第6讲 体裁微解——记叙文
记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以记叙和描写为主要表达方式的文章。一篇记叙文，无论长短都应该是一个完全独立的事实，描写人物、地点、事件和发生过程，表达作者的某种情感。主要具有以下特点：
选材 新颖、生动、真实、典型的素材描写，让读者有身临其境的感觉。
内容 记叙文应该包括六要素，即：时间、地点、人物、起因、经过和结果。可以按事件发生的时间顺序写。
形式 顺叙、倒叙、插叙。
语言 时态以一般过去时为主，其他时态为辅。合理使用丰富多彩的谓语动词时态是英语记叙文首要的语言特征；多用动词，尤其是动态强的行为动词是英语记叙文又一个明显的语言特征。
命题 主要集中在多个事件的先后顺序与人物的情感态度上。
高考英语记叙文设题主要集中在细节理解题和推理判断题，因此，阅读这类文章时，应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，一方面要依据文章的顺序和故事的发展弄清一系列事件的先后顺序以及它们之间的逻辑关系，必要时可以对事件进行排序；另一方面，还要根据人物的处境和描写、议论时所用的特定词语来准确把握人物的情感与态度，做到入情入境，特别要留意描写和议论时所用的形容词和副词。具体答题策略如下：
策略指导 技法解读
弄清六要素 何人、何时、何地、因何原因做了何事、结果如何、有何启示或感想。
弄清写作目的 证明一个观点；赞美某种美德；谴责某种行为；提供娱乐。
关注开头和结尾 把握事情的发展动向，尾段通常是主题的升华所在。
关注情感主线 分析事情的发展脉络，弄清人物关系，透析文章的情感主线。
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·B)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd.From the age of six，Terri，now 26，accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays.A day’s work was rewarded with ￡5 in pocket money.She says，“I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with.But when Derek built our family house about eight years ago，I was heavily involved(参与)，painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house.It took weeks and it was backbreaking work，but I know he was proud of my skills.”
Terri，who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth，South West London，says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy(租期) comes to an end.She adds，“I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures.So，it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over that coming weeks，new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long，warm summer days to get jobs done.The average spend per project will be around ￡ 823.Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home.A fifth wish to increase the value of their houses.Though DIY has traditionally been seen as male hobby，the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A．An artist. B．A winner.
C．A specialist. D．A pioneer.
25．Why did Terri’s grandfather give her ￡5 a day
A．For a birthday gift.
B．As a treat for her work.
C．To support her DIY projects.
D．To encourage her to take up a hobby.
26．How did Terri avoid losing the deposit on the house she rented
A．By making it look like before.
B．By furnishing it herself.
C．By splitting the rent with a roommate.
D．By cancelling the rental agreement.
27．What trend in DIY does the research show
A．It is becoming more costly.
B．It is getting more time-consuming.
C．It is turning into a seasonal industry.
D．It is gaining popularity among females.
A
(2023·云南昆明一模)
A dad says he’s built a special bond with his two-year-old daughter after running a series of long-distance races with her strapped(用带子系) to his back.
Chris Greenbank,36，a stonemason(石匠) from Stockport，Greater Manchester，even managed to complete a half marathon carrying the youngster in a special hiking carrier.
The single father，who has suffered from anxiety in the past，has been raising money to mental health support group Project 23.The group，which helps people with anxiety and mental health problems，was set up by Chris’s friend Mark Sproston.
Chris’s latest，Runnorthwests festive 10k in Cheshire，was his fourth race and he says，possibly their last，as the kid may be too heavy in spring.Besides，Chris had been a little worried if the weather would be too chilly for his daughter.“No matter how difficult it is，I want to get us both a festive Christmas medal before it gets too cold，” He added，“We have four medals now and we have run 51km in total.”
In October，Chris took just under three hours to complete the Manchester Half Marathon with his daughter on his back.The dad says his little girl rested her hand on his shoulder and kept it there for the whole duration of the run.He said，“Our bond isn’t something you can even put into words.My heart is full.”
Chris，who says exercise is an important part of positive mental health，believes there should be no reason why people can’t exercise because they have kids.
The pair also ran the Wilms low 10k in July this year and Chester Zoo 10k in October.Chris says of his daughter，“She loves it，and they are like mini adventures.”
1．What do we know about Project 23
A．It was founded by Chris Greenbank.
B．It has organized 4 marathon events.
C．It helps people with psychological problems.
D．It offers medical care to the disabled.
2．Why did Chris run the marathon in Cheshire with his daughter
A．To show the public his running skills.
B．To win a medal for their Christmas.
C．To raise money for his serious illness.
D．To develop his habit of doing sports.
3．Which of the following words can best describe Chris
A．Caring and loving.
B．Frank and demanding.
C．Ambitious and particular.
D．Generous and outgoing.
4．What is the purpose of writing the text
A．To introduce ways to relieve anxiety.
B．To show training methods of running.
C．To involve readers in charity activities.
D．To share a story of a father and a daughter.
B
(2023·湖北武汉5月模考)
Back in 1958，I was crazy about the Norfolk and Western 746.The smooth bullet-nose engine with its orange and yellow lines and shiny streamlined black tender(车厢) seemed to have cast a spell on me.
Together the engine and tender measured a little shy of 2 feet—enormous by the toy train standards of the day.Even better，the 746 had a working headlight and smoker，and its tender sang high.
Unfortunately，the amazing 746 also had an amazing price—$50，equal to about $450 today.That was far more than my grandfather could afford.Instead，I had to be content with his little Lionel plastic，which was SIX INCHES shorter than the 746 and had no headlight，no smoker or no sound! But that was the best that my grandfather could give me at that time.
