shape.
In addition, the service area 9.________ (support) Pingtang Bridge has created hundreds of jobs, which not only provides high quality traffic service for 10.________ (passenger), but also promotes the economic development of local populations.
and
that/which
construction
into/ with
supporting
passengers
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述11月17日,在瑞士苏黎世举行的IABSE杰出结构奖颁奖典礼上,建造在贵州省山区的平塘大桥获得了基础设施奖。
1.答案与解析:won 句意:11月17日,在瑞士苏黎世举行的IABSE杰出结构奖颁奖典礼上,建造在贵州省山区的平塘大桥获得了基础设施奖。空处缺少谓语动词,根据时间状语“on Nov.17”可知,此处使用一般过去时。故填won。
2.答案与解析:to honor 句意:IABSE的设立是为了表彰在世界范围内代表桥梁和结构技术和工程创新的桥梁或结构工程项目。空处需填动词不定式作目的状语。故填to honor。
3.答案与解析:was organized 句意:它是由国际桥梁与结构工程协会组织的。此处陈述过去发生的事情,使用一般过去时,it和organize为被动关系,故填was organized。
4.答案与解析:the 句意:这是平塘大桥第三次获得国际大奖。表示“第三次”,应用定冠词the修饰序数词third。故填the。
5.答案与解析:and 句意:著名的平塘大桥建于2016年,于2019年完工,是一座巨大的缆索支撑高架桥,跨度2135米,最高峰比埃菲尔铁塔还高。built和completed为并列的过去分词,需用并列连词and连接。故填and。
6.答案与解析: that/which 句意:它被誉为集力量与美丽于一体的桥梁。空处引导定语从句,先行词bridge,指物,在定语从句中作主语,故填that/which。
7.答案与解析:construction 句意:它将贵州少数民族的文化元素与桥塔的设计融合在一起,形成了一个充满活力的整体造型,堪称峡谷桥梁建设的典范。空处需填名词construction,作宾语,表示抽象概念,不可数。故填construction。
8.答案与解析:into/ with integrate...into/with...为固定短语,意为“把……融为一体”。故填into/with。
9.答案与解析:supporting 句意:此外,平塘大桥配套服务区创造了数百个就业岗位,不仅为旅客提供了优质的交通服务,也促进了当地人口的经济发展。分析句子结构可知,已有谓语动词has created,空处需填非谓语动词作后置定语,area和support为逻辑主谓关系,需填现在分词形式。故填supporting。
10.答案与解析:passengers 空处需填名词作宾语,passenger为可数名词,此处表示泛指,且没有冠词限定,需填名词复数形式。故填passengers。第二节 并列连词和三大从句
对连接词的考查涉及到并列连词和三大从句,是高考语法填空的重点和难点,也是学生的易错点。分析句子成分,牢记从句规则用法是解题的关键。在书面表达中灵活运用三大从句也是吸引阅卷老师的法宝之一。
如何判断填连词
典例导引 解题攻略
[2023·浙江高考1月卷] During China's dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing 56.________ arranged the residential areas according to social classes. [分析] 第一步:如何确定并列连词。 分析句子结构可知, planned the city of Beijing 和arranged the residential areas是并列关系。 第二步:如何确定填哪种并列连词。 此处意为“在中国的王朝时期,帝王规划了北京城并按照社会阶级安排了人们的居住区域。”,空处前后表示并列关系, 故应用并列连词。 [答案] __and__ 第一步:确定是否填连词 首先,判断该空后面是不是一个句子。如果是句子,就确定用连词;否则就可能填介词或冠词; 第二步:如何确定并列连词 如果两个单词、短语、句子相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系时,填并列连词。 第三步:如何确定引导词 如果设空处引导从句,则首先要看它所引导的是哪一种从句,然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。
技法1 并列连词——关系分析法
当空格前后是两个并列成分, 如两个单词、短语、或主谓结构完整的句子等, 而且并列成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系等时, 空格处一般填并列连词and, but, or等。
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]To eat one, you have to decide whether 57.to__bite a small hole in it first,releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出),________ to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue (舌头). 2.[2023·全国乙卷]It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn't work, ________ somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination. 3.[2023·山东省实验中学一模]The stage props (道具) are quite simple: a fan, a handkerchief ________ a table will be adequate. 4.[2023·山东省日照市二模]The gaze flies, the heart expands, the joy of the senses can reach its peak, ________ this is true happiness indeed. 5.[2021·浙江高考6月卷]Although Mary loved flowers, ________ she nor her husband was known as a gardener. 1.同等关系:and/as well as (和); both... and...(……和……都); not only... but also...(不仅……而且……)等 2.选择关系: or/otherwise(否则); either... or(要么……;要么……); neither... nor(既不……,也不……);not... but...(不是……,而是……) 3.转折关系:but/yet/however (可是,然而) 4.因果关系:for/so/thus/therefore 5.对比关系:while
技法2 定语从句——4步法确定关系词
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·全国乙卷]But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place ________ welcomes the fast paced development of modern life, with 21st century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 2.[2023·山东省实验中学模拟]The IOC has a complete guide for those ________ want to apply to these contests. 3.[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 4.[2023·全国甲卷]Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” 5.[2023·山东省潍坊市三模]The main activities of the festival, ________ include competitions for kite making, flying and fighting, are scheduled. 第一步:确定是定语从句 分析句子结构,设空处无提示词,设空后的句子不完整,且对设空前的某一名词、代词或整个主句起限定作用,就要考虑填定语从句关系词。 第二步:分清限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 在先行词的后面出现逗号的是非限制性定语从句。 ①that不能引导非限制性定语从句; ②which引导非限制性定语从句可以代表主句的全部或部分内容; ③as引导非限制性定语从句,可置于句首、句中或句末,意为“正如”。
6.[2022·全国甲卷]On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces. 7.[2023·山东省淄博市一模]The Crescent Spring, ________ terrain and landscape are really distinctive, has become a romantic scenic spot. 8.[2023·山东省滨州市二模]The barbecue craze in Zibo began on March 8, ________ a group of college students rode a high speed train to the city to eat skewers. 9.[2023·河北省唐山市二模] When the freezing cold night fell, the visitors sat around the stage ________ the fire show was performed. 10.[2023·山东省泰安市三模] It will be like having a kind and helpful teacher by your side ________ has nearly all the world's medical knowledge. 11.[2023·衡水中学第四次素养测评]Traditional Chinese aesthetic (美学的) concepts are reflected in the drum playing, all of ________ represent distinctive local features. 第三步:寻找先行词,判断属性(指人还是指物,表示时间、地点,还是原因) ①先行词指人用that/who/whom/whose引导; ②先行词指物用that/which/whose引导; ③表示时间/地点/原因用when/where/why引导。
第四步:判断从句中所缺成分,确定关系词 ①缺少主语用that/which/who; ②缺少动词的宾语用that/which/who/whom; ③缺少介词的宾语用whom/which; ④缺少定语用whose; ⑤缺少时间、地点或原因状语时,分别用when, where, why。
技法3 名词性从句——搞定名词性从句4方向
设空处无提示词,先确定主句主谓结构,再确定设空处和空后的内容在主句中充当的成分:主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·济宁市模拟]The belief behind it is ________ illness and pain occur because of blocked energy (or Qi) in the body. Acupuncture is used to reestablish the flow of energy and stimulate the body's natural healing (治愈) ability. 2.[2023·湖北省高三调研]Li also said at the news conference on Monday ________ China's planted forest conservation area has reached 87.6 million hectares, ranking No 1 in the world. 3.[2022·浙江高考1月卷]Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak ________ she could do so remotely; about three quarters of the time, they agreed. 4.[2023·宝鸡市联考]But there is some debate over ________ it was NOLA or Mobile, Alabama that had the first Mardi Gras back in the 1,700s. 5.[2023·湖北省十堰市四月调研]However, ________ his mother said didn't affect John's big interest in embroidery. 6.[2023·山东省淄博市三模]When kids take the initiative and finish a task, they feel proud of ________ they have undertaken. 7.[2023·黄冈中学5月二模]Discoveries made during the latest excavation of Pit No.1 at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, have allowed Chinese archaeologists to gain more insight into ________ the world famous Terracotta Warriors and their weapons were made. 方向一:从句中不缺句子成分且句意完整 分析句子结构,从句中不缺任何成分且句子意义完整,应考虑that引导同位语从句、表语从句或宾语从句,此时that没有词义,也不作任何成分。 方向二:从句中不缺句子成分但句意不完整 分析句子结构,从句中不缺任何成分,但句意中缺少“是否”的意思时,则应考虑whether引导各种名词性从句,if可以用于引导及物动词后的宾语从句。 方向三:从句中缺少主/宾/表语 分析句子结构,从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语,考虑用连接代词what, who, whom, which, whatever等。 方向四:从句中缺少状语 分析句子结构,从句中缺少状语(结合句意判断),考虑用连接副词where (表示地点), when (表示时间),how (表示方式), why (表示原因)等。
技法4 状语从句——句意法+固定句式法
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·湖南省名校联盟5月压轴卷] However, ________ the conditions didn't meet the food safety standards for the tofu to be sold in supermarkets, they struggled to make a living. 2.[2023·黄冈中学5月二模]The carving of fine details was completed ________ the arms were attached. 3.[2023·苏州八校三模]Dad, you are only one step away from fulfilling your dream. You must hold on to it, no matter ________ awaits you. 4.[2023·济南市模拟]I feel I'm missing something ________ I don't eat yuanxiao during the Lantern Festival. 5.[2023·连云港市模拟二]One solution to this problem is to collect and preserve the seeds of as many different species as we can ________ they disappear. 6.[2023·保定市二模]________ it's body image, money, or fame, humblebragging is finding its way into our lives more frequently than before, thanks to social media. 7.[2023·苏锡常镇四市调研一]Without complex decoration(s), it combines buildings with scenery so well ________ the whole garden appears to be naturally endowed (赋予). 8.[2023·重庆市模拟调研三]HuanHuan and Yuan Zai have been expanding their family ________ they arrived, thanks to the joint efforts of Beauval Zoo and China's Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. 1.句意法确定状语从句引导词 (1)while/when/as/since引导时间状语从句; (2)before/after引导时间状语从句; (3)because/as/since/for引导原因状语从句; (4)if/unless/once引导条件状语从句; (5)though/although/while引导让步状语从句; (6)in case 引导目的或条件状语从句; (7)where/when 引导地点/时间状语从句; (8)whatever/whenever/however/whichever/wherever 引导让步状语从句 2.固定句式法确定状语从句引导词 (1)so/such... that...如此……以至于…… (2)not... until...直到……才…… (3)It will/won't be+一段时间+before... 没过多长时间就/过了多长时间才…… (4)It is some time(一段时间)+since... 自从……以来已经多长时间了 (5)whether...or (not)...无论……还是……,引导让步状语从句
随堂落实·创新应用体验
[2023·山东省潍坊市高三二模]Doctors in the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have followed the meal time habits of more than 500 people for six years, 1.________ (find) weight change is most affected by the size and 2.________ (frequent) of meals rather than the interval (间隔) from first to last meal. It challenges the popular trend of intermittent fasting (禁食疗方) 3.________ a useful weight loss strategy.
