第2讲 题型突破——推理判断题
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的推敲，作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解文章的深层含义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生分析上下文逻辑关系的能力以及逻辑推理能力。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话，要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题，推断隐含信息、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点，而推断读者对象、后续内容、文章体裁、写作手法、文章结构和文章出处为低频考点。
选项特征
隐含信息题——关键词句细推敲
隐含信息题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据语篇提供的信息，或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的逻辑关系，理解关键词句的真正含义，才能作出准确的推断。一般此类题干中主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(表明，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1．What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，34 题)
2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph？(2023·全国甲，35题)
3．What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake？
(2023·全国乙，26题)
4．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2？
(2023·全国乙，33题)
5．What can we infer about the author？(2023·浙江1月，26题)
6．What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，31题)
7．What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy？(2022·全国乙，35题)
解此类试题常用“推敲关键词句”法。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·D片段)
...
Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.“Our hope is to have a clean，attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel，longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
35．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
观点态度题——“忠于措辞”定选项
此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。观点和态度一般分为三大类：①支持、赞同、乐观；②客观、中立；③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。解这类题要注意不可掺杂个人观点，不能带着主观倾向评价作者或他人，要基于原文的措辞作出客观的判断。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，35题)
2．What does the author think of Weiner’s book？(2023·全国甲，31题)
3．How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake？(2023·全国乙，27题)
4．What do people usually think of British food？(2023·全国乙，28题)
5．What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars？
(2023·浙江1月，25题)
6．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US？
(2022·新课标Ⅱ，28题)
7．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney？(2022·全国甲，34题)
解此类试题常用“忠于措辞”法。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段)
...
In a follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？This happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35．What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A．Unclear. B．Dismissive.
C．Doubtful. D．Approving.
写作意图题——文体特点推意图
各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
一、整篇文章的写作目的/意图：
1．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage？(2021·天津6月，40题)
2．What is the purpose of this text？(2020·新课标Ⅰ，31题)
二、具体段落的写作目的/意图：
1．What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，26题)
2．Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4？(2023·全国甲，29题)
3．Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph？(2023·浙江1月，28题)
4．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4？(2023·浙江1月，34题)
解此类试题常用“文体特点推意图”法。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·C片段)
...
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.This，more than a book about understanding philosophy，is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
...
29．Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A．To compare Weiner with them.
B．To give examples of great works.
C．To praise their writing skills.
D．To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
推断低频题——内容细节巧判断
这类考题考查频率较低，常包括读者对象题、后续内容题、文章体裁题、写作手法题、文章结构题和文章出处题等。一般来讲，读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象；后续内容推断题要求考生能根据整篇文章的情节发展预测文章的后续内容，这种题型对考生的能力要求较高；文章体裁题要求考生根据文章的行文风格对文章体裁作出判断，如新闻报道、书评、传记、导游手册等；写作手法题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法；文章结构题需要考生对文章结构，如总－分或总－分－总等进行分析；文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1．Where is the text most probably taken from？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，28题)
2．What might the author continue talking about？(2023·全国乙，31题)
3．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from？(2023·全国乙，35题)
4．Where is this text probably taken from (2022·新课标Ⅰ，21题)
5．What is the text？(2022·全国乙，27题)
解此类试题常用“内容细节巧判断”法。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅱ·C片段)
...
In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to.
...
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.To serve its function，a book must be activated by a user：the cover opened，the pages parted，the contents reviewed，perhaps notes written down or words underlined.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked，a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity.
28．Where is the text most probably taken from
A．An introduction to a book.
B．An essay on the art of writing.
C．A guidebook to a museum.
D．A review of modern paintings.
A
(外刊阅读·原创题) 选自 magazine New Scientist
I am a firm believer that you can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ago，I wrote a book about stargazing from cities based on that very assumption.My argument is that stargazing can sometimes be easier to do from urban areas，especially for people who are new to the pastime and want to learn their way around the night sky.
Having said that，I am very concerned about light pollution，particularly after reading a recent study in Science suggesting that，from 2011 to 2023，light pollution has got worse quickly.It reported the results of a citizen science project that collected information from people all over the world，totalling more than 51,000 observations of the night sky，finding that it is brightening by close to 10 per cent each year.
Light pollution isn’t just a problem for stargazers.It is a driver of biodiversity loss，particularly affecting birds.It harms human health too，with an influence on mental health and links found to some cancers.It is also a huge carbon emitter—the energy used sending light into the sky is simply a waste of electricity.
The International Dark Sky Association has a simple set of guidelines that people can follow to limit their contribution to light pollution.This includes making sure that any outdoor light you install is necessary，only points exactly where you need it and is only used when required.You should also limit the amount of blue light in your outdoor lighting.
The biggest causes for light pollution in cities are things like streetlights and bright lights from big commercial businesses，such as supermarkets.You can write to your local government if you are concerned about unnecessary light pollution in your area.
It isn’t all that bad，though.Countryside charity CPRE has run a UK annual star count each February since 2019 to build up a picture of how light pollution is changing.By its estimates，in the UK at least，light pollution got better and，by 2023，still hasn’t got worse.
1．What is the purpose of paragraph 1
A．To introduce a book.
B．To state the author’s belief.
C．To argue over the ideal place for stargazing.
D．To introduce the topic to be discussed.
2．Which of the following shows the correct structure of the passage
A．Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6)
B．Part 1(Paras.1 & 2 & 3)→Part 2(Para.4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6)
C．Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Para.3)→Part 3(Paras.4 & 5)→Part 4(Para.6)
D．Part 1(Para.1)→Part 2(Para.2)→Part 3(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 4(Paras.5 & 6)
3．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．Light pollution is overemphasized.
