(共18张PPT)
Unit 3
Lesson 2
War on Plastic Packets
新 课 导 入
Let’s talk
Do you think this kind of packaging is environmentally friendly Why
课 堂 学 习
Activate and Share
Do you often use plastic bags and boxes
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using them Use the words and phrases to help you.
convenient
wasteful and unnecessary
terrible for the environment
environmentally friendly recyclable
to keep the product lasting longer
to keep the product fresh/clean
Suggested Answers:
A lot of things we buy in the supermarket are in plastic packets and boxes. It’s convenient to buy meat or fruit or vegetables that are in packets or boxes because it makes shopping quicker and it keeps the products fresh and helps it last longer. However, it is wasteful as most people don’t recycle the packets.
Listen for Understanding
Pre-listening
You are going to listen to two people, Kevin and Alicia, talking about plastic packets. Use the Skill Builder to decide whose opinion each statement is from. Write K (Kevin) or A (Alicia).
2
Identifying Opinions
People can have different opinions on the same topics. It’s important to study these opinions, so that you can identify and understand the arguments for and against these important issues.
As you listen, identify the “topic” words or expressions of opinions and write down any opinion words you hear.
Pay attention to the intonation used when agreeing and disagreeing.
Skill Builder
Listening
1. It is stupid to wrap coconuts in plastic. ( )
2. Plastic packaging keeps the product fresh. ( )
3. Plastic packaging is bad for the environment. ( )
4. The packaging should be recyclable. ( )
5. We should do away with packaging completely. ( )
6. Refillable containers are not convenient. ( )
K
A
K
A
K
A
3.3
Listen again and decide if they are for or against plastic packaging and find out their reasons. Then role-play Kevin and Alicia.
3
3.3
Plastic packaging
Kevin: For Against
1. Each coconut was wrapped in clear, thin plastic. Isn’t this __________________________ of packaging ever
2. But it’s completely ____________________________. It already has its own natural packaging. It’s got a ___________ that’s almost impossible to break.
3. A lot of the plastic used in packaging ______________. It’s terrible _____________________: Our oceans are ___________________, and animals and birds end up _______________________________ as a result.
the most stupid example
wasteful and unnecessary
tough shell
never recycles
for the environment
full of plastic waste
swallowing the plastic and dying
Plastic packaging
Alicia: For Against
1. But there is _________________. Supermarkets want to make sure that coconuts reach the consumer ____________________. The packaging helps to ____________________, the product _______________.
2. But the plastic wrapping also ______________. It stops coconut hairs from _____________________ during transport. And it keeps the coconut ________.
3. But let’s be realistic: We still need packaging. We just need to use the _____________ packaging.
a reason for this
in the best condition
keep the product fresh
will last longer
has other uses
getting into other food
clean
right kind of
4
Listen again. Answer the questions.
1. What did Kevin see in the supermarket
2. What does Kevin think about this
3. What solution does Alicia suggest
4. What does Kevin suggest
He saw each coconut was wrapped in clear, thin plastic.
It’s stupid and wasteful.
Using recycled packaging.
He suggests we should do away with packaging completely and take our own refillable container.
3.3
Focus on Function: Making and Accepting Suggestions
Listen to the conversation and answer the following questions.
5
3.4
1. What are Lisa and Amy talking about in their conversation
2. What kind of wastes did they simply throw away that can be reused or recycled
They are talking about how to become more environmentally aware.
They easily throw away newspapers and glass bottles.
No, there are lots of groups of people online who share ideas on how to reduce and recycle and who are committed to contributing to a better future for our planet.
3. Are they alone in action to protect the environment
6
3.4
Listen again and complete the table.
Wastes that can be reduced or reused What Amy and Lisa decide to do in the future
Plastic bags
Takeaway food packaging
Cartons and plastic cutlery
Newspapers and glass bottles
Buy reusable shopping bags
Cook at home
Tell restaurants not to give any plastic cutlery, chopsticks or paper plates
Sort rubbish and take them to a recycling centre
7
3.4
Listen and plete the Talk Builder.
Making and Accepting Suggestions
1. ________ try to cook for ourselves more often.
2. ________ like a good start.
3. ________ sort our rubbish and take it to a recycling centre from now on.
4. Wonderful! _________ these are all realistic and achievable steps...
A. We should B. I think
C. Let’s D. That sounds
A
D
C
B
Speak
Group Work Online shopping is becoming more and more popular. However, it produces lots of unrecyclable packaging. What solution do you have to this problem
8
Key points
aware adj. 有……意识的；知道，意识到；发觉
[归纳拓展]
be/ become aware of... 意识到/发觉......
make sb. aware of... 使某人知道/意识到......
be/ become aware that... 知道/意识到......
as far as I’m aware (= as far as I know) 据我所知
awareness n.意识，知道
raise/increase (one’s) awareness of... 加强/增强(某人)对……的意识
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. High school students will be better aware _____ what the real world is like by participating in community service.
2. The fact that so many people still smoke in public places suggests that we may need nationwide campaign(运动) to raise ___________ (aware) of the risks of smoking.
of
awareness
Can you speak out some disadvantages about plastic waste (共32张PPT)
Unit 3
Lesson 3
The Road to Destruction
(1)
新 课 导 入
Let’s talk
What happened
What’s your feeling about this
课 堂 学 习
How much time do you spend travelling to school every
day How do you feel when you get stuck in traffic jams
to feel anxious to feel annoyed
to feel stressed out to feel angry
to feel tired to feel helpless
I spend about twenty minutes travelling to school but sometimes there are traffic jams and it takes longer. I feel stressed out and sometimes I feel angry because I don’t want to be late.