Years passed，and I was in my plicated sound systems and computer controls dominated toy trains.I never gave a look.My interest in toy trains，I firmly believed，had faded，nor did my admiration for the 746，since my grandfather was not with me.The 746 was never called to mind.On an ordinary day，however，I happened to see the 746 outside the window of a train show.Just one look，I could not look away.Childhood memories that I tried to hide in the depths of my heart raced through my mind，happy or sad.
That day I took the 746 home and placed it in the centre of the room，and let my childhood dream sing its way around me.Smoke rose out from the engine and the soft song sounded from its tender.It seemed as if I could see the soft light in grandfather’s eyes and hear his cheerful laughter.
5．Which best describes the 746 in the author’s eyes
A．It was taller than the author.
B．Its price rose from $50 to $450.
C．It was the largest train in 1958.
D．Its beauty was beyond compare.
6．How did the author feel when receiving his little Lionel plastic
A．Visibly relieved.
B．Really excited.
C．Terribly shameful.
D．Slightly unsatisfied.
7．What happened to the author in his 30s
A．He left his grandfather alone.
B．He didn’t favor the 746 at all.
C．He attempted not to recall the past.
D．He admired advanced toy trains.
8．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Toy Trains：Childhood in History
B．The 746：Childhood Memories of Love
C．Toy Trains：Memories of a Generation
D．The 746：a Perfect Gift from My Grandfather
第6讲
真题体验
24．C [词义猜测题。根据画线短语后文“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together...”可推知，此处指Terri Bolton是一位DIY高手。C项最接近画线短语的意思。故选C。]
25．B [推理判断题。根据第二段前三句以及最后一句可推知，Terri的祖父每天给她5英镑是作为对她工作的奖励。故选B。]
26．A [推理判断题。根据第三段第一句和最后一句可推知，Terri通过粉饰房间，让它看起来像以前一样，以此来避免被扣除租房的押金。故选A。]
27．D [细节理解题。通过最后一段中的“the research shows it is women now leading the charge”可知，研究表明，DIY正在女性群体中越来越受欢迎。故选D。]
随堂演练
语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了一位曾患有焦虑症的单身父亲克里斯为帮助Project 23组织募集资金背着年幼的女儿参加一系列马拉松比赛的事迹。
1．C [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The group，which helps people with anxiety and mental health problems，was set up by Chris’s friend Mark Sproston.”可知，这个组织是帮助患有焦虑和精神疾病的一个公益组织。故选C。]
2．B [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“No matter how difficult it is，I want to get us both a festive Christmas medal before it gets too cold”可知，他参加这场比赛是因为他希望在天太冷前得到圣诞奖章。故选B。]
3．A [推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The single father，who has suffered from anxiety in the past，has been raising money to mental health support group Project 23.”和第四段中的“Besides，Chris had been a little worried if the weather would be too chilly for his daughter.”及他所说的话可知，克里斯帮助心理健康组织Project 23筹款，且担心天太冷冻着女儿，计划在天太冷前不管多难也要得到圣诞奖章，由此可知，克里斯充满了爱与关怀。故选A。]
4．D [写作意图题。根据首段“A dad says he’s built a special bond with his two-year-old daughter after running a series of long-distance races with her strapped(用带子系) to his back.”以及下文中讲述的克里斯背着女儿参加一系列的马拉松比赛情况可知，本文的目的是分享一对父女的故事。故选D。]
语篇解读 本文是篇记叙文。文章通过描述作者自年少时到成年后对一辆玩具火车的情感变化，表达了他对祖父的思念之情。
5．D [细节理解题。根据第一段中“The smooth bullet-nose engine with its orange and yellow lines and shiny streamlined black tender(车厢) seemed to have cast a spell on me.”和第二段内容可知，作者对746玩具火车非常迷恋，认为它非常完美，无与伦比。故选D。]
6．D [推理判断题。根据第三段中“Instead，I had to be content with his little Lionel plastic，which was SIX INCHES shorter than the 746 and had no headlight，no smoker or no sound！”可知，在作者看来，这个小的Lionel品牌的塑料玩具和746相比差得太多，所以稍微有点不满意。故选D。]
7．C [推理判断题。根据第四段中“My interest in toy trains，I firmly believed，had faded...since my grandfather was not with me.The 746 was never called to mind.”及最后一句可知，作者30多岁时，因为祖父不在了，所以他尽量不去回忆过去。故选C。]
8．B [标题归纳题。根据最后一段中“It seemed as if I could see the soft light in grandfather’s eyes and hear his cheerful laughter.”和全文内容可知，文章以746火车玩具为主线，通过描述作者自年少时到成年后对它的情感变化，表达了作者对童年时期的爱的回忆以及对祖父的怀念之情。故选B。]第9讲 体裁微解——新闻报道
新闻报道类包含新闻事件的诸多元素，时间、地点、人物、起因、过程和结局。语篇特征明显：都是由标题(Headline)、导语(Introduction)、背景(Background)、主体(Main body)和结尾(End)五部分构成。标题是对新闻报道中心思想所作的高度而又精辟的概括，通常起着提纲挈领、吸引受众的作用，被视为新闻的“眼睛”。近年来高考新闻类文章一般隐去标题，却在设题时要求考生在所给选项中选出最佳标题，考查学生对文章的概括能力。导语位于新闻报道的首段，高度概括新闻事实，5W(When，Where，Who，What，Why)包括其中，被视为新闻的“灵魂”。正文则具体描写，被视为新闻的“躯干”。结尾总结概括，重申主题或者升华主题。
新闻报道亦为记叙文，时态一般为过去时；主句、从句结构清晰，语言客观平实，往往没有过分花哨的词汇和过于复杂的句型。主要具有以下特点：
选材 新闻报道要突出新闻性，作者应避免对该新闻事件进行主观判断和评价。
内容 新闻报道的内容真实、新鲜、及时、重要、趣味可读，时效性极强。
结构 标题＋导语＋正文＋结束语
语言 短小精悍(常用代词)；客观真实(被动语态和间接引语的使用)。
命题 题型以细节理解题为主，兼顾推理判断题、主旨大意题、词句猜测题等
真题体验 (2019·浙江·B)
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
People quickly caught on.And while many took dollars，many others pinned their own cash to the board.“People of all ages，races，and socio-economic(社会经济的) backgrounds gave and took，” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox，which created the project.“We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.” Most of the bills on the board were singles，but a few people left fives，tens and even twenties.The video clip(片段) shows one man who had found a $20 bill pinning it to the board.
