2023-2024南外高三上暑假检测
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题：每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
A
FEEDING AMERICA: BY THE NUMBERS*
41, 200, 000 AMERICANS ARE FOOD INSECURE (Meaning they don’t know when and how they’ll get their next meal) WANT TO DOSOMETHING One way to stem the tide of hunger is via neighborhood food banks. They need three things: money, your time, and food. If you plan on donating food, here are the items food banks need most： ●Applesauce ●Boxed meals ●Canned chicken ●Canned chili ●Canned fish(tuna, salmon) ●Cooking oils ●Crackers ●Dried herbs and spices ●Nuts ●Peanut butter ●Whole-grain cereal (Note: Avoid items with glass packaging because they can be broken in transport. Pop-top ans are a plus—no opener needed.)
13 MILLION AMERICAN CHILDERN FACE HUNGER—THAT’S 1 IN 6 KIDS 1.5 MILLION Veterans receive food stamps
27% of households with incomes Above the federal poverty level Are food insecure
18.7% Of Mississippians are food Insecure (Highest rate of all states) 5.4 MILLION Senior citizens currently face food insecurity in America. Lack of transportation, functional limitations, and health problems are major factors.
8.7% Of Hawaiians are food Insecure (Lowest rate of all states)
＄1 donated to Feeding America will buy 10 meals for people facing hunger in America.
*Trusted Media Brands—Readers’ Digest’s parent company—has become an official media partner of Feeding America, the nation’s largest hunger-relief charity. See how you can help our efforts at
1. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE
A Those Americans who live above the poverty line won’t go hungry.
B. 13 million American children are food insecure for lack of transportation.
C. Among all the states in the USA, food insecurity in Mississippi is severest.
D. Neighborhood banks have no additional requirements for food packaging.
2. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage
A. To warn readers against dangers of insecure food.
B. To urge readers to help the poor out of poverty.
C To inform readers of the severe food shortage in America.
D. To advocate readers contributing to food relief in America.
B
The latest bad but unsurprising news on education is that reading and writing scores on the SAT have once again declined. The language competence of our high schoolers fell steeply in the 1970s and has never recovered. This is very worrisome, because the best single measure of the overall quality of our primary and secondary schools is the average verbal(语言的) score of 17-year-olds. This score correlates with the ability to learn new things readily, to communicate with others and to secure a job. It also predicts future income.
The most credible analyses have shown that the chief causes are vast curricular changes, especially in the critical early grades. In the decades before the Great Verbal Decline, a content-rich elementary school experience evolved into a content-light, skills-based, test-centered approach. Cognitive psychologists agree that early childhood language learning (ages 2 to 10) is critical to later verbal competence, not just because of the remarkable linguistic plasticity of young minds, but also because of the so-called Matthew Effect.
The name comes from a passage in the Bible: “For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath.” Those who are language-poor in early childhood get relatively poorer, and fall further behind, while the verbally rich get richer.
The origin of this cruel truth lies in the nature of word learning. The more words you already know, the faster you acquire new words. This sounds like an invitation to vocabulary study for babies, but that’s been tried and it’s not effective. Most of the word meanings we know are acquired indirectly, by intuitively(凭直觉的) guessing new meanings as we understand the main idea of what we are hearing or reading. The Matthew Effect in language can be restated this way: “To those who understand the main idea shall be given new word meanings, but to those who do not there shall follow boredom and frustration.”
Clearly the key is to make sure that from kindergarten on, every student, from the start, understands the main idea of what is heard or read. If preschoolers and kindergartners are offered substantial and coherent lessons concerning the human and natural worlds, then the results show up five years or so later in significantly improved verbal scores. By staying on a subject long enough to make all young children familiar with it (say, two weeks or so), the main idea becomes understood by all and word learning speeds up. This is especially important for low-income children, who come to school with smaller vocabularies and rely on school to pass on the knowledge base children from rich families take for granted.
Current reform strategies focus on testing, improving teacher quality, and other changes. Attention to these structural issues has led to improvements in the best public schools. But it is not enough.
3. The drop in verbal scores on the SAT is worrisome because ________.
A. it will lead to a short supply of talents in the labor market
B. it reveals young people’s negative attitude towards verbal study
C. it shows the schools’ inability to meet the national requirements
D. students’ reading and writing ability affects their future development
4. Which of the following is the reason for the falling verbal competence
A. Children’s lack of language learning ability.
B. Fewer courses on reading and writing in school.
C. The shift of curricular focus from content to skills.
D. Heavy pressure that numerous tests have resulted in.
5. The implication of Mathew Effect in language is that ________.
A. children should be trained to understand the content
B. teachers should focus on one topic in language teaching
C. children’s family background determines their verbal ability
D. teachers should make everything understandable for students
6. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Mathew Effect in Language Learning
B. How to Stop the Drop in Verbal Scores
C. Try to Understand the Main Idea
D. Don’t Overestimate Your Verbal Scores
C
Overcoming extreme cold, cruel ice and people dismissing him as mad, Slovenian Davo Kamicar became the first person to ski non-stop down Mount Everest.
After a dramatic fall over almost sheer cliffs of snow, stones and ice, 38-year-old Kamicar emerged in his base camp after five hours of skiing. “I feel only absolute happiness and absolute tiredness,” he said.
At one stage he had to speed over stretches of ice that collapsed and broke underneath him and could have sent him falling into the deep crevasses (裂缝) that dot the mountain.
The descent (下落) had been seen by many as insanely dangerous. The Darwin Awards website, which documents deaths which are foolhardy, urged people to log on to Internet broadcasts of the attempt. “Keep your eyes peeled for a live Darwin Award,” it said.
However, the only body to make the news was the corpse (尸体) of an unknown mountaineer which Kamicar zipped past as he descended, one of an estimated 120 corpses, thought to litter the slopes.
“This mountain is always full of surprises. Seeing a dead man out there was a really shocking experience,” he said.
Thanks to strategically placed cameras on the mountain and one attached to his safety helmet hundreds of thousands of people witnessed his descent on the Internet, which was one of the record highs ever. During the run more than 650,000 hits were registered on his expedition website jamming it for a time as others tried to access the site.
Weather conditions were so severe that Kamicar had to abandon plans to rest on the summit before attempting to descend. Instead, suffering from fatigue, as soon as he reached the top he put on his skis and flung himself back down the mountain.
Dealing with the mountain had already cost Kamicar two fingers when a previous failed attempt saw him get frostbite as a fierce storm lashed the peak.
Kamicar comes from a skiing family and took part in his first Himalayan skiing expedition in 1989. Since then, he has been tireless in raising funds and sponsorship for more expeditions, with Everest as the permanent goal.
7. Davo Kamicar made history by ________.
A. skiing down Mount Everest without rest
B. descending Mount Everest within the shortest time ever
C. attracting largest number of audience online for his descent
D. becoming the first to film his descent down Mount Everest
8. The underlined word foolhardy in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. sudden and hard to accept B. taking unnecessary risks
C. attracting public attention D. working hard to fool others
9. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE
A. Kamicar saw about 120 dead bodies littering the slope.
B. The broadcast of his descent online was cancelled because of the website jam.
C. Kamicar’s family had a tradition to conquer Mount Everest.
D. This was not Kamicar’s first attempt on Mount Everest.
10. Which of the following may be the best title for the passage
A. Mad man skis down Everest B. Darwin Award for Davo Kamicar
C. Extreme sports hero slides to a record D. Body of mountaineer found on Everest
D
One by one, prejudices are disappearing in the West. People may harbor private suspicions that other people’s race or sex makes them inferior—but to say so openly is totally taboo. One old prejudice remains respectable, though. Just ask a childless person.
