(共35张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 1
Starting out & Understanding ideas
新 课 导 入
Some natural phenomena are really amazing.
What natural phenomena are you familiar with
thunder and lightning
the earthquake
the solar eclipse
the mirage
Watch the video and answer the questions.
1 What natural phenomena are mentioned in the video
2 How were these explained in the past
What are the scientific explanations behind them
1
课 堂 学 习
Starting out
1. What natural phenomena are mentioned in the video
The natural phenomena that are mentioned in the video include: the earthquake, the solar eclipse, thunder and lightning, and the mirage.
2. How were these explained in the past
What are the scientific explanations behind them
For the earthquake: Native Americans used to believe that earthquakes were caused by a struggle between a large bird, called the Thunderbird, and a whale. An ancient Japanese belief was that earthquakes were caused by the movements of a giant catfish that carried the world on its back. Scientists now know that earthquakes are actually caused by the movement of tectonic plates.
For the solar eclipse: In many cultures, there were ancient beliefs that solar eclipses were caused by a creature eating the Sun. In Vietnam, that creature was a giant frog, in Norway, a wolf, and in China, it was a huge dog. In fact, solar eclipses happen when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, temporarily blocking the Sun’s light.
For thunder and lightning: In Medieval Europe, people thought that supernatural forces caused thunder and lightning. It was a sign of bad times ahead. Modern science tells us that lightning is an electric charge moving between clouds, or between clouds and the earth. Thunder is a shock wave of sound caused by lightning.
For the mirage: In Ancient China, peolple believed that this was actually caused by the breath of a dragon. These days, people know that a “mirage” happens when layers of air with varying temperatures cause light to bend.
Look at the pictures and answer the questions.
2
1 What do you know about these mysteries
2 What other unsolved mysteries do you know of
3 Which of these do you most want to investigate
Atlantis
Atlantis is a legendary city, which is described in the work of the Greek philosopher Plato. The story of Atlantis with its fabulously wealthy and advanced civilisation which was swept into the sea to be lost for ever has captured the imagination of readers for over two millennia.
Nazca lines
The Nazca Lines are a collection of giant geometric patterns and animal shapes. Drawn into the landscapes of southern Peru, the majority of the lines are believed to be the work of the Nazca people around 1AD to 700. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994, numerous studies and theories have so far not explained the reason why the lines were created.
【背景知识】
Tunguska event
Tunguska event, enormous explosion that is estimated to have occurred at 7:14 am plus or minus one minute on 30 June 1908, at an altitude of 5-10 kilometres, flattening some 2,000 square kilometres and charring more than 100 square kilometres of pine forest near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Central Siberia, Russia.
Black hole
A black hole is a region of space-time exhibiting gravitational acceleration so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it.
1
Look at the pictures and answer the questions. Do further research if necessary.
Understanding ideas
1 What do you know about these ancient civilisations
2 What might be the reasons behind their collapse
3 What other ancient civilisations do you know of
Share what you know with the class.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Babylon
Ancient Egypt
1. What do you know about these ancient civilisations
Ancient Greece has a long history which was made up of many Greek city-states. The ancient Greeks believed in gods, goddesses, and magical creatures. The Greeks built temples to honor their gods. They told wonderful myths about their gods.
Ancient Babylon was a massive walled city, and everyone lived inside the walled city. Laws of Babylon were famous. To ensure that the laws were followed by everyone, one of the kings of Babylon had the laws written down on stone so that everyone would be treated equally under the law.
Ancient Egypt had advanced science and technology for the time. Ancient Egyptians built a lot of grand Pyramids, which were the tombs of their kings. Ancient Egyptians left many works of art, which reflected the collective effort. The colors of the paintings in the rock tombs looked fresh and vivid.
2. What might be the reasons behind their collapse
3. What other ancient civilisations do you know of
Share what you know with the class.
It might be the wars that led to their collapse.
They were conquered by other empires.
The Mayan Indians lived in Mexico for thousands of years. The Maya believed in many gods. They built large temples to honor them.
Read the passage and find out the possible reasons for the disappearance of Maya civilisation.
The Mysteries of The MAYA
1 Intrigued by Maya civilisation from a very young age, 15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star charts. Through comparison, he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars. Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle. ________________________________________________________
2
2 It isn’t difficult to see why. Extending south from parts of what we now know as Mexico into Central America, ___________________________ The Maya built impressive palaces and temples, incuding their representative step pyramids. What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power. The Maya’s understanding of mathematics and astronomy was also quite amazing. They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar, which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year. On top of all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system. It contained more than 800 characters, with some signs representing animals, people and objects and others representing syllables. It was a writing system so compliated that, so far, no one has been able to interpret it completely.
