微技能三 巧辨阅读理解中的派生词汇
近几年，高考英语阅读语篇倾向于直接取材主流报纸、杂志和书籍，甚至是一些小众的报刊、网络博客、帖子等，这就意味着选材更加注重语言的真实性、地道性和广泛性，语言愈来愈地道，越来越原汁原味，里面含有大量的派生词、合成词与活用词。因此考生一定要有构词意识，通过构词法和语境迅速猜出其意义，这是考生的一项重要的能力。
真题回顾
1．The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.(2023·新课标Ⅰ·C篇)
2．In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.(2023·新课标Ⅰ·C篇)
3．On March 7,1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.(2023·新课标Ⅰ·D篇)
4．This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.(2023·新课标Ⅰ·D篇)
5．Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.(2023·新课标Ⅱ·B篇)
6．Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智)，wealth or faith of the subject. (2023·新课标Ⅱ·C篇)
7．Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle...(2023·浙江1月·B篇)
8．A machine can now not only beat you at chess，it can also outperform you in debate.
(2023·浙江1月·C篇)
词汇积累
1．前缀(dis-；im-；in-；ir-；un-；il-；non-)：表示否定或相反意义的
disagree vi.不同意；disadvantage n．缺点；
disappear vi.消失；discomfort n．不舒适；
discourage vt.使泄气；dishonest adj.不诚实的；
impolite adj.无礼的；impatient adj.不耐烦的；
immoral adj.不道德的；informal adj.非正式的；
inconvenient adj.不方便的；indirect adj.间接的；
independent adj.独立的；inaccurate adj.不准确的；incorrect adj.不正确的；inexperienced adj.没有经验的，不熟练的；inexpensive adj.不贵的；incomparable adj.无与伦比的；irregular adj.不规则的；irresponsible adj.不负责任的；irrelevant adj.不相关的；irresistible adj.不可遏止的；unusual adj.不寻常的；uncomfortable adj.不舒服的；unconscious adj.失去知觉的；unintentional adj.无意的；illegal adj.不合法的；illogical adj.不合逻辑的；illiterate adj.不识字的；non-stop adj.(车、船等)中途不停的，直达的；non-existent adj.不存在的；non-profit adj.非营利的
2．前缀(mis-)：表示“错误，坏”等否定含义
mislead vt.误导；misunderstand v．误解；misfortune n．不幸；misuse vt.误用；misspell v．拼错；misinformation n．误报，错误的消息；mistreat vt.虐待；misbehave v．行为不端，举止失礼
3．前缀(de-)：表示“去掉；取消；毁”或“向下；降低，减少”
decode v．破译；deforest vt.砍伐森林；decrease v．减少；depopulation n．人口减少
4．前缀(mini-；micro-)：表示微小
minibus n．小型公共汽车；minimize vt.最小化，使最小化；microscope n．显微镜；microwave n．微波
5．前缀(inter-)：表示“在……之间，相互的”
interdependent adj.互相依赖的，互相依存的；interaction n．互动；Internet/internet n．互联网；international adj.国际的
6．前缀(ex-)：表示“外，出”或“前面的，前任的”
export v．出口，输出；exclude vt.排除；
ex-president前任总统
7．前缀(over-)：表示“在……之上”或“过度，过分”
overbridge n．天桥；overlook vt.俯视，疏忽；
overstudy n．过度用功；overwork n．& v．过度劳累，过分辛苦；oversleep vi.睡得太久，睡过头；overstatement n．大话，夸大的叙述；overemphasis n．过分强调
8．前缀(under-)：表示“在……下”或“不足，不够”
underground n．地铁 adj.地下的； underline vt.在……下画线，强调；underestimate vt.低估；underpopulated adj.人口稀少的
9．前缀(trans-)：表示“转移，转变”
transplant n．& v．移植；transform v．使变形；
transport n．& v．运输，运送
10．前缀(pre-)：表示“先前的，预先”
pre-war adj.战前的；preschool n．幼儿园 adj.学龄前的；prehistory n．史前时期；previous adj.以前的，先前的；preview n．预映，预演 v．写预评；预先播映(或展示)
11．前缀(multi-)：表示“多”
multimedia adj.多媒体的 n．多媒体；multiply v．乘，繁殖；multitask v．多任务运行；multi-cultural adj.多元文化的；multinational adj.多国的；multipurpose adj.多种用途的
12．前缀(re-)：表示“再，重新”
recycle v．循环利用；reconsider v．重新考虑；reunion n．重聚；rebuild v．重建；recover v．恢复
13. 前缀(co-)：表示“共同，一起”
cooperation n．合作；coexistence n．共存；
co-founder n．共同创办人；co-author n．合著者 vt.合著
14．前缀(auto-)：表示“自动的”
automobile n．汽车；autobiography n．自传；
autofocus n．(照相机的)自动聚焦装置
15．前缀(out-)：表示“超过，过度”