“What I can say for the folks that gave the most，is that they were full of smiles，” Bridges said.“There’s a certain feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.” Most people who took dollars took only a few，but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.
While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign，Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy.He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.
“After all，everyone has bad days and good days，” he said.“Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the helping hand.”
24．What does the expression “Money with no strings attached.” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
25．What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride
A．Women tended to be more sociable.
B．The activity attracted various people.
C．Economic problems were getting worse.
D．Young couples needed financial assistance.
26．Why did Bridges carry out the project
A．To do a test on people’s morals.
B．To raise money for his company.
C．To earn himself a good reputation.
D．To promote kindness and sympathy.
A
(2023·广东佛山一模)
Deveza’s mother was on the waiting list for a kidney transplant(肾移植)．Deveza wanted to donate one of her own kidneys—but she was turned down because she might develop the same health problems as her mother in later life.
Deveza came up with a different plan.In 2017，she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors，exchanging half her liver(肝) for someone else’s kidney.A case study of the organ exchange has now been published，and the surgeons who were involved are calling for more exchanges like this.“You can imagine the enormous impact for mixed organ extended chains，” says John Roberts，a surgeon at University of California，San Francisco.
Most organ transplants come from people who have died，but there are never enough organs.As most people can manage with just one of their kidneys，people with kidney failure are increasingly receiving donated organs from relatives or friends.If someone wants to donate but their immune(免疫的) system is unsuited，doctors may be able to find pairs of would-be donors who can each give a kidney to the other’s relative.
When Deveza was looking into such chains，she came across research describing the idea of trading a kidney with the only other organ generally taken from a living donor—the liver.She suggested the idea to many hospitals before she finally contacted Roberts，who saw the idea’s potential.
Deveza was assessed to be in good enough health to donate part of her liver.It then took 18 months to find Annie Simmons，in Idaho，whose liver was unsuitable to use as a transplant for her sister with severe liver disease.They drew up a plan：Simmons would donate a kidney to Deveza’s mother，and in return，Deveza would give half her liver to Simmons’ sister.The hospital gave the go-ahead and the four operations took place on the same day successfully.
The team hope that the ground-breaking case will inspire more people to consider doing the same.Roberts says that direct exchanges involving two donors could enable up to thirty extra living-donor liver transplants a year—a ten percent increase.
1．What did Deveza do to save her mother
A．Carrying out a case study.
B．Calling for kidney donations.
C．Launching a medical experiment.
D．Trading half her liver for a kidney.
2．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．Patients’ desperation to survive.
B．Several sources of organ donation.
C．Current situation of organ transplants.
D．Doctors’ efforts to improve organ transplants.
3．What can be inferred about the organ exchange between Deveza and Simmons
A．It discouraged organ donation.
B．It brought two families together.
C．It met with widespread approval.
D．It produced a desirable outcome.
4．What is the best title for the text
A．My Liver，Your Kidney
B．Mother’s Love，Our Happiness
C．Organ Transplant：Blessing for Patients
D．Organ Exchange：Major Medical Advances
B
(2023·山东聊城一模)
When it comes to making lunch for their kids，moms and dads have usual favorites.For some parents in the US，those favorites are peanut butter and jelly sandwiches—also known as PB&Js.Fruit like apples and bananas are also popular.
But one mother has an unusual go-to ingredient for her children’s lunches.Jenny Mollen uses funny-looking candy eyes.She has learned that her children will eat any healthy food if it has edible eyeballs attached.The “eyeballs” are really pieces of candy.
Her children laugh while they eat healthy foods like bell peppers，kiwi fruit，or dates.Mollen says candy “eyes” make lunch more fun.
“Honestly，first of all，just buy yourself some candy googly eyes.They are tried-and-true，” she said.She admits that “you lose something nutritionally” by giving children candy.But she thinks that getting children to eat healthy food by putting candy on it is worth it.
Mollen’s lunch tricks bring together food and craft.She uses tricks because her two sons hate to eat different kinds of foods.So，she decorates their food to resemble animals or even their favorite Pokémon characters.She makes edible “bugs” made from dates，pretzel sticks for the legs，and，of course，candy “eyes”．She also uses leftover Chinese food to make panda bears from rice and seaweed.
Mollen says her lunch projects are easy to do.And her sons think they have won a big prize at their midday meal.Mollen says making fun-looking，artful lunches for her children helps ease her guilt as she is a working mom.Her artful lunches are her way of reminding her children that she is thinking of them.
Mollen says she also wants to teach them healthy eating habits.She says that by getting kids to eat vegetables at a young age，they will grow up to eat healthy foods later in life.She also says it is a good way to get children to try foods from other cultures.If they need to be “tricked” sometimes，that is okay.
5．What’s the purpose of Mollen’s lunch projects
A．To make her children’s day.
B．To remind people to save food.
C．To persuade other parents to follow suit.
D．To ensure her children’s healthy diet.
6．What is typical of Mollen’s lunch
A．It contains all kinds of food.
B．It is made up of candy.