3 The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious. _________________________________ By 700 AD, Maya cvilisation was at its peak. Yet, within just a couple of generations, it began to mysteriously decline. The cities were left to be taken back by the jungle. When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century to claim its riches, the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements.
4 Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery. Was it a natural disaster A deadly disease Conflicts between cities Or was it a combination of several different factors _____________________________________________ They had turned wetlands into fields for growing grains, and had dug huge canal systems. As their population expanded, yet more land was needed for agriculture and more trees for construction. By changing the landscape in this way, it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters.
5_________________________________________________________________Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD. This is likely to have led to a series of droughts, each lasting for a couple of years, inchuding a“megadrought” around 900 AD. Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places. These droughts would have led to food shortages, conflicts and, ultimately, the downfall of the cities.
6 Whatever the reasons, Maya civilisation largely disappeared within the deep jungle. Its once great cities fell into ruin, leaving various mysteries for later people to solve. ___________________________________________________
Now check your findings:
The way that the Maya people changed the landscape around them may have been one of the reasons behind the disappearance of their civilisation. Turning wetlands into fields for growing grains, digging huge canal systems and cutting down more trees for construction reduced their ability to cope with natural disasters. When those natural disasters, such as droughts, struck, the Maya would have faced food shortages, conflicts and, eventually, the downfall of their cities.
Choose the topic sentences and write them on the lines to complete the passage.
3
a Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century.
b But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.
c Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.
d Research also suggests that those natural disasters may have led to the decline of the Maya.
e Meanwhile, the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past, present and future.
f Some research seems to indicate that the Maya people themselves may have played a part in their downfall.
1-c 2-a 3-b 4-f 5-d 6-e
Try to figure out the structure of the passage.
Parts Para.(s) Main idea
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
Para.1
Para.2
Para.3
Para.s 4-5
Para.6
Introduce the topic
The achievements of Maya civilization
The decline of Maya civilization
The reasons for the collapse of Maya civilization
The mysteries of Maya civilization remain to be solved
Organise information from the passage and complete the file of Maya civilisation.
4
MAYA CIVILISATION
Time
Location
Possible reasons for collapse
around 1800 BC to 1100 AD
from 1__________ to 2 _______________
1 human causes - reduced the ability to deal with 3_________________
4___________________________
5___________________________
huge expansion of the 6____________
2 natural causes- a series of 7__________ between 700 AD and 1000 AD, each 8________________________________.
Mexico
Central America
natural disasters
turning wetlands into fields
digging huge canal systems
population
droughts
lasting for a couple of years
Complete the cultural comparison with information from the passage.
5
Comparing the highly-sophisticated civilisations of the Maya and Ancient China reveals some surprising similarities. They both possessed a detailed understanding of 1___________ and astronomy, which helped them maintain an accurate 2__________ and a complex 3____________ that used signs to represent sounds and meanings.
mathematics
calendar
writing system
It can therefore be difficult to explain why, despite their excellent construction skills, the Maya never learnt to use 4___________________________________, while the ancient Chinese did. Facts such as these add to the mystery surrounding Maya civilisation, driving people to find out why it 5___________ while others, such as Ancient China, survived and thrived.
wheels, metal tools or even animal power
disappeared
1 What is the author’s purpose in starting the passage with the story about William Gadoury
2 What other things do you think could destroy a civilisation
Share an example with the class.
3 What lessons can you learn from the collapse of Maya civilisation
How can this information help the development of today’s society
4 Which of the arguments in the passage did you find the most convincing Give your reasons.
Think Share
1. What is the author’s purpose in starting the passage with the story about William Gadoury
The story about William Gadoury shows how the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation have captured people’s imaginations.
2. What other things do you think could destroy a civilisation Share an example with the class.
Maybe the wars.
Ancient Greece was conquered by the Roman Empire.
3.What lessons can you learn from the collapse of Maya civilisation How can this information help the development of today’s society
We can’t destroy the balance of the ecosystem.Humans should live in harmony with nature. Only if we care for nature can we better protect our living environment.
4.Which of the arguments in the passage did you find the most convincing Give your reasons.
Megadrought. It might cause food shortage, conflicts and the downfall of the cities.
1. Intrigued by Maya civilisation from a very young age, 15-year-old Canadian William Gadoury thought he had made an incredible discovery from his study of ancient star charts.