Pre-reading
Below is a passage about car uses in Britain. Guess the answers to the questions before you read the passage.
How many cars are there on the roads
32 million/ 50 million/ 64 million
By how much has the number of cars gone up in the last 20 years
10%/ 25% / 40%
How many people die every year in vehicle accidents
1,000/ 2,500/ 3,000
How many deaths per year are caused by air pollution
10,000/ 20,000/ 30,000
2
Read Part 1 of the passage. Check your predictions in Activity 2.
3
While-reading
Read Part 1 more carefully. Complete the notes in the diagram. Then think about any possible solutions to the problems.
4
Skill Builder
Taking Notes (2)
Taking notes when reading a text is very similar to taking notes when listening (see Book 3, Unit 8)
Read the text quickly to get the general idea of the text.
Decide what kind of information you are looking for, e.g. names, places, dates, events, reasons, feelings or numbers.
Remember: Don’t try to write in full sentences; use abbreviations and symbols.
Traffic problems
Effects: personal
angry
Effects: social
Possible solutions:
stressed out
tired
vehicle accidents,
global warming and climate change
deaths and cancer by air pollution
use your legs
use public transport
...
Read Part 2 and complete the notes.
5
Solutions / Advice
Walk / cycle more
Use public transport
Think before you go
Share cars
Take action
Pair Work. Talk about the effects of traffic problems at the personal and social level, as well as the solutions proposed. Then discuss whether the solutions will help solve the problem. Give your reasons. Use the notes in Activity 4 and 5 to help you.
6
Nobody likes being in traffic jam. The personal effects like getting angry or being stressed out can lead to more serious problems, like becoming sick or losing your job. Being on the road can also be dangerous as there are many accidents, and the amount of pollution that traffic causes can also give us health problems. Then, there are the environmental effects to our planet, such as global warming. The solutions could be to try to use the car less. We can cycle, walk or use public transport. We can also share our cars. These are simple solutions that we can all do.
7
Group work
Think and share.
1. What is the writer’s attitude towards cars Find some evidence from the passage
The writer knows that cars have negative effects and she wants to help the environment (“We know that cars are bad for us”, “All quite simple, isn’t it Five easy ways to improve our environment”) but she thinks it will be difficult for her to give up her car. (“I’ve got to pick up my daughter from school... The traffic is going to be horrible, but what can I do ”)
2. How do you understand the title “The Road to Destruction”
The road to destruction refers to the fact that the cars on the road will eventually lead to the destruction of our planet.
9
Make a poster on based on what you have learnt to encourage people in your neighbourhood to use their vehicles wisely. Search for facts and data to make your poster convincing. Then share your work in groups.
Express Yourself
北师大 选择性必修第一册
Unit 3
( 英语 )
ENGLISH
Lesson 3
The Road to Destruction
(2)
Key points
annoyed adj．生气，恼怒(表示人自身的感受)
[归纳拓展]
be annoyed with sb. 生某人的气
be annoyed at/about sth. 因某事生气
be annoyed to do/that..… 使人恼火
annoyance n.恼怒，烦恼；使人烦恼的事
to sb.’s annoyance 让某人生气的是
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. Being annoyed ______ other people easily is harmful to your health.
2. Whenever the young animal is frightened or _______ (annoy), it always rushes to its mother.
3. To our ____________ (annoy), the air conditioner broke down on the hottest right of the year!
with
annoyed
annoyance
relate vt. 把……联系起来 vi.相关联，有关联
[归纳拓展]
relate...to... 把……和……联系起来
be related to... 与…...有关联
relate to 涉及，与…...相关，谈到；能够理解并同情
related adj.相关的，有联系的
relation n.(事物之间的)关系，关联，联系
in relation to 关于；与……相比
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. You should write down all the information ________ ______ the problem.
2. You should write down all the information _____ ________ ____ the problem.
related
to
in
relation
to
suit vt. 满足(某人)需要，对(某人)方便，合(某人)心意；适合，适宜；(尤指服装颜色等)相配，合身
[归纳拓展]
suit one’s need/ taste 满足某人的需要/适合某人的口味
suit sth. to sth./sb. 使某物适合某物/某人
suit sb. (fine) (很)合某人的意；对某人来说(很)合适
be suitable for... 适合……
【辨析】suit/fit/ match
易混词 区别
suit 多指衣服等的颜色、款式或花样适合；还可指事物合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等。 This style of dress suits you well.这种款式的连衣裙很适合你。 No dish suits all tastes.众口难调。
fit 多指衣服等大小、尺寸、形状等方面的合适，通常意为“合身，适合”。 It is important that children’s shoes fit correctly.孩子们的鞋正合脚是很重要的。
match 多指两个物体大小、色调、形状、性质等方面很搭配，显得很协调。 The colour of the shirt does not match that of the tie.衬衫的颜色与领带的颜色不相配。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. She is quite ___________ (suit) for the job.
2. As global warming increases, the Earth will become less and less suited __________ life.
suitable
for / to
选词填空: match/suit/fit
①First of all, the colour of the hat should ________ the colours of your skin and hair.
②It was because I grew so fast that many clothes my mom bought me didn’t ______ me any longer.
③As we know, a red jacket doesn’t _______ green trousers. But when a little girl wears them, they _________ her very well.
