Unit1 Living with technology 单元导学案(含答案)

M7U1 Living with technology
一、课前自主预习
核　心　语　句
1.John Logie Baird co ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nstructed the first colour TV in 1928，but_it_was_not until 1938 that the first colour TV programme was broadcast.(Page 2)约翰·洛吉·贝尔德于1928年制造出第一台彩色电视机，但直到1938年第一个彩色电视节目才播出。2．Technology is now c ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )hanging faster_than most people can keep pace with.(Page 3)科技的飞速变化使大多数人跟不上步伐。3．To everyone's surprise，he contributed $5,000 to a local charity.(Page 8)每个人都感到惊奇的是，他向当地慈善机构捐了5 000 美元。 4.The telepho ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ne is very convenient_for communication，and most people in the world today cannot live without it.(Page 14)手机方便于交流，而且世界上大多数人离开手机简直无法生存。5．Meanwhile，real re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )lationships are often sacrificed，and whatever personal peace one has is destroyed whenever the phone rings.(Page 15)同时，我们失去了现实中的关系，并且电话每次响起，个人的安宁就全被打破了。
英　译　汉 汉　译　英
核心单词 1.drawback n. 缺点，不利条件2．principle n. 原理，行为准则3．distribute vt. 分发，分配4．eventually adv. 最后，终于5．portable adj. 便携式的6．sceptical adj. 怀疑的7．religious adj. 宗教的8．circumstance n. 条件，环境9．typical adj. 典型的；特有的10．sacrifice vt./n. 牺牲，舍弃 11.制造 construct vt.12．可使用的；可接触的 accessible adj.13．缠绕，曲折 wind vt./vi.14．存储 storage n.15．预料，预知 foresee vt.16．适当的，合适的 suitable adj.17．投票，表决 vote v．/n.18．拒绝，拒收 reject vt.19．反对，抵制 oppose vt.20．摆脱，去除 rid vt.
重点短语 1.be superior to超过；比……优越2．wind up给……上发条3．be associated with与……有联系4．carry out执行5．compare...with... 与……相比较6．a large amount of 大量的7．not necessarily 未必，不一定8．previous to在……以前9．for good measure 额外10．rid...of... 除去；摆脱 11.涌现，迅猛发展 spring_up12．在那种情况下，既然那样 in_that_case13．代表，象征 stand_for14．能够 be_capable_of15．朝……去 head_for16．相信，信任，信仰 have_faith_in17．目前，暂时 for_the_time_being18．被暴露于；接受 be_exposed_to19．等于 be_equal_to20．与……保持联系 keep_in_touch_with
温故知新 　　　　　A．馨然过关　　　　　B．基本通过　　　　　C．再努力
二、课内合作探究
I、考点导练
Ⅰ.根据汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式
1．He looked like a (典型的)tourist.
2．The Management Union (拒绝)the worker's demand.
3．He is reading a ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) book about the (适应)of desert species to the hot conditions.
4．The villagers (反对)building a plant on their farmland.
5．The money was (分配)among schools in the area.
Ⅱ.用下列方框中所给短语的正确形式填空
spring up，come on ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to the market，head for，be equal to，keep in touch with，wind up，be accessible to，in particular，be suitable for，get rid of
1．Do you think this present a little boy
2．Frankly I can't imagine how the manager can afford to it.
3．Now we can use the Internet to each other.
4．Nails and other small parts should not the kids.
5．I forgot to the clock，and I was late.
6．I like one of the magazines .
7．In 1996，a completely ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) new concept was introduced when the first WEB TV set－top boxes .
8．The ship set sail and London.
9．The amount ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )of radiation using a mobile phone for two half－hour periods per day.
10．Because o ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )f MP3 players，music websites have all over the Internet.
Ⅲ.句子翻译
1．随着因特网的发展，许多新的事物不断涌现．(spring)
2．我们的政府正在采取措施帮助失业者。(measure)
3．药品不应该放在儿童容易拿到的地方。(accessible)
4．通常情况下，没人会签署这样的不公平协议。(circumstance)
5．无论你的心情如何，你必须为你的言行负责。(responsible)
Ⅳ.单项填空
1．He is considered ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to be ________in English to me，as he had three years' experience of learning English in Canada.
A．superior B．better C．interested D．exposed
2．As the newly boug ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ht MP3 doesn't work well，the customer ________an explanation and that his money be returned to him in no time.