十五岁的加拿大少年威廉.加杜里自幼便对玛雅文明着迷，他认为自己通过研究古老星象图有了惊人发现。
Paraphrase: Fifteen-year-old Canadian William Gadoury was fascinated by Maya civilisation from a very young age，and he thought he had discovered something amazing while studying ancient star charts.
本句中的intrigued by是过去分词短语作原因状语，表示“被……所吸引”。
e.g. Intrigued by the heated debate, he kept watching for two hours.
他被这场激烈的辩论吸引住了，一直看了两个小时。
Language points
2. Through comparison, he found that the locations of the 117 known Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars.
通过比较，他发现117个已知玛雅城市的位置与星星的位置相对应。
【归纳拓展】
correspond to 与……相符；相当于
correspond with 与……通信；与……相符
in correspondence with 与……通信；与……一致
3. Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle.
据此，他相信自己发现了一座隐藏于丛林深处的未知玛雅城市的位置。
【归纳拓展】
bury...in... 把……埋到……里
bury one’s face/head in sth. 把脸/ 头埋在某物里面
be buried in/bury oneself in 埋头于……，专心于……
4. Extending south from parts of what we now know as Mexico into Central America, Maya civilisation has been surrounded by mystery since its rediscovery in the 19th century.
玛雅文明从我们现在所知的墨西哥向南延伸到中美洲，自19世纪被重新发现以来，玛雅文明一直被神秘所包围。
【词汇拓展】
expand (...) into （把……）扩展/发展成……
expansion n. 扩大；增加；膨胀
contract (反义词) vi. 收缩
【易混辨析】
expand指范围、体积的扩大、膨胀；
enlarge指面积、体积的扩大
extend指长度、宽度的延伸及时间的延长
spread指物种、疾病、思想、文化等的传播、延伸。
5. What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power.
这些复杂建筑最不同寻常之处在于，在没有使用机轮、金属工具甚至畜力的情况下，玛雅人是如何建造它们的。
【句式分析】What is most extraordinary about these complex structures 由what引导的主语从句; how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power 由how引导的表语从句
6. They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar, which was accurate to within 30 seconds per year.
他们将这一认识应用到了玛雅历中，该历法精确程度极高，每年误差不超过30秒。
【归纳拓展】
apply to... 适用于…… apply (to sb.) for sth.（向某人）申请某物
apply oneself to (doing) ... 致力于……，专心于……
e.g. This rule applies to everyone.
这条规则适用于每个人。
7. On top of all this was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time: a true writing system.
除此之外，还有一项当时美洲独有的成就：一个真正的文字系统。
Paraphrase: In addition to all this, the Maya established a true writing system, which was an achievement unique in the Americas at that time.
句子中On top of all this was an achievement为介词短语位于句首引起的完全倒装。on top of sth. 意思是“除……之外（还）”。
e.g. He gets commission on top of his salary.
他除了薪金之外还拿佣金。
e.g. Among these people was his friend, Jim.
他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。
8. The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.
玛雅社会的科技水平十分原始，这一事实使得玛雅的种种成就更加令人难以置信、神秘莫测。
(1) all the more 更加，愈加（用于强调）
e.g. Several publishers rejected her book, but that made her all the more determined.
几家出版商拒绝了她的书，但这让她更加坚定了决心。
(2)【句式分析】
Maya society was technologically primitive 同位语从句;
在makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious中， make+宾语+adj作宾语补足语
9. But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.
但最大的谜团是为何玛雅人抛弃了绝大部分的大城市。
abandon v. 离弃，逃离；抛弃，遗弃；放弃，中止；陷入
搭配：abandon oneself to... 沉湎于……
e.g. They abandoned their research due to lack of funds.
由于缺乏资金，他们放弃了研究。
He abandoned himself to grief.
他陷入了悲伤之中。
【词汇拓展】
abandoned adj. 废弃的，被丢弃的；被抛弃的，被遗弃的
an abandoned house 废弃的房子
an abandoned child 弃儿
10. Some recent studies have found that there were far fewer tropical cyclones than usual between 700 AD and 1000 AD.
最近一些研究发现，公元700年到公元1000年之间,热带气旋的数量远远少于往常。
far是一个程度副词，意为“非常”，用来修饰fewer这个比较级，表示“极少”。
e.g. I think his effort at school is far from enough.
我认为他在学校付出的努力远远不够。
11. Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.