C．It combines art and nutrition.
D．It is full of Chinese styles.
7．How have Mollen’s lunch projects affected her children
A．They have taken to their fun-looking lunches.
B．They have broadened their knowledge of food.
C．They have bonded with their favorite animals.
D．They have swept to victory in the meal competitions.
8．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about
A．Mollen’s plans for cooking lunches.
B．The benefits of Mollen’s lunch tricks.
C．Mollen’s expectations of her children.
D．The culture elements in Mollen’s lunch.
第9讲
真题体验
语篇解读 这是一篇新闻报道。本文向读者介绍了Tyler Bridges创办的一项“尽你所能，取你所需”的活动。这一活动吸引了许多不同的人，其唯一目的就是展示人们的慷慨和同情心。结果显示，人们付出的多，拿取的少，达到了预期的效果。
24．C [句意理解题。根据下文的内容并结合木板上写的“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”可知，附在木板上的钱是可以随意取的，并不附带任何条件，故选C。]
25．B [推理判断题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是“People of all ages，races...even had a bride”可推知，Bridges提到新娘参与该活动是为了说明参与人员的多样性，故选B。]
26．D [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句并结合全文内容可知，Bridges开展这个活动的目的是提倡仁慈和同情，故选D。]
随堂演练
语篇解读 这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了Deveza用自己的一半肝脏交换别人的肾脏给自己的妈妈，并取得了成功。这一成功的案例具有积极的影响。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Deveza came up with a different plan.In 2017，she started the world’s first paired exchange of different organs between living donors，exchanging half her liver(肝) for someone else’s kidney.”可知，Deveza为了帮助妈妈移植合适的肾脏，用自己的一半肝脏作为交换。故选D。]
2．C [段落大意题。根据第三段首句“Most organ transplants come from people who have died，but there are never enough organs.”及后文的描述可知，该段主要讲述了器官移植的现状。故选C。]
3．D [推理判断题。根据最后一段末句“Roberts says that direct exchanges involving two donors could enable up to thirty extra living-donor liver transplants a year—a ten percent increase.”可知，她们两个的“器官互换”使活体肝器官交换的案例增加。由此可推知，这产生了令人满意的结果。故选D。]
4．A [标题归纳题。综合分析文章可知，文章主要讲述了Deveza用自己的一半肝脏交换别人的肾脏给自己的妈妈，并取得了成功，后文则以此为延伸讲述了其可能产生的积极影响。因此，选项A“My Liver，Your Kidney”不仅贴合主旨，且作为标题更具有吸引力。故选A。]
语篇解读 本文为一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了一位花心思为孩子提供不同寻常的食材的妈妈，她的做法不但让孩子的午饭变得有趣、健康，还让孩子知道妈妈在想着他们。
5．D [推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Jenny Mollen uses funny-looking candy eyes.She has learned that her children will eat any healthy food if it has edible eyeballs attached.”可知，莫伦的午餐计划的目的是让孩子吃健康食物。故选D。]
6．C [细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But she thinks that getting children to eat healthy food by putting candy on it is worth it.”可知，莫伦的午餐是健康食物；根据第五段中的“Mollen’s lunch tricks bring together food and craft.”可知，莫伦的午餐技巧将食物和手艺结合在一起。综合来看，莫伦的午餐结合了艺术和营养。故选C。]
7．A [推理判断题。根据第三段“Her children laugh while they eat healthy foods like bell peppers，kiwi fruit，or dates.Mollen says candy ‘eyes’ make lunch more fun.”可知，莫伦的孩子们吃着这些食物很开心，说明他们已经喜欢上了看起来很有趣的午餐。故选A。]
8．B [段落大意题。根据倒数第二段末句“Her artful lunches are her way of reminding her children that she is thinking of them.”以及最后一段首句“Mollen says she also wants to teach them healthy eating habits.”可知，这两段阐述了莫伦的午餐技巧给孩子以及她本人带来的好处，午餐拉近了她和孩子的距离，为孩子长大以后的健康饮食习惯奠定基础，也使孩子了解其他文化的食物。故选B。]第7讲 体裁微解——说明文
说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术的文章，旨在让读者了解信息。说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。主要具有以下特点：
选材 实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。
内容 用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物或说明一项研究。
形式 总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。
语言 主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。
命题 主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。
说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下：
策略指导 技法解读
抓首尾段 首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申、强调主题。
梳理文章结构 整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
破解长难句 结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·C)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so，I divided the book into two parts.In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one，I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so，I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them，and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use.Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills.
B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C．Solving philosophical problems.
D．Promoting the use of a digital device.
29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-on.
C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
30．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models.
B．Statistical methods.
C．Practical examples.
D．Historical analyses.
31．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed.
B．Recommend them to friends.
C．Evaluate their effects.
D．Identify the ideas behind them.
A
(2023·浙江嘉兴二模)
For the first time，scientists have measured what actually happens with face-to-face interactions when employees start to work at an open-plan office，and their results show these modern workspaces are not as cooperative as you’d think.
Two researchers from Harvard Business School and Harvard University wanted to test whether removing walls at a real-world workplace really increases interactions between co-workers.“To our knowledge，no prior study has directly measured the effect on actual interaction that results from removing walls to create an open office environment，” Ethan S．Bernstein and Stephen Turban write in the paper.To that end，they approached two multinational companies that were re-organizing their office spaces at the global headquarters，and enlisted small groups of employees for two studies.
For eight weeks before the office redesign and eight weeks afterward，the researchers tracked employees’ social interactions and locations.This data was analyzed together with email and instant messaging information from the company’s servers to measure differences in how people were communicating with each other.
What they found was a pretty astonishing difference in face-to-face interactions—but not in the direction you might think.Across both experiments，employees’ social interactions in person decreased by a crazy 70 percent，while emails saw an uptick by roughly 20 to 50 percent.