④The lifestyle of the city seems to _______ her—she looks very well.
match
fit
match
suit
suit
go up
① (价格、温度等)上涨，上升。近义词有rise和 increase，反义词(组)有 reduce, decrease, go down。
② 被兴建，被建造。主语是事物。
【拓展】go构成的其它短语：
[即学即练] 用go的相关短语完成句子
① Tall buildings are __________ along the new road leading to the downtown area.
② I didn’t ____________ poetry before, but now I’m beginning to take an interest in it.
③ As time ________ , he finds it important to learn another foreign language.
going up
go in for
goes by
Collocations
词语搭配
一. 动词+介词
“动词+介词” 构成的短语相当于一个及物动词，后面跟宾语。常用的这类动词短语有account for, burst into, feel like, come across, set about, insist on 等。
例句：It’s impolite to laugh at the disabled.
嘲笑残障人士是不礼貌的。
二. 动词+副词
1. 相当于及物动词，常用的这类短语动词有put out, carry out, add up, take over 等。
例句:
We should carry out the plan as soon as possible.
我们应该尽快实施这个计划。
The moment the fire broke out, they put it out.
火灾一发生，他们就把它扑灭了。
2. 相当于不及物动词，常用的这类短语动词有 break out, move off, die away, watch out 等。
例句：
It was reported that a big fire broke out in that factory last night.
据报道，昨晚那家工厂爆发了一场火灾。
Seeing that we had noticed him, he moved off quickly.
看到我们已经注意到他，他很快走掉了。
三. 动词+副词+介词
常用的这类短语动词有come up to, date back to, get away with, look down on, run out of 等。
例句:
The water is coming up to the bank.
水涨到与河岸相平了。
For such a serious offence he was lucky to get away with a fine.
他犯了那么严重的过失，却侥幸只交罚款了事。
四. 动词+名词+介词
常用的这类短语动词有take charge of, catch sight of, keep pace with, make use of, take interest in 等。
例句：
I caught sight of her hurrying away so I didn’t try to speak to her.
我看见她匆忙离开，所以我没有跟她讲话。
Though young, he takes charge of a large company.
尽管很年轻，他管理了一家大公司。
随堂练
Fill in the blanks with proper words.
A terrible epidemic situation broke ______ in Wuhan in December 2019. Since then, the Chinese government has taken immediate and proper _________ to deal ______ the problem. At the same time, all the Chinese people actively fight ________ the epidemic.
We don’t go _____ unless it is necessary. When we have to go out, we all wear masks to prevent ourselves ______ being infected. In addition, we all keep good habits, including getting ____ early to exercise, drinking more water, washing hands frequently and so on.
We do believe that all our effort will pay _____.
out
measures
with
against
out
from
up
off
Look at the Word Builder. Match the words (1-8) with the endings (a-h) to form common collocations. Then use the collocations to complete the summary.
8
1. make
2. get stuck
3. be
4. protect
5. do
6. pick
7. cause
8. share
a. addicted to
b. a lot of harm
c. cars
d. in a traffic jam
e. up sb
f. the environment
g. excuses
h. global warming
Many people often 1. ________________________ when they go to work. How annoyed and stressful they often feel! But the problem is that the number of cars is still going up. Traffic pollution has been found to 2. _____________________ and climate change to a large degree.
Too many cars 3. ________________ to the environment and our health. Some advice has been given for people to help 4. ____________________, for example, using public transport or 5. ____________, doing our shopping in the shop just around the corner instead of driving to the other side of town. However, people 6. ______________using cars. They 7. ___________ for using their cars, “I need to 8. __________ my daughter. What can I do ”
get stuck in a traffic jam
cause global warming
do a lot of harm
protect the environment
sharing cars
are addicted to
make excuses
pick up
1. Could you speak out some solutions to traffic problems
2. Can you say more collocations (共15张PPT)
Unit 3
Viewing Workshop
Crazy Bridges for Animals
新 课 导 入
dinosaur
恐龙
polar bear
北极熊
mammoth
猛犸象
Do you know these animals
crab
螃蟹
sea lion
海狮
sea turtle
海龟
课 堂 学 习
Do you think human activities can affect animals’ behavior If yes, how Give some examples.
Activate and Share
Watch Part 1 of the video. Tick the human-made things that affect animals’ lives.
roads
underpasses
pipelines
footbridges
painted lines
clear-cut corridors
high-tension power
lines
roads of rocks
Read the statements. Then watch Part 2 of the video. Write T (true) or F (false). Explain why.
1. It’s not likely for humans to get rid of roads, power or pipelines now. ( )
“One solution is to get rid of these obstacles, but we aren’t likely to give up roads, power of pipelines anytime soon.”
T
2. High-tension power lines, as well as clear-cut corridors, pipelines, roads of rocks and painted lines on the ground do no harm to animals. ( )
These human-made things can affect animals’ lives. They can make animals isolated. If enough animals become isolated, entire populations can dwindle and even disappear.
F
3. Even if the barbed wire fence is removed, its stopping power can stick around. ( )
“Even we remove physical barriers, their stopping power can stick around.”
T
In the final part, the speaker introduces some bridges which animals can use to cross the obstacles. Watch and match the animals with their possible bridges.
Animals Bridges
Deer
Fish
Crabs
Elephants
Monkeys
Overpasses
Underneath
Salmon cannons
Watch the whole video. Read the first part of statement below and find a suitable ending from the box on the right to make each statement complete.