许多科学家认为，这些旱灾是玛雅文明在不同地方以不同速度衰落的主要原因。
【句式分析】these droughts were the main reason宾语从句; why Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places定语从句
12. Meanwhile, the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us thinking about our own past, present and future.
同时，玛雅文明的崛起与衰落必定也让我们思考自己的过去、现在与将来。
Paraphrase: At the same time, the way this civilisation developed and then disappeared must also make us think about our own past, present and furture.
leave sb./sth. doing sth. 意为“使某人/某物保持······状态，其中doing作为宾语补足语说明某人的状态。除了doing外，leave sb/sth后面还可使用形容词、介词短语等。
e.g. I can’t get into my house because I have left my key at my office.
我进不了家，因为我把钥匙落在办公室了。
1. Share your idea about the reason why Maya civilisation disappeared
2. Talk about how can we preserve a civilisation.(共24张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 4
Reading
新 课 导 入
1
Work in groups. Look at the picture and answer the questions. Do further research if necessary.
1. What different zones are there in the ocean
2. Which parts of the ocean do you think have
been explored
3. What do you know about the deepest part of
the ocean
The different zones in the ocean are Sunlight Zone, Twilight Zone, Midnight Zone and Abyssal Zone.
课 堂 学 习
2
Read the passage and find out what has been discovered in the ocean depths.
DIVING DEEP
1 Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks. All of them represent attempts over the centuries to explore Earth’s furthest corners. Among these is the Esmeralda, the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia. Today, some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail, there is little - if any - land on our planet left unexplored. We have more detailed maps of the Moon, and even of Venus and Mars, than we do of Earth's own sea bed.
2 Given our limited knowledge, it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields. As with the discovery of the Esmeralda, many archaeological finds are made in shallow waters near the coast. These may sometimes include whole cities buried beneath the waves. One such find is the ancient Roman city of Neápolis, discovered off the coast of Tunisia. Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD, the ruins of Neápolis are almost 2,000 years old. The remaining streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history. However, we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure, darkness and extreme cold at vast depths. Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be discovered.
3 Amazing biological discoveries are also being made. The dark zones of the oceans may contain up to 90 per cent of the planet’s fish. In these waters, more than 200 metres deep, where light cannot reach, are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction. Imagine bone-white coral 6,000 metres below the ocean’s surface, growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year. Some of these could be 4,000 years old. Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye, a strange fish with eyes that can look upwards through its transparent forehead. In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than 8,000 metres below the surface, the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another. Yet there is still life to be found, even around the deep-sea volcanic openings. These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet, even in the most extreme circumstances.
4 Furthermore, the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources, some of which are completely new to us. Most notable of these is China’s discovery of an ice-like substance known as “fire ice”, under the South China Sea. In addition, China's underwater vessels, such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi, have been exploring waters at depths of thousands of metres. The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine, at 7,062 metres, giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers. The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was formed, as well as helping identify areas for deep-sea drilling, taking deep-sea exploration into a whole new era.
5 Being a tough environment of complete darkness, enormous pressure and intense cold, the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration. However, through closer international scientific, economic and cultural cooperation, we are all becoming part of a global mission to open up our planet's final frontier. Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery, and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today.
Read the passage and find out what has been discovered in the ocean depths.
Shipwrecks such as that of the Esmeralda, ruins of ancient cities like Neápolis, extraordinary deep-sea creatures such as bone-white coral and the barreleye, and the substance known as “fire ice” have been discovered in the ocean depths.
Read the passage and divide it into parts, then summarise the main idea of each part.
Part 1 Introduction Paragraph 1
Attempts over the centuries to explore Earth’s furthest corners
Part 2 Body Paragraphs 2~4
Exploration of the oceans leading to discoveries in various scientific, biological fields and natural resources
Part 3 Conclusion Paragraph 5
Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery.
Learning to learn
As you read, notice the discourse markers used in the text, eg in addition, also, however, furthermore, as well as. These markers function like road signs, helping you connect ideas and understand the writer’s attitude and opinions.
3
Think about the structure of the passage and complete the diagram.