They are not charged to special taxes, as they were in Soviet Russia; nor are they driven from their homes, as they still are in some poor countries. The childless nonetheless come in for a lot of criticism. Some point out that non-parents are failing to produce the future workers who will pay for their pensions. Childless politicians are charged with not having a proper stake in society. “He talks to us about the future, but he doesn’t have children!” complained Jean-Marie Le Pen, co-founder of the National Front party, of Emmanuel Macron, who went on to win the French presidency. Similar attacks on Theresa May and Angela Merkel also failed but researchers find that many voters quietly agree.
The charges against the childless should be thrown out, along with other social prejudice. In many rich countries, between 15% and 20% of women, and a slightly higher proportion of men, will not have children. The share is rising. Some have medical problems; others do not meet the right person in time; still others decide they do not want them. Whatever the cause, the attacks on the childless are baseless.
If non-breeders are selfish, they have a strange way of showing it. They are more likely to set up charitable foundations than people with children, and much more likely to donate money to good causes. According to one American estimate, the mere fact of not having children raises the amount a person leaves to charity by a little over $10,000. The childless are thus a small but useful counterweight to the world’s parents, who stop social immobility by passing on their social and economic advantages to their children.
The fact that so many senior politicians lack offspring ought to put to rest the idea that they do not care for society. Five of the G7 countries are led by childless men and women. Mr. Macron, Mrs. May, Mrs. Merkel, Shinzo Abe and Paolo Gentiloni have their faults, but they are not notably less able than Justin Trudeau (who has three children) let alone Donald Trump (who has five). Their opportunities for nepotism are limited. And they spare their countries dynastic politics.
The charge that childless people fail to pull their weight in population is correct, but is less serious than it appears. Those who do not have children do put pressure on public pension systems. Governments have to do unpopular things like making pensions less generous, as Japan has done, or accepting more immigrants, as some Western countries have done. But to sustain public pensions in the long term, countries do not actually need more parents. What they need instead is more babies. It is possible to combine a high rate of childlessness with a high birth rate, provided people who become parents have more than one or two children. That was the pattern in many Western countries a century ago. Ireland, yet another country with a childless leader, still manages it today.
The childless also do everyone else a favour by creating wonderful works of art. British novelists have been especially likely to have no offspring: think of Hilary Mantel, P.G Wodehouse and the Bronte sisters. In September last year Britain put Jane Austen on its ten-pound note. That decision was controversial, though it was hard to see why. Few people have written as shrewdly about money or about families even though Austen did not marry, and had no children.
11. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2
A. The childless often get punished in society. B. The childless often come under sharp criticism.
C. Most successful politicians have no children D. Childlessness affects the result of an election.
12. The childless are prejudiced because people think the childless ______.
A. have a strange way to show selfishness B. set a bad example for young people
C. are not as able as those with children D. are the government’s financial burden
13. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refer to
A. Accepting more immigrants. B. Reducing the pensions for the aged.
C. Encouraging parents to have more children. D. Supporting the political leaders with no children.
14. What is the author’s attitude towards the childless
A. Understanding B. Skeptical C. Disappointed D. Reserved
15. What is the best title for the passage
A. In defence of the childless. B. In hope of having a child or not.
C. Reasons for not having children. D. Measures to address aging problems.
第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
As much as 80 percent of premature heart disease is preventable by making specific lifestyle choices.____16____But others may not have crossed your mind. “A small change in your everyday routine can potentially have a big impact in the long run,” says preventive cardiologist Dr. Beth Abramson.
●Get eight hours of sleep.
“When you're not rested, everything that happens in your life is a lot more stressful,” says Dr. Arya Sharma, a professor of medicine at the University of Alberta. If we're sleep deprived, our bodies also have more difficulty controlling blood pressure, inflammation and glucose levels.____17____
●____18____
Doing good for others helps your self-esteem and relieves stress. Research published in Psychosomatic Medicine in 2016 showed that a feeling of purpose in life is linked to a lower likelihood of heart attack and stroke. “We know that loneliness is a risk factor for heart health,” adds Sharma. “Volunteering gets you out of the house and creates a social network.”
●Avoid polluted air.
Exposure to this kind of pollution over time raises your risk of heart disease. Inhaling contaminants formed from chemicals like Sulphur (硫) dioxide, carbon and nitrogen oxides may irritate arteries (动脉) and increase inflammation.____19____Try to get your outdoor exercise far away from highways and industrial districts, and spend more time indoors when the air quality index is poor.
●Eat breakfast.
A recent study in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology found that healthy people who skipped breakfast were almost three times more likely to have heart disease six years later than those who partook in a substantial morning meal. According to Abramson, you need to eat a balanced diet as part of a healthy lifestyle.____20____If you're eating a proper breakfast, you’re less likely to be hungry later and make poor food choices.
A. Be social and outgoing.
B. Engage in voluntary work.
C. There are physiological effects of this condition on the body.
D. These factors can all have an impact on cardiovascular (心血管的) health.
E. Choose whole-grain, low-fat breakfast foods and include fruit.
F. Some strategies, such as exercising and managing weight, are well known.
G. Even short periods of exposure are unhealthy for people with other health risks.
第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)
I joined the girls’ tennis team in Grade 2. A freshman transferring in from Britain also joined the team. But she was quickly ____21____ for her accent, which made her anxious and ____22____. Refusing to accept this unforgivable behavior, I ____23____ her, praising her accent and befriending her.
This inoffensive (不冒犯人的) interaction had its root in the deep-seeded ____24____ from a previous situation where I failed to ____25____ and ultimately hurt an innocent girl.
I met Catherine when I ____26____ survived my first year in America. Catherine made me feel ____27____ by greeting me with her thick but cheerful southern accent each morning. We quickly became best friends.
However, it was short-lived. Catherine and I ____28____ to join the school drama club. Unfortunately, cruel gossips (流言) unfolded at Catherine’s expense before the interview. Desperate to be ____29____, I just stood by.
Catherine would still greet me, her ____30____ not fading. Deeply buried in the ____31____ of “betraying” my friend, I couldn’t forgive myself. Our relationship was ____32____ destroyed.
I wish I could go back with the ____33____ to defend her, but I can’t. I can, however, ____34____ to never give in to such fear. Courage wasn’t the absence of fear, but the ____35____ over it.
21. A. admired B. teased C. followed D. blamed
22. A. insecure B. excited C. relaxed D. jealous
23. A. analyzed B. affected C. approached D. accused .
24. A. gesture B. guilt C. pride D. eagerness
25. A. stay up B. give up C. cheer up D. stand up
26. A. barely B. smoothly C. slowly D. totally
27. A. confused B. cheated C. abandoned D. accepted
28. A. applied B. happened C. agreed D. forgot
29 A. inspired B. included C. rewarded D. remembered
30. A. hope B. voice C. enthusiasm D. sympathy
31. A. shame B. depression C. trouble D. delight
32. A. carelessly B. honestly C. hardly D. permanently
33. A. desire B. challenge C. courage D. devotion
34. A. arrange B. swear C. afford D. beg
35. A. advantage B. victory C. debate D. quarrel
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Grand Canal is the longest and ____36____ (old) canal in the world. It forms a vast inland waterway system in China, running from the capital Beijing in the north ____37____ Zhejiang Province in the south.