Intermittent fasting, also referred to as time restricted feeding, is a dietary strategy where all meals 4.________ (consume) during a short window of time each day. These windows can extend from 6 to 10 hours, resulting in a person essentially fasting for up to 18 hours each day.
The idea reveals 5.________ is no link between the time of a person's eating window each day and weight changes. “Based on other studies that have come out, including 6.________ (we), we are starting to think timing of meals most likely doesn't produce 7.________ instant impact on weight loss,” said doctor Bennett. “What does matter, however, is the total number of medium and large meals a person eats over the day.” It suggests simply eating smaller meals, less frequently, is 8.________ ultimately leads to weight loss.
All of this doesn't mean intermittent fasting strategies won't help. But what does seem increasingly clear is that the weight loss benefits occasionally 9.________ (see) with these eating strategies may be primarily driven by a reduced caloric intake. It doesn't mean you can simply eat all you want in a short window each day and still expect 10.________ (lose) weight.
1.____________ 2.__________ 3.__________
4.____________ 5.__________ 6.__________
7.____________ 8.__________ 9.__________
10.__________
第二节 并列连词和三大从句
命题专家授策略
技法1
1.答案与解析:or 连词。whether...or...“是……还是……”是固定搭配。句意:要吃一个小笼包,你必须决定是先把小笼包咬个小口,把热气释放出来,冒着汤汁溢出来的风险,还是把整个包子塞进嘴里,让热汤在你的舌头上爆开。
2.答案与解析:but/yet 连词。前后分句间是转折关系,故填but/yet。
3.答案与解析:and 句意:舞台道具很简单:一把扇子、一块手帕和一张桌子就足够了。前后文为并列关系,应用连词and。
4.答案与解析:and/so 空处应填连词连接两个句子,结合句意可知,上下文是并列或因果关系,故填and/so。
5.答案与解析:neither 考查连词。根据空后的she nor her husband可知,此处为neither...nor...结构,表示“既不……,也不……”。
技法2
1.答案与解析:that/which 定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,且在从句中作主语,先行词为place,故填that/which。
2.答案与解析:who 句意:国际奥委会为那些想要申请参加这些比赛的人提供了一份完整的指南。设空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词those,指人,关系代词在从句中作主语,故填who。
3.答案与解析:that 考查定语从句。先行词the species指物,并且其前有all修饰,空处应用关系代词that。
4.答案与解析:as 定语从句。句意:然而,正如蕾切尔·卡森在《明天的寓言》中所说的那样,这种寓言形式今天仍然有价值。分析句子结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,从句缺少宾语,且先行词是前面的整个主句,此处表示“正如”,所以空处填as。
5.答案与解析:which 句意:节日的主要活动包括风筝制作、放飞和格斗比赛。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词activities,在从句中作主语,指物,故填which。
6.答案与解析:who 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,关系词在从句中作主语,故填who。
7.答案与解析:whose 句意:月牙泉的地形和景观非常独特,已成为一个浪漫的景点。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为The Crescent Spring,在从句中作定语,修饰名词terrain and landscape,应用关系代词whose。
8.答案与解析:when 句意:淄博的烧烤热始于3月8日,当时一群大学生乘坐高铁来到这座城市吃烤串。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词March 8,且从句缺少时间状语,故填when。
9.答案与解析:where 句意:当寒冷的夜晚来临时,观众们围坐在舞台周围,看那里的打树花表演。分析句子结构和意思可知, ________ the fire show was performed是定语从句,先行词stage在从句中作地点状语,故填where。
10.答案与解析:who/that 句意:这就像有一位善良、乐于助人的老师在你身边,他几乎掌握了世界上所有的医学知识。分析句意可知,此句包含定语从句修饰teacher,且连词在从句中作主语,故填who/that。
11.答案与解析:which 句意:鼓乐体现了中国传统的审美观念,具有鲜明的地方特色。分析句子可知,空格处为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the drum playing,关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,故填which。
技法3
1.答案与解析:that 句意:它背后的信念是疾病和疼痛的发生是因为体内的能量(或气)被阻塞。分析句子可知。空处及之后的内容在句中为表语从句,空后的句子结构完整,成分齐全,所以此处使用从属连词that来连接,故填that。
2.答案与解析:that 句意:李在周一的新闻发布会上还表示,中国的人工林保护面积已达8 760万公顷,居世界首位。分析句子可知,空格处应填入宾语从句引导词,该宾语从句成分齐全,句意完整,故填that。
3.答案与解析:whether/if 考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,应用whether/if。
4.答案与解析:whether 考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导宾语从句;根据下文it was NOLA or Mobile可知,此处为固定搭配whether...or...,表示“是……还是……”。
5.答案与解析:what 句意:然而,母亲所说的话并没有影响John对刺绣的浓厚兴趣。句子分析可知,“________ his mother said”为名词性从句作主语,设空处在从句中作动词said宾语,故填what。
6.答案与解析:what 句意:当孩子们主动完成一项任务时,他们会为自己所做的事情感到自豪。分析句子可知,设空处在句中引导一个宾语从句,从句中缺少宾语,故填what。
7.答案与解析:how 句意:中国第一个皇帝秦始皇陵墓一号坑的最新发掘发现,使中国考古学家对世界闻名的兵马俑及其武器的制造过程有了更多的了解。分析句子结构可知,空处引导宾语从句,从句中结构完整,应该用连接副词引导,根据句意,故填how。
技法4
1.答案与解析:as/ because 句意:然而,由于条件不符合豆腐在超市销售的食品安全标准,他们很难谋生。引导原因状语从句,表示“由于”, 故填as/because。
2.答案与解析:before 句意:在手臂连接之前,精细的细节雕刻已经完成。分析句子结构可知,空处引导时间状语从句,根据句意,此处表达“在手臂连接之前”之意,故填before。
3.答案与解析:what 考查状语从句。根据语境和no matter可知,此处引导让步状语从句,no matter what意为“无论什么……”,连接代词what在从句中作主语,指代事物。
4.答案与解析:if 考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”,应用if。
5.答案与解析:before 考查连词。根据语境可知,此处指在种子消失前,收集并保存它们;由此可知,空处应用连词before。
6.答案与解析:Whether 考查状语从句。whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”,为固定用法。
7.答案与解析:that 考查状语从句。so...that...为固定句型,意为“如此……以至于……”。
8.答案与解析:since 考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导时间状语从句,表示“自从……以来”,应用连词since。
随堂落实 创新应用体验
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究表明,影响体重变化的最大因素是饮食的量和频率,而不是从第一顿饮食到最后一顿饮食的间隔时间,该研究发现挑战了间歇性禁食作为一种有用的减肥策略的流行趋势。
1.答案与解析:finding 句意:约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的医生对500多人的用餐习惯进行了六年的跟踪调查,发现影响体重变化的最大因素是饮食的量和频率,而不是从第一顿饮食到最后一顿饮食的间隔时间。分析句子可知,句子成分完整,空处用v. ing作结果状语,故填finding。
2.答案与解析:frequency 分析句子可知,空处和size并列作介词by的宾语,故填frequency。
3.答案与解析:as 句意:它挑战了间歇性禁食作为一种有用的减肥策略的流行趋势。结合常识可知,间歇性禁食常被当作一种有用的减肥策略,空处应用介词as,表示“当作”。故填as。
4.答案与解析:are consumed 句意:间歇性禁食,也被称为限时进食,是一种饮食策略,每天在短时间内食用所有食物。句子在解释间歇性禁食的内涵,是一般性的事实,应用一般现在时,空处作从句的谓语,和主语all meals之间是被动关系,故填are consumed。
5.答案与解析:there 句意:该研究表明,一个人每天进食时间的长短和体重变化之间没有联系。分析句子可知,reveals后面接了省略了that的宾语从句,从句中表示两者之间没有关联,应用there be句型,故填there。
6.答案与解析:ours 句意:Bennett医生说:“根据其他已经发表的研究,包括我们的研究,我们开始认为饮食的时间很可能不会对减肥产生立竿见影的影响。”分析句子可知,空处作介词including的宾语,表示“我们的研究”,应用名词性物主代词。故填ours。
7.答案与解析:an 分析句子可知,空处表示泛指,意为“一个,一种”,应用不定冠词,且instant以元音音素开头,故填an。
8.答案与解析:what 句意:研究表明,减少饮食的量与频率是最终导致体重减轻的原因。分析句子可知,suggests后接了省略了that的宾语从句,从句中缺少表语,表语从句中缺少主语,指物,故填what。
9.答案与解析:seen 句意:但似乎越来越清楚的是,这些饮食策略偶尔出现的减肥效果可能主要是由减少热量摄入驱动的。分析句子可知,that引导的表语从句中主要成分完整,空处作benefits的后置定语,且see和benefits之间为被动关系,故填seen。
10.答案与解析:to lose 句意:这并不意味着你可以每天在短时间内吃完你想吃的所有东西,然后还期望减肥。固定短语expect to do sth.,表示“期待做……”,故填to lose。(共50张PPT)
第二节 并列连词和三大从句
清迷点·扫盲点
随堂落实
清迷点·扫盲点
对连接词的考查涉及到并列连词和三大从句,是高考语法填空的重点和难点,也是学生的易错点。分析句子成分,牢记从句规则用法是解题的关键。在书面表达中灵活运用三大从句也是吸引阅卷老师的法宝之一。
如何判断填连词
典例导引
[2023·浙江高考1月卷] During China's dynastic period, emperors planned the city of Beijing 56.________ arranged the residential areas according to social classes.