Answers:
1 deep sea
2 Archaeological
3 shallow waters
4 vast depths
5 the ruins of Neápolis
6 Biological
7 the planet's fish
8 the capacity for life on our planet
9 bone-white coral
10 the barreleye
11 life to be found even around the
deep-sea volcanic openings
12 the sea bed
13 deep-sea drilling
14 “fire ice”
15 China’s underwater vessels
Think Share
1 Why do you think the author uses statistics in the passage
2 What other examples of ocean exploration do you know of Share one with the class.
3 What do you think drives the exploration of the oceans
4 What common message do the two reading passages in this unit convey How do they each build upon this idea
1 Why do you think the author uses statistics in the passage
2 What other examples of ocean exploration do you know of Share one with the class.
3 What do you think drives the exploration of the oceans
4 What common message do the two reading passages in this unit convey How do they each build upon this idea
The use of statistics makes the passage more convincing.
Both passages convey the message that humans have the desire and means to explore the unknown.
The first passage does this by looking at our fascination with history’s greatest mysteries, while the second passage looks at pioneering exploration of Earth’s oceans.
1. Look at the diagram below and brainstorm examples of how ocean
exploration affects your daily life.
2 Organise your talk by completing the diagram with your examples.
3 Give your talk to the class.
4
Work in groups. Give a talk about the influences of ocean exploration on your daily life.
Influences of ocean exploration
Trade
and economy
Transport
and travel
Food
and natural resources
Cultural
exchange
Environment
and conversation
Now think about how well you contributed to the group work and what you could do to improve.
Language points
1. Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks. 全球水域下大约沉睡着三百万艘沉船残骸。
本句为倒装结构，句中的 Lying under waters across the globe 放在句首表示强调。
2. Among these is the Esmeralda, the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia. 其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉达”号，它是欧洲国家探索亚洲时代留下的最早残骸。。
本句使用了全倒装 句式。Esmeralda为主句，the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia作主语的同位语。
3. Today, some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail, there is little - if any - land on our planet left unexplored. 如今，距离“埃斯梅拉达”号起航已有500多年，我们星球上尚未被人类探索的土地已经少之又少了。
(1) set sail 起航
e.g. The wind was too strong for the ship to set sail on time.
风太大，船无法准时起航。
(2) 本句中 if any 为一种省略形式，补充完整是 if there is any表示“如果有的话”。
某些句式经过长期发展已成为固定搭配：
if possible 如果可能的话 if only 要是……就好了
if ever 如果有过的话 if not 如果不的话
What if... 如果……怎么办？ Why not 为什么不呢？
What for 为什么？ when/where necessary 必要的时候/地方
4. We have more detailed maps of the Moon, and even of Venus and Mars, than we do of Earth's own sea bed. 然而，我们手中关于地球自身海底的地图，甚至比不上关于月球乃至金星、火星的天体图详尽。
本句中than引导比较状语从句，其中do代替实意动词have，从而以避免和主句的谓语动词have重复。
5. Given our limited knowledge, it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields.
基于我们有限的认知，探索海洋可以带来许多科学领域的新发现，这也许就显得不足为奇了。
(1)本句中的 Given 表示“考虑到”的意思。
(2)it 为形式主语，真正的主语为 that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields。为了避免句子头重脚轻，故用 it 作形式主语，这种用法在英语中很常见。
6. In these waters, more than 200 metres deep, where light cannot reach, are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction. 在200多米以下、阳光照不到的深水水域里，住着一些看起来就像是刚从科幻小说中走出来的奇异的生物。
本句为一个复合句，其中包含了两个定语从句，分别是：非限制性定语从句where light cannot reach，修饰先行词waters；限制性定语从句that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction，修饰先行词creatures，as if 引导了表语从句。
7. Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye, a strange fish with eyes that can look upwards through its transparent forehead.
漆黑的深海里管眼鱼游来游去，这是种奇特的鱼，其眼睛可以透过透明的前额向上看。
分词短语引导完全倒装句；that引导定语从句。
8. In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than 8,000 metres below the surface, the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another. 在海平面以下8,000多米处最深的海沟里，压强相当于50架飞机堆叠在一起。
(1) that引导定语从句；
(2) equivalent adj. 相等的，相同的 n. 相等的东西；等量；对应词
be equivalent to 等于……；相当于……（to是介词）
e.g. Eight kilometres is roughly equivalent to five miles.
八公里约等于五英里。
(3) stack v. （使）放成整齐的一叠（或一摞、一堆）
n. 一叠，一摞，一堆
e.g. They were busy stacking the shelves with goods.
他们正忙着摆货物上架呢。
I’ve got stacks of work to do. 我有一大堆活儿要做。
9. The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine, at 7,062 metres, giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers.