Unintentional fences that may look harmless to us
If many animals are stranded on one side,
Even when we remove physical barriers,
animals still won’t cross the divide.
they will become isolated from food, mates and protection.
are some of the most effective animal barriers.
Express yourself
Do you think these bridges are good enough for animals Can you come up with some other innovative ideas that may help animals cross the barriers
Can you offer some solutions to help animals cross the barriers (共17张PPT)
Unit 3
Topic Talk
新 课 导 入
Let’s talk
What did happen to them
The running water dried up.
The rhinos were shot.
The dense forest became dead wood.
课 堂 学 习
Pair Work. Use the diagram to talk about the things that need to be protected.
What needs to be protected
...
Our environment needs protection.
We use cars too much, which is bad for both the environment and our health.
Conservation
Example
Why do they need protection
What should we do
Read the Text Builder carefully. Then listen to the dialogue and complete it by underlining the words or expressions you hear.
2
3.1
Text Builder
Conservation
I really feel strongly that we need to change the way we _______ in order to protect ___________.
Human Activities
farm and eat, work, travel, live
Things to be Protected
the Earth, plants, oceans, forests, animals and the environment, our planet, our land
live
our planet
I can see that __________________ is one of the biggest threats to our planet.
Ways We Destroy Nature
the use of oil and coal, plastic waste, driving cars, cutting down forests, mining
the use of oil and coal
We all need to ________________________________________________.
Positive Actions
reuse previously used items
recycle and reduce the amount of waste we produce
help save energy and resources
cut down the use of unrecyclable plastic
play our part
use cars less
cycle and walk more
recycle and reduce the amount of waste we produce
Use the Text Builder to talk about your feelings on conservation or how to protect the environment.
3
I feel strongly that we all need to
save energy and resources
use eco-friendly products
cycle and work more
use cloth shopping bags
...
4
3.2
Listen to the dialogue. Answer the questions.
1. Why is Dr. Bradshaw working on protecting rhinos
2. What do people do to rhinos
Rhinos are in danger.
Some people incorrectly think rhinos’ horns are useful in medicine and illegally hunt them.
3. What does Dr. Bradshaw suggest doing
4. What may happen, if we don’t do something now
Making everyone know that hunting these animals is illegal and that these amazing animals are part of the world we live in.
There will be no rhinos left in the world in 20 years.
Use the language you have learnt to write a short paragraph about what you know, how you feel and what you need to protect the environment in the future. Then share it in groups.
5
You can choose one of the following topics:
energy conservation
wildlife conservation
endangered species conservation
...
Quote & Unquote
Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land.
— Aldo Leopold
Conservation means the wise use of the Earth and its resources for the lasting good of men.
— Gifford Pinchot
Environmental pollution is an incurable disease. It can only be prevented.
— Barry Commoner
Take with restraint and use in moderation; this way one shall always know contentment.
— Zizhi Tongjian
Key points
threat n.构成威胁的人，形成威胁的事物；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能；威胁，恐吓
[归纳拓展]
pose a threat to... 对……构成威胁
under threat 受到威胁
threaten vt.威胁到，危及；威胁，恐吓
threatened adj.受到威胁的
threatening adj.带有威胁的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. Wildlife has been greatly __________ (threat) in the modern age.
2. Floating ice around Iceland was becoming a threat _____ navigation.
3. Some cultures see direct eye contact as impolite or __________ (threaten) behavior, while Americans see it as a sign of honesty.
threatened
to
threatening
cut down 削减，缩小(尺寸、数量或数目)
[归纳拓展]
cut...down (to...) 减少……(至……)
cut down on... 减少……
cut构成的其他短语:
cut in 插嘴
cut out 剪下
cut up 切碎
cut off 停止，中断（供给），使......与外界隔绝
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. The company has ___________ the gas supply temporarily to repair the damaged gas pipe.
2. It’s rather impolite to __________ when other people are talking.
3. Evidence suggests that they kept the fire burning all winter and used sharpened stone tools to __________ the meat.
cut off
cut in
cut up
What should we do to protect our environment (共29张PPT)
Unit 3
Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
Reading
新 课 导 入
What do you know about extinction
课 堂 学 习
How much do you know about extinction Choose the option based on your knowledge.
1. How many times up to today has life on Earth almost died out
a. Once b. Five times c. More than 10 times
2. About what percent of all species on Earth became extinct during the mass extinction known as the “Great Dying”
a. Less than 10% b. Nearly 50% c. More than 90%
3. What do scientists think will cause the next mass extinction
a. Human activity b. Natural causes c. Unknown reasons
Pre-reading
Read a text about extinction. Then check your answers in Activity 1.
While-reading
What’s the main idea of this passage
Extinctions are not unusual in our Earth’s history. But we human beings can take action to stop destroying the planet we live on to avoid a sixth extinction.
2
Read the plete the notes. Then talk about the different aspects of extinctions.
3
Meaning of extinction
How to avoid the sixth mass extinction
Main reasons that cause extinctions
Two notable extinctions and their consequences
The number of extinctions that have occurred so far
Extinction
Extinction
Meaning of extinction:
_____________________________________
The number of extinctions occurred so far:
_____________________________________
Two notable extinctions and their consequences:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
entire species are wiped out
over 90% of all species that ever lived
the third mass extinction, killed 90% to 96% of all species; the fifth event, which occurred 66 million years ago, caused the death of the dinosaurs
Main reasons that cause extinctions:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
How to avoid the sixth mass extinction:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
volcanic eruptions, asteroids hitting the Earth from space, changes in sea levels, the decrease of oxygen content of the sea, global warming
change the way we live, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected; change how we work and travel by using cleaner, more natural sources of energy; improve our farming
methods
Read again. Answer the questions.