____38____ (construct) in sections from the 5th century BCE and completed and maintained by several ____39____ (dynasty), it formed the backbone of China’s inland communications system, which enabled the supply of rice ____40____ (feed) the population. The Grand Canal reached a new peak in the 13th century, providing an inland shipping network consisting of more than 2,000 km of artificial waterways, ____41____ linked five of the most important river basins in China, including the Huanghe River and the Changjiang River. Still ____42____ major means of internal communication today, it ____43____ (play) an important role in ensuring the prosperity(繁荣) and stability of China over the ages.
The Grand Canal bears witness to a remarkable and early development of hydraulic engineering(水利工程). It is an essential technological achievement ____44____ (date) from before the Industrial Revolution. It is a perfect example of dealing with difficult natural conditions, as is reflected in the many constructions that are ______45______ (full) adapted to the diversity and complexity of circumstances. It best demonstrates the technical capabilities of Eastern civilizations.
第四部分写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节应用文写作(满分15分)
46. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你和英国好友Jim原定本周末一起外出，你因故不能赴约。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1. 表达歉意并说明原因；
2. 提出建议并给出理由。
注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 注意书信格式。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二节读后续写(满分25分)
47. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
When I was 13, I climbed my first mountain — a fairly gentle 3, 900-foot peak near where I live in Surrey, British Columbia. I loved the challenge of conquering something bigger than myself. Soon I’d climbed nearly 100 peaks.
I often go climbing with my friend Mel Olsen. Two years ago, on December 30, when I was 16, she and I drove to Oregon to conquer 11, 240-foot Mount Hood.
It's safer to start winter climbs at night when there's less risk of the sun melting the snowpack. That day, we started at 3 a. m. The temperature was about 14 degrees, and we wore clothes we could easily remove. Along the way, we met two other climbers, and the four of us continued on together.
After about five hours we reached Devil's Kitchen, a plateau at about 10, 000 feet, just before the final push to the top. By this point, the wind conditions were horrible. My exposed skin felt as though it were burning. The other climbers decided to turn back, but Mel and I went ahead. We had ice axes (斧), helmets, and crampons (钉鞋). We were prepared for the climb.
The trail we followed grew narrower and steeper. At around 9 a. m., we reached a patch of ice called an ice step. It was about three or four feet tall and sloped at a 75-degree angle. I volunteered to go first. I placed my left foot on the ice step.
I gained a sense of the ice when I stuck my ax and crampons into it, and it felt good. Confident that I was safe, I put my full weight on it. Suddenly, I heard a crack, and a whole block of ice broke off the step, right under my foot.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
In an instant, I fell backward.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
As Mel made her way down, I yelled for help.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2023-2024南外高三上暑假检测
第二部分阅读理解(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题：每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
A
FEEDING AMERICA: BY THE NUMBERS*
41, 200, 000 AMERICANS ARE FOOD INSECURE (Meaning they don’t know when and how they’ll get their next meal) WANT TO DOSOMETHING One way to stem the tide of hunger is via neighborhood food banks. They need three things: money, your time, and food. If you plan on donating food, here are the items food banks need most： ●Applesauce ●Boxed meals ●Canned chicken ●Canned chili ●Canned fish(tuna, salmon) ●Cooking oils ●Crackers ●Dried herbs and spices ●Nuts ●Peanut butter ●Whole-grain cereal (Note: Avoid items with glass packaging because they can be broken in transport Pop-top ans are a plus—no opener needed.)
13 MILLION AMERICAN CHILDERN FACE HUNGER—THAT’S 1 IN 6 KIDS 1.5 MILLION Veterans receive food stamps
27% of households with incomes Above the federal poverty level Are food insecure
18.7% Of Mississippians are food Insecure (Highest rate of all states) 54 MILLION Senior citizens currently face food insecurity in America. Lack of transportation, functional limitations, and health problems are major factors.
8.7% Of Hawaiians are food Insecure (Lowest rate of all states)
＄1 donated to Feeding America will buy 10 meals for people facing hunger in America.
*Trusted Media Brands—Readers’ Digest’s parent company—has become an official media partner of Feeding America, the nation’s largest hunger-relief charity. See how you can help our efforts at
1. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE
A. Those Americans who live above the poverty line won’t go hungry.
B. 13 million American children are food insecure for lack of transportation.
C. Among all the states in the USA, food insecurity in Mississippi is severest.
D. Neighborhood banks have no additional requirements for food packaging.
2. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage
A. To warn readers against dangers of insecure food.
B. To urge readers to help the poor out of poverty.
C. To inform readers of the severe food shortage in America.
D. To advocate readers contributing to food relief in America.
【答案】1. C 2. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是美国人民的食物缺乏情况。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。根据表格中 “18.7% Of Mississippians are food Insecure (Highest rate of all states)(18.7%的密西西比的粮食不安全（所有州中比率最高）)”可知，在美国所有的州中，密西西比州的粮食不安全状况最为严重。故选C项。
【2题详解】
推理判断题。根据表格右侧“WANT TO DOSOMETHING One way to stem the tide of hunger is via neighborhood food banks. They need three things: money, your time, and food. If you plan on donating food, here are the items food banks need most(想做点什么吗 遏制饥饿浪潮的一种方法是通过社区食品银行。他们需要三样东西：钱、你的时间和食物。如果你打算捐赠食物，以下是食物银行最需要的物品)”和最后一栏“Trusted Media Brands—Readers’ Digest’s parent company—has become an official media partner of Feeding America, the nation’s largest hunger-relief charity.See how you can help our efforts at (可信媒体品牌——读者文摘的母公司——已成为美国最大的饥饿救济慈善机构“喂养美国”的官方媒体合作伙伴)”以及通读全文可知，本文目的是呼吁人们为解决食物缺乏做出一些贡献。故选D项。
B
The latest bad but unsurprising news on education is that reading and writing scores on the SAT have once again declined. The language competence of our high schoolers fell steeply in the 1970s and has never recovered. This is very worrisome, because the best single measure of the overall quality of our primary and secondary schools is the average verbal(语言的) score of 17-year-olds. This score correlates with the ability to learn new things readily, to communicate with others and to secure a job. It also predicts future income.
The most credible analyses have shown that the chief causes are vast curricular changes, especially in the critical early grades. In the decades before the Great Verbal Decline, a content-rich elementary school experience evolved into a content-light, skills-based, test-centered approach. Cognitive psychologists agree that early childhood language learning (ages 2 to 10) is critical to later verbal competence, not just because of the remarkable linguistic plasticity of young minds, but also because of the so-called Matthew Effect.
The name comes from a passage in the Bible: “For unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance: but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath.” Those who are language-poor in early childhood get relatively poorer, and fall further behind, while the verbally rich get richer.
The origin of this cruel truth lies in the nature of word learning. The more words you already know, the faster you acquire new words. This sounds like an invitation to vocabulary study for babies, but that’s been tried and it’s not effective. Most of the word meanings we know are acquired indirectly, by intuitively(凭直觉的) guessing new meanings as we understand the main idea of what we are hearing or reading. The Matthew Effect in language can be restated this way: “To those who understand the main idea shall be given new word meanings, but to those who do not there shall follow boredom and frustration.”
Clearly the key is to make sure that from kindergarten on, every student, from the start, understands the main idea of what is heard or read. If preschoolers and kindergartners are offered substantial and coherent lessons concerning the human and natural worlds, then the results show up five years or so later in significantly improved verbal scores. By staying on a subject long enough to make all young children familiar with it (say, two weeks or so), the main idea becomes understood by all and word learning speeds up. This is especially important for low-income children, who come to school with smaller vocabularies and rely on school to pass on the knowledge base children from rich families take for granted.