“蛟龙”号甚至创造了载人潜舰的最深下潜纪录7,062米，使中国跻身于世界顶级海洋探索国之列。
本句中holds the record表示“保持纪录”。句中alongside 是介词，表示“与……同等重要。
e.g. When he dies he will take his place alongside Dickens as one of the truly great writers of his time. 他死后会成为他那个时代真正的伟大作家之一，与狄更斯齐名。
10. Being a tough environment of complete darkness, enormous pressure and intense cold, the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration.
深海区域环境恶劣，完全黑暗、压强极大、极度寒冷，长期以来都是人类探索无法企及的区域。
(1)本句中 Being a tough environment of … 作为现在分词短语置于句首，表示 the ocean depths 的状态。
(2)本句中的 beyond the reach of … 表示“超过……能力之外；无法达到”。
e.g. The shot was well beyond the reach of the goalkeeper.
这次射门使守门员鞭长莫及。
Retelling DIVING DEEP
Part 1 Introduction Paragraph 1
Attempts over the centuries to explore Earth’s furthest corners
Part 2 Body Paragraphs 2~4
Exploration of the oceans leading to discoveries in various scientific, biological fields and natural resources
Part 3 Conclusion Paragraphs 5
Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery.(共13张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 5
Writing & Presenting ideas
新 课 导 入
What unexplained phenomena do you know
课 堂 学 习
1
Read the magazine article and answer the questions.
A LONG LINE OF MYSTERIES
Along a special line of latitude, known as the 30th parallel north, lie numerous sites of ancient civilisations and impressive natural features.
Ancient civilisations appeared on the parallel, including Babylon, with its famous tower; Egypt, with its pyramids; China, with its Sanxingdui culture, etc. These civilisations appeared at a similar time, and all developed advanced bronze-making techniques. Were they part of a single super-civilisation, as some think
It's argued that the 30th parallel north is a line of great natural energy, with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This creates amazing natural features, including Mount Qomolangma, the Dead Sea, and rivers, such as the Nile, the Mississippi and the Yangtze. Lacking any concrete evidence, some even claim it was supernatural powers!
Scientists, however, dispute these theories. It's more likely, they argue, that civilisations arose on the 30th parallel north because the climate there is generally warm and wet. Major tectonic plates meet at this latitude, causing earthquakes, which helped form the Himalayas. The rest, they say, is either coincidence or fantasy.
1. Why is the 30th parallel north mysterious
2. What are some unusual explanations for it
3. What are some possible scientific explanations
The 30th parallel north is mysterious because it is where numerous sites of ancient civilisations and impressive natural features lie.
Some believe that the 30th parallel north is a line of great natural energy, with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and others even claim that its amazing natural features were caused by supernatural powers.
Possible scientific explanations for the 30th parallel north include the generally warm and damp climate that made it a good place for civilisations to develop, and the fact that it is where major tectonic plates meet.
content of the passage
Paragraph 1
What is the unexplained phenomenon
Paragraph 2
Why is it mysterious
Paragraph 3
What non-scientific explanations are there
Paragraph 4
How do scientists explain it
2
Plan an article about an unexplained phenomenon. Do further research if necessary.
What is the unexplained phenomenon
Why is it mysterious
What non-scientific explanations are there
How do scientists explain it
Now write your article.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3
Work in pairs. Make improvements to each other’s articles and share them with the class.
Sample:
The Bermuda Triangle
Far below the surface of the North Atlantic Ocean, in a roughly triangular area known as the Bermuda Triangle, lie more than 50 shipwrecks and 20 plane wrecks.
What makes these wrecks so mysterious is that the cause of their fate remains largely unknown - ships were abandoned without apparent reason, distress signals were never sent and aircraft were lost without trace.
Some believe that supernatural forces are responsible, while others put the accidents and disappearances down to coincidence.
Scientific theories, meanwhile, include pilot error when trying to navigate the area, and huge “rogue waves” caused by terrible storms. Although many ships and planes cross the Bermuda Triangle without incident, the stories behind those doomed vessels’ fates continue to capture people’s imaginations.
4
Work in groups. Read the sentence and answer the questions.
The only true voyage of discovery would be not to visit strange lands but to possess other eyes, to look at the universe through the eyes of another person, or of a hundred other people, to see the hundred universes that each of them sees.
_________________________________________________________________
Remembrance of Things Past (VOL 5): The Captive by Marcel Proust (adaption)
1 What is your understanding of the sentence
2 What does Proust mean by “The only true voyage of discovery”
5
Share your opinion of this sentence and make notes. Do further research if necessary.