B．Light pollution doesn’t exist in the UK.
C．Light pollution is a global challenging issue.
D．Light pollution can be reduced with joint efforts.
4．In which section of a newspaper can we most probably read this text
A．Travel. B．Environment.
C．Entertainment. D．Culture.
B
Fluid(流体) intelligence is a decisive factor of human cognition(认知)．Studies show that high fluid intelligence predicts professional success，social mobility，health，and longevity，and also relates to stronger additional cognitive capacities like memory.Now，new research has mapped the parts of the brain that support our ability to think quickly.
“Our findings indicate for the first time that the right frontal regions of the brain are critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence，such as problem solving and reasoning，”says lead study author Professor Lisa Cipolotti of the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology.
Despite modern science largely agreeing that fluid intelligence is a key aspect of what makes us human，it’s quite difficult for scientists to study these matters：In order to establish which parts of the brain are necessary for a certain ability，researchers must study patients in whom that part is either missing or damaged.So，earlier studies have mainly made use of functional imaging(fMRI) techniques，which are not entirely accurate and sometimes can be misleading.
This latest project，led by Professor Cipolotti，included a total of 227 patients who had experienced brain injuries，like a brain tumor or stroke.The team completed this using the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices(APM)：the best-established test of fluid intelligence.
The APM features various multiple-choice visual pattern problems of increasing difficulty.Each of the problems shows an incomplete pattern of geometric figures and asks participants to select the missing piece from a set of multiple possible choices.Next，researchers introduced a novel “lesion-deficit mapping(损伤缺陷映射)” approach that helped to make out the complex patterns of common brain injuries，such as stroke.
Results show fluid intelligence-damaged performance was mostly limited to patients with right frontal damage，as opposed to a wide set of regions distributed across the brain.
“Our approach of combining novel ‘lesion-deficit mapping’ with detailed investigation of APM performance in a large sample of patients provides crucial information about the neural basis of fluid intelligence，” Professor Cipolotti concludes.
5．What is the significance of the recent findings
A．They define the term fluid intelligence.
B．They challenge the previous human cognition.
C．They illustrate the function of fluid intelligence.
D．They lock the position involving fluid intelligence.
6．What adds to the difficulty of studying fluid intelligence
A．Lack of financial support.
B．Lack of advanced technology.
C．Lack of suitable subjects.
D．Lack of professional guidance.
7．What is the main purpose of paragraph 5
A．To list the result of the study.
B．To explain the feature of APM.
C．To praise the researchers’ efforts.
D．To offer solutions to brain injuries.
8．What does Prof.Cipolotti think of the research
A．Fruitful. B．Perfect.
C．Time-consuming. D．Labour-saving.
第2讲
技法一 真题体验
35．B [推理判断题。依据题干定位细节，即语段中的“Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。]
技法二 真题体验
35．D [观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞”法。 根据最后一段“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究是赞许和支持的。故选D。]
技法三 真题体验
29．D [写作意图题。根据本段中的“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner的书的内容，接着作者通过列举几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。]
技法四 真题体验
28．A [文章出处题。依内容判出处，根据语段中的“In this ‘book of books’，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.”以及最后一段中的“From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍。故选A。]
随堂演练
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者对光污染的担心、光污染的危害及解决方法，最后指出光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。
1．D [写作意图题。根据第一段中的“I am a firm believer that you can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ago，I wrote a book about...My argument is...”可知，作者一直持有的观点就是“你可以在任何地方观星”；再结合第二段开头“Having said that，I am very concerned about light pollution”可知，事实并不是作者想的那样，由此我们可推断作者写第一段的目的就是要引出第二段要讲的话题：光污染。故选D。]
2．C [文章结构题。综合分析文章篇章结构可知，第一、二两段引出光污染话题；第三段讲到了光污染的危害；第四、五两段指出了解决方法；最后一段用英国光污染好转的例子说明光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。故选C。]
3．D [推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“It isn’t all that bad，though.”可知，光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步，随后作者又列举了英国光污染好转的例子，由此我们可以推断作者在最后一段想表达的就是在大家共同的努力下，光污染可以被减少。故选D。]
4．B [文章出处题。文章主要讲了“光污染”，由此我们可以推测文章最有可能出现在报纸的“环境”这一版块。故选B。]
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国伦敦大学学院神经病学研究所的一个团队已绘制出“流体智力”相关脑区图谱，该结果首次表明，大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。
5．D [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Our findings indicate for the first time that the right frontal regions of the brain are critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence...”可知，最近的研究首次表明大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。故选D。]
6．C [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In order to...researchers must study patients in whom that part is either missing or damaged.”可知，缺乏合适的受试者是造成科学家难以研究的主要原因。故选C。]
7．B [写作意图题。综合分析第五段可知，本段承接第四段，详细介绍了流体智力测试方案——瑞文高级推理测验(APM)的细节。故选B。]
8．A [观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“provides crucial information about the neural basis of fluid intelligence”可知，Prof.Cipolotti认为他们的这次研究是富有成效的。故选A。]第3讲 题型突破——主旨大意题
主旨大意题既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。尽管这类题在阅读中考查比例不高，但难度大，易失分。
选项特征
标题归纳题——“高度概括”定标题
记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及不同话题的阅读材料都有可能会考查到标题归纳题。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1．What can be a suitable title for the text？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，27题)
2．Which of the following is the best title for the text？(2023·浙江1月，35题)
3．Which can be a suitable title for the text？(2022·全国甲，27题)
4．Which is the most suitable title for the text？(2022·全国乙，31题)
此类试题的解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅱ·B)
Turning soil，pulling weeds，and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful，dirt is awful，insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt，most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes，at two middle schools and two high schools，include hands-on experiments such as soil testing，flower-and-seed dissection，tastings of fresh or dried produce，and work in the garden.Several times a year，students cook the vegetables they grow，and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently，” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides，working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students，many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside，” she says，“and they feel successful.”