Current reform strategies focus on testing, improving teacher quality, and other changes. Attention to these structural issues has led to improvements in the best public schools. But it is not enough.
3. The drop in verbal scores on the SAT is worrisome because ________.
A. it will lead to a short supply of talents in the labor market
B. it reveals young people’s negative attitude towards verbal study
C. it shows the schools’ inability to meet the national requirements
D. students’ reading and writing ability affects their future development
4. Which of the following is the reason for the falling verbal competence
A. Children’s lack of language learning ability.
B. Fewer courses on reading and writing in school.
C. The shift of curricular focus from content to skills.
D. Heavy pressure that numerous tests have resulted in.
5. The implication of Mathew Effect in language is that ________.
A. children should be trained to understand the content
B. teachers should focus on one topic in language teaching
C. children’s family background determines their verbal ability
D. teachers should make everything understandable for students
6. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Mathew Effect in Language Learning
B. How to Stop the Drop in Verbal Scores
C. Try to Understand the Main Idea
D. Don’t Overestimate Your Verbal Scores
【答案】3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是高中生语言能力急剧下降的原因以及应对的措施。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据首段中的“This is very worrisome, because the best single measure of the overall quality of our primary and secondary schools is the average verbal(语言的) score of 17-year-olds. This score correlates with the ability to learn new things readily, to communicate with others and to secure a job.(这是非常令人担忧的，因为衡量我们中小学整体质量的最佳单一指标是17岁学生的平均语言成绩。这个分数与学习新事物的能力、与他人沟通的能力以及获得工作的能力有关。)”可知，这一分数是衡量中小学整体质量的单一指标，而这一分数与学生的学习能力，沟通能力以及获取工作的能力相关，由此可知，之所以担忧是因为学生的阅读能力直接影响了学生未来的发展。故选D项。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The most credible analyses have shown that the chief causes are vast curricular changes, especially in the critical early grades. In the decades before the Great Verbal Decline, a content-rich elementary school experience evolved into a content-light, skills-based, test-centered approach.(最可信的分析表明，主要原因是课程的巨大变化，特别是在关键的早期年级。在“语言大衰退”之前的几十年里，内容丰富的小学经历演变成了内容少、以技能为基础、以考试为中心的方法。)”可知，语言能力下降的原因是在关键的早起年级课程发生巨大变化，课程内容减少，转变为以技能为基础，以考试为中心。故选C项。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The Matthew Effect in language can be restated this way: “To those who understand the main idea shall be given new word meanings, but to those who do not there shall follow boredom and frustration.”(语言中的马太效应可以这样重述:“对于那些理解主旨的人，应该给予新的单词含义，但对于那些不理解的人，则会感到无聊和沮丧。”。)”可知，马太效应讲述的是理解主要思想的人被赋予新的单词含义，对于不理解的人来说，会感到无聊和沮丧，由此可推断，需要对儿童内容的理解。故选A项。
【6题详解】
主旨大意题。根据首段中的“The latest bad but unsurprising news on education is that reading and writing scores on the SAT have once again declined. The language competence of our high schoolers fell steeply in the 1970s and has never recovered. (关于教育的最新坏消息是，SAT的阅读和写作分数再次下降，但这并不令人意外。我们高中生的语言能力在20世纪70年代急剧下降，并且从未恢复。)”可知，高中生的语言能力自20世纪70年代急剧下滑且从未恢复，进而在下文中分析了产生这一结果的原因，结合尾段中“Current reform strategies focus on testing, improving teacher quality, and other changes. Attention to these structural issues has led to improvements in the best public schools. But it is not enough.(目前的改革策略集中在考试、提高教师素质等方面。对这些结构性问题的关注导致了最好的公立学校的改进。但这还不够。)”可知，就此现象，已经有了一些教育改革策略并得到了一定的改善，但仍是远远不够的，由此可知，本文主要讲述的是语言能力下滑以及采取的相应的策略，所以题目为“如何止住语言分数下降”与本文内容吻合，且概括全文的主题。故选B项。
C
Overcoming extreme cold, cruel ice and people dismissing him as mad, Slovenian Davo Kamicar became the first person to ski non-stop down Mount Everest.
After a dramatic fall over almost sheer cliffs of snow, stones and ice, 38-year-old Kamicar emerged in his base camp after five hours of skiing. “I feel only absolute happiness and absolute tiredness,” he said.
At one stage he had to speed over stretches of ice that collapsed and broke underneath him and could have sent him falling into the deep crevasses (裂缝) that dot the mountain.
The descent (下落) had been seen by many as insanely dangerous. The Darwin Awards website, which documents deaths which are foolhardy, urged people to log on to Internet broadcasts of the attempt. “Keep your eyes peeled for a live Darwin Award,” it said.
However, the only body to make the news was the corpse (尸体) of an unknown mountaineer which Kamicar zipped past as he descended, one of an estimated 120 corpses, thought to litter the slopes.
“This mountain is always full of surprises. Seeing a dead man out there was a really shocking experience,” he said.
Thanks to strategically placed cameras on the mountain and one attached to his safety helmet, hundreds of thousands of people witnessed his descent on the Internet, which was one of the record highs ever. During the run more than 650,000 hits were registered on his expedition website jamming it for a time as others tried to access the site.
Weather conditions were so severe that Kamicar had to abandon plans to rest on the summit before attempting to descend. Instead, suffering from fatigue, as soon as he reached the top he put on his skis and flung himself back down the mountain.
Dealing with the mountain had already cost Kamicar two fingers when a previous failed attempt saw him get frostbite as a fierce storm lashed the peak.
Kamicar comes from a skiing family and took part in his first Himalayan skiing expedition in 1989. Since then, he has been tireless in raising funds and sponsorship for more expeditions, with Everest as the permanent goal.
7. Davo Kamicar made history by ________.
A. skiing down Mount Everest without rest
B. descending Mount Everest within the shortest time ever
C. attracting largest number of audience online for his descent
D. becoming the first to film his descent down Mount Everest
8. The underlined word foolhardy in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. sudden and hard to accept B. taking unnecessary risks