So，instead of spending more time cooperating with co-workers in the new space where everyone could see them，people got their heads down and tried to preserve their privacy any way they could.According to these results，it appears that being forced into a more open-plan environment can make people switch from chatting to others in person to sending an email or using instant messaging instead.
As the team notes，it’s not automatically a bad thing，but it can certainly change work dynamics in an unexpected way.“That can have important consequences for how—and how productively—work gets done，” the researchers conclude.
1．How did the two multinational companies redesign their offices
A．By expanding the total floor areas.
B．By updating the computer servers.
C．By changing the employees’ locations.
D．By tearing down the space boundaries.
2．Why did the employees prefer email or instant messaging in an open office space
A．To reduce the risk of privacy leaks.
B．To establish efficient communication.
C．To facilitate indirect social interaction.
D．To transform traditional work patterns.
3．What can be inferred from the researchers’ saying in the last paragraph
A．Further relevant research needs conducting.
B．Their research findings are of practical value.
C．Their team intends to change working environment.
D．People hold different opinions on how work gets done.
4．What is the main idea of the text
A．Real-world workplaces increase employees’ interaction.
B．Work dynamics don’t have much effect on work efficiency.
C．Modern workspaces change workers’ way of communication.
D．Open-plan offices can’t promote cooperation between co-workers.
B
(2023·河北唐山二模)
Machine learning sees reasoning as a categorization task with a fixed set of predetermined labels.It views the world as a fixed space of possibilities，calculating and weighing them all.This approach，of course，has achieved notable successes when applied to stable and well-defined situations such as chess or computer games.When such conditions are absent，however，machines struggle.
In 2008，Google launched Flu Trends，a web service that aimed to predict flu-related doctor visits using big data.The project，however，failed to predict the 2009 H1N1 flu outbreak.After several unsuccessful adjustments to its algorithm(算法)，Google finally stopped the project in 2015.
In such unstable situations，the human brain behaves differently.Sometimes，it simply forgets.Instead of getting trapped in irrelevant data，it relies only on the most recent information and makes creative decisions.This is a feature called intelligent forgetting.Adopting this approach，an algorithm that relies on a single data point would have reduced Google Flu Trends’ prediction error by half.
Intelligent forgetting is just one dimension of psychological AI，an approach to machine intelligence that also includes other features of human intelligence such as causal reasoning，intuitive(直觉) psychology，and physics.Soon，this approach to AI will finally be recognized as fundamental for solving poorly-defined problems.Exploring these amazing features of the human brain will finally allow us to make machine learning smart.
One feature of psychological AI is that it is explainable.Until recently，researchers assumed that the more transparent an AI system was，the less accurate its predictions were.This mirrored the widespread but incorrect belief that complex problems always need complex solutions.Now，this idea will be laid to rest.As the case of flu predictions illustrates，powerful and simple psychological algorithms can often give more accurate predictions than complex algorithms.Psychological AI opens up a new vision for explainable AI: Instead of trying to explain complex systems，we can check first if psychological AI offers a simple and equally accurate solution.
Without the help of human psychology，it will become clearer that the application of this type of machine learning to unstable situations eventually runs up against impassable limitations.We will finally recognize that more computing power makes machines faster.Not smarter.
5．Why is Flu Trends mentioned
A．To clarify a concept.
B．To tell the serious outbreak.
C．To support the author’s idea.
D．To provide readers with the truth.
6．What is the advantage of human brain according to the passage
A．It can think outside the box.
B．It can avoid unclear problems.
C．It is capable of learning over time.
D．It is good at following instructions.
7．Which has the similar meaning with the underlined word “transparent” in paragraph 5
A．Similar. B．Unique.
C．Complete. D．Clear.
8．What does the author intend to tell us
A．AI speeds up the computing greatly.
B．Psychological AI can make smarter AI.
C．AI system works well in stable situations.
D．AI will outperform the human brain someday.
第7讲
真题体验
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
28．B [细节理解题。根据第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。]
29．A [词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。]
30．C [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the final chapter of part one，I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so，I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter.”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了关于数字清理的实际例子。故选C。]
31．A [推理判断题。根据最后一段末句“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践方法。故选A。]
随堂演练
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，在开放式办公室工作时，员工并不像你想象中的那样合作，反而为了保护隐私，他们互动减少，更多地使用电子邮件交流。