27．What can be a suitable title for the text
A．Rescuing School Gardens
B．Experiencing Country Life
C．Growing Vegetable Lovers
D．Changing Local Landscape
文章大意题——“主题句定位”寻主旨
说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题，如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都可能会考查文章大意题。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
What is the text mainly about？(2023·浙江1月，27题)
此类试题的解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·浙江1月·B)
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me.I’ve learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson，sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars，and have so little trash! A few days later，I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries，and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom，so I worked on removing things I didn’t need.Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品)，I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often，so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch，but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board，your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice：Lead by action.
27．What is the text mainly about
A．How to get on well with other family members.
B．How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D．How to control the budget when buying groceries.
段落大意题——首尾兼顾知段意
段落大意题常在说明文和议论文中考查。文章的每一个段落都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。相对于标题归纳题和文章大意题，段落大意题考查频率较低。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，32题)
2．What is the first paragraph mainly about？(2023·全国乙，32题)
3．What is paragraph 5 mainly about？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，34题)
此类试题的解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段)
...
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
...
32．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation.
B．The underlying logic of the effect.
C．The causes of people’s errors.
D．The design of Galton’s experiment.
A
(2023·河北石家庄质检三)
While the rest of us are sleeping，freshwater turtles(龟) from Central America to Asia are getting out of the water and basking(月光浴) at night.There have been reports of this behavior before，but now a new study is the first to document the widespread occurrence.The findings suggest this may be a common and almost entirely overlooked aspect of many species’ ecology.
Dr.Donald McKnight，one of the researchers，said he and a colleague first observed freshwater turtles night basking at the Ross River in Townsville，Australia.“We think it’s related to temperature.The water is staying so warm at night that it’s actually warmer than the turtles like to be and they can cool down by coming out of the water，” says McKnight.
For the study，researchers put cameras to watch the night activity of as many freshwater turtle species as possible.The cameras were set up in 25 locations.They were programmed to take a photo every two minutes.They collected data on 29 species of freshwater turtles.
It would be lovely to think the turtles are just enjoying some leisure time when things are quiet.But the researchers note that in most cases，the turtles got out of water when the water was too warm and the air was cooler.Given the warming planet，that’s admittedly a bit depressing.However，not all of the nighttime baskers were escaping too-warm water.According to the study，turtles in India exhibited more basking on cooler nights，rather than warmer nights，and those in Africa spent more time basking at night in winter than in summer.The reasons for these differences are unclear.It may be that at some sites or seasons，turtles are escaping unfavourably warm water temperatures，while at others，they are taking advantage of the warm air to increase their body temperature and escape unfavourably cold water.
Regardless of the “why” behind different species’ reasons for midnight basking，it’s a fascinating look at behaviors not previously documented by scientists.And it is at least encouraging to know that turtles are figuring out important behaviors tied to climate change.
1．Why do the freshwater turtles from Australia get out of water at night
A．To search for extra food.
B．To avoid natural enemies.
C．To cool themselves down.
D．To enjoy the quietness outside.
2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．How the study was conducted.
B．What the study brought about.
C．Why the study was carried out.
D．Where the study was made.
3．Which of the following are the researchers certain about
A．Turtles in Africa flee water often on summer nights.
B．The water is unfavourable for turtles to survive in India.
C．The reasons for turtles’ different behaviors are obvious.
D．Night basking is caused by the change of water temperature.
4．How does the author feel about the finding
A．Skeptical. B．Positive.
C．Surprised. D．Desperate.
B
Kindness is seen as a true strength，and the success of civilizations relies on kindness.We teach children from a young age to “be kind to one another” and “treat others the way you want to be treated”．Being kind is even shown to be good for well-being.According to Mayo Clinic，when we perform acts of kindness，the pleasure center in our brain is activated，releasing the stress-reducing hormone(激素)．Individuals who volunteer on a regular basis report greater life satisfaction.That said，consider the following question：Could kindness ever be considered harmful to us when it has such clear benefits？Let’s think about this assuming we are in the workplace.
You are a new person on the team，and you want to be well-liked and respected by your co-workers.You are a kind person and tell your team，“Let me know how I can help you；I’m always available to help.” Though you may truly mean this，there are people in this world who can consider your kindness as weakness unfortunately.This can lead to you being taken advantage of by others.
Let’s fast-forward to a year later.You have been in your position now for one year，and you are working with the same team.You notice that your co-workers continue asking for your succor over and over again.In fact，the only time they interact with you is when they need something.You have been always at your co-workers’ service and there has rarely been any return from them.Imagine the level of discouragement you’re feeling!
In a very broad sense，it is advantageous to be kind to others，and your kind acts will be appreciated and，perhaps，pay off.However，you need to be willing to say “no”．When people ask you for a favor，assess if you have the time，energy and attention to give to them.To truly be kind，sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying “no” to others and saying “yes” to yourself.
5．Why is Mayo Clinic mentioned
A．To stress the importance of kindness.
B．To explain the reasons for being kind.