4
1. What did scientists find out in 2015
2. Why does the writer think the sixth mass extinction will come
The study found that how quickly species die out due to natural causes, that is, the “background extinction rate”. They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.
Because human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth, including animals and plants.
3. Why does the writer believe we’ll probably die out if 75% of the Earth’s species die out
4. What did people do in the case study to protect black robins Which claim (s) did the case study support in the text
Because our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants.
People protected Old Blue’s eggs, helped them to hatch, and took care of the chicks. People are restoring their habitats and removing pests like mice and cats from the islands where they live. The case study showed that even in desperate situations, we can do something to help. In short, it’s never too late.
5
Group Work. Think and share.
1. Use different coloured pens to highlight at least one example for each of the four elements listed below in different colours. Then find out (1) what typical language is used
(2) What text type is this piece of writing
(3) What is its communicative purpose
facts
reasons
opinions / predictions
solutions
Post-reading
(1) What typical language is used
Facts: over 90% of all species that ever lived are extinct; the “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species; human activity is causing species to die out 1000 times faster than normal.
Reasons: air and water pollution, forest being destroyed, factory farming and overfishing are causing species to die out; without forests, we would have no air to breathe and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
Opinions / predictions: many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction; scientists believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.
Solutions: we need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected; we need to change how we work and travel...; we also need to improve our farming methods...
(2) What text type is this piece of writing
This piece of writing is an exposition.
(3) What is its communicative purpose
Its purpose is to explain what the sixth extinction is and its effects and call on people to take action to prevent it from happening.
2. What ways of argument does the writer use to convince readers Are you convinced Why or why not
The writer uses ways such as citing ideas from experts or authorities, giving examples and using data. I believe that if we take action now it is not too late to save other species from extinction. The black robin was saved from extinction when only five birds remained, so I think it is possible to save any species if we act right now.
Use the adjectives and nouns to make meaningful expressions. Then use each expression to make a sentence. Write the sentences in the space provided.
6
entire
endangered
significant
natural
mass
solar
change
resource
extinction
species
energy
animal
+
=
endangered animals
entire species
natural resources
significant change
mass extinction
solar energy
For example:
We need to take action to protect endangered animals .
Complete the paragraph about extinction using the correct form of the phrases below.
7
die out be known as have affected
depend on wipe out take steps
take action set up take care of
In the last 500 million years, there have been five mass extinction events on Earth. In the third event, which 1. ___________ the “Great Dying”, 90% to 96% of all species 2. _________. Of course, species died out due to many causes.
is known as
died out
But nowadays, human activity 3. __________ all types of species that we 4. ___________ for living. We need to 5. ___________ to avoid the sixth mass extinction. We should 6. __________ to save endangered animals and plants, and 7. __________ special areas to 8. ____________ them before the next extinction comes that may 9. ___________the entire species.
has effected
depend on
take action
take steps
set up
take care of
wipe out
Key points
blame vt.责怪，指责，把……归咎于
n. 责任，责备
[归纳拓展]
blame...for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事责备
blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
be to blame for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事应受责备；对(做)某事负有责任 （不定式用主动形式表示被动意义）
take/bear the blame for sth. 承担某事的责任
lay/put the blame（for sth.）on... 把(某事的)责任归咎于
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. Some people blame the smartphone _____ the tragedy, yet in fact people’s weakening self-control and self-discipline are __________ (blame).
2. Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame _______ the alarm clock.
for
to blame
on
die out 灭绝，消失
[归纳拓展]
die 构成的其他短语：
die off 相继死去
die from/of 死于
be dying for sth. 渴望某物，极想要某物
be dying to do sth.渴望做某事
die down 逐渐变弱，逐渐平息
die away 逐渐减弱，逐渐消失
[即学即练] 用 die 的相关短语完成句子
1. With more and more birds ___________ , some day some species will ___________ . In addition, some of them have ____________ environmental pollution.
2. Don’t worry. The strong wind will ____________ soon and we can go out to have a baseball match as planned.
3. Now I’m thirsty and _________ a glass of water. I have walked for a long time.
dying off
die out
die from/of
die down/away
dying for
There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out: ... overfishing.
导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。
[归纳拓展]
reason后接定语从句的用法
reason作先行词，后接定语从句时：
(1)若关系词在从句中作状语，要用why或for which引导定语从句。
There’s a reason why/for which people don’t read this stuff: it’s not funny.人们不读这种东西是有原因的：它并不逗趣。
(2)若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语，要用which或that引导定语从句，其中作宾语时关系词可省略。
He gave us a reason that/which sounded reasonable.他给了我们一个理由，这个理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作主语)
The reason (which/that) he has given sounds reasonable.他给出的理由听起来合情合理。(关系词在从句中作宾语，可省略)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. The reason _______ I admire him is _______ his positive attitude to life has a great influence on me.
2. Is this the reason ___________ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work
why
that
that/which
Without forests, we would have no air to breathe, and without clean water we would be unable to survive.