A．required B．demanded C．declared D．announced
3．—Excuse me，but can you help me to repair my transistor radio
—Why not ________your knowledge of physics ________practice
A．use；to B．put；in
C．apply；to D．apply；or
4．I would welcome ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the opportunity for a personal interview with you at your ________.
A．service B．pleasure
C．comfort D．convenience
5．I feel I can't ________so much pressure now with too much homework to do and so many things to deal with.
A．take in B．take away
C．take on D．take over
6．Why do we still ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )sunbathe when we know ________to sunlight for too much time will do harm to our skin
A．exposed B．having exposed
C．being exposed D．to be exposing
7．—How about the price of these washing machines
—They are at least equal ________price ________those at other stores.
A．in；to B．to；with
C．as；to D．to；as
8．________I'm here ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )to say is ________having worked side by side with you，devoted teachers，is the happiest thing to me.
A．That；what B．What；that
C．What；/ D．That；that
9．To fully unde ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rstand the writer，we must read not only between the lines，but sometimes ________the lines.
A．within B．beyond
C．beside D．among
10．—How I wish everyone were kind and respected to their elders!
—________，there wou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ldn't be quarrels among the parents and their children.
A．When necessary B．If so
C．If possible D．So what
II、考点探究
1．apply v．申请；涂；专心；应用，运用
________ n．申请人
________ n．申请
归纳拓展
(1)Ninety five public ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ly funded theatres could apply for funding under the two year plan.95个公共资助的剧院可以申请为期两年的融资计划。
(2)Apply some medicine to his wound.
给他的伤口上点药吧。
活学活用
(1)These regulations only __________ children.
这些规定只适用于小孩。
(2)In order to ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) know whether his plan was practical，he first ①______________(把它应用于)his work，and he also ②____________________(向……申请一项调查) to his company about it.Then he ③________________(专心于) it and made necessary changes.
(3)Jack has been ou ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t of work for a long time.So he wants to________a job in this factory.
(2011·黄山调研)
A．care for B． ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )apply for C．wait for D．prepare for
2．acknowledge vt.承认；感谢；告知收到
________________ n．承认；答谢
归纳拓展
acknowledge sb./sth. to be...承认某人/某物是……
acknowledge that...承认……
acknowledge sb.as...认为/接受某人是/成为……
acknowledge doing sth.承认做某事
acknowledge sb.向某人打招呼；问候
It is universally acknowledged that...……是大家公认的
活学活用
(1)It is she who wan ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ts to ____________________ her daughter.是她想认你做她的女儿。
(2)____________________________ he is the best player in the world.
大家普遍认为他是世界最佳球员。
(3)John acknowledged ________ the midterm examination.(2010·盐城月考)
A．not to pass B．passing not C．not passing D．didn’t pass
3．superior adj.优秀的；优等的；更高的；上级的
归纳拓展
注意：以上四词作形容词时，没有比较级。to表示“和……相比”，而表示“在……方面”时用介词in。
活学活用
(1)Modern music is often considered ____________ that of the past.
现代音乐常被认为不如过去的。
(2)You are ____________ me ________ many things.
你在许多事情上都比我优秀。
(3)This kind of di ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )gital camera is________ to all the other types on the market.
A．junior B．superior C．beneficial D．senior
4.demand vt. & vi.要求，需要；n.要求，需要；所要求的事物
归纳拓展
(1)
(2)
Driven by a greater ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) demand for vegetables，farmers have built more greenhouses.受到对蔬菜更大需求量的驱使，农民们建了更多的暖房。
活学活用
(1)It is our demand that she ________________.
她到那里去是我们的要求。
(2)It is impossible to ______________________.
满足你所有的要求是不可能的。
(3)The headmaster________all the teachers not smoke in the office.
A．told B．announced C．called D．demanded
(4)My demand is that ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) the information referred to in my report________ to Mr.Brown without delay.
A．is e mailed B．will be e mailed C．be e mailed D．e mailed
5．assume v．假设，设想
____________ n．假定，设想
归纳拓展
(1)assume that...假设……
assume sb. to be...认为某人是……
It is assumed that...人们认为……
assuming (that)．..假设……(引导条件状语从句)
(2)on the assumption that...在假定……的情况下
There is an assumption that...有人臆断……
make an assumption作出臆断
Where unemploymen ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t and crime are high，it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.(2009·江苏，31)
在那些失业率和犯罪率都很高的地方，我们可以认为后者的发生归因于前者。
活学活用
(1)Let us ________________ true.