C. attracting public attention D. working hard to fool others
9. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE
A. Kamicar saw about 120 dead bodies littering the slope.
B. The broadcast of his descent online was cancelled because of the website jam.
C. Kamicar’s family had a tradition to conquer Mount Everest.
D. This was not Kamicar’s first attempt on Mount Everest.
10. Which of the following may be the best title for the passage
A. Mad man skis down Everest B. Darwin Award for Davo Kamicar
C. Extreme sports hero slides to a record D. Body of mountaineer found on Everest
【答案】7 A 8. B 9. D 10. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。报道了斯洛文尼亚人达沃卡米卡成为第一个不间断地滑下珠穆朗玛峰的人，并创造了历史新纪录。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。由第一段“Slovenian Davo Kamicar became the first person to ski non-stop down Mount Everest.”可知，斯洛文尼亚人达沃卡米卡成为第一个不间断地滑下珠穆朗玛峰的人。故A选项正确。
【8题详解】
词义猜测题。由第四段“The descent had been seen by many as insanely dangerous.”可知，许多人认为这种下降是极其危险的，所以猜测出foolhardy的意思是“冒不必要的风险”。故B选项正确。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。由倒数第二段“when a previous failed attempt saw him get frostbite as a fierce storm lashed the peak.”（当之前的一次尝试失败时，一场猛烈的风暴袭击了山顶，他冻伤了。）可知，这不是Kamicar第一次尝试征服登珠穆朗玛峰。故D选项正确。
【10题详解】
标题归纳题。通读全文可知，斯洛文尼亚人达沃卡米卡成为第一个不间断地滑下珠穆朗玛峰的人，许多人认为这种极限运动是极其危险的，但达沃卡米卡成功做到了，并创造了历史新记录。故C选项正确。
【点睛】标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容，不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即：1、独特新颖；2、概括性强；3、短小精炼。由第一段“ Slovenian Davo Kamicar became the first person to ski non-stop down Mount Everest.”由第四段“The descent had been seen by many as insanely dangerous.” 由第七段“hundreds of thousands of people witnessed his descent on the Internet, which was one of the record highs ever. ”可知，斯洛文尼亚人达沃卡米卡成为第一个不间断地滑下珠穆朗玛峰的人，许多人认为这种极限运动是极其危险的，但达沃卡米卡成功做到了，并创造了历史新纪录。综合以上信息以及对比选项，只有C选项与主题密切相关，能概括全文内容，简练并能吸引读者。所以小题4的正确选项为C。
D
One by one, prejudices are disappearing in the West. People may harbor private suspicions that other people’s race or sex makes them inferior—but to say so openly is totally taboo. One old prejudice remains respectable, though. Just ask a childless person.
They are not charged to special taxes, as they were in Soviet Russia; nor are they driven from their homes, as they still are in some poor countries. The childless nonetheless come in for a lot of criticism. Some point out that non-parents are failing to produce the future workers who will pay for their pensions. Childless politicians are charged with not having a proper stake in society. “He talks to us about the future, but he doesn’t have children!” complained Jean-Marie Le Pen, co-founder of the National Front party, of Emmanuel Macron, who went on to win the French presidency. Similar attacks on Theresa May and Angela Merkel also failed but researchers find that many voters quietly agree.
The charges against the childless should be thrown out, along with other social prejudice. In many rich countries, between 15% and 20% of women, and a slightly higher proportion of men, will not have children. The share is rising. Some have medical problems; others do not meet the right person in time; still others decide they do not want them. Whatever the cause, the attacks on the childless are baseless.
If non-breeders are selfish, they have a strange way of showing it. They are more likely to set up charitable foundations than people with children, and much more likely to donate money to good causes. According to one American estimate, the mere fact of not having children raises the amount a person leaves to charity by a little over $10,000. The childless are thus a small but useful counterweight to the world’s parents, who stop social immobility by passing on their social and economic advantages to their children.
The fact that so many senior politicians lack offspring ought to put to rest the idea that they do not care for society. Five of the G7 countries are led by childless men and women. Mr. Macron Mrs. May, Mrs. Merkel, Shinzo Abe and Paolo Gentiloni have their faults, but they are not notably less able than Justin Trudeau (who has three children) let alone Donald Trump (who has five). Their opportunities for nepotism are limited. And they spare their countries dynastic politics.
The charge that childless people fail to pull their weight in population is correct, but is less serious than it appears. Those who do not have children do put pressure on public pension systems. Governments have to do unpopular things like making pensions less generous, as Japan has done, or accepting more immigrants, as some Western countries have done. But to sustain public pensions in the long term, countries do not actually need more parents. What they need instead is more babies. It is possible to combine a high rate of childlessness with a high birth rate, provided people who become parents have more than one or two children. That was the pattern in many Western countries a century ago. Ireland, yet another country with a childless leader, still manages it today.
The childless also do everyone else a favour by creating wonderful works of art. British novelists have been especially likely to have no offspring: think of Hilary Mantel, P.G Wodehouse and the Bronte sisters. In September last year Britain put Jane Austen on its ten-pound note. That decision was controversial, though it was hard to see why. Few people have written as shrewdly about money or about families even though Austen did not marry, and had no children.
11. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2
A. The childless often get punished in society. B. The childless often come under sharp criticism.
C. Most successful politicians have no children D. Childlessness affects the result of an election.
12. The childless are prejudiced because people think the childless ______.
A. have a strange way to show selfishness B. set a bad example for young people
C. are not as able as those with children D. are the government’s financial burden
13. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 6 refer to
A. Accepting more immigrants. B. Reducing the pensions for the aged.
C. Encouraging parents to have more children. D. Supporting the political leaders with no children.
14. What is the author’s attitude towards the childless
A. Understanding B. Skeptical C. Disappointed D. Reserved
15. What is the best title for the passage
A. In defence of the childless. B. In hope of having a child or not.
C. Reasons for not having children. D. Measures to address aging problems.
【答案】11. B 12. D 13. C 14. A 15. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了当今社会对不生孩子的偏见，并认为对无子女者的指控应当驳回，他们的存在为社会产生很多好处。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段第二句“The childless nonetheless come in for a lot of criticism.(尽管如此，没有孩子的人还是受到了很多批评。)”并结合下文可知，本段主要讲述了无子女者常常遭受尖锐批判。故选B。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Some point out that non-parents are failing to produce the future workers who will pay for their pensions.(一些人指出，非父母者无法培养出未来的工人来支付养老金。)”和倒数第二段中的“Those who do not have children do put pressure on public pension systems. Governments have to do unpopular things like making pensions less generous, as Japan has done, or accepting more immigrants, as some Western countries have done.(那些没有孩子的人确实给公共养老金系统带来了压力。政府不得不做一些不受欢迎的事情，比如像日本那样降低养老金的慷慨程度，或者像一些西方国家那样接受更多的移民。)”可知，由于无子女者没有生孩子来为养老金系统作贡献，这会给公共养老金系统带来压力，政府不得不做一些不受欢迎的事情。由此可推测出，无子女者遭受人们的偏见是因为人们认为他们成为政府的经济负担。故选D。
【13题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句前面的“It is possible to combine a high rate of childlessness with a high birth rate, provided people who become parents have more than one or two children. That was the pattern in many Western countries a century ago.(如果成为父母的人有一个或两个以上的孩子，就有可能把高无子女率和高出生率结合起来。这是一个世纪前许多西方国家的模式。)”可知，画线词it指代前文的内容，即一个世纪前许多国家采取的模式是鼓励成为父母的人生孩子，从而兼顾高无子女率与高出生率。故选C。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The charges against the childless should be thrown out, along with other social prejudice.(对无子女者的指控以及其他社会偏见应该被驳回。)”和“Some have medical problems; others do not meet the right person in time; still others decide they do not want them. Whatever the cause, the attacks on the childless are baseless.(有些人有医疗问题；其他人没有及时遇到合适的人；还有一些人决定不想要它们。不管是什么原因，对无子女者的攻击都是毫无根据的。)”可知，作者认为对无子女者的指控应该被驳回，人们对他们的攻击是毫无根据的，因为这些人没有孩子可能是有一定的原因。由此可推测出，作者对无子女者表示理解。故选A。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段最后一句“One old prejudice remains respectable, though. Just ask a childless person.(然而，一种古老的偏见仍然受人尊敬。问问一个没有孩子的人就知道了。)”引出话题：无子女者遭受偏见；第二段具体讲述了无子女者面对的批判；根据第三段中的“The charges against the childless should be thrown out, along with other social prejudice.(对无子女者的指控以及其他社会偏见应该被驳回。)”讲述作者的看法，作者认为不应当对无子女者怀有偏见；接下来几段作者分别从慈善、政治能力、人口增长、艺术文学贡献等方面讲述无子女者的贡献。由此可推测出，本文主要指出人们对无子女者的偏见，并为无子女者辩护，由此可推测出，A项“为无子女者辩护”最适合作本文标题。故选A。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
As much as 80 percent of premature heart disease is preventable by making specific lifestyle choices.____16____But others may not have crossed your mind. “A small change in your everyday routine can potentially have a big impact in the long run,” says preventive cardiologist Dr. Beth Abramson.