没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水,我们将无法生存。
【考点提炼】含蓄条件句
虚拟条件句的条件有时不通过条件从句来表示，而是通过介词短语、上下文或其他方式表现出来，这种虚拟条件句叫作含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句的具体用法如下：
(1)含蓄条件的常见表现方式
a.将条件隐含在介词短语中。常见的(短语)介词有 without, but for 等。
b.将条件隐含在某些连词中。常见的此类连词有 or, but, but that 等。
c.将条件隐含在某些副词中。常见的副词是 otherwise。
d.将条件隐含在特定的上下文中。
(2)谓语的形式
would/might/could/should＋动词原形(与现在或将来事实相反的假设)
would/might/could/should + have + 过去分词(与过去事实相反的假设)
They wouldn’t have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.
没有共同的立场，他们是不会那么容易达成协议的。
But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.要不是你帮忙，我们不可能成功。
I got up very early yesterday morning, or I could not have caught the early bus.
昨天早上我起床很早，否则就赶不上早班车了。
I was too busy at that time. Otherwise, I would have called you. 我那时太忙了，否则我就给你打电话了。
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
1. Without his support, we wouldn’t ______ (be) where we are now.
2. —Do you have Betty’s phone number？
—Yes. Otherwise, I wouldn’t _________ (be)able to reach her yesterday.
be
have been
Now, can you speak out how to avoid the sixth extinction (共15张PPT)
Unit 3
Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction
Grammar
新 课 导 入
观察下列两组句子。
This is the house which we bought last month.
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.
These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not any fruit.
课 堂 学 习
Relative Clause
定语从句
Defining relative clause
限制性定语从句
Non-defining relative clause
非限制性定语从句
1. 限制性定语从句
从句必不可少，否则先行词的意思不明确，主句也不完整，与先行词之间不用逗号。
例句：
Mary is a girl who has long hair.
I’d like to see the films that are just on show.
2. 非限制性定语从句
对先行词起补充说明或描绘作用，没有它不会影响先行词或主句意思的完整性。从句一般用逗号同主句分开。
例句：
George, who is my classmate, has won a scholarship.
Lucy, whose father is a fencer, is enthusiastic about sport.
3.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别。
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
1. 从句与先行词的关系 对先行词起修饰作用 对先行词起补充说明作用
2. 标点 从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开
3.关系代词 指人who(that), whom; 指物which(that);人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语可以省略 指人who(作主语), whom(作宾语);指物which;人和物whose关系代词一般不可省略
4.修饰 从句只修饰名词或代词 从句可以修饰名词或代词也可以修饰整个句子
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
随堂练
1. He has two sons, ______ work in the company.
2. The man ______ is walking in the playground is my old friend.
3. There is no simple answer, _____ is often the case in science.
4. Do you know the reason ______ he was absent
who
who
as
why
Read the sentences and discuss which word(s) the clauses (in italics) refer to.
8
1. Extinctions, where entire species are wiped out, are not unusual in our Earth’s history. ( )
2. These include the third mass extinction, known as the “Great Dying”, which killed 90% to 96% of all species. ( )
refers to extinctions
refers to “Great Dying”
3. A 2015 study by scientists who were based at Brown University and Duke University in the US, looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes. ( )
4. If a sixth mass extinction occurs, scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out. ( )
5. We need to take steps to save endangered species, including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected. ( )
refers to scientists
refers to scientists
refers to special areas
Which of the clauses above:
(1) give information to identify the persons / objects.
( )
(2) give extra information about a person or a thing, which can be left out.
( )
defining clause
non-defining clause
9
Underline the relative clauses in the sentences and decide if they are defining (D) or non-defining (ND). Translate them into Chinese. Discuss the difference in meaning between the two types of relative clauses.
1. He went to a city where iron was produced in huge quantities. ( )
2. The bus which was full of tourists stopped near the Leaning Tower of Pisa. ( )
3. Melissa lent me some money, which was very generous of her. ( )
D
D
ND
4. The ground is covered with snow and ice, which makes driving very dangerous. ( )
5. I met the famous professor in the hotel, where the meeting was held. ( )
ND
ND
Try to translate the sentences into Chinese by yourself.
Group Work. Choose two or three environmental problems that are caused by human activity. Offer solutions. Try to use relative clauses where appropriate.
10
Express Yourself
Now can you correctly tell the difference between Defining and Non-Defining Clauses (共19张PPT)
Unit 3
Writing Workshop
A “For” and “Against” Essay
新 课 导 入
Debate
organic farming
factory farming
VS
What is your opinion
课 堂 学 习
You are going to write a “for” and “against” essay on one of the statements. Discuss and list the arguments for and against the statements. Then share your ideas.
1
Statements “For” “Against” Your opinion
We should only have organic farming.
We should not use animal products for food or clothing.
It’s chemical-free. It gives safe food which is healthy for us.
High production cost.
It can reduce soil and water pollution.
Get Ready for Writing
Read the essay. Answer the questions.
2
1. What is the main topic of the essay
2. What are the main arguments and supporting details used “for” and “against” factory farming
The pros and cons of factory farming.
The main argument for factory farming is that, apart from being a lot cheaper than traditional or organic farming, it provides more food for a world population that has already reached seven billion, according to the United Nations. Opponents of factory farming say that it is cruel to the animals.
3. What is the writer’s opinion about factory farming
We should try to reduce this kind of farming, although we would have to pay more for our eggs and meat.
Read the essay again. Match the functions to each paragraph.