outdo vt.胜过，优于；outlive vt.活得比……长；
outnumber vt.在数量上超过；outweigh vt.(在重要性或意义上)超过，比(某人)重
16．后缀(-ise/ize)：可以加在名词或形容词的后面构成动词
popularize v．宣传，推广，使普及； apologize v．道歉，谢罪；publicise vt.宣传，宣扬；prioritise vt.给予……优先权，优先处理
17．后缀(-ify)：表示“使……化”
simplify vt.简化；beautify vt.美化；diversify vt.使多样化；purify vt.净化
18．后缀(-tion；-ment；-sion)多构成名词
industrialization n．工业化；globalization n．全球化；entertainment n．娱乐；judg(e)ment n．判断力；decision n．决定；impression n．印象
19．后缀(-ful；-tive；-able)多构成形容词
grateful adj.感激的；eventful adj.充满大事的，多变故的；graceful adj.优美的；powerful adj.强大的，有影响力的；objective adj.客观的；interactive adj.互动的；creative adj.创造(性)的；attractive adj.吸引人的，有吸引力的；adjustable adj.可调节的；affordable adj.买得起的；controllable adj.可控制的；exchangeable adj.可交换的微技能一 巧解阅读理解中的复杂结构
技法1 省略that，让句子更加难以理解
高考长难句中的宾语从句和定语从句往往省略连接词和关系词that。因此，考生更加难以理解这些长难句。
[高考原句] (2023·新课标Ⅰ·A) With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations，we make sure there is always a bike available for you.
[结构分析] 此句中make sure后省略了连接词that。
[精准翻译] 我们在战略位置的五家租赁店存放了2 500多辆自行车，确保您随时都有一辆自行车可用。
技法2 添加前置修饰语，使名词(短语)复杂化
在一些高考英语的长难句中，名词(短语)前可以添加名词、形容词、分词、冠词、代词等前置修饰语，而前置修饰语又可添加自己的前置修饰语，这就进一步增加了句子的难度。
[高考原句] (2023·全国甲·D)By the early 1970s，after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers,600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies.
[结构分析] 此句中名词hunting前添加了cruel and continuous 作修饰语，名词grizzlies前添加了600 to 800作修饰语，名词range 前添加了a mere 2 percent of their former作修饰语。
[精准翻译] 到20世纪70年代初，经过殖民者几个世纪残酷而持续的狩猎，北落基山脉的600到800只灰熊只剩下它们原来活动范围的2%。
技法3 添加后置修饰语，使名词(短语)复杂化
在高考英语的复杂结构中，经常在名词(短语)后加上介词短语、定语从句、非谓语动词等后置修饰语，让其所修饰的名词(短语)更加复杂化。
[高考原句] (2023·新课标Ⅰ·C)In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
[结构分析] 名词短语the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism后面添加了非谓语动词短语starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable作修饰语，且非谓语动词短语中名词 forces后面添加了定语从句that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable作修饰语。
[精准翻译] 在第一部分中，我描述了数字极简主义的哲学基础，首先考察了使许多人的数字生活越来越难以忍受的力量，然后再详细讨论数字极简主义哲学。
技法4 应用间隔性修饰语，使句子结构复杂化
当一个名词(短语)后有很长的后置修饰语时，其他名词或动词就会把中心名词和相应的动词分隔开，考生很难辨别哪个动词应该跟随哪个名词。
[高考原句] (2023·全国甲·D)Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see，and their answer is often the same：a grizzly bear.
[结构分析] 此句中的名词the tourists后有两个后置修饰语from around the world 和that flood into Yellowstone National Park，此处that引导定语从句修饰先行词the tourists，定语从句与先行词被 from around the world分隔开。
[精准翻译] 问那些从世界各地涌入黄石国家公园的游客，他们最希望看到什么，他们的答案往往是一样的：灰熊。
技法5 并列结构作主语，使句子更加复杂化
众所周知，单个的名词(短语)作主语比较容易理解，而并列结构作主语会使主语更加复杂，这就增加了整个句子的复杂性。
[高考原句] (2023·全国乙·D)The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made：a history told through things gives them back a voice.
[结构分析] 此句的主语是由并列连词and连接的并列结构，即“The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas”。
[精准翻译] 加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品最有力地向我们讲述他们过去的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。
技法6 主语为动名词短语或主语从句
有些复杂结构的主语不再是单个的名词或代词，而是动名词短语或主语从句，这更增加了句子的难度。
[高考原句] (2023·浙江1月·C) What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning，and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines.