●Get eight hours of sleep.
“When you're not rested, everything that happens in your life is a lot more stressful,” says Dr. Arya Sharma, a professor of medicine at the University of Alberta. If we're sleep deprived, our bodies also have more difficulty controlling blood pressure, inflammation and glucose levels.____17____
●____18____
Doing good for others helps your self-esteem and relieves stress. Research published in Psychosomatic Medicine in 2016 showed that a feeling of purpose in life is linked to a lower likelihood of heart attack and stroke. “We know that loneliness is a risk factor for heart health,” adds Sharma. “Volunteering gets you out of the house and creates a social network.”
●Avoid polluted air.
Exposure to this kind of pollution over time raises your risk of heart disease. Inhaling contaminants formed from chemicals like Sulphur (硫) dioxide, carbon and nitrogen oxides may irritate arteries (动脉) and increase inflammation.____19____Try to get your outdoor exercise far away from highways and industrial districts, and spend more time indoors when the air quality index is poor.
●Eat breakfast.
A recent study in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology found that healthy people who skipped breakfast were almost three times more likely to have heart disease six years later than those who partook in a substantial morning meal. According to Abramson, you need to eat a balanced diet as part of a healthy lifestyle.____20____If you're eating a proper breakfast, you’re less likely to be hungry later and make poor food choices.
A. Be social and outgoing.
B. Engage in voluntary work.
C. There are physiological effects of this condition on the body.
D. These factors can all have an impact on cardiovascular (心血管的) health.
E. Choose whole-grain, low-fat breakfast foods and include fruit.
F. Some strategies, such as exercising and managing weight, are well known.
G. Even short periods of exposure are unhealthy for people with other health risks.
【答案】16. F 17. D 18. B 19. G 20. E
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要就如何预防心脏病提出了一些建议。
【16题详解】
根据上文“As much as 80 percent of premature heart disease is preventable by making specific lifestyle choices. (多达80%的早发心脏病是可以通过选择特定的生活方式来预防的)”可知，本句主要是在特定生活方式进行举例：锻炼和控制体重，故F选项“有些策略，如锻炼和控制体重，是众所周知的”符合语境，故选F。
【17题详解】
根据上文““When you're not rested, everything that happens in your life is a lot more stressful,” says Dr. Arya Sharma, a professor of medicine at the University of Alberta. If we're sleep deprived, our bodies also have more difficulty controlling blood pressure, inflammation and glucose levels. (阿尔伯塔大学(University of Alberta)医学教授Arya Sharma博士说：“当你没有休息好时，生活中发生的每件事都会给你带来更多压力。”如果我们睡眠不足，我们的身体也会更难控制血压、炎症和血糖水平)”可知，上文提到了血压、炎症和血糖水平，本句为本段最后一句，应说明这些因素对心血管的影响。故D选项“这些因素都会影响心血管健康”符合语境，故选D。
【18题详解】
根据本段内容“Doing good for others helps your self-esteem and relieves stress. Research published in Psychosomatic Medicine in 2016 showed that a feeling of purpose in life is linked to a lower likelihood of heart attack and stroke. “We know that loneliness is a risk factor for heart health,” adds Sharma. “Volunteering gets you out of the house and creates a social network.” (为别人做好事有助于你的自尊和缓解压力。2016年发表在《身心医学》上的一项研究表明，生活中的目标感与心脏病发作和中风的可能性较低有关。“我们知道孤独是心脏健康的一个风险因素，”夏尔马补充说。“志愿活动可以让你走出家门，建立一个社交网络。”)”可知，本段的主旨是从事志愿活动，可以有助于你的自尊和缓解压力。故B选项“从事志愿工作”符合语境，故选B。
【19题详解】
根据上文“Exposure to this kind of pollution over time raises your risk of heart disease. Inhaling contaminants formed from chemicals like Sulphur (硫) dioxide, carbon and nitrogen oxides may irritate arteries (动脉) and increase inflammation. (长期暴露在这种污染中会增加患心脏病的风险。吸入由二氧化硫、碳和氮氧化物等化学物质形成的污染物可能会刺激动脉并增加炎症)”以及后文“Try to get your outdoor exercise far away from highways and industrial districts, and spend more time indoors when the air quality index is poor. (尽量远离高速公路和工业区进行户外锻炼，在空气质量指数较差的时候多呆在室内)”可知，上文提到了污染对身体的危害，本句进一步进行补充说明：即使是短时间的接触对有其他健康风险的人来说也是不健康的。故G选项“即使是短时间的接触对有其他健康风险的人来说也是不健康的”符合语境，故选G。
【20题详解】
根据后文“If you’re eating a proper breakfast, you’re less likely to be hungry later and make poor food choices. (如果你吃了一顿合适的早餐，你就不太可能在之后感到饥饿，也不太可能做出糟糕的食物选择)”可知，本句主要针对早餐吃的食物进行建议。故E选项“选择全麦、低脂的早餐食物，包括水果”符合语境，故选E。
第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)
I joined the girls’ tennis team in Grade 2. A freshman transferring in from Britain also joined the team. But she was quickly ____21____ for her accent, which made her anxious and ____22____. Refusing to accept this unforgivable behavior, I ____23____ her, praising her accent and befriending her.
This inoffensive (不冒犯人的) interaction had its root in the deep-seeded ____24____ from a previous situation where I failed to ____25____ and ultimately hurt an innocent girl.
I met Catherine when I ____26____ survived my first year in America. Catherine made me feel ____27____ by greeting me with her thick but cheerful southern accent each morning. We quickly became best friends.
However, it was short-lived. Catherine and I ____28____ to join the school drama club. Unfortunately, cruel gossips (流言) unfolded at Catherine’s expense before the interview. Desperate to be ____29____, I just stood by.
Catherine would still greet me, her ____30____ not fading. Deeply buried in the ____31____ of “betraying” my friend, I couldn’t forgive myself. Our relationship was ____32____ destroyed.
I wish I could go back with the ____33____ to defend her, but I can’t. I can, however, ____34____ to never give in to such fear. Courage wasn’t the absence of fear, but the ____35____ over it.