C．To show the positive effect of kindness.
D．To assess the current kindness education.
6．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “succor” in paragraph 3
A．Comfort. B．Company.
C．Interaction. D．Assistance.
7．What does the author suggest doing in the last paragraph
A．Finding the best way to refuse others.
B．Being a little more self-focused.
C．Being grateful for others’ kind gestures.
D．Acknowledging your efforts and sacrifices.
8．What is the text mainly discussing
A．Are we hurting ourselves with kindness
B．Why are random acts of kindness important
C．Is the power of kindness at work undervalued
D．How can showing kindness promote well-being
第3讲
技法一 真题体验
27．C [标题归纳题。依据“穿珠连串”法，根据第一段的“And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.”和最后一段的“Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的学校园艺项目Urban Sprouts，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。因此推断C项“Growing Vegetable Lovers”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选C。]
技法二 真题体验
27．C [主旨大意题。依据“主题句定位”法，通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.”可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。C项“How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.”能够概括文章主旨。故选C。]
技法三 真题体验
32．B [段落大意题。依据“首尾兼顾知段意”原则。本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均值如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。故选B。]
随堂演练
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现淡水龟夜间出水是因为水温变化。
1．C [细节理解题。根据第二段的“We think it’s related to temperature.The water is staying so warm at night that it’s actually warmer than the turtles like to be and they can cool down by coming out of the water，”可知，澳大利亚的淡水龟晚上游出水是为了给自己降温。故选C。]
2．A [段落大意题。根据第三段“For the study，researchers put cameras to watch the night activity of as many freshwater turtle species as possible.The cameras were set up in 25 locations.They were programmed to take a photo every two minutes.They collected data on 29 species of freshwater turtles.”可知，本段主要介绍了研究是如何进行的。故选A。]
3．D [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“But the researchers note that in most cases，the turtles got out of water when the water was too warm and the air was cooler.”可知，研究人员能够确定的是月光浴由水温的变化引起。故选D。]
4．B [观点态度题。根据最后一段“...it’s a fascinating look at behaviors not previously documented by scientists.And it is at least encouraging to know that turtles are figuring out important behaviors tied to climate change.”可推知，作者对此项发现持积极态度。故选B。]
语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文，主题语境是“人与自我”。本文讲述了真正的善良并不是一味满足他人的要求，要学会拒绝。
5．C [推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Being kind is even shown to be good for well-being.”可知，善良甚至被证明对健康有益。紧接着，作者陈述了Mayo Clinic的观点，即当我们做善事时，大脑中的愉快中枢被激活，释放出减压激素。定期做志愿者的人对生活的满意度更高。由此可知，作者提及Mayo Clinic是为了说明善良的积极影响。]
6．D [词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Let me know how I can help you；I’m always available to help.”及第三段中的“continue asking for”“the only time they interact with you is when they need something.You have been always at your co-workers’ service and there has rarely been any return from them”可知，画线词所在句表示“你注意到你的同事们继续不停地向你寻求帮助”。画线词succor意为“帮助，援助”，与assistance同义，故选D。]
7．B [推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“you need to be willing to say ‘no’．..sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying ‘no’ to others and saying ‘yes’ to yourself”可知，有时你需要更自如地对别人说“不”，对自己说“是”。由此可推知，作者给出的建议是要更加注重自我一些。故选B。]
8．A [主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，作者先引入“善良”这一话题，进而提到善良的益处，然后笔锋一转，发出疑问“当善良有如此明显的好处时，它会被认为对我们有害吗？”。接着作者以工作场所中的例子对这一问题进行阐释和论述，最后给出了自己的建议。由此可知，本文主要讨论的是善良是否会对我们有害。] 新课程标准明确指出四选一阅读主要考查学生理解书面语篇的能力，其中包括对语篇内容、语篇结构的理解和把握，也包括对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。要求考生能判断和识别书面语篇的意图，获取其中的重要信息和观点；能识别语篇中的主要事实与观点之间的逻辑关系，理解语篇反映的文化背景；能推断语篇中的隐含意义；能识别语篇中的内容要点和相应支撑论据；能根据定义线索，理解概念性词汇或术语；能理解文本信息与非文本信息的关系。
卷别 年份 体裁 题目类型 命题专家谈高考
细节理解 推理判断 词句猜测 主旨大意
新课标Ⅰ卷 2023 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 6 7 1 1 1.文章题材丰富 高考英语试卷中的所有语篇都紧扣“人与自我”“人与社会”以及“人与自然”三大主题语境，题材涉及故事、科普、人文、社会现象、文化活动等。 2.短文体裁广泛 短文体裁包括应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文等，说明文占比较高。 3.题型分布多样 近三年新课标卷四选一阅读突出考查考生理解和运用语言解决问题的基本能力，以考查细节理解、推理判断为主，以考查词句猜测、主旨大意为辅。 4.语篇特点鲜明 (1)原汁原味：高考阅读语篇一般选自各大主流英文报刊和媒体网站，新材料尽量原汁原味。 (2)词汇量大：高考阅读语篇词汇量丰富，含有大量的派生词、词性转换词、熟词生义词以及英语短语和习语。 (3)长难句多：高考阅读语篇中含有大量的长句和难句，句子结构复杂。
2022 应用文 说明文 说明文 说明文 6 7 1 1
2021 应用文 记叙文 说明文 议论文 9 3 1 2
新课标Ⅱ卷 2023 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 6 7 1 1
2022 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 8 4 2 1
2021 应用文 记叙文 夹叙夹议文 说明文 8 5 1 1
根据表格分析可知，近年来四选一阅读体裁类型以应用文、记叙文和说明文为主，夹叙夹议文、议论文等为辅，其中科普知识类和生态环保类的说明文是考生的难题；题型考查中细节理解和推理判断题所占比重较大，词句猜测和主旨大意题所占比重较小。各类四选一阅读中的长难句日益增多，因此，在复习备考中，我们应该着重从题型、体裁和题材等方面进行高效复习。
第1讲 题型突破——细节理解题