让我们假定这是真实的。
(2)______________ it rains tomorrow，what shall we do？假设明天下雨，我们该怎么办？
(3)①____________________(普遍认为) hard work leads to great success.So we all ②__________________(认为他会) successful.But ③__________(假设) he isn’t that lucky，what shall we do to comfort him
(4)________your cal ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )culations are correct，we should travel northeast.(2011·苏州模拟)
A．To be assumed B．To assume C．Assuming D．Assumed
(5)________you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) are a teacher and you will understand the teacher’s feelings.
A．Assume B．Assuming C．Assumed D．Provided
6．delight n．快乐，高兴，喜悦；v.使高兴，使欣喜
__________ adj.高兴的，快乐的
__________ adj. (事物)令人高兴，(人)讨人喜欢
归纳拓展
(1)take/find delight in sth.以……为乐
delight sb.with sth.用……来取悦某人
delight in (doing) sth.喜欢(做)某事
to one’s delight使某人高兴的是
with delight高兴地，乐意地
(2)be delighted to do sth.高兴做某事
be delighted that...高兴……
be delighted at/with/by sth.对……感到高兴、满意
活学活用
(1)She takes ____________ teasing her sister.
她以取笑她的妹妹为乐。
(2)She ____________________________ her jokes about the president.
她讲了有关总统的一些笑话使观众很开心。
(3)________，the bookseller gave him something else as a present.
A．To the boy’s delight
B．To the boy’s surprising
C．To the boy joy
D．To make the boy’s happy
7.expose vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光
__________ n．暴露，揭露
__________ adj.遭受风吹雨打的；敞开的
归纳拓展
A cave is als ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )o a protection from radiation；the surface of Mars is exposed to high levels of space radiation.
山洞也是防止辐射的地方，火星的表面遭受高水平的太空辐射。
活学活用
(1)Don’t ________ you ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )r skin ________ direct sunlight，or you’ll get sunburnt.
不要让你的皮肤直接暴晒于阳光下，否则你会被晒伤。
(2)His fatness ________________ a lot of joking in the office.
他长得肥胖，因此在办公室常被人取笑。
(3)She smiled happily，________ a set of amazing white teeth.
A．exposing B．being exposed C．exposed D．to expose
8．face vt.面对，面临；朝，向
归纳拓展
活学活用
(1)Most of the rooms ______________________.
多数房间朝阳。
(2)They ____________________ a difficult decision.
他们面临着困难的决定。
(3)It’s not always easy __________________.
承认事实并不总是一件容易的事。
9．up to取决于；多达
归纳拓展
Before buying，it is up ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) to the consumer to judge the safety or effectiveness of such items.
(2009·山东，阅读理解B)
在购物前，是由消费者判断此类物品的安全性或有效性。
活学活用
(1)When he’s quiet like this，I know he ____________ something.
每当他这么安静时，我就知道他要捣什么鬼了。
(2)—What about listeni ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ng to the English program on the radio while learning English
—Personally，________.(2011·马鞍山调研)
A．it’s up to you B．it makes sense
C．it’s a shame D．it’s out of the question
10．have faith in对……有信心，信仰……
归纳拓展
It is his special way of thanking us for the faith we had in him.
这是他因为我们信任他而感谢我们的特殊方式。
活学活用
(1)He still has great talent，but he has ____________ himself.
他仍然很有天赋，但是他已经丧失了信心。
(2)__________________ is hard to find.
忠实朋友实难求。
(3)Although he is a great hero，he is faithful________ his wife.
A．in B．to C．at D．about
11.for the time being暂且
归纳拓展
(1)Feeling bet ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ter, she decided not to worry about math for the time being.(2008·天津，完形填空)
感觉做得很顺利，她决定暂时先不去担心数学。
(2)A new theory has come into being.
一个新的学说已经形成了。
活学活用
(1)____________________(目前)，scientists haven’t found a better cure of cancer.
(2)________，scientists haven’t found a better cure of cancer.
A．The moment B．For the time being
C．A long time D．Long long ago
12．It took more than ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )two decades，though，until 1951，for colour broadcasts to begin in the USA.
译文：______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
句式提取：It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.