[结构分析] 第一个分句的主语是What Hammond is referring to，是what引导的主语从句。
[精准翻译] 哈蒙德所指的是意义的问题，而意义是区分最不聪明的人类和最聪明的机器的核心。
技法7 嵌入状语从句
当一个句子被嵌入一个状语从句，主句的主语和谓语就会被状语从句分隔开，从而使句子复杂化。
[经典例句] Jane，when she found she was lost in the forest，sat beside a tree and held her shoulders in her arms tightly to make herself warmer.
[结构分析] 此句中的主语Jane和谓语sat，held被when引导的时间状语从句分隔开了。
[精准翻译] 当简发现她在树林中迷路时，她坐在一棵树旁，紧紧地用双臂抱住肩膀让自己暖和点。
技法8 应用繁杂的间接宾语
英语中有些动词(如give，offer，bring，buy等)后需要跟双宾语，即动词＋间接宾语(指人)＋直接宾语(指物)，有时间接宾语非常繁杂，使得句子的谓语远离直接宾语，造成句子难以理解。
[经典例句] She bought the students who had made great progress in the mid-of-term examination some candies.
[结构分析] 此句的谓语动词是bought，它的间接宾语是the students，其后是who引导的定语从句，直接宾语是some candies。
[精准翻译] 她给在期中考试中取得巨大进步的学生买了一些糖果。
技法9 复合句多，造成句式复杂，增加理解困难
许多句子中同时出现定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等，需要学生有较强的句式分析能力。
[高考原句] (2023·新课标Ⅰ·D)On March 7,1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.
[结构分析] 本句中which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect为定语从句，在定语从句中又包含了宾语从句what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect。
[精准翻译] 1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯·高尔顿发表了一篇论文，阐述了后来被称为“群体智慧”的效应。
技法10 插入转述表达方式
句子中包含转述的表达方式也可造成句子的复杂化。
[经典例句] They weren’t capable of finding the woman who Jack had said would tell them about the traffic accident.
[结构分析] 此句中插入了Jack had said的转述表达方式。
[精准翻译] 他们没能找到杰克所说的会告诉他们这次交通事故情况的那位女士。微技能二 巧记阅读理解中的同义替换
众所周知，同义替换是高考英语阅读理解正确选项的最强特征，同义转换是考生答对每一道阅读理解题的制胜法宝，因此，考生应积累常见的同义词汇和相关表达，这对于高考阅读获得高分具有举足轻重的意义。
同义替换在2023年高考真题阅读理解中的体现
2023年真题 原文 题干＋正确选项 同义替换
新课标ⅠA篇 The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour，starting at 1：00 pm every day. 23.Where does the guided city tour start？ A.The Gooyer Windmill. B.The Skinny Bridge. C.Heineken Brewery. D.Dam Square. 答案D start替换depart
新课标ⅡB篇 And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low-income schools. 24.What do we know about Abby Jaramillo？ A.She used to be a health worker. B.She grew up in a low-income family. C.She owns a fast food restaurant. D.She is an initiator of Urban Sprouts. 答案D initiator替换 start
全国甲A篇 Head Chef David Thompson，who received a Michelin star for his Loodon-based Thai restaurant of the same name，opened this branch in the Metropolitan Hotel in 2010. Issaya Siamese Club is internationally known Thai chef Ian Kittichai’s first flagship Bangkok restaurant. 21.What do Nahm and Issaya Siamese Club have in common？ A.They adopt modern cooking methods. B.They have branches in London. C.They have top-class chefs. D.They are based in hotels. 答案C top-class替换 head和internationally known
全国乙B篇 Still，looking back on the photos，they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely. 25.What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author？ A.Proper time management. B.Good shooting techniques. C.Adventurous spirit. D.Distinctive styles. 答案A proper替换 wisely
浙江1月C篇 A computer works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another.But it does not specify what those symbols mean.Indeed，to a computer，meaning is irrelevant. 30.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond？ A.Create rules. B.Comprehend meaning. C.Talk fluently. D.Identify difficult words. 答案B Comprehend meaning替换 what those symbols mean
经典同义替换80组
同义 多种替换 同义 多种替换
1 独自 by oneself，on one’s own，independently，alone 2 有机会做 have the chance/opportunity of/to do，have/gain access to
3 代替 take the place of，take one’s place，replace B with A，substitute A for B，use...as an alternative to 4 下降；减少 decline，come/go down，drop，fall，decrease，reduce
5 逃脱 flee，escape from 6 提及；提到 refer to，mention，talk of，when it comes to
7 同时 at the same time，meanwhile，in the meanwhile 8 展览 on exhibition/show/display
9 意识到 realize，recognize，sense，be aware/conscious of，awareness，consciousness 10 对……有害 harm，do harm to，be harmful to，be bad for
11 像；与……相似 be like，resemble，look like，bear a resemblance to，be identical to，be similar to 12 除了 apart from，aside from，besides，in addition to，as well as，moreover，furthermore，except，except for
13 方便的 at hand，handy，convenient 14 影响 affect，influence，have an effect/impact/influence on
15 推迟 postpone，put off，delay 16 面对；面临 face，be faced with，confront，be confronted with