What do you think of Proust’s view on the way to explore the world
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is your way to explore the world Give an example.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6
Prepare a speech about what exploration means to you. Consider the following:
1 the structure of your speech
2 useful words, expressions and structures
3 helpful public speaking skills
7
Give your speech to the class.
1. How can we write about the unexpected
2. Talk about the unexpected and how to explore the world.(共11张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 2
Grammar
课 堂 学 习
Review: non clauses
1
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.
b But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon most of their great cities.
c Why Maya civilisation collapsed remains a mystery.
1 Which sentence contains a clause that serves as the subject of the sentence
2 Which sentence contains a clause that serves as the object of the sentence
3 Which sentence contains a clause that gives further information about the subject in the sentence
4 What do “how”, “what” and “why” in each sentence refer to
Sentence c.
Sentence a.
Sentence b.
In sentence a, "how" refers to the extent of power of Ancient Maya civilisation’s secrets; in sentence b, "what" refers to the thing that the Maya to abandon most of their great cities; in sentence c, "why" refers to the reason that Maya civilisation collapsed.
Now look for more sentences with noun clauses in the reading passage.
1 Based on this, he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city buried deep in the jungle.
2 What is most extraordinary about these complex structures is how they were built without the use of wheels, metal tools or even animal power.
3 The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.
4 ... it is possible that the Maya people unknowingly reduced their ability to deal with natural disasters.
【语法讲解】
①名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句四种。
②名词性从句的连接词可以分为三类。从属连词that，whether，if等，其中that没有实际意义，不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用；whether和if有“是否”之意，但同样不充当句子成分。连接代词what，whatever，who，whoever，whom，whomever，whose，which，whichever等不但起连接作用，而且均有实际意义，在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语或定语。连接副词when，whenever，where，wherever，how，however，why也均有实际意义，在从句中作状语。
③如何选择名词性从句的连接词？首先需要判断并分析从句，看一看从句的成分和句意是否完整。如果从句不缺成分且句意完整，则选择that；如果从句不缺成分但句意不完整，表示“是否”的意思，则选择whether或if；如果从句缺少成分，则需根据句意选择连接代词或连接副词。
④that和what均引导名词性从句，如何区分二者？that引导名词性从句时只起连接作用，在从句中无实际意义，不充当任何成分；what引导名词性从句时，除了起连接作用外，还在从句中充当成分，可作从句的主语、宾语和表语。例如：That he told a lie hurt me. 中that只起连接作用，不充当任何成分，而What he said hurt me. 中what不仅起连接作用，还充当从句的宾语。
⑤what引导的主语从句，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数？如果what在主语从句不充当主语，则从句的谓语动词应该根据主语的数来决定。例如：What he says is not important. What you need is more practice.
如果what在主语从句中充当主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数。例如：What is most important in life isn’t money.
2
Complete the passage using noun clauses with words in brackets.
There are many mysteries about dinosaurs to which we long to find explanations. You may think that dinosaurs were big, green and scaly, right In fact, it seems that they appeared very different from 1 _____________ (think).
In recent years, scientists have worked out 2 ______________________ ____________ (look): many of them were small with feathers. However, 3_______________ (have) feathers still isn’t clear — it might have been for communicating or for staying warm, but not just for flight.
Scientists also believe that many dinosaurs had bright colours. It seems 4_______________ (depend on) their habitats. That is, dinosaurs which could fly would have had different colours to those living in the sea.
what we think
what they looked like / how they looked
whether they had
that depended on
3
Talk about what caused the disappearance of dinosaurs using noun clauses where appropriate. You may use the notes to help you.
What caused the disappearance of dinosaurs:
1. a huge meteorite hitting Earth
2. ash and gas from erupting volcanoes
3. disease
Among the many unsolved mysteries about dinosaurs, what really interests me is their disappearance. One possible explanation is that ...
4
Work in pairs. Do research into another extinct creature. Share your ideas about why it disappeared using noun clauses where appropriate. Do further research if necessary.
1. Review the use of noun clauses.
2. Make some sentences with noun clauses.(共17张PPT)
Unit 5
Period 3
Listening and Speaking
新 课 导 入
What will you do when you face the unknown
1. 能通过阅读与单元主题相关的语篇，学习更多与主题相关的词汇和表达，进一步理解面对未知时的正确做法。
2. 能听懂与探索人类大脑及睡眠奥秘相关的话题内容，能够恰当地运用功能性表达询问信息、解释信息；思考如何主动且理性地探索求真。
课 堂 学 习
1
Read the passage and answer the questions. Pay attention to the words and expressions in bold.