21. A. admired B. teased C. followed D. blamed
22. A. insecure B. excited C. relaxed D. jealous
23. A. analyzed B. affected C. approached D. accused .
24. A. gesture B. guilt C. pride D. eagerness
25. A. stay up B. give up C. cheer up D. stand up
26. A. barely B. smoothly C. slowly D. totally
27. A. confused B. cheated C. abandoned D. accepted
28. A. applied B. happened C. agreed D. forgot
29. A. inspired B. included C. rewarded D. remembered
30. A. hope B. voice C. enthusiasm D. sympathy
31. A. shame B. depression C. trouble D. delight
32. A. carelessly B. honestly C. hardly D. permanently
33. A. desire B. challenge C. courage D. devotion
34. A. arrange B. swear C. afford D. beg
35. A. advantage B. victory C. debate D. quarrel
【答案】21. B 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. B 35. B
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者刚到美国时，有一个好朋友叫Catherine，但在当其他同学在Catherine背后说闲话时，作者因为害怕，并没有站出来为Catherine辩护，这使作者非常内疚，并下决心以后一定要有勇气战胜这种恐惧。
【21题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：但她很快就因为口音被大家取笑，这让她感到焦虑和没有安全感。A. admired尊敬；B. teased取笑；C. followed跟随；D. blamed批评。根据后文“this unforgivable behavior”可知，一种不可原谅的行为指的是“取笑她的口音”。故选B项。
【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但她很快就因为口音被大家取笑，这让她感到焦虑和没有安全感。A. insecure不安全的，不保险的；B. excited激动的；C. relaxed放松的；D. jealous嫉妒的。根据前文“anxious”以及后文“unforgettable behavior”可知，此处也表示一种焦虑的心情。故选A项。
【23题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：拒绝接受这种不可原谅的行为，我与她亲近，称赞她的口音并与她交朋友。A. analyzed分析；B. affected影响；C. approached靠近；D. accused指控，控告。根据后文“praising her accent and befriending her”可知，与其他人不同，作者称赞她的口音，与她做好朋友，因此是接近她。故选C项。
【24题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种友好的互动源于我之前深深的内疚，我没有站出来，因此伤害了一个无辜的女孩。A. gesture姿势；B. guilt愧疚；C. pride自豪，骄傲；D. eagerness渴望。根据后文“Deeply buried in the shame of “betraying” my friend, I couldn’t forgive myself. ”可知，作者陷入愧疚当中。故选B项。
【25题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：这种友好互动源于我之前深深的内疚，我没有站出来，因此伤害了一个无辜的女孩。A. stay up熬夜；B. give up放弃；C. cheer up高兴起来，振作起来；D. stand up站起来，站出来。根据后文“Unfortunately, cruel gossips unfolded at Catherine’s expense before the interview. Desperate to be included, I just stood by.”可知，之前作者朋友陷入流言之时，她并没有站出来。故选D项。
【26题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：当我在美国的第一年勉强生活时，我遇到了凯瑟琳。A. barely仅仅，勉强；B. smoothly平稳地，流畅地；C. slowly缓慢地；D. totally完全地。根据后文“greeting me with her thick but cheerful southern accent each morning”以及“We quickly became best friends.”可知，作者第一年到美国时，生活不是很顺利。故选A项。
【27题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：凯瑟琳每天早上都用她浓重但欢快的南方口音向我打招呼，让我感觉我被接纳了。A. confused困惑的；B. cheated被欺骗的；C. abandoned被抛弃的；D. accepted被接受的。根据后文“We quickly became best friends.”可知，凯瑟琳每天和我打招呼让我感觉很好。故选D项。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：我和凯瑟琳申请加入学校戏剧俱乐部。A. applied申请；B. happened发生；C. agreed同意；D. forgot忘记。根据空后“the school drama club”可知，我们申请加入俱乐部。故选A项。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，关于凯瑟琳的残酷的流言蜚语在采访前到处传播。我迫不及待地想被社团录取，因此对于凯瑟琳的事情袖手旁观。A. inspired鼓舞，鼓励；B. included使成为整体的一部分，包括；C. rewarded给某人报酬，奖赏；D. remembered记住，记得。根据前文“Catherine and I applied to join the school drama club.”可知，我非常想被俱乐部录取。故选B项。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：凯瑟琳仍然和我打招呼，她的热情并没有减退。A. hope希望；B. voice声音；C. enthusiasm热情；D. sympathy同情。根据前文“Catherine made me feel accepted by greeting me with her thick but cheerful southern accent each morning.”可知，即使经历了不开心的事，凯瑟琳一直对我打招呼，一直对我很热情。故选C项。
【31题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：深埋在“背叛”朋友的耻辱中，我无法原谅自己。A. shame羞耻，羞愧；B. depression情绪低落；C. trouble问题；D. delight高兴，快乐。根据前文“Catherine would still greet me, her enthusiasm not fading.”以及本句中“betraying friend背叛朋友”可知，不开心的事情发生之后，凯瑟琳对我像往常一样热情，但我觉得自己背叛了朋友，因此我感到很羞愧。故选A项。
【32题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们的友谊被永久破坏了。A. carelessly粗心大意地；B. honestly诚实地；C. hardly几乎不；D. permanently永久地。根据前文“I couldn’t forgive myself.”可知，作者不能原谅自己，使自己失去和凯瑟琳的友情。故选D项。
【33题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：我希望我能勇敢地回去为她辩护，但我做不到。A. desire欲望；B. challenge挑战；C. courage勇气；D. devotion奉献。“Unfortunately, cruel gossips unfolded at Catherine’s expense before the interview. Desperate to be included, I just stood by.”可知，作者之前为了不参与到流言之中，对凯瑟琳的事情袖手旁观。如果想要去为凯瑟琳辩护，应该需要很大的勇气。故选C项。
【34题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，我可以发誓绝不屈服于这种恐惧。A. arrange安排；B. swear发誓；C. afford负担得起，承担得起；D. beg乞求。根据下文“Courage wasn’t the absence of fear, but the victory over it.”可知，作者现在意识到，要有勇气战胜恐惧，所以此处指她发誓永不向恐惧屈服。故选B项。
【35题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：勇气不是没有恐惧，而是战胜恐惧。A. advantage优势；B. victory胜利；C. debate辩论；D. quarrel吵架，争论。根据前文“I can, however, afford to never give in to such fear.”可知，作者会努力不向恐惧屈服，因此会战胜恐惧。victory over sth.意为“获胜，战胜”。故选B项。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Grand Canal is the longest and ____36____ (old) canal in the world. It forms a vast inland waterway system in China, running from the capital Beijing in the north ____37____ Zhejiang Province in the south.
____38____ (construct) in sections from the 5th century BCE and completed and maintained by several ____39____ (dynasty), it formed the backbone of China’s inland communications system, which enabled the supply of rice ____40____ (feed) the population. The Grand Canal reached a new peak in the 13th century, providing an inland shipping network consisting of more than 2,000 km of artificial waterways, ____41____ linked five of the most important river basins in China, including the Huanghe River and the Changjiang River. Still ____42____ major means of internal communication today, it ____43____ (play) an important role in ensuring the prosperity(繁荣) and stability of China over the ages.
The Grand Canal bears witness to a remarkable and early development of hydraulic engineering(水利工程). It is an essential technological achievement ____44____ (date) from before the Industrial Revolution. It is a perfect example of dealing with difficult natural conditions, as is reflected in the many constructions that are ______45______ (full) adapted to the diversity and complexity of circumstances. It best demonstrates the technical capabilities of Eastern civilizations.