[分析] 第一步:如何确定并列连词。
分析句子结构可知, planned the city of Beijing 和arranged the residential areas是并列关系。
第二步:如何确定填哪种并列连词。
此处意为“在中国的王朝时期,帝王规划了北京城并按照社会阶级安排了人们的居住区域。”,空处前后表示并列关系, 故应用并列连词。
[答案] __and__
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否填连词
首先,判断该空后面是不是一个句子。如果是句子,就确定用连词;否则就可能填介词或冠词;
第二步:如何确定并列连词
如果两个单词、短语、句子相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系时,填并列连词。
第三步:如何确定引导词
如果设空处引导从句,则首先要看它所引导的是哪一种从句,然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。
技法1 并列连词——关系分析法
当空格前后是两个并列成分, 如两个单词、短语、或主谓结构完整的句子等, 而且并列成分相互之间存在并列、转折、选择、因果关系等时, 空格处一般填并列连词and, but, or等。
典题试做
1.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]To eat one, you have to decide whether 57.to__bite a small hole in it first,releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出),________ to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue (舌头).
答案与解析:or 连词。whether...or...“是……还是……”是固定搭配。句意:要吃一个小笼包,你必须决定是先把小笼包咬个小口,把热气释放出来,冒着汤汁溢出来的风险,还是把整个包子塞进嘴里,让热汤在你的舌头上爆开。
2.[2023·全国乙卷]It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn't work, ________ somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.
答案与解析:but/yet 连词。前后分句间是转折关系,故填but/yet。
3.[2023·山东省实验中学一模]The stage props (道具) are quite simple: a fan, a handkerchief ________ a table will be adequate.
答案与解析:and 句意:舞台道具很简单:一把扇子、一块手帕和一张桌子就足够了。前后文为并列关系,应用连词and。
4.[2023·山东省日照市二模]The gaze flies, the heart expands, the joy of the senses can reach its peak, ________ this is true happiness indeed.
答案与解析:and/so 空处应填连词连接两个句子,结合句意可知,上下文是并列或因果关系,故填and/so。
5.[2021·浙江高考6月卷]Although Mary loved flowers, ________ she nor her husband was known as a gardener.
答案与解析:neither 考查连词。根据空后的she nor her husband可知,此处为neither...nor...结构,表示“既不……,也不……”。
快捷思维
1.同等关系:and/as well as (和); both... and...(……和……都); not only... but also...(不仅……而且……)等
2.选择关系: or/otherwise(否则); either... or(要么……;要么……); neither... nor(既不……,也不……);not... but...(不是……,而是……)
3.转折关系:but/yet/however (可是,然而)
4.因果关系:for/so/thus/therefore
5.对比关系:while
技法2 定语从句——4步法确定关系词
典题试做
1.[2023·全国乙卷]But for all its ancient buildings,Beijing is also a place ________ welcomes the fast paced development of modern life, with 21st century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past.
答案与解析:that/which 定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,且在从句中作主语,先行词为place,故填that/which。
2.[2023·山东省实验中学模拟]The IOC has a complete guide for those ________ want to apply to these contests.
答案与解析:who 句意:国际奥委会为那些想要申请参加这些比赛的人提供了一份完整的指南。设空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词those,指人,关系代词在从句中作主语,故填who。
3.[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
答案与解析:that 考查定语从句。先行词the species指物,并且其前有all修饰,空处应用关系代词that。
4.[2023·全国甲卷]Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.”
答案与解析:as 定语从句。句意:然而,正如蕾切尔·卡森在《明天的寓言》中所说的那样,这种寓言形式今天仍然有价值。分析句子结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,从句缺少宾语,且先行词是前面的整个主句,此处表示“正如”,所以空处填as。
5.[2023·山东省潍坊市三模]The main activities of the festival, ________ include competitions for kite making, flying and fighting, are scheduled.
答案与解析:which 句意:节日的主要活动包括风筝制作、放飞和格斗比赛。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词activities,在从句中作主语,指物,故填which。
6.[2022·全国甲卷]On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.
答案与解析:who 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,关系词在从句中作主语,故填who。
7.[2023·山东省淄博市一模]The Crescent Spring, ________ terrain and landscape are really distinctive, has become a romantic scenic spot.
答案与解析:whose 句意:月牙泉的地形和景观非常独特,已成为一个浪漫的景点。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为The Crescent Spring,在从句中作定语,修饰名词terrain and landscape,应用关系代词whose。
8.[2023·山东省滨州市二模]The barbecue craze in Zibo began on March 8, ________ a group of college students rode a high speed train to the city to eat skewers.
答案与解析:when 句意:淄博的烧烤热始于3月8日,当时一群大学生乘坐高铁来到这座城市吃烤串。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词March 8,且从句缺少时间状语,故填when。
9.[2023·河北省唐山市二模] When the freezing cold night fell, the visitors sat around the stage ________ the fire show was performed.
答案与解析:where 句意:当寒冷的夜晚来临时,观众们围坐在舞台周围,看那里的打树花表演。分析句子结构和意思可知, ________ the fire show was performed是定语从句,先行词stage在从句中作地点状语,故填where。
10.[2023·山东省泰安市三模] It will be like having a kind and helpful teacher by your side ________ has nearly all the world's medical knowledge.
答案与解析:who/that 句意:这就像有一位善良、乐于助人的老师在你身边,他几乎掌握了世界上所有的医学知识。分析句意可知,此句包含定语从句修饰teacher,且连词在从句中作主语,故填who/that。
11.[2023·衡水中学第四次素养测评]Traditional Chinese aesthetic (美学的) concepts are reflected in the drum playing, all of ________ represent distinctive local features.
答案与解析:which 句意:鼓乐体现了中国传统的审美观念,具有鲜明的地方特色。分析句子可知,空格处为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the drum playing,关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语,故填which。
快捷思维
第一步:确定是定语从句
分析句子结构,设空处无提示词,设空后的句子不完整,且对设空前的某一名词、代词或整个主句起限定作用,就要考虑填定语从句关系词。
第二步:分清限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
在先行词的后面出现逗号的是非限制性定语从句。
①that不能引导非限制性定语从句;
②which引导非限制性定语从句可以代表主句的全部或部分内容;
③as引导非限制性定语从句,可置于句首、句中或句末,意为“正如”。
第三步:寻找先行词,判断属性(指人还是指物,表示时间、地点,还是原因)
①先行词指人用that/who/whom/whose引导;
②先行词指物用that/which/whose引导;
③表示时间/地点/原因用when/where/why引导。
第四步:判断从句中所缺成分,确定关系词
①缺少主语用that/which/who;
②缺少动词的宾语用that/which/who/whom;
③缺少介词的宾语用whom/which;
④缺少定语用whose;
⑤缺少时间、地点或原因状语时,分别用when, where, why。
技法3 名词性从句——搞定名词性从句4方向
设空处无提示词,先确定主句主谓结构,再确定设空处和空后的内容在主句中充当的成分:主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
典题试做
1.[2023·济宁市模拟]The belief behind it is ________ illness and pain occur because of blocked energy (or Qi) in the body. Acupuncture is used to reestablish the flow of energy and stimulate the body's natural healing (治愈) ability.
答案与解析:that 句意:它背后的信念是疾病和疼痛的发生是因为体内的能量(或气)被阻塞。分析句子可知。空处及之后的内容在句中为表语从句,空后的句子结构完整,成分齐全,所以此处使用从属连词that来连接,故填that。
2.[2023·湖北省高三调研]Li also said at the news conference on Monday ________ China's planted forest conservation area has reached 87.6 million hectares, ranking No 1 in the world.
答案与解析:that 句意:李在周一的新闻发布会上还表示,中国的人工林保护面积已达8 760万公顷,居世界首位。分析句子可知,空格处应填入宾语从句引导词,该宾语从句成分齐全,句意完整,故填that。
3.[2022·浙江高考1月卷]Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak ________ she could do so remotely; about three quarters of the time, they agreed.
答案与解析:whether/if 考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,应用whether/if。
4.[2023·宝鸡市联考]But there is some debate over ________ it was NOLA or Mobile, Alabama that had the first Mardi Gras back in the 1,700s.
答案与解析:whether 考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导宾语从句;根据下文it was NOLA or Mobile可知,此处为固定搭配whether...or...,表示“是……还是……”。
5.[2023·湖北省十堰市四月调研]However, ________ his mother said didn't affect John's big interest in embroidery.
答案与解析:what 句意:然而,母亲所说的话并没有影响John对刺绣的浓厚兴趣。句子分析可知,“________ his mother said”为名词性从句作主语,设空处在从句中作动词said宾语,故填what。
6.[2023·山东省淄博市三模]When kids take the initiative and finish a task, they feel proud of ________ they have undertaken.
答案与解析:what 句意:当孩子们主动完成一项任务时,他们会为自己所做的事情感到自豪。分析句子可知,设空处在句中引导一个宾语从句,从句中缺少宾语,故填what。
7.[2023·黄冈中学5月二模]Discoveries made during the latest excavation of Pit No.1 at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, China's first emperor, have allowed Chinese archaeologists to gain more insight into ________ the world famous Terracotta Warriors and their weapons were made.