归纳拓展
花费(某人)时间做某事，用来表达“花费”的句型：
sb.takes... to do sth.(某人)做……需要……
sth.cost sb.＋时间、金钱、劳动力等……花了某人……
sb.pay money for sth.某人花钱买……
sb.buy sth.for＋money某人以……的代价买……
sb.spend (时间、金钱、劳动力等)on sth./in doing sth.某人花费(时间、金钱、劳动力等)在……/做……
活学活用
(1)用take，cost，spend，pay，buy的适当形式填空
①It ________ the boy most of his free time to learn drawing.
②I ________ $120 on the books.
③How much did you ________ for the book
④Good words ________ nothing，but are worth much.
⑤He ________ the bag for ten dollars.
(2)Determination is ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) a kind of basic quality and this is what________ takes to do jobs well.
A．it B．that C．one D．which
(3)The money coll ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ected from ticket sales could be ________food and clothes for the people in the flooded areas.
A．cost B．paid off C．spent on D．paid back
Ⅲ. 小组写作探究
Ⅰ.语境填词
1．These goods were ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ________(挑选) according to their ________(形状) and ______(重量)．
2．He is ________(适合的) for the job，so he has ________ (申请) for it.
3．What we __________(需求) is nothing but some __________(必需品)．
4．Her ________(忠诚) to her country was ________________(认可)．
Ⅱ.选词填空
1．Remember to ____________ your watch.
2．The boy __________________ being taught.
3．We ______________ what she says.
4．A doubt ____________ in his mind.
5．She didn’t ____________ my question.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．写这部小说他花了十年的时间。
____________________________ write the novel.
2．她说她45公斤重。
She says she __________ 45 kilograms.
3．谁将获胜现在还没有把握。
________________________ who will win.
4．这事发生在1961年，当时很多人在挨饿。
________________________ when many people went hungry.
5．你应该尽可能多地掌握知识。
You should obtain _ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )__________________________________________________________.
Ⅳ.单项填空
1．It was demanded that everyone ________ questioned about it.
A．would be B．be
C．must be D．was
2．The parcel that he ________ five kilograms.
A．weighed is weighed B．had weighed weighs
C．has weighed is weighed D．weighed weighs
3．Try as she may，she is not ________ able to talk him out of smoking.
A．necessarily B．surely
C．certainly D．naturally
4．Not that I ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )’m ________ to go to see the film with you，but that I have to do my homework now.
A．incapable B．unwilling
C．unfit D．inconvenient
5．Why do we still ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) sunbathe when we know ________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to our skin
A．exposed B．having exposed
C．being exposed D．to be exposing
6．The visito ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )rs spoke of their desire ________ visiting the Great Wall，which is a familiar sight ________ most of the Beijing residents.
A．to；with B．as；by
C．of；on D．for；to
7．—How about the price of these washing machines
—They are at leas ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )t equal ________ price ________ those at other stores.
A．in；to B．to；with
C．as；to D．to；as
8．—Excuse me，but can you help me to repair my transistor radio
—Why not ________ your knowledge of physics ________ the practice
A．use；to B．put；in
C．apply；to D．apply；or
9．I would welcom ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )e the opportunity for a personal interview with you at your ______.
A．service B．pleasure
C．comfort D．convenience
10．I feel I can’t ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ) ________ so much pressure now with too much homework to do and so many things to deal with.
A．take in B．take away
C．take on D．take over
11．Nancy enjo ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )yed herself so much ________ she visited her friends in Sydney last year.
A．that B．which C．when D．where
12．—Do you have a minute？I’ve got something to tell you.
—OK，________ you make it short.
A．now that B．as possible as
C．as long as D．if only
13．A reading ro ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )om is ________ you can read newspapers and magazines as well as books.
A．in which B．that
C．where D．the place
14．—The scale broke wh ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )en I ________ myself yesterday morning.I’m putting on weight，you know.
—How much ________ you ________？
A．weighed；did；weigh
B．was weighing；were；weighing
C．was weighing；did；weigh
D．had weighed；are；weighing
15．It ________ a lot of money to start a business.
A．spends B．takes
C．costs D．pays
M7U1 Living with technology
二、 课内合作探究
I、考点导练
Ⅰ.根据汉语提示，写出单词的正确形式
1. typical 2.rejected 3. adaptation 4. opposed 5. distributed
Ⅱ.用下列方框中所给短语的正确形式填空
1. is suitable for ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com ), 2.get rid of, 3.keep in touch with, 4.be accessible to, 5.wind up, 6. in partacular 7.come onto the market 8.headed for 9.was equal to 10. sprung up
Ⅲ.句子翻译
1.With the d ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )evelopment of the Internet，many new businesses have sprung up.