1．D [细节理解题。由第二段中的“To our knowledge，no prior study has directly measured the effect on actual interaction that results from removing walls to create an open office environment”和“To that end，they approached two multinational companies that were re-organizing their office spaces...”可知，为了做研究，研究人员联系了两家跨国公司，这两家公司通过打破空间边界(即拆除墙壁)来重新设计办公室。故选D。]
2．A [细节理解题。由倒数第二段首句“So，instead of spending more time cooperating with co-workers in the new space where everyone could see them，people got their heads down and tried to preserve their privacy any way they could.”可知，员工更喜欢在开放式办公场所通过发电子邮件或即时消息进行交流，是因为他们想降低隐私泄露的风险。故选A。]
3．B [推理判断题。由最后一段中的“‘That can have important consequences for how—and how productively—work gets done，’ the researchers conclude.”可知，研究人员认为他们的研究结果具有实用价值。故选B。]
4．D [主旨大意题。 综合分析全文尤其通过倒数第二段可知，文章介绍了一项研究，该研究表明，在开放式办公室工作时，员工并不像你想象中的那样合作，反而为了保护隐私，他们互动减少，更多地使用电子邮件交流，D项“开放式办公室不能促进同事之间的合作”符合文意。故选D。]
5．C [推理判断题。根据第一段的后两句以及第二段内容可知，提到“流感趋势”是为了支持作者在第一段提出的观点。故选C。]
6．A [推理判断题。根据第三段前三句可知，在不稳定的情况下，人类的大脑不会被无关的数据困住，而是只依赖于最新的信息，并做出创造性的决定。由此可推知，人脑的优势是可以跳出思维定式。故选A。]
7．D [词义猜测题。根据第五段第三句可知，画线词所在句的观点反映了“复杂的问题总是需要复杂的解决方案”这一错误理念。由此可推知，画线词所在句句意为“研究人员认为人工智能系统越清晰，其预测就越不准确”。故画线词的意思是“清晰的”。故选D。]
8．B [写作意图题。通读全文尤其根据第四段最后一句和最后一段第一句可知，作者想告诉我们心理人工智能可以让人工智能变得更聪明。故选B。]第5讲 体裁微解——应用文
应用文包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简介、商品说明与介绍、新闻报道等，形式多样，题材各异(如图示、表格等)，措辞简洁明了，直截了当，其目的是向读者传输信息。主要具有以下特点：
选材 信息量大，文句精炼，形式灵活，用最少的篇幅传达最大量的信息。
内容 生活化，实用化，多样化。如产品宣传、服务介绍、通知、海报、启事、招生招聘等。
形式 标题醒目，重点突出，条理清晰，常用粗体字或各类题目符号使文章结构更加鲜明。
语言 人名、地名、专有名词多；生词多；缩略词、祈使句、省略句多；结构不完整。
命题 其命题角度主要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重推理判断题的考查，题目设置相对容易。
高考应用文阅读理解设题以细节题为主，因此，阅读这类文章时，应该在整体把握文章结构的前提下，重点注意细节信息。细节题题干都是相应原文的变形(如同义句改写、词性转换等)，因此，要想找到答案就一定要找到题干在原文中的位置，再把原文和选项相比较。做题时，根据所提问题用寻读、跳读的方法可以达到事半功倍的效果。同时，在阅读时也要特别注意文中以粗体、大写、下划线等方式加以提示的文字，因为这很有可能是文章的核心或某一部分内容的概括。具体答题策略如下：
策略指导 技法解读
先题后文 先读题目，了解考点；明确目的，快速捕捉，获取信息。
题干定向 根据题干关键词在文中找到答案范围，按照题目顺序依次而下；问题与原文相同，对号入座，通过同义替换、归纳事实等方法确定答案。
生词模糊 遇到生词，如无关答题，直接跳过；涉及答题，则根据语境、构词法等猜词义。
信息补全 对于影响理解的省略句，可根据语境，将其补全。
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅱ·A)
Yellowstone National Park offers a variety of ranger programs throughout the park，and throughout the year.The following are descriptions of the ranger programs this summer.
Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone(May 26 to September 2)
Whether you’re hiking a backcountry trail(小径)，camping，or just enjoying the park’s amazing wildlife from the road，this quick workshop is for you and your family.Learn where to look for animals and how to safely enjoy your wildlife watching experience.Meet at the Canyon Village Store.
Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics(June 5 to August 21)
Kids can test their skills and compare their abilities to the animals of Yellowstone.Stay for as little or as long as your plans allow.Meet in front of the Visitor Education Center.
Canyon Talks at Artist Point(June 9 to September 2)
From a classic viewpoint，enjoy Lower Falls，the Yellowstone River，and the breathtaking colors of the canyon(峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history.Discover why artists and photographers continue to be drawn to this special place.Meet on the lower platform at Artist Point on the South Rim Drive for this short talk.
Photography Workshops(June 19 & July 10)
Enhance your photography skills—join Yellowstone’s park photographer for a hands-on program to inspire new and creative ways of enjoying the beauty and wonder of Yellowstone.
6/19—Waterfalls & Wide Angles：meet at Artist Point.
7/10—Wildflowers & White Balance：meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.
21．Which of the four programs begins the earliest
A．Photography Workshops.
B．Junior Ranger Wildlife Olympics.
C．Canyon Talks at Artist Point.
D．Experiencing Wildlife in Yellowstone.
22．What is the short talk at Artist Point about
A．Works of famous artists.
B．Protection of wild animals.
C．Basic photography skills.
D．History of the canyon area.
23．Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop
A．Artist Point.
B．Washburn Trailhead.
C．Canyon Village Store.
D．Visitor Education Center.
A
Paris is known all over the world as a city of art and romance，with classic local tour packages people can choose from.
City Tour in Paris Available：Daily
We will begin the day by driving past the Place de la Concorde，the Champs-Elysées and the Arc de Triomphe.Afterwards，a Seine River boat trip will allow us to see some of the most famous landmarks from the water.Finally，we will visit the Eiffel Tower on the Champs de Mars.
Dinner and Show at the Moulin Rouge Available：Thur.－Sat.
In the evening，guests will meet at the specified departure location to begin this tour.We will see a show at the Moulin Rouge，which is a generally acknowledged must，while enjoying a delicious dinner.The famous Moulin Rouge—where a hit musical movie got its name—was founded in 1889，and is marked by the red windmill(风车) on the roof.
Grand Louvre Museum Guided Tour Available：Wed.－Sun.
The Louvre is packed with masterpieces from different periods and cultures.With the help of a guide，visitors will discover several collections ranging from ancient Greek statues to romantic French paintings and admire the impressive Louvre Pyramid made of glass and metal.
Half Day Versailles Tour Available：Tue.－Sun.
Guests will be picked up on the banks of the Seine and enjoy a river view by boat for 30 minutes.Then，we will drive south-west until we reach Versailles，once the home of French royalty.We can also visit the shops which sell old and valuable items and the traditional marketplace.
1．Which place can travelers visit on Monday
A．Versailles.