答案与解析:how 句意:中国第一个皇帝秦始皇陵墓一号坑的最新发掘发现,使中国考古学家对世界闻名的兵马俑及其武器的制造过程有了更多的了解。分析句子结构可知,空处引导宾语从句,从句中结构完整,应该用连接副词引导,根据句意,故填how。
快捷思维
方向一:从句中不缺句子成分且句意完整
分析句子结构,从句中不缺任何成分且句子意义完整,应考虑that引导同位语从句、表语从句或宾语从句,此时that没有词义,也不作任何成分。
方向二:从句中不缺句子成分但句意不完整
分析句子结构,从句中不缺任何成分,但句意中缺少“是否”的意思时,则应考虑whether引导各种名词性从句,if可以用于引导及物动词后的宾语从句。
方向三:从句中缺少主/宾/表语
分析句子结构,从句中缺少主语、宾语、表语,考虑用连接代词what, who, whom, which, whatever等。
方向四:从句中缺少状语
分析句子结构,从句中缺少状语(结合句意判断),考虑用连接副词where (表示地点), when (表示时间),how (表示方式), why (表示原因)等。
技法4 状语从句——句意法+固定句式法
典题试做
1.[2023·湖南省名校联盟5月压轴卷] However, ________ the conditions didn't meet the food safety standards for the tofu to be sold in supermarkets, they struggled to make a living.
答案与解析:as/ because 句意:然而,由于条件不符合豆腐在超市销售的食品安全标准,他们很难谋生。引导原因状语从句,表示“由于”, 故填as/because。
2.[2023·黄冈中学5月二模]The carving of fine details was completed ________ the arms were attached.
答案与解析:before 句意:在手臂连接之前,精细的细节雕刻已经完成。分析句子结构可知,空处引导时间状语从句,根据句意,此处表达“在手臂连接之前”之意,故填before。
3.[2023·苏州八校三模]Dad, you are only one step away from fulfilling your dream. You must hold on to it, no matter ________ awaits you.
答案与解析:what 考查状语从句。根据语境和no matter可知,此处引导让步状语从句,no matter what意为“无论什么……”,连接代词what在从句中作主语,指代事物。
4.[2023·济南市模拟]I feel I'm missing something ________ I don't eat yuanxiao during the Lantern Festival.
答案与解析:if 考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知,设空处引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”,应用if。
5.[2023·连云港市模拟二]One solution to this problem is to collect and preserve the seeds of as many different species as we can ________ they disappear.
答案与解析:before 考查连词。根据语境可知,此处指在种子消失前,收集并保存它们;由此可知,空处应用连词before。
6.[2023·保定市二模]________ it's body image, money, or fame, humblebragging is finding its way into our lives more frequently than before, thanks to social media.
答案与解析:Whether 考查状语从句。whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”,为固定用法。
7.[2023·苏锡常镇四市调研一]Without complex decoration(s), it combines buildings with scenery so well ________ the whole garden appears to be naturally endowed (赋予).
答案与解析:that 考查状语从句。so...that...为固定句型,意为“如此……以至于……”。
8.[2023·重庆市模拟调研三]HuanHuan and Yuan Zai have been expanding their family ________ they arrived, thanks to the joint efforts of Beauval Zoo and China's Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding.
答案与解析:since 考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知,空处引导时间状语从句,表示“自从……以来”,应用连词since。
随堂落实
[2023·山东省潍坊市高三二模]Doctors in the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have followed the meal time habits of more than 500 people for six years, 1.________ (find) weight change is most affected by the size and 2.________ (frequent) of meals rather than the interval (间隔) from first to last meal. It challenges the popular trend of intermittent fasting (禁食疗方) 3.________ a useful weight loss strategy.
Intermittent fasting, also referred to as time restricted feeding, is a dietary strategy where all meals 4.______________ (consume) during a short window of time each day. These windows can extend from 6 to 10 hours, resulting in a person essentially fasting for up to 18 hours each day.
finding
frequency
as
are consumed
The idea reveals 5.________ is no link between the time of a person's eating window each day and weight changes. “Based on other studies that have come out, including 6.________ (we), we are starting to think timing of meals most likely doesn't produce 7.________ instant impact on weight loss,” said doctor Bennett. “What does matter, however, is the total number of medium and large meals a person eats over the day.” It suggests simply eating smaller meals, less frequently, is 8.________ ultimately leads to weight loss.
All of this doesn't mean intermittent fasting strategies won't help. But what does seem increasingly clear is that the weight loss benefits occasionally 9.________ (see) with these eating strategies may be primarily driven by a reduced caloric intake. It doesn't mean you can simply eat all you want in a short window each day and still expect 10.________ (lose) weight.
there
ours
an
what
seen
to lose
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项新的研究表明,影响体重变化的最大因素是饮食的量和频率,而不是从第一顿饮食到最后一顿饮食的间隔时间,该研究发现挑战了间歇性禁食作为一种有用的减肥策略的流行趋势。
1.答案与解析:finding 句意:约翰霍普金斯大学医学院的医生对500多人的用餐习惯进行了六年的跟踪调查,发现影响体重变化的最大因素是饮食的量和频率,而不是从第一顿饮食到最后一顿饮食的间隔时间。分析句子可知,句子成分完整,空处用v. ing作结果状语,故填finding。
2.答案与解析:frequency 分析句子可知,空处和size并列作介词by的宾语,故填frequency。
3.答案与解析:as 句意:它挑战了间歇性禁食作为一种有用的减肥策略的流行趋势。结合常识可知,间歇性禁食常被当作一种有用的减肥策略,空处应用介词as,表示“当作”。故填as。
4.答案与解析:are consumed 句意:间歇性禁食,也被称为限时进食,是一种饮食策略,每天在短时间内食用所有食物。句子在解释间歇性禁食的内涵,是一般性的事实,应用一般现在时,空处作从句的谓语,和主语all meals之间是被动关系,故填are consumed。
5.答案与解析:there 句意:该研究表明,一个人每天进食时间的长短和体重变化之间没有联系。分析句子可知,reveals后面接了省略了that的宾语从句,从句中表示两者之间没有关联,应用there be句型,故填there。
6.答案与解析:ours 句意:Bennett医生说:“根据其他已经发表的研究,包括我们的研究,我们开始认为饮食的时间很可能不会对减肥产生立竿见影的影响。”分析句子可知,空处作介词including的宾语,表示“我们的研究”,应用名词性物主代词。故填ours。
7.答案与解析:an 分析句子可知,空处表示泛指,意为“一个,一种”,应用不定冠词,且instant以元音音素开头,故填an。
8.答案与解析:what 句意:研究表明,减少饮食的量与频率是最终导致体重减轻的原因。分析句子可知,suggests后接了省略了that的宾语从句,从句中缺少表语,表语从句中缺少主语,指物,故填what。
9.答案与解析:seen 句意:但似乎越来越清楚的是,这些饮食策略偶尔出现的减肥效果可能主要是由减少热量摄入驱动的。分析句子可知,that引导的表语从句中主要成分完整,空处作benefits的后置定语,且see和benefits之间为被动关系,故填seen。
10.答案与解析:to lose 句意:这并不意味着你可以每天在短时间内吃完你想吃的所有东西,然后还期望减肥。固定短语expect to do sth.,表示“期待做……”,故填to lose。专题四 语法填空——先题点·再题型
语法填空对语法知识的考查,兼顾词、句、篇三个层面,考查的覆盖面广,涉及的考点全且重点突出。针对这一考查实情且结合二轮复习实际,本专题的复习我们先研究高考常考的语法考点,做到学习无盲点;再研究语法填空题的解题技法,做到稳、准,解题有办法。
[特色编排] 本书在编写语法知识这一板块时采用“基础语法少讲精练,重难语法精讲多练”这一原则,使考生在二轮“时间短,任务重”这一形势下,把握好复习的重心所在。
【近3年新课标全国卷考情分析】
◎细品命题者说 借鉴高考状元解题经验◎
命题专家有话说 高考状元传经验
1.动词考查的题目数量:一般有3~5个,且空格处在句中,有提示词。 2.动词考查的类型:作谓语的动词和作非谓语的动词。 (1)谓语动词的考查形式:时态和语态。有时需要考虑主谓一致。 (2)非谓语动词的考查形式:现在分词,过去分词,动词不定式。 (3)非谓语动词的考查频率:作定语>作状语>作表语>作宾语>作主语>作宾语补足语。 1.看到提示词为动词,要明确考查动词的时态、语态还是非谓语动词。 2.看到句子缺少谓语动词,则括号中的动词就是谓语动词。 3.看到句中已有谓语动词,又没有并列连词与括号中的动词并列,则该动词就是非谓语动词。 注意:既不是谓语也不是非谓语时,要考虑词性转换。
◎养成考场科学思维模式 实战考场得高分◎
[2023·新课标Ⅱ卷]Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach... the animals
Since June 2017, right before the 56.________ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and 57.________ (confidence) speaking English. And who do they speak English 58.________?
Not the pandas, even though 59.________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. They talk to the flood of international tourists and to 60.________ (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China. They also need to be ready to give 61.________ (interview) in English with international journalists. This is 62.________ they need an English trainer.
So, what are they learning 63.________ (basic), how to describe a panda's life. It's been an honor to watch the panda programme develop 64.________ to see the pandas settle into their new home. As a little girl, I 65.________ (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up. Now, I'm living out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English.