细节理解题相对比较简单，但在高考四选一阅读中占了60%的比重。细节理解题常分为直接信息题、间接信息题、综合信息题、数字计算题和细节排序题等。分析近三年的高考真题可知，直接信息题、间接信息题和综合信息题为高频考点，其他皆为低频考点。
设问方式
设问方式以特殊疑问句形式为主，常以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many等疑问词引出问题。
选项特征
直接信息题——定位比对找答案
直接信息题指的是其答案可以或几乎可以直接从原文中找出来，考生可先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中寻找细节。广告类、活动安排类、书籍或电影介绍类、演出信息类等语篇中的直接信息题较多。设问方式多为以5W1H(what，who，when，where，why和how)等开头的特殊疑问句。如：
1．Where does the guided city tour start？(2023·新课标Ⅰ,23题)
2．What is the short talk at Artist Point about？(2023·新课标Ⅱ,22题)
3．Where will the participants meet for the July 10 photography workshop？
(2023·新课标Ⅱ，23题)
4．Which restaurant offers a large set menu？(2023·全国甲，22题)
5．Who opened the door to philosophy for the author？(2023·全国甲，28题)
6．Who was the first African American with a medical degree？(2023·全国乙，23题)
7．On which of the following dates can you cancel your registration with a full refund？
(2023·浙江1月，21题)
解此类试题常用“定位比对”法。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·A片段)
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill，the Skinny Bridge，the Rijksmuseum，Heineken Brewery and much more.The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day.You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
23．Where does the guided city tour start
A．The Gooyer Windmill.
B．The Skinny Bridge.
C．Heineken Brewery.
D．Dam Square.
间接信息题——同义转换定答案
间接信息题通常不能直接从原文中找到对应的词或短语，但考生可以根据文章的隐含意义，如原因、前提或结果等仔细推敲得出正确答案。此类题型常在记叙文、说明文或议论文中考查。常以下列形式设问：
1．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if .
(2023·新课标Ⅰ，33 题)
2．What are the selected artworks about？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，29题)
3．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on？
(2022·新课标Ⅰ，32题)
4．How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax？(2022·全国乙，33题)
此类试题与直接信息题相比，其命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。解答间接信息题时，要做到“两关注”“一防范”。“两关注”是指关注正确选项的两个特征：一是同义异构，即通过把文中的语言(词汇和结构)改头换面来表达相同的意思；二是对文章信息的归纳。“一防范”是指防范干扰选项的逼真性，稍有不慎就会落入命题人设置的陷阱中。
解此类试题常用“同义转换”法。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段)
...In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance，the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
33．Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if .
A．the crowds were relatively small
B．there were occasional underestimates
C．individuals did not communicate
D．estimates were not fully independent
综合信息题——概括归纳定答案
综合信息题涉及一段内的多个信息或多段内容，且各个细节信息都能在文章中找到，因此考生要不厌其烦地认真分析、概括和归纳从而得出正确答案。设问形式如下：
1．What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，24 题)
2．What do Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common？(2023·全国甲，21题)
3．What do the works by Shepherd and Smith have in common？(2021·全国甲，22题)
4．What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have？(2021·全国甲，26题)
5．What is the disadvantage of Hotel and Hostel Des Artistes？(2021·新课标Ⅰ，23题)
6．Of the following stadiums，which is the oldest？(2021·全国乙，22题)
7．What do the listed stadiums have in common？(2021·全国乙，23题)
解此类试题常用“概括归纳”法。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·A片段)
Nahm
Offering Thai fine dining，Nahm provides the best of Bangkok culinary(烹饪的) experiences.It’s the only Thai restaurant that ranks among the top 10 of the world’s 50 best restaurants list.Head Chef David Thompson，who received a Michelin star for his London-based Thai restaurant of the same name，opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010.
Issaya Siamese Club
Issaya Siamese Club is internationally known Thai chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkok restaurant.The menu in this beautiful colonial house includes traditional Thai cuisine combined with modern cooking methods.
21．What do Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common
A．They adopt modern cooking methods.
B．They have branches in London.
C．They have top-class chefs.
D．They are based in hotels.
数字计算题——整合推算得答案
数字计算题一般会涉及时间、年龄、价钱、数量、距离等的简单计算。一般来说，计算量都比较小，容易计算。但是解答英语阅读中的数字计算题必须要找出计算背后所隐含的信息。这些“暗”信息会涉及对某个难句的理解，从这个角度上讲，理解文中相应的复杂句是解这类题的关键。数字计算题的话题有：1.广告类；2.故事类；3.科普知识类；4.史地自然类；5.文化教育类。设问方式以when，in which year，how many/much等疑问词(组)开头引出问题。如：
1．How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days？
(2023·新课标Ⅰ，22题)
2．How many hours of class will you have altogether if you register for a single week
(2023·浙江1月，23题)
3．How many parts is a student’s final grade made up of？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，22题)
4．How much would a couple with two children under 12 pay for admission？
(2022·全国乙，22题)
解此类试题常用“整合推算”法。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·A片段)
Prices
Hand Brake，Three Gears Foot Brake，No Gears
1 hour ?7.50 ?5.00
3 hours ?11.00 ?7.50
1 day(24 hours) ?14.75 ?9.75
Each additional day ?8.00 ?6.00
23.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A.?15.75. B.?19.50.