B．The Moulin Rouge.
C．The Louvre.
D．The Seine River.
2．What does Dinner and Show at the Moulin Rouge feature
A．A musical movie.
B．An evening performance.
C．A special building.
D．An excellent dinner.
3．Which tour might be the most attractive to people wanting to buy antiques
A．City Tour in Paris.
B．Grand Louvre Museum Guided Tour.
C．Half Day Versailles Tour.
D．Dinner and Show at the Moulin Rouge.
B
(2023·山东青岛一模)
London can be an expensive city to visit if you go unprepared.If you go sightseeing in London for the first time，it is suggested investing in a London Pass.The London Pass is a digital sightseeing credits package that gives you access to 80＋attractions in the city with a relatively lower cost.For many attractions on the pass，there’s no need to pre-book.However，some may have limited capacity，so you’ll need to book in advance.
What do you get with The London Pass
Incredible savings.
Access to more than 80 top London attractions.
Fast entry at selected attractions and sights.
90-day money-back guarantee.
Go to The London Pass booking page and choose a duration that suits your trip.The London Pass is available for one，two，three，four，five，six，seven or 10 continuous days.Download the pass to your phone and plan your sightseeing tours with the app.When you get to the gate of any participating attraction，show your London Pass and head straight inside.
What are our bestsellers
2-Day Pass：Child ￡65.00；Adult ￡99.00
3-Day Pass：Child ￡77.00；Adult ￡116.00
5-Day Pass：Child ￡94.00；Adult ￡144.00
4．Why is The London Pass recommended to travelers
A．It offers money-saving tips.
B．It helps to visit London on a budget.
C．It provides access to more attractions.
D．It promises to return money if unused.
5．What should you do before using The London Pass
A．Sign up on the page.
B．Download the app.
C．Book your tours.
D．Update your information.
6．How much should you pay if you want a 3-Day Pass for two parents and a kid
A．￡164. B．￡263.
C．￡309. D．￡382.
第5讲
真题体验
21．D [细节理解题。根据每个项目后的时间可知，四个项目中在黄石体验野生动物的项目开始的时间最早。故选D。]
22．D [细节理解题。根据“Canyon Talks at Artist Point(June 9 to September 2)”部分中的“From a classic viewpoint，enjoy Lower Falls，the Yellowstone River，and the breathtaking colors of the canyon(峡谷) while learning about the area’s natural and human history.”可知，在Artist Point简短演讲的主题是关于峡谷地区的历史的。故选D。]
23．B [细节理解题。根据“Photography Workshops(June 19 & July 10)”部分中的“7/10—Wildflowers & White Balance：meet at Washburn Trailhead in Chittenden parking area.”可知，7月10日的摄影研讨会将在Washburn Trailhead举行。故选B。]
随堂演练
1．D [细节理解题。对比四个旅行介绍中的时间信息可将解题依据定位至City Tour in Paris部分。根据其中的“Afterwards，a Seine River boat trip will allow us to see some of the most famous landmarks...”可知，游客在星期一可以参观塞纳河。故选D。]
2．B [细节理解题。根据Dinner and Show at the Moulin Rouge部分的“In the evening...We will see a show at the Moulin Rouge，which is a generally acknowledged must...”可知，Dinner and Show at the Moulin Rouge的特色是一场晚间演出。故选B。]
3．C [细节理解题。根据Half Day Versailles Tour部分的“We can also visit the shops which sell old and valuable items and the traditional marketplace.”可知，Half Day Versailles Tour可能对想买古玩的游客最具吸引力。故选C。]
4．B [细节理解题。根据第一段中“The London Pass is a digital sightseeing credits package that gives you access to 80＋ attractions in the city with a relatively lower cost.”可知，给旅行者推荐伦敦通票是因为它能节省游览伦敦的开支。故选B。]
5．B [细节理解题。根据“What do you get with The London Pass？”部分中“Download the pass to your phone and plan your sightseeing tours with the app.”可知，使用伦敦通票前应该先下载应用程序。故选B。]
6．C [数字计算题。根据“ 3-Day Pass：Child ￡77.00；Adult ￡116.00”可知，如果你想买一张一对父母和一个孩子的3日票，你需要付77＋116＋116＝￡309。故选C。]第8讲 体裁微解——议论文
议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅；论据是支撑论点的材料；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。主要具有以下特点：
选材 主要选自一些外国期刊，如Newsweek，Time，Business Week，The Economist；主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。
内容 内容包罗万象，社会生活类占据了绝大部分。作者通过摆事实、列数字等方法论证论点，目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。文章中会出现生僻词汇和长难句。
结构 大多以“总—分—总”的结构行文，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。
语言 议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理，有严密的逻辑性。
命题 议论文难度相对比较大，命题角度呈多样化，如细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。
高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题、观点态度题都有可能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体答题策略如下：
真题体验 (2023·全国乙·D)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these，all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.
32．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented.
B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words.
D．Why written language is reliable.
33．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific.
B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay.
D．His record was one-sided.
34．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History.
C．Voice. D．Society.
35．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A．How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B．A Short History of Australia
C．A History of the World in 100 Objects
D．How Art Works Tell Stories
A
The two terms nature and nurture have been subjects of comparison since the 16th century.The argument is centered on the question as to whether it is nature or nurture that makes us who we are.
Nature provides the starting point for an organism that will interact with nurture，the environment，during the organism’s life.Nature does not just affect an organism during its lifetime，but it also can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring(后代)．For the geneticists，they believe that our lives are entirely determined by genetics，which is nature.An opposing view is that there is no indication that genes(基因) determines one’s personality，rather there is growing evidence that nurture serves as the determining factor in personality development.