When something strange or unfamiliar happens, the flight instinct can kick in. Often, making a quick getaway is a sensible and understandable natural response, dating back to a time when our ancestors were running for their lives from dangers, such as wild animals, lightning and fire. So while you may be tempted to check out a strange object or to test the waters of a new situation, it can be safer to steer clear of the unfamiliar.
However, not everyone chooses to follow this instinct. Instead of retreating to their caves, some of our ancestors chose to subdue their fears and pursue the unknown - and this curiosity led them to, for instance, discover the use of fire.
In more recent times, Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen endured one of the most hostile environments on Earth when he set out into uncharted territory to reach the South Pole.
These reactions help humankind delve into the unknown and advance towards a more progressive and civilised society. Of course, exploration doesn't have to mean blindly throwing ourselves into the unknown, and it's never wrong to think twice before taking action. While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations, we should always look into things first and consider our options.
1 What is the flight instinct Why do some people react that way in the face of the unknown
2 What other reactions could people have when facing the unknown
Flight instinct is our instinctive reaction to get away from a strange, unfamiliar or dangerous situation.
Some people react that way in the face of the unknown because it is a sensible and understandable natural response.
Some people choose to overcome their fears and face the unknown.
2
Put the words and expressions into the table. Add any more you can think of.
making a quick getaway, running for their lives, check out, test the waters of, steer clear of, retreating to, subdue, endure, set out into, delve into, think twice, taking action, shrink from, look into, consider our options
Avoiding Exploring Overcoming Hesitating
making a quick getaway, running for their lives from,
steer clear of,
retreating to,
shrink from
check out,
test the waters of,
set out into,
delve into,
taking action
subdue,
endure
think twice,
look into,
consider our options
Read the passage and answer the questions.
3
Of all the workings of the human body, there is one organ that produces the most intrigue amongst scientists. The brain is the centre of the nervous system and controls most of the body's activities. Interestingly, it is the back part of the brain that is involved with our vision. The sides of the brain are involved in memory, speech and rhythm. Although the brain amounts to only about 2% of total body weight, it uses up to 20% of the body's energy - more than any other organ. Scientists have been conducting research in order to seek greater understanding of the brain, especially since the 1950s. Nevertheless, there is still a long way to go before we can completely understand the workings of this complex organ.
1 What functions of the brain are mentioned in the passage
2 What is the current research situation concerning the brain
3 Do you know any other interesting facts about the brain
Share them with the class.
The brain functions mentioned include its being the centre of the nervous system and controlling most of the body’s activities, including vision, memory, speech and rhythm.
There is still a long way to go before we can completely understand the workings of the brain.
4
Listen to the interview and choose the topic discussed.
1 Methods to keep the brain healthy and active
2 Sleep-related mysteries
3 Ways of improving sleep quality
4 Methods of interpreting dreams
Listen again and complete the table.
5
Theories Dr Long’s Comments
The brain needs time to 1___________. Recent studies prove that our brains 2____________ during sleep.
The brain 3___________ when we're awake. It needs sleep to 4___________. There isn't 5___________ to confirm this. It might not be 6____________ for sleep.
7____________ in the brain while we're awake, and the brain reflects on them and 8________________ in our dreams. A lot of research has been conducted, but we still can't prove that 9_____________.
Other unanswered questions
Why do we “see” our dreams 10___________
Answers:
1 rest and do maintenance
2 remain active
3 makes lots of poisonous chemicals
4 remove these chemicals
5 enough data
6 the most important reason
7 New connections are formed between different parts
8 uses them to form new memories
9 sleep is necessary to this function
10 Why do some people dream in colour and others don't
Now use the information in the table to give a lecture to the class. Do further research if necessary.
6
Complete the boxes with the expressions from the interview.
Explaining
Asking for more information
Could you tell us something
about...
What other reasons could there
be for it
Would you tell us more about...
It's because...
...prove that...
Could you tell us What other reasons
something about... could there be for it
It's because... Would you tell us more
...prove that... about...
7
Work in groups. Talk about the investigations into another scientific mystery using the words and expressions in this section. Do further research if necessary.
Now talk about how effectively you and your group have used the words and expressions you have learnt in this section and suggest ways to improve.
1. Talk about how to face the unknown using the words and expressions about avoiding, exploring, overcoming and hesitating.
2. Talk about the investigations into a scientific mystery using the expressions about asking for more information and explaining.