◎考场思维模式◎
第一讲 介、冠、代、连词 奇招出击 横扫自由填空题
第一节 介词、冠词和代词
如何判断填冠词
典例导引 解题攻略
[2023·浙江高考1月卷]In contrast to the court life and upper class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect 65.________ culture of grassroots Beijingers. [分析] 第一步:确定填冠词。分析句子结构可知,空后有名词culture of grassroots Beijingers,应用冠词修饰。 第二步:判断特指还是泛指。根据语境可知,此处特指草根北京人的文化,所以空处填the。 [答案] __the__ ·第一步:确定是否填冠词 首先,分析句子结构,看空格后是否有名词。 ·第二步:判断特指还是泛指 ①若空格后有单数可数名词,搭配后表示泛指时,应考虑不定冠词a/an; ②若发现空格后有名词,搭配后表示特指时,应考虑定冠词the; ③看看是否是固定搭配典例。
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·山东省日照市二模]Cristoforetti even gave ________ accurate translation of the lines, saying, “Looking up, I see the vastness of the universe.” 2.[2023·泉州市高中质量监测二]But the one being conducted on Tiangong is the first of its kind that aims to produce the complete life cycle of the plant, which begins with a seed and ends with ________ mature plant producing new seeds. 3.[2022·全国乙卷]May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. To celebrate ________ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday. 考点1 不定冠词a、 an 分析句子结构, 发现空格后有单数可数名词,搭配后表示泛指时,应考虑不定冠词a/an。 (1)在文中第一次提到可数名词单数时,表泛指时,用不定冠词a/an; (2)在序数词前,表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词a/an; (3) a一般用于发音以辅音音素开头的名词前,an一般用于发音以元音音素开头的名词前(注意:并不是指辅音字母或者元音字母开头的单词)。 ①一些以辅音字母开头,但是发元音的单词如:honour, hour, umbrella, unusual, honest等用an; ②一些以元音字母开头,但是发辅音的单词如:university, useful, useless, united, European, one way等用a。
4.[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷]________ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto. 5.[2023·泉州市高中毕业班质量监测三] The new play, Du Fu, highlights ________ last 15 years of the life of the master poet from the Tang Dynasty. 6.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]The meat should be fresh with ________ touch of sweetness, and the surrounding soup hot, clear and delicious. 7.[2023·山东省滨州市高三二模]The local government is thinking about how to promote the city as ________ whole. 8.[2023·长沙市长郡中学二模]Poetry created during this 2,500 year period of more or less continuous development shows ________ great deal of diversity classified by both major historical periods and by dynastic periods. 9.[2023·辽宁省部分学校5月模拟] As they gain financial independence and ________ greater knowledge of the surrounding city, they may choose to stay close to known friends and neighbors for comfort. 考点2 定冠词the 分析句子结构, 发现空格后有名词,搭配后表示特指时,应考虑定冠词the。 用定冠词the的常考点: (1)特指某人或某事; (2)用在序数词或最高级前或有only, very, same 等修饰的名词前; (3)用在世界上独一无二的东西及某些专有名词前; (4)用在乐器名词前; (5)用在“逢十”的年代前,表示“在某世纪几十年代”。 考点3 固定搭配中的冠词 固定搭配或抽象名词具体化的名词前用冠词 (1)定冠词用在固定搭配中,如: at the same time, on the contrary, to tell the truth, in the distance, make the most/best of, on the spot等。 (2)不定冠词用在固定搭配中,如: catch a cold, have a fever,all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, as a result, have a gift for, make a living, give sb. a lift, have a good knowledge of等。 (3)动词(catch/take/hit等)+sb.+介词+the+身体部位。
如何判断填代词
典例导引 解题攻略
[2022·全国乙卷]The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening ________ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea. [分析] 第一步:确定填代词。分析句子成分可知,空格在名词之前,作定语。 第二步:判断代词的形式。it指代前面提到的The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum,由后面的first exhibition可知,此处要填形容词性物主代词。 [答案] __its__ 第一步:确定是否填代词 首先,分析句子结构,发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时,应考虑用it。 第二步:判断是否指代上文中提到的人或物 分析句子结构,发现指代上文中所提到的人或物时,应考虑用相应的代词。代词分为有提示词、无提示词两种形式。
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·唐山市一模]It will take some time to popularize the new travel trend and the prices must remain competitive to ensure that regular tourists can afford ________. 2.[2023·河北省高三4月大联考]As a scientist, the emperor was interested in the new liquid, drank some, and found ________ very refreshing. 3.[2023·衡水中学高三下学期一调]Running for more than 20,000 kilometers, the Great Wall is a historical landmark of unparalleled glory, but climbing ________ is hard work. 无提示词类填空,当句中缺少主语或宾语时, 一般要填代词,主要包括不定代词和it。 (1)如果空处上文出现了单数名词,并且空处作主语,可根据代指的情况用he, she或it; (2)如果空处上文出现了单数名词,并且空处作宾语,可根据代指的情况用him, her或it; (3)如果空处上文出现了复数名词,并且空处作主语,用they; (4)如果空处上文出现了复数名词,并且空处作宾语,用them。
4.[2023·苏州八校三模]After graduation he began to take part in the PLA Air Force's selection of astronaut candidates and was finally selected with ________ 13 male aviators (飞行员). 5.[2023·山东省淄博市一模]It's extremely dry here, with the amount of annual evaporation (蒸发) being more than 60 times ________ of the annual rainfall. 6.[2023·广州市综合测试二]Some people love to read books. They can't get enough of the printed word. ________ have a big appetite for making and eating food. 策略2:熟记不定代词的区别 (1)another泛指同类的人或物,指三者或三者以上的另一个,可单独使用或在其后加可数名词单数; (2)others泛指“其他人”或“其他物”,常用结构:some...others...; (3)the other指两者中的另一个,表示特指;the others则指两部分中的其余全部(复数); (4)that指代上文出现的单数名词或不可数名词; (5)those指代上文出现的复数名词。
7.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]The authors say,“________ is time to start understanding and discussing AI's potential.” 8.[2023·沈阳二中第二次模拟]If they had had any knowledge of Yuan who worked devotedly for our country, they wouldn't have made such pessimistic evaluations. Why did the Chinese people make ________? 9.[2023·石家庄市教学质量检测三]However, it was the pagoda (塔) ________ always fascinated me. Years ago, I went to China. Whenever I'm back to London, I always pay it a visit. 10.[2023·齐鲁名校联盟高三联考]Even so, ________ was not until the Republic of China era in the 1910s that there were some noticeable results in promoting a common unified language in China. 策略3:it的用法 (1)指代天气、时间、距离等; (2)代替上文提到过的事物; (3)it可作形式主语或形式宾语; (4)it常用的固定句型: ①It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他 正是……某事(物)/某人才…… ②It+be+adj.+of/for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是……的 ③It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth. 做某事不好/没用/浪费时间 ④sb. hates/likes/enjoys it that... 某人讨厌/喜欢…… ⑤when it comes to...当谈到…… ⑥as sb. puts it 正如某人所言 ⑦make it成功
如何判断填介词
典例导引 解题攻略
[2023·全国甲卷]She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility ________ saving their environment. [分析] 第一步:确定填介词。分析句子成分可知,此处考查介词的固定搭配。 第二步:确定答案。句意:她警告社会面临的环境危险,并教导人们必须承担起拯救环境的责任。此处考查固定搭配:take responsibility for“对……负责”,是固定短语。 [答案] __for__ 第一步:确定是否填介词 首先,分析句子结构,发现名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,其前面一般填介词。 第二步:根据句意及固定搭配确定答案 ①分析句子结构,发现设空处在不及物动词后名词前时,应考虑动词与介词的搭配; ②分析句子结构,发现设空处在形容词后名词前时,应考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
典题试做 快捷思维
1.[2023·衡水中学第四次素养测评]In ancient times, the drums were played ________ New Year's Eve at the imperial palace to bring peace. 2.[2023·河北省唐山市高考二模]Luckily, the tradition has been listed ________ an intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) in China. 3.[2023·山东省潍坊市三模]Weifang has a long history of kite making, ________ some records suggesting the first wooden kite 45.was invented there during the Spring and Autumn period more than 2,000 years ago. 4.[2023·泉州市高中质量监测二]“We have to find a sustainable food source ________ long term space explorations,” Zheng said. 5.[2023·泉州市毕业班质量监测三] He is the fifth president in the theater's 70 year history and the first one to come ________ an acting background. 6.[2023·石家庄市教学质量检测一]It was a custom for people to hang peach wood charms to drive away evil spirits during the Spring Festival. Nowadays, couplets are used ________ a similar way. 策略1:辨逻辑,联想恰当介词 (1)表示时间的in, on和at ①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等; ②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等; ③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。 (2)表示交通方式的by和on/in ①by后可直接跟涉及或不涉及交通工具的名词,名词前不加冠词; ②on/in后跟交通工具时,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。 (3)表示“用……”的by, in和with ①by表示“靠……手段,用……方法,凭借……”,后可接名词、代词或动词 ing形式; ②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前; ③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。 (4)of表示“……的” “of+n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词。 (5)as 表示“作为”。 (6)from 表示“自, 从”。 (7)despite/in spite of表示 “尽管”。
7.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]There, you'll find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup—and the wrappers are pressed ________ hand rather than rolled. 8.[2023·山东省滨州市二模]Diners are served flatbreads, scallions and other dressings at the table so they are able to assemble their own barbecue parcels, ________ much the same way Peking duck is eaten. 9.[2023·山东省济宁市三模]Aimed ________ “bringing life to the national treasures”, scientific and technological innovations 43.__have__been__integrated with cultural conservation in the past few years. 10.[2023·河北省部分示范性高中三模] Guests must bring foods that appeal ________ both bears and humans, such as salmon patties and honey butter. 11.[2023·武汉市高三年级五月模拟] This week, however, 84 households of Atule'er left the ladders behind ________ good, resettling in apartment blocks closer to 61.__the town centre of Zhaojue county, 46 miles away. 策略2:抓核心词,联想固定搭配 (1)与动词短语 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 go back to/date from 追溯到 consist of 由……组成 come about 发生 account for 占……比例; 说明……的原因 belong to 属于 (2)介词短语搭配 by accident 偶然 in trouble 陷入困境,陷入麻烦 in honour of 为了纪念 in turn 依次,转而 in return 作为报答 on board 乘(飞机、船) on average 平均 on the contrary 相反 (3)形容词与介词搭配 be curious about... 对……感到好奇 be associated with... 与……有关 be rich in... 在……方面丰富 be similar to... 与……相似 be famous for... 因……而著名
随堂落实·创新应用体验
[2023·山东省烟台市高三二模]When Lin Zhanxi first introduced mushroom cultivation(培育) to the Gobi Desert residents of Ningxia, he didn't expect such a phenomenal success. 1.________ inventor of juncao, a method that uses grass cuttings as substrate (培养基) for growing eatable and medicinal mushrooms, has long been committed 2.________ expanding the method in poverty relief.