C.?22.75. D.?29.50.
A
(外刊阅读·原创题)(From https：//www.guideposts.org)
A dozen years ago，William noticed his six-year-old neighbor，Camran，seemed angry.He’d storm out of the house，shouting at his mom.One day，William saw the boy outside and started a conversation.Camran shared that his dad wasn’t in his life.
William asked Camran’s mom for permission to take him fishing.Camran was fascinated by that first trip.The two fished together several times a week，and William saw positive changes in Camran’s behavior.That inspired him to set up Take a Kid Fishing，Inc.，a non-profit organization，in Lakeland，Florida.
During the week，William works as a tire salesman.On weekends，he and a few other volunteers take 20 to 25 kids out fishing on a charter boat.William also reaches out to local foster(寄养) homes and group homes to invite the kids to spend the day on the water.Many have never been fishing or even on a boat，so William—or Big Will，as the kids call him—starts by teaching the basics.Then come the life lessons that fishing offers：patience，teamwork and the simple joy of relaxing in the outdoors.Up to now，it has taken more than 600 fishing trips with almost 2,000 kids who don’t have a father in their lives.
William grew up in Miami in a rough area.His dad ran a lobster business in the Florida Keys，and William helped with it.He and his dad had a great relationship.Fishing was a huge part of that. “Fishing was so peaceful，” William says.“It was like an escape.”
He wants to share his love of fishing with kids who don’t have a father to take them.“I just want to show them that I care about them，and that I’m there for them，” he says.Because many kids go on multiple trips，William is able to build relationships with them.He and Camran，now 20，still regularly fish together，and Camran sees Big Will as a father figure.
1．Which can best account for Camran’s rude behavior
A．His mother’s ignorance.
B．His father’s absence.
C．His bad relationship with neighbors.
D．His lack of sports.
2．What does Take a Kid Fishing，Inc.most probably do
A．Sell fishing equipment to kids.
B．Train volunteers to aid kids.
C．Help fatherless kids learn fishing.
D．Organize outdoor trips for the homeless.
3．What is the purpose of paragraph 4
A．To share his passion for fishing.
B．To introduce William’s childhood life.
C．To summarize the previous paragraphs.
D．To add some background information.
4．Which can best describe William
A．Caring. B．Honest.
C．Determined. D．Generous.
B
(2023·广东佛山一模)
Total Solar Eclipse(日食) 2023 Australia
One of nature’s most remarkable events—a total solar eclipse—will take place on the western edge of Australia on April 20th,2023 and we have chosen the perfect way for you to enjoy this event：on a cruise(航游) at sea.
There have been only five total solar eclipses in Australia over the past century and this is the first hybrid eclipse in more than 1,000 years.Unlike other cruises for this event，ours has the well-known astronomer Abigail Beall to accompany you.You will have the best possible view of the event as well as enjoying lectures and stargazing on land and at sea.Abigail will be on hand throughout，giving lectures on the history and science of eclipses，the black hole at the centre of the galaxy—along with providing many opportunities for guided stargazing.Plus，there will be additional talks from the Astronomical Society of Australia.Click here for detailed arrangements of the tour.
Single occupancy Per guest based on two people sharing
Interior cabin ￡2,429 ￡1,699
Oceanview cabin ￡3,229 ￡2,199
If you wish to add a third adult or child to your room，please ask for a quote.
Alongside the cruise，you can also explore some of Australia’s best scientific and natural phenomena with a series of tailored add-on tours covering astronomy on the east coast and visits to Uluru，Sydney，the Great Barrier Reef and much more.On the last day of the tour，we can send you back to the airport for your return journey home，or you can join one of our add-on tours.Click here for full details about add-on tours.
5．What makes the cruise different from others
A．A specialist’s guidance.
B．A talk with astronomers.
C．A chance for stargazing.
D．A meeting with astronauts.
6．How much should a couple pay for a tour in an Oceanview cabin
A．￡3,229. B．￡2,199.
C．￡6,458. D．￡4,398.
7．What is the purpose of the text
A．To celebrate a historic event.
B．To advertise a special cruise.
C．To introduce a travel agency.
D．To explain a natural phenomenon.