【答案】36. oldest
37. to 38. Constructed
39. dynasties
40. to feed
41. which 42. a
43. has played
44. dating 45. fully
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了京杭大运河。
【36题详解】
考查形容词。句意：大运河是世界上最长和最古老的运河。分析句子可知，和longest井列，也用最高级，译为“大运河是世界上最长和最古老的运河”，答案为oldest。故填oldest。
【37题详解】
考查介词。句意：它在中国形成了一个庞大的内河航道系统，北起首都北京，南至浙江省。分析句子可知，前文running from...和to搭配，译为“从首都北京到浙江省”，答案为to。故填to。
【38题详解】
考查非谓语。句意：它从公元前5世纪开始分段建造，由几个朝代完成和维护，形成了中国内陆交通系统的支柱，使大米的供应能够养活人口。分析句子可知，空处非谓语用逗号跟句子隔开，非谓语，且逻辑主语为句子主语it，指代前面的大运河，提示同为“建造”，大运河被建造，用过去分词Constructed。故填Constructed。
【39题详解】
考查名词。句意：它从公元前5世纪开始分段建造，由几个朝代完成和维护，形成了中国内陆交通系统的支柱，使大米的供应能够养活人口。分析句子可知，dynasty为可数名司，因前面有several“一些”，所以dynasty用复数，答案为dynasties。故填dynasties。
【40题详解】
考查非谓语。句意：它从公元前5世纪开始分段建造，由几个朝代完成和维护，形成了中国内陆交通系统的支柱，使大米的供应能够养活人口。分析句子可知，根据固定搭配enable sb./sth. to do，且feed后面有宾语the population，所以用主动，故答案为to feed。故填to feed。
【41题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：大运河在13世纪达到了一个新的高峰，提供了一个由2000多公里人工水道组成的内河航运网络，连接了中国五个最重要的流域，包括黄河和长江。分析句子可知，空格在从句中作主语，放在逗号后面，为定珸从句的关系代词，指代前面的network，答案为which。故填which。
【42题详解】
考查冠词。句意：今天，它仍然是国内交流的主要手段，在确保中国历代繁荣和稳定方面发挥了重要作用。分析句子可知，means为单复数同形的名词，表示泛指，major首字母的发音为辅音音素，冠词为a。故填a。
【43题详解】
考查谓语动词。句意：今天，它仍然是国内交流的主要手段，在确保中国历代繁荣和稳定方面发挥了重要作用。分析句子可知，后面时间状语“over the ages”,故该题用现在完成时，答案为has played。故填has played。
【44题详解】
考查非谓语。句意：这是工业革命之前的一项重要技术成就。分析句子可知，date from“追溯到”，非谓语作定语，意为“追溯到工止革命之前的成就”，用主动，答案为dating。故填dating。
【45题详解】
考查副词。句意：这是处理困难自然条件的完美例子，这反映在许多完全适应环境多样性和复杂性的建筑中。分析句子可知，副词fully作状语。故填fully。
第四部分写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节应用文写作(满分15分)
46. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你和英国好友Jim原定本周末一起外出，你因故不能赴约。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1. 表达歉意并说明原因；
2. 提出建议并给出理由。
注意：1. 词数80左右；2. 注意书信格式。
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Dear Jim,
How is everything going We have planned to go for a walk in Haidian Park this weekend, where we could enjoy the beautiful scenery of early spring. But I am afraid I couldn’t make it.
I was severely injured in a soccer game last night. The doctor examined me carefully and told me that I had to stay in bed for at least one week. I asked him whether there was any possibility that I could recover faster, yet the answer was negative. My condition doesn’t allow me to go anywhere until my legs are fully recovered.
It is a pity for me to miss this trip that I have been longing for. Shall we put it off until next weekend if the weather permits Looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给英国好友Jim写一封电子邮件，告诉他原定本周末一起外出，却因故不能赴约，向他表示道歉并说明原因，同时提出建议并给出理由。
【详解】1.词汇积累
害怕：afraid →scared
严重的：severely →seriously
完全地：fully →completely
回复：reply →answer
2.句式拓展
同义句转换
原句：The doctor examined me carefully and told me that I had to stay in bed for at least one week.
拓展句：The doctor examined me carefully, after which the doctor told me that I had to stay in bed for at least one week.
【点睛】【高分句型1】We have planned to go for a walk in Haidian Park this weekend, where we could enjoy the beautiful scenery of early spring.（运用了where引导的非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】I asked him whether there was any possibility that I could recover faster, yet the answer was negative.（运用了whether引导的宾语从句和that引导的同位语从句）
第二节读后续写(满分25分)
47. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
When I was 13, I climbed my first mountain — a fairly gentle 3, 900-foot peak near where I live in Surrey, British Columbia. I loved the challenge of conquering something bigger than myself. Soon I’d climbed nearly 100 peaks.
I often go climbing with my friend Mel Olsen. Two years ago, on December 30, when I was 16, she and I drove to Oregon to conquer 11, 240-foot Mount Hood.
It's safer to start winter climbs at night when there's less risk of the sun melting the snowpack. That day, we started at 3 a. m. The temperature was about 14 degrees, and we wore clothes we could easily remove. Along the way, we met two other climbers, and the four of us continued on together.
After about five hours, we reached Devil's Kitchen, a plateau at about 10, 000 feet, just before the final push to the top. By this point, the wind conditions were horrible. My exposed skin felt as though it were burning. The other climbers decided to turn back, but Mel and I went ahead. We had ice axes (斧), helmets, and crampons (钉鞋). We were prepared for the climb.
The trail we followed grew narrower and steeper. At around 9 a. m., we reached a patch of ice called an ice step. It was about three or four feet tall and sloped at a 75-degree angle. I volunteered to go first. I placed my left foot on the ice step.
I gained a sense of the ice when I stuck my ax and crampons into it, and it felt good. Confident that I was safe, I put my full weight on it. Suddenly, I heard a crack, and a whole block of ice broke off the step, right under my foot.
注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
In an instant, I fell backward.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
As Mel made her way down, I yelled for help.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】In an instant, I fell backward. For a moment, my head was so confused that I had no time to think, except to feel my body falling endlessly with the weight. With the mountain wind howling around me, I remembered the backs of the other climbers who had just left on the plain, and I began to question the decision I had just made with MEL to continue climbing. I began to blame myself for wanting to conquer something bigger than myself, and I looked back. MEL was packing his gear for the climb.
As Mel made her way down, I yelled for help. “Don't go any higher, MEL! Because the wind was so strong, I saw MEL didn't stop, and I didn't think MEL heard me. Just then I saw a line of climbers slowly approaching us. At that moment, my heart began to caper up, sure enough, this line of climbers to help us through the difficulties, we go to greater heights together. Standing on the top of the mountain, I once again felt the sense of pride that comes from conquering something powerful, but after experiencing this event, I also realized the power of nature. I hope all climbers can respect and cherish nature in the future.
【解析】
【导语】本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者和朋友梅尔·奥尔森去爬俄勒冈州11240英尺高的胡德山。一路上，他们遇到了另外两个登山者，四个人继续一起登山。大约五个小时后，由于风大，其他登山者决定返回，但梅尔和作者继续前进。他们爬山的小路越来越窄，越来越陡。他们经历了非常艰难的路程，几乎与死神擦肩而过。作者开始怀疑自己继续登山的决定，有想放弃的想法，但是同伴梅尔仍然坚持往上爬。后来看到一队登山者慢慢向他们走来，更加坚定了作者爬上山顶的决心。最后作者站在山顶上，再次感到来自于征服自然的自豪。
【详解】1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“刹那间，我向后倒了下去。”可知，第一段可描写随着困难越来越大，作者想产生了放弃的念头。
②由第二段首句内容“梅尔下滑时，我大声呼救。”可知，第二段可描写作者劝梅尔不要继续往上爬，但梅尔仍然坚持继续，后来大家一起努力，最后成功登顶。
2.续写线索：遇困难——犹豫——激励——坚持爬——成功——感悟
3.词汇激活行为类
①.继续爬山：continue climbing/go on climbing/keep up climbing
②.靠近：approach/come to/get close to
③.拒绝：refuse/turn down
④意识到：realize/be aware of/be conscious of
情绪类
①.困惑的：confused/puzzled
②.自豪的：be proud of/take pride in
【点睛】[高分句型1]. With the mountain wind howling around me, I remembered the backs of the other climbers who had just left on the plain, and I began to question the decision I had just made with MEL to continue climbing.(由关系代词who引导的定语从句)
[高分句型2]. Standing on the top of the mountain, I once again felt the sense of pride that comes from conquering something powerful, but after experiencing this event, I also realized the power of nature.(由关系代词that引导的定语从句)