3
Para. 1 ________ Para. 3 ________
Para. 2 ________ Para. 4 ________
a conclusion (your opinion)
b arguments against the topic
c introduction to the topic
d arguments for the topic
c
d
b
a
Which of the linking expressions in the Sentences Builder has the following function
4
Sentence Builder
Linking Expressions
according to
According to an institute, “74% of the world’s poultry...are produced in this way”.
moreover
Moreover, factory-farmed animals suffer from fewer diseases.
on the other hand
On the other hand, opponents of factory farming say that it is cruel to the animals.
Sentence Builder
for instance
For instance, many farm animals are kept in small spaces where they can hardly move.
in addition to
In addition to this, factory farming has a negative impact on the environment.
in my opinion
In my opinion, we should try to reduce this kind of farming, although we would have to pay more for our eggs and meat.
1 summarising information
2 adding new information
3 giving examples
4 providing sources of information
5 contrasting statements
in my opinion
moreover/ in addition to
for instance
according to
on the other hand
Pre-writing
Write 2-3 arguments on the statement “We should only have organic farming.” or “We should not use any animal products for food or clothing.” Use the Sentence Builder to help you.
5
1. It’s chemical-free. It gives safe food which is healthy for us.
2. In addition to this, with sound marketing and sales strategies, it can fetch margins for farmers.
3. Moreover, it reduces soil and water pollution.
We should only have organic farming.
议论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体，它通过摆事实、讲道理的方式来辨明是非曲直，从而表达出作者的观点。它常由论点、论据和论证三部分构成。
1. 它要求语言必须简练、准确，因而在写作时要尽可能避免使用口语，多用书面语，可适当使用名言警句。
2. 写作时要围绕中心论点展开议论，即论据和论证要围绕论点展开。最后，可得出结论，照应开头，形成一个有机的整体。
议论文
写作模板
1. 不同观点列举型（选择型）
There is a widespread concern over the issue that... But it is well known that opinions concerning this hot topic vary from person to person.
A majority of people think that... In their view, there are several factors contributing to this issue.
In the first place,…In the second place,…Last but not least,…So it goes without saying that...
However, some people hold the idea that…On the one hand,…On the other hand,…Therefore, there is no doubt that…
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that...It is not only because...but also because...The more...the more...
2. 权衡利弊型
begin with, …In addition,…
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of... into full play, and reduce the impact of the disadvantages to a minimum at the same time. Then we will definitely make a better use of...
3. 提出建议型
Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) ... It is really an important matter to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.
There are many steps which can be taken. First of all, …In addition, another way contributing to the success of solving the problem is...
Above all, to solve the problem of… we should find a number of ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem by...
Search online to find data that can support your argument.
In January 2016, Sikkim became India’s first 100% organic state. Now all farming is chemical-free and yielding safe produce. Sikkim was already a low fertilizer consumption state, Sikkim government decided to go all organic to preserve its fragile ecosystem in 2003.
6
While-writing
plete the outline of your essay on the statement you have chosen based on Activity 3.
7
体裁话题
时态人称
文章架构
议论文 Argumentative Writing
以一般现在时为主；以第三人称为主
第一段：引出话题 We should only have organic farming.
第二段：支持者的观点
第三段：反对者的观点
尾段：自己的观点
Drafting. Use your outline and the Writing Help to write your first draft.
8
Writing Help
Writing a “For” and “Against” Essay
It’s important to:
have a clear argument statement;
include “for” and “against” opinions;
support your own opinion with examples and other details;
sum up your argument in the final paragraph.
Editing. Edit your essay in pairs. Then share what you have written in class.
9
Does the writer give a clear statement “for” or “against” the issue
Does the structure flow well (statement, main argument with supporting details, other arguments and conclusion)
Does the writer use a variety of linking expressions
Do you feel that the writer has a strong belief in the argument he / she is presenting
Editing Sheet
Now can you conclude how to write an argumentative writing (共24张PPT)
Unit 3
Reading Clubs & Check Your Progress
新 课 导 入
Have you ever been to The Old Town of Lijiang
课 堂 学 习
◆ Reading Club 1 World Heritage Sites in China
General Understanding
1
Read the text. Answer the questions.
1. Who decides which place will be given the title of “World Heritage Site”
The United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) decides.
2. What are the features of the sites mentioned in the texts
The Old Town of Lijiang looks like a jade ink stone in spring and summer.
Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area is a unique natural wonder.
Critical Thinking
What other World Heritage Sites do you know about Why are they given the title Find more information about them online.
2
◆ Reading Club 2 Nature is Turning on us.
Do you know these pictures What are they
General Understanding
1
Complete the diagram with facts about natural disasters around the world.
Natural Disasters
Earthquakes
central Italy, in 2016
Asia, Europe and South America
Hurricanes and typhoons
US, Central America
Reduced rainfall
in Somalia and Kenya, in 2017
Canada in 2016
Natural Disasters
Volcanic eruptions
Indonesia, in 2016
Mt Tambora in Indonesia, 1815
Landslides
Mocoa in Colombia, in 2017
2
According to the author, why is nature turning on use
First overpopulation results in heavy building using local materials without proper planning, which can contribute to landslides or collapse during earthquakes. Next, global warming, caused by factories and vehicles, and the destruction of forests cause climate change and extreme weather conditions.
Critical Thinking
Is the author’s attitude positive or negative towards the future Find evidence from the text.
3
The author has a negative point of view. He believes that environmental disasters will get worse, after speaking to experts. He says “Experts are predicting worse to come.”, “Most disasters experts believe that things could get a lot worse.”, “He warns that the world has not seen the worst yet.”, and “There are about two of these events every 100,000 years ...”