In the 1980s, as a professor at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin experimented with grass instead of logs to grow mushrooms because logs weren't 3.________ (ready) available for many rural households while grass, 4.________ leaves and roots can be used for ecological management, is an essential multi functional agricultural resource. In 1986,Lin made it, and soon his method 5.________ (adopt) by 51 counties in Fujian.
When juncao was made a key project in the pairing off cooperation between Fujian and Ningxia in 1997, Lin advocated 6.________ (take) advantage of abandoned cave dwellings (窑洞) for growing mushrooms in Ningxia. The project doubled the farmers' yearly income that year.
The success made juncao 7.________ (promote) in 506 China's counties and it was then introduced to 106 developing countries. This world famous innovation 8.________ (bring) welfare to millions of people so far. What touched Lin most during his journey to other countries to help develop juncao technology was that a foreign minister even named his daughter after juncao in honor of China's 9.________ (assist).
“I feel I have a new mission 10.________ (shoulder), even after China wins its battle to reduce poverty. I can still foresee the importance of juncao in helping farmers better their situation and improving the ecology and the environment around us,” he said.
1.____________ 2.__________ 3.__________
4.____________ 5.__________ 6.__________
7.____________ 8.__________ 9.__________
10.__________
专题四 语法填空——先题点·再题型
考场思维模式
56.arrival 57.confident 58.to/with 59.the 60.visiting 61.interviews 62.why 63.Basically 64.and 65.wished
第一讲 介、冠、代、连词 奇招出击
横扫自由填空题
第一节 介词、冠词和代词
语法项目(一)冠词
命题专家授策略
1.答案与解析:an 句意:克里斯托福雷蒂甚至准确地翻译了这些词句,她说:“抬头看,我看到了宇宙的浩瀚。”translation“翻译”是可数名词单数形式,此处为泛指,应添加不定冠词,且accurate的发音是元音音素开头,故填an。
2.答案与解析:a 句意:但在天宫上进行的这项研究是第一次以培育植物的完整生命周期为目标,从种子开始,到产生新种子的成熟植物结束。设空处修饰名词表泛指,应用不定冠词,设空后mature以辅音音素开头,故填a。
3.答案与解析:the 考查冠词。此处指上文提到的the first International Tea Day,应用定冠词the,表示特指。
4.答案与解析:The 根据无提示词语境,结合句意可知,设空处要填冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the+姓氏,意为“某某一家人”。同时该单词位于句首,首字母应该大写。
5.答案与解析:the 句意:新剧《杜甫》渲染了唐朝著名诗人的后十五年生活。分析句子结构。名词前需使用冠词,因years被介词短语修饰表示特指,故填the。
6.答案与解析:a 冠词。a touch of“少许,微量”,是固定搭配。句意:肉应该新鲜,带着一丝甜味;汤汁要热、清澈并且美味。
7.答案与解析:a 句意:当地政府正在考虑如何促进整个城市的发展。as a whole固定搭配,意为“整体上”,故填a。
8.答案与解析:a 句意:在这2500年或多或少持续发展的时期里,诗歌创作表现出极大的多样性,既按主要历史时期划分,也按朝代划分。短语a great deal of“大量的,许多”,是固定搭配,修饰不可数名词,故填a。
9.答案与解析:a a knowledge of为固定搭配,意为“对……的了解”。
语法项目(二)代词
命题专家授策略
1.答案与解析:them 考查代词。句意:要普及这种新的旅游趋势还需要一段时间,而且价格必须保持竞争力,以确保普通游客能够负担得起。分析句意可知,这里指代的是复数名词the prices且动词afford后接宾语,所以用人称代词的宾格形式。
2.答案与解析:it 句意:作为一名科学家,这个皇帝对这种液体感兴趣,喝了一些,发现它很清爽。根据句意可知,此处指代上文提到的liquid,应用代词it,故填it。
3.答案与解析:it 句意:绵延2万多公里,长城是一个具有无比荣耀的历史地标,但攀登它是一项艰苦的工作。代指前文中提到的“the Great Wall”应用代词it。
4.答案与解析:another 考查代词。根据语境和下文的13 male aviators可知,此处应用形容词another修饰名词,表示“另外13名男性航天员”。
5.答案与解析:that 此处意为“年降雨量”,是同类异物特指,空处用代词that替代前面提到的the amount, 故填that。
6.答案与解析:Others 考查代词。分析句子结构可知,此处为some...others...固定结构,注意句首首字母大写。
7.答案与解析:it 分析句意可知,此句包含结构it is time to do sth.“是做什么事的时候了”,故填it。
8.答案与解析:it 考查代词。句意:为什么中国人成功了?根据句意可知,make it表示某人做成某事。
9.答案与解析:that 句意:然而,那座塔总是让我着迷。去掉it was和设空处句子依然完整,由此可知此处考查强调句型:it was+强调部分+that(强调人可用who),此处强调主语the pagoda。
10.答案与解析:it 句意:尽管如此,直到20世纪10年代的民国时期,在中国推广统一语言方面才取得了一些显著的成果。It was not until... that...是强调句型,意为“直到……才……”。
语法项目(三)介词
命题专家授策略
1.答案与解析:on 句意:在古代,人们在除夕之夜在皇宫里敲鼓,以带来和平。New Year's Eve是“除夕”,是在具体的某一天前用介词on。
2.答案与解析:as 句意:幸运的是,这一传统在中国被列为非物质文化遗产。分析句子结构可知,这里考查介词as,意为“作为”。故填as。
3.答案与解析:with 句意:潍坊被称为“风筝之都”,有着悠久的风筝制作历史,一些记录表明,第一个木制风筝是在2000多年前的春秋时期发明的。此处作伴随状语,为with的复合结构:with+名词+现在分词。
4.答案与解析:for 句意:我们必须为长期的太空探索找到一种可持续的食物来源。分析可知,设空处为介词,后接名词, 故填for。
5.答案与解析:from 句意:他是剧院70年历史上的第五位院长,是第一个来自于演艺背景的院长。根据上文“come (来)”以及下文“an acting background (演艺背景)”可知空白处应填介词表示“来自于……”,故填from。
6.答案与解析:in 句意:如今,人们也用类似的方式来使用对联。表示使用某种方式,一般用介词in,故填in。
7.答案与解析:by 介词。by hand“用手工”,是固定搭配。
8.答案与解析:in 句意:用餐者在餐桌上准备了面饼、葱和其他调料,这样他们就可以组装自己的烧烤包,就像吃北京烤鸭一样。in much the same way固定搭配,表示“几乎与……同样的方式”。
9.答案与解析:at 考查介词。句意:过去几年,科技创新与文化保护相结合,旨在“为国宝注入生机”。be aimed at固定搭配,意为“旨在”,Aimed at在句中作状语,故填at。
10.答案与解析:to 句意:客人必须带上对熊和人类都有吸引力的食物,比如三文鱼肉饼和蜂蜜黄油。分析句子结构,appeal to为固定句型,含义为“对……有吸引力”。
11.答案与解析:for 句意:然而,本周,阿土勒尔的84户居民再也不用每天爬梯子了,在46英里外的昭觉县城中心附近的公寓楼里定居下来。固定搭配for good,意为“永远地”。
随堂落实 创新应用体验
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。当林占熺第一次向宁夏戈壁滩居民介绍蘑菇种植时,他没有想到会取得如此惊人的成功。菌草是一种以草屑为基质种植食用蘑菇和药用蘑菇的方法,其发明者长期以来一直致力于在扶贫中推广这种方法。
1.答案与解析:The 句意:菌草是一种以草屑为基质种植食用蘑菇和药用蘑菇的方法,其发明者长期以来一直致力于将这种方法推广到扶贫中。此处为特指一种以草屑为基质种植食用蘑菇和药用蘑菇的方法,所以用定冠词。
2.答案与解析:to 分析句子结构,be committed to为固定短语,含义为:致力于,与句子表达的含义一致。
3.答案与解析:readily 句意:20世纪80年代,作为福建农林大学的教授,林占熺用草代替原木种植蘑菇,因为许多农村家庭不容易获得原木,而草是一种重要的多功能农业资源,其叶子和根可以用于生态管理。分析句子结构,修饰形容词用副词, 故填 readily。
4.答案与解析:whose 分析句子结构,这是一个包含定语从句的复合句,先行词是grass,因空白处在定语从句中作定语,使用whose引导定语从句。
5.答案与解析:was adopted 句意:1986年,林占熺成功了,很快他的方法被福建51个县采用。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作谓语,与主语之间为被动关系,使用被动语态,因句子表达的是发生在过去的动作,故填was adopted。
6.答案与解析:taking 句意:1997年,当菌草成为福建和宁夏结对合作的重点项目时,林占熺主张利用宁夏废弃的窑洞种植蘑菇。advocate doing sth.为固定用法译为“主张做某事”。
7.答案与解析:promoted 句意:这一成功使菌草在中国506个县得到推广,随后被推广到106个发展中国家。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中做宾补,因与其逻辑主语juncao之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,故填promoted。
8.答案与解析:has brought 句意:到目前为止,这项世界著名的创新已经为数百万人带来了福利。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作谓语,根据时间状语so far可知空白处应使用现在完成时。
9.答案与解析:assistance 句意:在他前往其他国家帮助开发菌草技术的过程中,最让他感动的是,一位外交部长甚至以菌草的名字命名了他的女儿,以纪念中国的援助。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作宾语,故填assistance。
10.答案与解析:to shoulder 句意:我觉得我肩负着一项新的使命,即使在中国赢得了减贫斗争之后。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作后置定语表示一个尚未发生的不确定的动作,故填to shoulder。(共56张PPT)
第一节 介词、冠词和代词
清迷点·扫盲点
随堂落实
清迷点·扫盲点
如何判断填冠词
[2023·浙江高考1月卷]In contrast to the court life and upper class culture represented by the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, and the Temple of Heaven, the hutongs reflect 65.________ culture of grassroots Beijingers.
