牛津译林版（2019）必修第一册Unit 3 Getting along with others Grammar and usage 课件(共20张PPT)

(共20张PPT)
Unit 3
Period 2
Grammar and usage
(1) People have close friends.
(2) People naturally enjoy their company.
Compare the following sentences and read them aloud.
People who have close friends naturally enjoy their company.
Restrictive Relative Clause（限制性定语从句）
新 课 导 入
课 堂 学 习
Below is a magazine article on friendship in the modern age. Find the sentences with restrictive relative clauses in the article and fill in the box below. The first one has been done for you.
A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out. A real friend is someone whose support we can count on. A real friend is someone who sees our true self, not just the face that we show to the world. Yet these days, the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.
We may be able to make many friends online, but these friendships can be quite shallow. Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love. Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.
"Sharing"our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us. "Liking"our friends' photos online does not develop the connection which we share. To make friends a real part of our lives, we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
A Exploring the rules
①A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
②A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
③A real friend is someone who sees our true self, not just the face that we show to the
world.
④...the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.
⑤Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.
⑥“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values
which matter most to us.
⑦“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we
share.
Working out the rules
A restrictive relative clause modifies a noun, pronoun or noun phrase before it. We use relative pronouns or relative adverbs to introduce restrictive relative clauses.
We use (1) ________ for things, and (2) ________ and whom for people. We can use (3) _______ for both things and people. We use (4) _________ to show possession.
which
who
that
whose
限制性定语从句（restrictive relative clause）指修饰名词、代词或名词短语的从句，对所修饰的对象加以限制，表示“……的（人）”或“…的（物）”。从句不可去掉，一旦去掉主句的意思则不完整。
被修饰的名词、代词或名词短语称为先行项或先行词
引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词关系副词。
由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
定语从句可由关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that引导
关系代词的指代与在从句中充当的成分
关系代词 指代的先行词 充当从句的成分
who 人 主、宾
whom 人 宾
which 物 主、宾
that 人或物 主、宾 、表
whose 人或物 定语
1. who指人, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语。
作宾语时，可省略。
判断下列句中who在定语从句中所作的成分
①The man (who) I talked with is our teacher.
②A person who steals things is called a thief.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。
e.g. The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Liu.
宾
主
3. which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语时可省略。
判断下列句中which在定语从句中所作的成分
①These are the trees which were planted last year.
②This recorder (which) he is using is made in Japan.
③This is the place which is worth visiting.
主
宾
主
判断下列句中that在定语从句中所作的成分
①This is the reason (that) he told me.
②The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
③This is the only way (that) we can find at present.
④He is no longer the simple-minded man (that)
he was five years ago.
4. that指人、物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
作宾语或表语时，可省略。
宾
主
宾
表
5. whose引导的定语从句，既可修饰人，也可修饰物，
whose在从句中作定语。
①I sat next to a girl whose name is Diana.
②The club whose members are music fans meet in the
school garden every Saturday.
① 先行词中有人又有物时。
e.g. Do you know the things and persons that they are
talking about
只能用that不能用which的情况:
②先行词为不定代词all, one, few, little, no, some,
any, everything, nothing, nobody, none等时。
e.g. This is all that I want from the school.
③先行词被only, just, very, right, last等修饰时。
e.g. This is the very book that I have been looking for these days.
④当先行词被最高级修饰时。
e.g. The TV tower is the highest building that has
been built in this city.
⑤当先行词被序数词修饰时。
e.g. The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
找出下列复合句中只能用that，不用which连接的定语从句（√） 。
1. In China, parents always do everything ______ they can to support
their children.
2. This is the place ______ we visited yesterday.
3. It was the largest map ______I ever saw.
4. This is the last thing ______ I want to do.
5. He was looking pleasantly at the children and
parcels ______ filled his bus.
6. Chatting is the only thing ______ interests her most.
√
√
√
√
√
Rewrite the following sentences using restrictive relative clauses.
B1
B Applying the rules
1. Common interests provide rich ground. Many friendships grow from rich ground.
Common interests provide rich ground _______________________________.
2. When friends’ communication is warm and open, friendships grow best.
Friendships grow best between friends _______________________________.
3. Friendships are like flowers. These flowers need to be taken good care of.
Friendships are like flowers_______________________________.
from which many friendships grow
whose communication is warm and open
which/that need to be taken good care of
4. A relationship with a true friend will surely produce fruit. You can count on
a true friend.
A relationship with a true friend _____________________________ will
surely produce fruit.
5. You have been helped by others. To make friends, you should help others in
the same way.
To make friends, you should help others the way
__________________________________________.
(whom/that/ who) you can count on
that you have been helped by others
The passage below is about friendship in a great plete the passage with correct relative pronouns where necessary.
B2
In Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the friendship (1) ___________ forms between Huck Finn and Jim is an important theme of the book, though they appear to be an unlikely pair. Huck is a poor white boy(2) ________ father often beats him, while Jim is a black slave (3) _________ longs to be free. One day, Huck runs away from home to an island. There he meets Jim and makes friends with him. Then they leave the island together on a raft (4) __________ they find on the Mississippi River. They head north to Illinois, a state in (5) ______ Jim can become free. The high point of the story comes when Huck is faced with the decision of whether to hand Jim over to some slave catchers.
In the end, Huck decides that Jim is a friend (6) _________________ he needs and values, and refuses to give him up. From this story we can see that friends are people (7) ________ support you through thick and thin.
Are Huck Finn and Jim true friends Why do you think so
which/that
whose
who/that
(which/that)
which
(whom/ who/ that)
who/that
In pairs, describe a friend of yours using restrictive relative clauses. Use the example below to help you.
B3
My best friend is Owen. I met him at a Reading Club meeting (which/that) we both attended. We have the same taste in books, and we often spend hours discussing novels (which/that) we’ve both read. I must say, he’s one of the smartest people (that) I have ever met.
Example
My best friend is Hannah. I met her in a park in which I play badminton. One day, the friend who I normally play with had to go home early, and I was about to leave too. That was the moment when Hannah came up to me and asked if I wanted to play with her, We got on really well and soon became close friends. I know she is someone that I can rely on in times of difficulty.
A Sample
Summarize the general rules of restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns(definition, structure and usage of relative pronouns).