Do you agree with the author Why What is your attitude towards the future
4
I agree with the author that things will get worse. The writer presents a lot of facts of disasters in the text. In recent years there have been more natural disasters than in the past, so I think this will continue unless we can manage to stop or reverse global warming.
◆ Check Your Progress
1
Chen Xi is preparing his report on endangered animals for the class presentation on “Protecting the plete his report using the correct form of the words or phrases below.
habitat illegal apart from sum up species
decade decrease increase threat million
There are thousands of endangered 1.____________ in the world and if the rate at which they are dying out continue to rise, 2.__________
of plants and animals will become extinct in the next 3.____________.
The Giant Panda, a symbol of conservation, might be one of them.
species
millions
decade
habitat illegal apart from sum up species
decade decrease increase threat million
4.___________ the few living in zoos and conservation centres around the world, pandas are found only in the bamboo forest in southeast China. They are endangered as their 5._________ are being destroyed due to human activities. Because of conservation efforts, the number of pandas is 6.__________ according to a survey in 2015. This news is exciting, but much still has to be done to save it from extinction. The Yangtze Dolphin is another species under severe 7. _______ in China. The number of them is 8.__________ due to pollution in the river, 9.___________ hunting and other human activities. 10.__________ my presentation, I want to remind everyone that animals have no voice in our world. We need to speak out on their behalf before they disappear for good.
Apart form
habitats
increasing
threat
decreasing
illegal
To sum up
2
Li Zhen is known as the “title inventor” in her class. She’s preparing a presentation on one of her inventions to help protect the environment. Choose the correct options to complete her presentation.
I recently came back from a trip to the beach and was very upset to see the amount of 1 scene/plastic on the beach and in the water. It’s disappointing to see the 2 ingredient/environment destroyed like this. Even though many people are trying to 3 reorganise/recycle, there is 4 hopefully/unfortunately still so much plastic waste that ends up being thrown away. Then I thought about doing something. As a result, I invented a new type of packaging. It is made from plant leaves and it is as light as plastic.
It can be made into either bags or other types of 5 packet/shape.
It is very convenient for 6 scientists/consumers to use. I am so happy that I have won an award for this 7 integrating/innovation for the environment. I hope that everyone can do something for the environment.
Chen Yang gives a presentation and calls on people to use public plete part of her presentation with the words below.
3
complain cancer jams cycle annoyed damage
A lot of people feel that driving their own cars allows them to have more freedom and they often 1.__________ about the inconvenience of public transport. Well, waiting time, crowds and sweating on public transport do leave people feeling 2.__________, but in order to protect the environment, I think using public transport is worth the effort.
complain
annoyed
complain cancer jams cycle annoyed damage
First of all, research shows that around 90% of total pollutants in some big cities come from cars. These pollutants are harmful to the environment and extremely dangerous to our health. They can 3__________ our lungs and cause illnesses such as 4___________. Relying too much on cars also creates problems such as traffic 5__________, road accidents and noise pollution. Of course, cars are convenient and necessary when travelling long distances, for short journeys within the city it is often faster to 6___________. So let us take action now.
damage
cancer
jams
cycle
4
Chen Xi’s father is a scientist who does research into seas and oceans. He is invited to give a presentation to the class to share his working experience. Read and underline all the relative clauses and circle the words or expressions they refer to. Decide whether they are defining or non-defining relative clauses.
Being a marine researcher is something that I’ve always dreamed of. I work with a team of scientists, who are all experts in their fields, on an international project. I’m currently based in Argentina, which is in South America, studying sea temperatures from Antarctica. Unfortunately, there has been a significant rise in temperatures over the past 50 years, which is clearly linked to human activity.
_______________________
Defining
___________________________
Non-defining
_______________
________
Non-defining
_______
___________________________
Non-defining
The effects of hotter seas include more frequent storms, natural disasters and, most worryingly of all, the melting of the ice caps. Polar ice caps that were frozen all year long, even ten years ago are now melting at an alarming rate. I hope by educating people about this and sharing research we can work together as a global community to protect our planet.
______________
Defining
Li Zhen and Chen Yang are doing a role-play for the class presentation, in which they are talking about cycling in the countryside. Order the dialogue.
5
( ) a OK, cycling sounds good. Why not pack a tent We can camp
overnight near a beautiful forest I know of.
( ) b Would you like to join me for a cycle next week My mother
can drive us to the mountain and we can start from there.
( ) c Great. I have a tent too but we can use yours this time.
( ) d Why don’t we just cycle instead It would be better for our
health and the environment.
( ) e Wonderful. I can’t wait to go! I haven’t cycled or camped for
ages.
2
1
3
4
5
6
The students decide to write their ideas for protecting the environment on a plete their ideas with the correct form of the words below and give your own idea.
take make share go keep
1. We need to stop __________ excuses for why we cannot do more for the environment.
2. ________ action and do something for a better environment.
3. We really don’t want to see people driving the car when they only need to _________ around the corner.
making
Take
go
4. Tell your parents that if they really need to drive, car _________is better than driving alone.
5. If we walk and cycle more, we can __________ fit and help the environment at the same time.
take make share go keep
sharing
keep
What have you learnt in this unit Reflect and complete the diary.
※ Useful words I learnt to describe conservation and the environment:
____________________________________________________________________________________
※ Three impressive sentences I’d like to remember from this unit:
____________________________________________________________________________________
※ Three ways I can use to make or accept suggestions:
_________________________________________________________________________________
※ The parts I like / dislike in this unit:
_________________________________________________________________________________