[分析] 第一步:确定填冠词。分析句子结构可知,空后有名词culture of grassroots Beijingers,应用冠词修饰。
第二步:判断特指还是泛指。根据语境可知,此处特指草根北京人的文化,所以空处填the。
[答案] __the__
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否填冠词
首先,分析句子结构,看空格后是否有名词。
·第二步:判断特指还是泛指
①若空格后有单数可数名词,搭配后表示泛指时,应考虑不定冠词a/an;
②若发现空格后有名词,搭配后表示特指时,应考虑定冠词the;
③看看是否是固定搭配典例。
典题试做
1.[2023·山东省日照市二模]Cristoforetti even gave ________ accurate translation of the lines, saying, “Looking up, I see the vastness of the universe.”
答案与解析:an 句意:克里斯托福雷蒂甚至准确地翻译了这些词句,她说:“抬头看,我看到了宇宙的浩瀚。”translation“翻译”是可数名词单数形式,此处为泛指,应添加不定冠词,且accurate的发音是元音音素开头,故填an。
2.[2023·泉州市高中质量监测二]But the one being conducted on Tiangong is the first of its kind that aims to produce the complete life cycle of the plant, which begins with a seed and ends with ________ mature plant producing new seeds.
答案与解析:a 句意:但在天宫上进行的这项研究是第一次以培育植物的完整生命周期为目标,从种子开始,到产生新种子的成熟植物结束。设空处修饰名词表泛指,应用不定冠词,设空后mature以辅音音素开头,故填a。
3.[2022·全国乙卷]May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially by the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. To celebrate ________ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
答案与解析:the 考查冠词。此处指上文提到的the first International Tea Day,应用定冠词the,表示特指。
4.[2022·新高考Ⅱ卷]________ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.
答案与解析:The 根据无提示词语境,结合句意可知,设空处要填冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the+姓氏,意为“某某一家人”。同时该单词位于句首,首字母应该大写。
5.[2023·泉州市高中毕业班质量监测三] The new play, Du Fu, highlights ________ last 15 years of the life of the master poet from the Tang Dynasty.
答案与解析:the 句意:新剧《杜甫》渲染了唐朝著名诗人的后十五年生活。分析句子结构。名词前需使用冠词,因years被介词短语修饰表示特指,故填the。
6.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]The meat should be fresh with ________ touch of sweetness, and the surrounding soup hot, clear and delicious.
答案与解析:a 冠词。a touch of“少许,微量”,是固定搭配。句意:肉应该新鲜,带着一丝甜味;汤汁要热、清澈并且美味。
7.[2023·山东省滨州市高三二模]The local government is thinking about how to promote the city as ________ whole.
答案与解析:a 句意:当地政府正在考虑如何促进整个城市的发展。as a whole固定搭配,意为“整体上”,故填a。
8.[2023·长沙市长郡中学二模]Poetry created during this 2,500 year period of more or less continuous development shows ________ great deal of diversity classified by both major historical periods and by dynastic periods.
答案与解析:a 句意:在这2500年或多或少持续发展的时期里,诗歌创作表现出极大的多样性,既按主要历史时期划分,也按朝代划分。短语a great deal of“大量的,许多”,是固定搭配,修饰不可数名词,故填a。
9.[2023·辽宁省部分学校5月模拟] As they gain financial independence and ________ greater knowledge of the surrounding city, they may choose to stay close to known friends and neighbors for comfort.
答案与解析:a a knowledge of为固定搭配,意为“对……的了解”。
快捷思维
考点1 不定冠词a、 an
分析句子结构, 发现空格后有单数可数名词,搭配后表示泛指时,应考虑不定冠词a/an。
(1)在文中第一次提到可数名词单数时,表泛指时,用不定冠词a/an;
(2)在序数词前,表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词a/an;
(3) a一般用于发音以辅音音素开头的名词前,an一般用于发音以元音音素开头的名词前(注意:并不是指辅音字母或者元音字母开头的单词)。
①一些以辅音字母开头,但是发元音的单词如:honour, hour, umbrella, unusual, honest等用an;
②一些以元音字母开头,但是发辅音的单词如:university, useful, useless, united, European, one way等用a。
考点2 定冠词the
分析句子结构, 发现空格后有名词,搭配后表示特指时,应考虑定冠词the。
用定冠词the的常考点:
(1)特指某人或某事;
(2)用在序数词或最高级前或有only, very, same 等修饰的名词前;
(3)用在世界上独一无二的东西及某些专有名词前;
(4)用在乐器名词前;
(5)用在“逢十”的年代前,表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
考点3 固定搭配中的冠词
固定搭配或抽象名词具体化的名词前用冠词
(1)定冠词用在固定搭配中,如:
at the same time, on the contrary, to tell the truth, in the distance, make the most/best of, on the spot等。
(2)不定冠词用在固定搭配中,如:
catch a cold, have a fever,all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, as a result, have a gift for, make a living, give sb. a lift, have a good knowledge of等。
(3)动词(catch/take/hit等)+sb.+介词+the+身体部位。
如何判断填代词
典例导引
[2022·全国乙卷]The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening ________ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.
[分析] 第一步:确定填代词。分析句子成分可知,空格在名词之前,作定语。
第二步:判断代词的形式。it指代前面提到的The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum,由后面的first exhibition可知,此处要填形容词性物主代词。
[答案] __its__
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否填代词
首先,分析句子结构,发现句子缺少形式主语或形式宾语时,应考虑用it。
第二步:判断是否指代上文中提到的人或物
分析句子结构,发现指代上文中所提到的人或物时,应考虑用相应的代词。代词分为有提示词、无提示词两种形式。
典题试做
1.[2023·唐山市一模]It will take some time to popularize the new travel trend and the prices must remain competitive to ensure that regular tourists can afford ________.
答案与解析:them 考查代词。句意:要普及这种新的旅游趋势还需要一段时间,而且价格必须保持竞争力,以确保普通游客能够负担得起。分析句意可知,这里指代的是复数名词the prices且动词afford后接宾语,所以用人称代词的宾格形式。
2.[2023·河北省高三4月大联考]As a scientist, the emperor was interested in the new liquid, drank some, and found ________ very refreshing.
答案与解析:it 句意:作为一名科学家,这个皇帝对这种液体感兴趣,喝了一些,发现它很清爽。根据句意可知,此处指代上文提到的liquid,应用代词it,故填it。
3.[2023·衡水中学高三下学期一调]Running for more than 20,000 kilometers, the Great Wall is a historical landmark of unparalleled glory, but climbing ________ is hard work.
答案与解析:it 句意:绵延2万多公里,长城是一个具有无比荣耀的历史地标,但攀登它是一项艰苦的工作。代指前文中提到的“the Great Wall”应用代词it。
4.[2023·苏州八校三模]After graduation he began to take part in the PLA Air Force's selection of astronaut candidates and was finally selected with ________ 13 male aviators (飞行员).
答案与解析:another 考查代词。根据语境和下文的13 male aviators可知,此处应用形容词another修饰名词,表示“另外13名男性航天员”。
5.[2023·山东省淄博市一模]It's extremely dry here, with the amount of annual evaporation (蒸发) being more than 60 times ________ of the annual rainfall.
答案与解析:that 此处意为“年降雨量”,是同类异物特指,空处用代词that替代前面提到的the amount, 故填that。
6.[2023·广州市综合测试二]Some people love to read books. They can't get enough of the printed word. ________ have a big appetite for making and eating food.
答案与解析:Others 考查代词。分析句子结构可知,此处为some...others...固定结构,注意句首首字母大写。
7.[2023·山东省泰安市三模]The authors say,“________ is time to start understanding and discussing AI's potential.”
答案与解析:it 分析句意可知,此句包含结构it is time to do sth.“是做什么事的时候了”,故填it。
8.[2023·沈阳二中第二次模拟]If they had had any knowledge of Yuan who worked devotedly for our country, they wouldn't have made such pessimistic evaluations. Why did the Chinese people make ________?
答案与解析:it 考查代词。句意:为什么中国人成功了?根据句意可知,make it表示某人做成某事。
9.[2023·石家庄市教学质量检测三]However, it was the pagoda (塔) ________ always fascinated me. Years ago, I went to China. Whenever I'm back to London, I always pay it a visit.
答案与解析:that 句意:然而,那座塔总是让我着迷。去掉it was和设空处句子依然完整,由此可知此处考查强调句型:it was+强调部分+that(强调人可用who),此处强调主语the pagoda。
10.[2023·齐鲁名校联盟高三联考]Even so, ________ was not until the Republic of China era in the 1910s that there were some noticeable results in promoting a common unified language in China.
答案与解析:it 句意:尽管如此,直到20世纪10年代的民国时期,在中国推广统一语言方面才取得了一些显著的成果。It was not until... that...是强调句型,意为“直到……才……”。
快捷思维
无提示词类填空,当句中缺少主语或宾语时, 一般要填代词,主要包括不定代词和it。
(1)如果空处上文出现了单数名词,并且空处作主语,可根据代指的情况用he, she或it;
(2)如果空处上文出现了单数名词,并且空处作宾语,可根据代指的情况用him, her或it;
(3)如果空处上文出现了复数名词,并且空处作主语,用they;
(4)如果空处上文出现了复数名词,并且空处作宾语,用them。
策略2:熟记不定代词的区别
(1)another泛指同类的人或物,指三者或三者以上的另一个,可单独使用或在其后加可数名词单数;
(2)others泛指“其他人”或“其他物”,常用结构:some...others...;
(3)the other指两者中的另一个,表示特指;the others则指两部分中的其余全部(复数);
(4)that指代上文出现的单数名词或不可数名词;
(5)those指代上文出现的复数名词。
策略3:it的用法
(1)指代天气、时间、距离等;
(2)代替上文提到过的事物;
(3)it可作形式主语或形式宾语;
(4)it常用的固定句型:
①It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他
正是……某事(物)/某人才……
②It+be+adj.+of/for sb. to do sth.