第1讲
技法一 真题体验
23．D [直接信息题。一、在题干中标注定位词(where，the guided city tour，start)；二、在原文中找出信息句(The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour)；三、比对选项与信息句，可知答案为D。]
技法二 真题体验
33．D [间接信息题。一读题干，锁定关键词，即“Navajas’ study，the average accuracy，increase”；二扫原文，锁定信息区间，即“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.”可知，D项是对信息区间的同义描述，即估计数字在并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。]
技法三 真题体验
21．C [综合信息题。根据 Nahm部分的“Head Chef David Thompson，who received a Michelin star for his London-based Thai restaurant of the same name，opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010.”以及Issaya Siamese Club部分的“Issaya Siamese Club is internationally known Thai chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkok restaurant.”可知，Nahm和Issaya Siamese Club的共同之处是它们都有一流的厨师。故选C。]
技法四 真题体验
23．C [数字计算题。一读题干查找关键词“a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days”；二在Prices部分中标记“1 day(24 hours)，14.75”和“Each additional day，8.00”；三用加法计算答案，即14.75＋8.00＝22.75。 故选C。]
随堂演练
语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了William通过带领父爱缺失的孩子钓鱼来培养孩子的健全人格的故事。
1．B [直接细节题。根据第一段的内容尤其是“Camran shared that his dad wasn’t in his life.”可知，Camran之所以朝母亲大喊大叫是由于父爱缺失。故选B。]
2．C [综合信息题。根据第二段最后一句中的“a non-profit organization”和第三段中的“On weekends，he and a few other volunteers take 20 to 25 kids out fishing on a charter boat...Many have never been fishing or even on a boat，so William—or Big Will，as the kids call him—starts by teaching the basics.Then come the life lessons that fishing offers...”可知，Take a Kid Fishing，Inc.主要是帮助父爱缺失的孩子学习钓鱼，以此来培养孩子的健全人格。故选C。]
3．D [写作意图题。 通读第四段内容可知，本段交代William与父亲的亲密关系以及钓鱼在父子关系中发挥的作用是为了更好地让读者理解William为何会有“带领父爱缺失的孩子钓鱼”的想法，由此推测本段的目的是补充背景信息。故选D。]
4．A [推理判断题。综合分析文章可知，文章主要讲述了William通过带领父爱缺失的孩子钓鱼来培养孩子的健全人格的故事，所以可以推断William是个关爱他人的人。 故选A。]
语篇解读 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了通过海上巡航的方式观看澳大利亚西部边缘发生的日全食现象的相关信息。
5．A [间接细节题。根据第二段中的“Unlike other cruises for this event，ours has the well-known astronomer Abigail Beall to accompany you.”可知，专家的指导让这次航游与众不同。故选A。]
6．D [数字计算题。根据表格中Oceanview cabin后的“Per guest based on two people sharing，￡2,199”可知，夫妇两人应支付2 199×2＝4 398英镑。故选D。]
7．B [写作意图题。根据第一段“One of nature’s most remarkable events...and we have chosen the perfect way for you to enjoy this event：on a cruise(航游) at sea.”可知，本文的目的是为一次特别航游做广告。故选B。]第4讲 题型突破——词句猜测题
词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文章时，常常也会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。
词义猜测题——巧用线索猜词义
词汇含义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。由此看来，猜测词句能力的高低直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean？(2023·新课标Ⅰ，29题)
2．What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean？(2023·新课标Ⅱ，30题)
3．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph？
(2023·浙江1月，24题)
4．What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7？(2022·新课标Ⅰ，30题)
下面介绍巧用逻辑关系、语法关系、构词法和上下文语境猜测词汇含义。
一、4种逻辑关系助力词义猜测
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅱ·C片段)
In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to.
30．What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean
A．Understand. B．Paint.
C．Seize. D．Transform.
二、5种语法关系助力词义猜测
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·B片段)
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY(do-it-yourself)．Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
24．Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1
A．An artist. B．A winner.
C．A specialist. D．A pioneer.
三、3种构词法助力词义猜测
例如：A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.
分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy(舒适)为词根。因此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。
四、上下文语境助力词义猜测
有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·C片段)
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up. B．Add-on.
C．Check-in. D．Take-over.
代词指代题——“就近原则”判指代
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to？(2020·新课标Ⅰ，29题)
2．What does “I” refer to in the text？(2019·全国Ⅱ，21题)
解此类试题常用“就近原则”巧判断。解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2020·新课标Ⅰ·C片段)
In the mid-1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months，physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later，still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book，Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan，where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land，and of the people he meets on his way：Rustam，his translator，a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California，Oleg and Natasha，his hosts in Tashkent，and a string of foreign aid workers.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
句意猜测题——意义吻合推句意
高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean？
(2019·浙江，24题)
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对画线句子进行解释性的描述。其解题流程如下：
真题体验 (2019·浙江·B片段)
Money with no strings attached.It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
A
(2023·浙江台州二模)
Alarming levels of dangerous chemicals known as Perfluorinated Alkylated Substances(PFAS) were discovered in food packaging at many well-known fast-food restaurants and grocery store chains，a new report found.
Often called “forever chemicals” because they do not break down in the environment，PFAS are used in food packaging to prevent grease(油脂) and water from soaking through food wrappers and cups.PFAS can also be found in the ink used to print logos and instructions on food containers.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls exposure to PFAS a “public health concern”，citing that the human-made chemicals can harm the immune system and reduce a person’s resistance to infectious diseases.
Regulatory limits for how much PFAS food packaging should contain can vary greatly.For instance，a new law in California set the limit at less than 100 ppm.“Compared to America，Denmark sets a much lower regulatory limit of 20 ppm with great success，” said Xenia Trier，an expert at the European Environment Agency.“It does work to set limits and enforce them.PFAS do migrate from the paper into the food.Even though it was not 100%，we still saw considerable transmission.In general，transmission from packaging to food is increased as the temperature of the food rises.It is the same with the time spent in wrapping materials，” Trier told NBS，one of the major American mass-media companies.
In response to the issue，Whole Foods became the first grocery chain to publicly commit to remove PFAS from takeout containers and bakery paper.Many other companies followed suit.Experts say people who want to avoid PFAS in their takeout and food delivery packaging should favor companies that have promised to remove the chemicals.“As soon as you receive your takeout，you’d better take food out of the container immediately，and never reheat food in its original container.Instead，remove your food and heat it in glass containers，” Trier said.
1．What can we learn about PFAS in food packaging
A．They are natural chemicals in food.
B．They do little harm to consumers’ health.
C．They are used to break down the chemicals.
D．They can make wrappers resistant to grease and water.