Nurture refers to the conditions under which living things grow and develop after birth.When applied to human beings，it means how the person is raised，which includes nutrition，education，care，as well as the kind of surroundings，such as cultural influence，family and friends.
The argument of nature and nurture as to which is more important is necessitated by an attempt to differentiate how much effect genetics has on a person’s development against how easily humans are influenced by one’s environment.
While nurture undeniably plays its part on the growth and development of one’s personality，nature dramatically outweighs nurture，for nature can be likened to a foundation.The impact of nurture on the development of persons cannot be totally denied.However，nature is regarded as being of most importance because of the fact that it affords an opportunity and creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.Even without nurture，the nature impact can still stand independently without necessarily causing destruction.More so，even when the nurture impact is successfully effected，it does not remove the genetic characteristics of a person.It therefore stands correctly that nature is that which determines the substance of a person.
1．What can we learn from paragraph 2
A．Nature’s role is supported by additional evidence.
B．Personality development is determined by nurture.
C．Nature impacts gene expression in later generation.
D．Environment shapes personality more than genetics.
2．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．What nurture means to human beings.
B．How living things develop after birth.
C．How nurture shapes human development.
D．How surroundings influence human beings.
3．How does the author stress the greater importance of nature
A．By giving examples.
B．By making contrast.
C．By conducting experiments.
D．By citing research data.
4．What is the best title for the text
A．A Long Story of Nature and Nurture
B．A New Research on Nature and Nurture
C．Who Can Tell What Makes Who We Are
D．Which Is More Important，Nature or Nurture
B
(2023·福建南平三模)
A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls，not for a reward，but apparently just for fun.This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals.On the one hand，we want to find the features that distinguish humans from other animals：tools，language and a theory of mind.On the other hand，we delight in finding animals that break those boundaries：chimps，crows and now bees that use tools，dolphins with signature whistles.But what do those boundaries mean
As a biologist who studies animal behaviour，I am puzzled by this effort to rank animals by their capabilities.I applaud the desire to show that animals are like us，but we can recognize animals for what they are，and be amazed at their abilities，without having to make their behaviour mirror that of humans.
Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and feelings，we are freed up to consider the mechanisms(机理) behind the behaviours.For example，the same serotonin(血清素) influences anxiety in humans and mazes(迷惑) exploration in crayfish.In a tank divided into well-lit and shadowy areas，crayfish explore both，but prefer the darker areas，consistent with their night lifestyle.
Does this mean crayfish experience anxiety？No.In the bees’ case，they might be exhibiting some very interesting behaviour that has nothing to do with wanting to “have fun” —but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like people.I am not disparaging the bee researchers’ conclusions，and I am not trying to be a killjoy，but there is something about all this humanizing that prevents exploration，instead of encouraging it.
5．What’s the purpose of paragraph 1
A．To list out facts.
B．To raise an argument.
C．To arouse readers’ interest.
D．To explain a concept.
6．What can we learn from paragraph 3
A．Behaviour mechanisms work.
B．Crayfish prefer the light sections.
C．The assumption proves reasonable.
D．Animals are similar to human in mind.
7．What does the underlined word “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4
A．Criticizing. B．Explaining.
C．Confirming. D．Acknowledging.
8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A．Feelings：Guiding Human Being
B．Boundaries：Making No Sense
C．Humanizing：Covering the Truth
D．Animals：Mirroring Human Behaviours
第8讲
真题体验
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地了解无文字社会的重要性。
32．A [段落大意题。根据第一段的内容可知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。]
33．D [推理判断题。根据第二段首句可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”可知，作者提到库克船长是为了说明他的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。]
34．B [词义猜测题。根据文章第一段可知，不能仅仅通过文本讲述历史，再根据画线单词上文可知，物品同样能讲述历史，文字描述只能说明一半的历史。画线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.”强调解读物品来了解历史的另一半。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。]
35．C [文章出处题。根据第一段、第二段最后一句以及最后一段的第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。]
随堂演练
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。先天和后天这两个术语自16世纪以来一直是比较的主题。文章论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。
1．C [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nature does not just affect...can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring(后代)．”可知，先天影响后代的基因表达。故选C。]
2．A [段落大意题。根据第三段“Nurture refers to the conditions...When applied to human beings，it means...”可知，第三段主要讨论了后天对人类意味着什么。故选A。]
3．B [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While nurture undeniably plays its part...nature dramatically outweighs nurture...However，nature is regarded as being of most importance...creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.”可推知，作者通过对比强调了先天的重要性。故选B。]
4．D [标题归纳题。根据第一段及下文探讨可知，文章主要论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。由此可知，D项“哪个更重要，先天还是后天？”最适合作文章标题。故选D。]
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文。作者认为在科学研究中，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑动物行为背后的机制。
5．B [推理判断题。根据第一段的“A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls，not for a reward，but apparently just for fun.This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals.”可推知，第一段的目的是提出论点——在我们对动物的看法中有一个长期存在的冲突。故选B。]
6．A [细节理解题。根据第三段的“Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and feelings，we are freed up to consider the mechanisms(机理) behind the behaviours.For example...”可知，第三段提到行为机制起作用。故选A。]
7．A [词义猜测题。根据本段前三句可知，作者不认同文章开头提到的某些研究人员描述的蜜蜂滚动小木球是为了娱乐的观点，作者认为蜜蜂的这种行为可能在展示某个有趣行为，而不是像人一样为了消遣寻乐。因此可推断，作者在此声明的是自己并不是在贬低蜜蜂研究人员的结论，也不是想要扫兴，因此画线词disparaging的意思是“贬低”，和criticizing意思相近，故选A。]
8．C [标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是作者认为在科学研究中，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑动物行为背后的机制，也就是说人类将动物的行为人性化掩盖了动物行为机制的真相，故选C。]