对某人来说做某事是……的
③It is no good/no use/useless/a waste of time doing sth.
做某事不好/没用/浪费时间
④sb. hates/likes/enjoys it that... 某人讨厌/喜欢……
⑤when it comes to...当谈到……
⑥as sb. puts it 正如某人所言
⑦make it成功
如何判断填介词
[2023·全国甲卷]She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility ________ saving their environment.
[分析] 第一步:确定填介词。分析句子成分可知,此处考查介词的固定搭配。
第二步:确定答案。句意:她警告社会面临的环境危险,并教导人们必须承担起拯救环境的责任。此处考查固定搭配:take responsibility for“对……负责”,是固定短语。
[答案] __for__
解题攻略
第一步:确定是否填介词
首先,分析句子结构,发现名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语或动词的宾语时,其前面一般填介词。
第二步:根据句意及固定搭配确定答案
①分析句子结构,发现设空处在不及物动词后名词前时,应考虑动词与介词的搭配;
②分析句子结构,发现设空处在形容词后名词前时,应考虑形容词与介词的搭配。
典题试做
1.[2023·衡水中学第四次素养测评]In ancient times, the drums were played ________ New Year's Eve at the imperial palace to bring peace.
答案与解析:on 句意:在古代,人们在除夕之夜在皇宫里敲鼓,以带来和平。New Year's Eve是“除夕”,是在具体的某一天前用介词on。
2.[2023·河北省唐山市高考二模]Luckily, the tradition has been listed ________ an intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) in China.
答案与解析:as 句意:幸运的是,这一传统在中国被列为非物质文化遗产。分析句子结构可知,这里考查介词as,意为“作为”。故填as。
3.[2023·山东省潍坊市三模]Weifang has a long history of kite making, ________ some records suggesting the first wooden kite 45.was invented there during the Spring and Autumn period more than 2,000 years ago.
答案与解析:with 句意:潍坊被称为“风筝之都”,有着悠久的风筝制作历史,一些记录表明,第一个木制风筝是在2000多年前的春秋时期发明的。此处作伴随状语,为with的复合结构:with+名词+现在分词。
4.[2023·泉州市高中质量监测二] “We have to find a sustainable food source ________ long term space explorations,” Zheng said.
答案与解析:for 句意:我们必须为长期的太空探索找到一种可持续的食物来源。分析可知,设空处为介词,后接名词, 故填for。
5.[2023·泉州市毕业班质量监测三] He is the fifth president in the theater's 70 year history and the first one to come ________ an acting background.
答案与解析:from 句意:他是剧院70年历史上的第五位院长,是第一个来自于演艺背景的院长。根据上文“come (来)”以及下文“an acting background (演艺背景)”可知空白处应填介词表示“来自于……”,故填from。
6.[2023·石家庄市教学质量检测一]It was a custom for people to hang peach wood charms to drive away evil spirits during the Spring Festival. Nowadays, couplets are used ________ a similar way.
答案与解析:in 句意:如今,人们也用类似的方式来使用对联。表示使用某种方式,一般用介词in,故填in。
7.[2023·新课标卷Ⅰ]There, you'll find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup—and the wrappers are pressed ________ hand rather than rolled.
答案与解析:by 介词。by hand“用手工”,是固定搭配。
8.[2023·山东省滨州市二模]Diners are served flatbreads, scallions and other dressings at the table so they are able to assemble their own barbecue parcels, ________ much the same way Peking duck is eaten.
答案与解析:in 句意:用餐者在餐桌上准备了面饼、葱和其他调料,这样他们就可以组装自己的烧烤包,就像吃北京烤鸭一样。in much the same way固定搭配,表示“几乎与……同样的方式”。
9.[2023·山东省济宁市三模]Aimed ________ “bringing life to the national treasures”, scientific and technological innovations 43.__have__been__integrated with cultural conservation in the past few years.
答案与解析:at 考查介词。句意:过去几年,科技创新与文化保护相结合,旨在“为国宝注入生机”。be aimed at固定搭配,意为“旨在”,Aimed at在句中作状语,故填at。
10.[2023·河北省部分示范性高中三模] Guests must bring foods that appeal ________ both bears and humans, such as salmon patties and honey butter.
答案与解析:to 句意:客人必须带上对熊和人类都有吸引力的食物,比如三文鱼肉饼和蜂蜜黄油。分析句子结构,appeal to为固定句型,含义为“对……有吸引力”。
11.[2023·武汉市高三年级五月模拟] This week, however, 84 households of Atule'er left the ladders behind ________ good, resettling in apartment blocks closer to 61.__the town centre of Zhaojue county, 46 miles away.
答案与解析:for 句意:然而,本周,阿土勒尔的84户居民再也不用每天爬梯子了,在46英里外的昭觉县城中心附近的公寓楼里定居下来。固定搭配for good,意为“永远地”。
快捷思维
策略1:辨逻辑,联想恰当介词
(1)表示时间的in, on和at
①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等;
②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等;
③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。
(2)表示交通方式的by和on/in
①by后可直接跟涉及或不涉及交通工具的名词,名词前不加冠词;
②on/in后跟交通工具时,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。
(3)表示“用……”的by, in和with
①by表示“靠……手段,用……方法,凭借……”,后可接名词、代词或动词 ing形式;
②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前;
③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。
(4)of表示“……的”
“of+n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词。
(5)as 表示“作为”。
(6)from 表示“自, 从”。
(7)despite/in spite of表示 “尽管”。
策略2:抓核心词,联想固定搭配
(1)与动词短语
remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
go back to/date from 追溯到
consist of 由……组成
come about 发生
account for 占……比例;
说明……的原因
belong to 属于
(2)介词短语搭配
by accident 偶然
in trouble 陷入困境,陷入麻烦
in honour of 为了纪念
in turn 依次,转而
in return 作为报答
on board 乘(飞机、船)
on average 平均
on the contrary 相反
(3)形容词与介词搭配
be curious about... 对……感到好奇
be associated with... 与……有关
be rich in... 在……方面丰富
be similar to... 与……相似
be famous for... 因……而著名
随堂落实
[2023·山东省烟台市高三二模]When Lin Zhanxi first introduced mushroom cultivation(培育) to the Gobi Desert residents of Ningxia, he didn't expect such a phenomenal success. 1.________ inventor of juncao, a method that uses grass cuttings as substrate (培养基) for growing eatable and medicinal mushrooms, has long been committed 2.________ expanding the method in poverty relief.
In the 1980s, as a professor at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin experimented with grass instead of logs to grow mushrooms because logs weren't 3.________ (ready) available for many rural households while grass, 4.________ leaves and roots can be used for ecological management, is an essential multi functional agricultural resource. In 1986,Lin made it, and soon his method 5.____________ (adopt) by 51 counties in Fujian.
The
to
readily
whose
was adopted
When juncao was made a key project in the pairing off cooperation between Fujian and Ningxia in 1997, Lin advocated 6.________ (take) advantage of abandoned cave dwellings (窑洞) for growing mushrooms in Ningxia. The project doubled the farmers' yearly income that year.
The success made juncao 7.________ (promote) in 506 China's counties and it was then introduced to 106 developing countries. This world famous innovation 8.________ (bring) welfare to millions of people so far. What touched Lin most during his journey to other countries to help develop juncao technology was that a foreign minister even named his daughter after juncao in honor of China's 9.________ (assist).
“I feel I have a new mission 10.________ (shoulder), even after China wins its battle to reduce poverty. I can still foresee the importance of juncao in helping farmers better their situation and improving the ecology and the environment around us,” he said.
taking
promoted
has brought
assistance
to shoulder
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。当林占熺第一次向宁夏戈壁滩居民介绍蘑菇种植时,他没有想到会取得如此惊人的成功。菌草是一种以草屑为基质种植食用蘑菇和药用蘑菇的方法,其发明者长期以来一直致力于在扶贫中推广这种方法。
1.答案与解析:The 句意:菌草是一种以草屑为基质种植食用蘑菇和药用蘑菇的方法,其发明者长期以来一直致力于将这种方法推广到扶贫中。此处为特指一种以草屑为基质种植食用蘑菇和药用蘑菇的方法,所以用定冠词。
2.答案与解析:to 分析句子结构,be committed to为固定短语,含义为:致力于,与句子表达的含义一致。
3.答案与解析:readily 句意:20世纪80年代,作为福建农林大学的教授,林占熺用草代替原木种植蘑菇,因为许多农村家庭不容易获得原木,而草是一种重要的多功能农业资源,其叶子和根可以用于生态管理。分析句子结构,修饰形容词用副词, 故填 readily。
4.答案与解析:whose 分析句子结构,这是一个包含定语从句的复合句,先行词是grass,因空白处在定语从句中作定语,使用whose引导定语从句。
5.答案与解析:was adopted 句意:1986年,林占熺成功了,很快他的方法被福建51个县采用。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作谓语,与主语之间为被动关系,使用被动语态,因句子表达的是发生在过去的动作,故填was adopted。
6.答案与解析:taking 句意:1997年,当菌草成为福建和宁夏结对合作的重点项目时,林占熺主张利用宁夏废弃的窑洞种植蘑菇。advocate doing sth.为固定用法译为“主张做某事”。
7.答案与解析:promoted 句意:这一成功使菌草在中国506个县得到推广,随后被推广到106个发展中国家。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中做宾补,因与其逻辑主语juncao之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,故填promoted。
8.答案与解析:has brought 句意:到目前为止,这项世界著名的创新已经为数百万人带来了福利。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作谓语,根据时间状语so far可知空白处应使用现在完成时。
9.答案与解析:assistance 句意:在他前往其他国家帮助开发菌草技术的过程中,最让他感动的是,一位外交部长甚至以菌草的名字命名了他的女儿,以纪念中国的援助。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作宾语,故填assistance。
10.答案与解析:to shoulder 句意:我觉得我肩负着一项新的使命,即使在中国赢得了减贫斗争之后。分析句子结构,空白处在句子中作后置定语表示一个尚未发生的不确定的动作,故填to shoulder。