2．What is Xenia Trier’s attitude to setting a lower limit of PFAS
A．Favorable. B．Neutral.
C．Ambiguous. D．Opposed.
3．What does the underlined word “it” refer to in paragraph 4
A．Considerable migration of grease and water.
B．PFAS transmission from packaging to food.
C．Wrapper exposure to high food temperature.
D．Regulatory limits concerning food packaging.
4．What is the main idea of the text
A．Food packaging contains dangerous chemicals.
B．Consumers are recommended to have PFAS-free products.
C．PFAS found in food packaging have become a great concern.
D．The government has taken measures to reduce PFAS exposure.
B
(2023·山东济南一模)
There is nothing quite like enjoying the sights，sounds and culture of a city while tasting a cup of coffee outdoors.But it is not that enjoyable when heat waves sweep the city.An outdoor cooling system produced by Kinonko，an Israeli(以色列的) company，began to be tested in Tel Aviv.The sweltering city is a perfect place to try the new technology.
With global warming heating up the temperature，it will soon be too hot to sit outside in cafes.While outdoor cooling systems have existed for a while，most of them use some sort of water or misting system to cool the air around them，consuming too much water and power.After two years of development，the perfect solution to the problem was found.“We have invented a new generation of air conditioner，” Kinonko CEO Leizer said.
As Leizer introduced，the energy is from the pressure created between liquid nitrogen(氮) and gas nitrogen.When liquid nitrogen at －196 degrees turns into gas，it produces a very strong pressure and the pressure is used to run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slowly releases freezing nitrogen gas to cool down the air around it.
The technology is unique and amazing.Beyond the coolness of the concept，it also has other advantages.The work unit doesn’t need to be power-driven，and doesn’t blow out harmful warm air as it works.As for the potential price，it will probably be no more expensive than any other air conditioner.In addition，the liquid nitrogen container will need to be replaced every seven to ten days，depending on usage.This makes it an affordable option for all sorts of businesses.The cooling system is expected to be on the market in 2024.
5．What does the underlined word “sweltering” mean in paragraph 1
A．Warm. B．Dry.
C．Hot. D．Freezing.
6．What problem do the existing outdoor cooling systems have
A．They are wasteful.
B．They overheat easily.
C．They often break down.
D．They are slow to cool the air.
7．What does paragraph 3 mainly explain
A．What powers the engine.
B．What turns liquid into gas.
C．How the pressure is formed.
D．How the new system works.
8．What is the purpose of this text
A．To promote a company.
B．To settle an energy crisis.
C．To introduce a technology.
D．To market a misting system.
第4讲
技法一 一、真题体验
30．A [词义猜测题。根据第二段尾句“These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.”中的but表达的语境可知，这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记录了我们都能理解的时刻。故画线词意为“理解”。故选A。]
二、真题体验
24．C [词义猜测题。 根据画线短语后文对该短语的解释“Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture，she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.”可推知，此处指Terri Bolton是一位DIY高手。C项“a specialist”最接近画线短语“a dab hand”的意思。故选C。]
四、真题体验
29．A [词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。]
技法二 真题体验
29．D [代词指代题。依据代词永远出现在原词之后可知，画线代词指代第一段最后一句的内容，即that指的是“写一篇有关咸海消失的文章”这件事。故选D。]
技法三 真题体验
24．C [句意猜测题。根据下文的内容尤其是木板上写的“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”可知，钉在木板上的钱是可以随意取的，并不附带任何条件，故选C项。]
随堂演练
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了食品包装中发现了全氟烷基化物质，这已经成为一个备受关注的问题。
1．D [细节理解题。根据第二段中“PFAS are used in food packaging to prevent grease(油脂) and water from soaking through food wrappers and cups”可知，食品包装中的PFAS可以使包装防油防水。故选D。]
2．A [观点态度题。根据第四段中“‘Compared to America，Denmark sets a much lower regulatory limit of 20 ppm with great success，’ said Xenia Trier”可知，对于设定更低的PFAS下限，Xenia Trier持支持态度。故选A。]
3．B [代词指代题。根据第四段中“PFAS do migrate from the paper into the food.Even though it was not 100%，we still saw considerable transmission.”可知，句中it指代上文提及的“PFAS从纸张到食品中的转移”。故选B。]
4．C [主旨大意题。综合分析文章可知，本文主要介绍了食品包装中发现了全氟烷基化物质，这已经成为一个备受关注的问题，C项最能概括文章大意。故选C。]
语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统，这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场，使人们在炎热的天气下，能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。
5．C [词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“But it is not that enjoyable when heat waves sweep the city.An outdoor cooling system...began to be tested in Tel Aviv.”可知，这种制冷系统是针对炎热天气研发的，而且将在Tel Aviv进行测试，故这座城市是非常闷热的。画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。故选C。]
6．A [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While outdoor cooling systems have existed for a while，most of them use some sort of water or misting system to cool the air around them，consuming too much water and power.”可知，现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力，是比较浪费的。故选A。]
7．D [段落大意题。根据第三段中的“When liquid nitrogen at － 196 degrees turns into gas，it produces a very strong pressure and the pressure is used to run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical engine that slowly releases freezing nitrogen gas to cool down the air around it.”可知，该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。故选D。]
8．C [写作意图题。根据第一段中的“An outdoor cooling system produced by Kinonko，an Israeli(以色列的) company，began to be tested in Tel Aviv.”和最后一段中的“The technology is unique and amazing.”及“The cooling system is expected to be on the market in 2024.”可推知，本文的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。故选C。]