17 占；组成 account for，make up，occupy，take up 18 各种各样的 various，a variety of，varieties of，diverse，all kinds/sorts of，a wide range of
19 为……所得到 be accessible to，have access to，be available to 20 虐待；不好好对待某人 treat sb badly，abuse sb，maltreat sb，mistreat sb
21 要了某人的命 claim one’s life，sth cost sb the life，sth kill sb 22 把……看作 treat...as，consider...as，think of...as，view...as，look on...as
23 承诺 promise to do，make a promise to do，commit oneself to 24 出现 show up，turn up，appear
25 与……不同；区分 differ from，be different from，tell the difference between...and...，make a distinction between...and...，tell/distinguish...from... 26 参加；参与 take part in，attend，participate in，involve sb in sth，be involved in，be engaged in，join in
27 与……一致 be consistent with，be in line with，correspond with，agree with，consist with 28 代表 represent，on behalf of，stand for
29 沉醉于；沉迷于；沉浸于 be addicted to，be hooked on，be lost in，be obsessed with，be drunk with，be absorbed in，be dedicated to 30 难以置信 unbelievable，beyond belief，incredible，unthinkable，inconceivable
31 用光；耗尽 use up，run out of，give out，run out 32 充分利用 make full use of，take advantage of，make the most/best of
33 大多数；大部分 most，the majority of 34 处理；对付 deal with，do with，handle，cope with，tackle，address，approach，attend to
35 在网上 on the Internet，online 36 与……有关 be related to，be linked to，be associated with，be connected with，be concerned with，be relevant to
37 导致；造成；引起 bring about，contribute to，cause，generate，result in，lead to，give rise to，account for 38 优于；有优势，超过…… be better than，have an edge/advantage over，be superior to
39 由……引起 result from，arise from 40 次于 be worse than，be inferior to
41 控告 accuse sb of，charge sb with 42 支持；赞成 support，in favo(u)r of，favo(u)r，subscribe to，in support of，approve of
43 提前 in advance，beforehand，ahead of time/schedule 44 追溯到 date back to，date from，be traced to，be traced back to
45 重要 matter，count，be important/significant/critical/vital/essential，be of importance/significance 46 由……组成 consist of，be made up of，be composed of，be comprised of
47 随机 at random，randomly 48 深信 hold the strong belief that，be greatly convinced that，strongly believe that
49 成功；设法做成 succeed in，be successful in，manage to do 50 未意识到；忽略 be unaware/unconscious of，fail to notice，overlook，neglect，ignore
51 一……就 as soon as，immediately，instantly，directly，hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，upon/on doing 52 方法；方式；手段 approach，way，method，means，manner
53 提出 put forward，come up with，raise 54 反对 oppose，be opposed to，object to，raise an objection to，be against
55 尤其；特别 especially，in particular，particularly 56 以……为骄傲 be proud of，take pride in
57 取笑；嘲笑 laugh at，tease，make fun of，play tricks/jokes on 58 穿 dress up，get/be dressed in，wear，put on
59 厌烦；厌倦 be tired/sick of，be bored with，be fed up with 60 强调 stress，underline，emphasize，place/put great emphasis on，attach great importance/value to，highlight
61 容忍 bear，put up with，tolerate，stand，endure 62 照顾 attend (to)，take care of，look after
63 流行；受欢迎 catch on，be popular with，be fashionable，in fashion，in style，be well received，gain popularity 64 确保 make sure/certain，ensure，guarantee
65 不流行；不受欢迎 be unfashionable，out of fashion，out of style 66 负责 be responsible for，take/bear/shoulder responsibility for，answer for，take charge of，be in charge of
67 有时；偶尔 now and then，sometimes，occasionally，from time to time，once in a while 68 寻找 look for，search for，seek，be in search of
69 实现梦想 realize/fulfil/achieve/accomplish one’s dream，make one’s dream come true 70 渴望 be eager/thirsty/hungry/desperate/anxious for/to do，have a strong urge/desire to do，desire to do
71 能够；有能力做某事 be able to do，be capable of doing，have the ability/capacity to do 72 对……有益；受益于 be good for，benefit，benefit from，be beneficial/of benefit to
73 老年人 old people，the old，senior citizens，the aged，the elderly 74 弥补 make up for，compensate for，make up
75 故意/偶然 on purpose，deliberately，by design，purposely/by accident，by chance，accidentally 76 澄清 clarify，make sth clear
77 认为；持有……观点 think，believe，hold the view/idea/opinion that，argue/claim that 78 雇用 employ，take on，hire
79 疲惫 be tired out，be worn out，be exhausted，be burnt out 80 吸引 attract，be attracted to，appeal to，catch one’s eye/attention