2. Our gover ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )nment is taking effective measures to help the unemployed.
3.You must be resp ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )onsible for your talks and actions，no matter how you feel.
4.Under normal circ ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )umstances，nobody would sign such an unfair agreement.
5. Medicine should not be placed where it is accessible to children.
Ⅳ.单项填空
1. 答案　A　[be superior to为固定搭配，表示“优于，胜过”。]
2. 答案　B　[在四个选项中，只有re ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )quire和demand后接虚拟语气。但后接名词时，require意为“需要”，demand意为“要求得到(给予)”。故选B。]
3. 答案　C　[句意：为什么不把物理 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )知识应用到实践中？apply...to...把……应用/运用到……。]
4. 答案　D　[at one's convenience为固定短语，意为“在某人方便的时候”。]
5. 答案　C　[take on在此表示“承担，承接”。]
6. 答案　C　[考查v.－ing短语作主语 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )。be exposed to...被暴露在……。]
7. 答案　A　[be equal to...in price在价格上与……相同。]
8. 答案　B　[前者为what引导的主语从句；后者为that引导的表语从句。]
9. 答案　B　[read b ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )etween the lines看出字里行间的意思，line意为“(诗或作品中的)字行”。beyond超越，超出。句意：为了完全了解作者，我们不但要看出作者字里行间的意思，而且有时要超越作品本身去理解。]
10. 答案　B　[if so为省略句，表示“如果这样的话”。]
II、考点探究
答案
1．applicant；application
活学活用
(1)apply to
(2)①applied it to　②applied for a study　③applied himself to
(3)B　[apply for a job申请一份工作。]
2．acknowledgement
活学活用
(1)acknowledge you as　(2)It’s universally acknowledged that
(3)C　[acknowledge doing sth.承认做了某事，not应放在v. ing形式的前面，故选C项。]
3．活学活用
(1)inferior to　(2)superior to；in
(3)B　[句意为：这种数码相机比市场上任何别的类型的相机都好。be superior to比……优秀、更好。]
4．活学活用
(1)should go there　(2)satisfy all your demands
(3)D　[因为题干中宾语从句的谓 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )语动词为动词原形，故空格处的动词应符合其宾语从句用虚拟语气的要求。demand后跟that从句，从句要用虚拟语气，从句谓语用should＋动词原形，should可以省略。]
(4)C　[demand作主语，后面的表语从句中应用(should)＋动词原形，故选C项。]
5．assumption
活学活用
(1)assume it to be　(2)Assuming that
(3)①It is assumed that　②assume him to be　③assuming
(4)C　[此处应是条件状语从句，用现在分词引导，故选C项。]
(5)A　[此处应是“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”，因此选A项。assume此处为动词，构成祈使句。]
6．delighted；delightful
活学活用
(1)delight in　(2)delighted the audience with
(3)A　[to one’s delight使某人高兴的是，固定搭配。]
7．exposure；exposed
活学活用
(1)expose；to　(2)exposes him to
(3)A　[分词短语作状语，和其逻辑主语she之间为主谓关系。]
8．活学活用
(1)face the sun　(2)are faced with
(3)to face the truth
9．活学活用
(1)is up to
(2)A　[由上句可知，下句句意为：依我看，这事由你自己决定。It is up to you.由你决定，符合句意。]
10．活学活用
(1)lost faith in　(2)A faithful friend
(3)B　[be faithful to sb.忠实于某人，固定搭配。]
11．活学活用
(1)For the time being
(2)B　[由句意为：目前，科学家们还没有发现更好的治愈癌症的办法。可知，应选for the time being目前，暂时。]
12．但是，直到1951年，花了20多年时间，彩色电视节目才得以在美国开播。
活学活用
(1)①takes　②spent　③pay　④cost　⑤bought
(2)C　[句意为：这是人做好工作所需要的；one用来指人。]
(3)C　[cost不能用于 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )被动式；pay back意为“偿还”，pay off意为“付清(债务)”，它们都与句意不符；spend...on意为“用在……上”，与句意一致，故选C。]
Ⅲ. 小组写作探究
答案
Ⅰ.1.selected；shape；wei ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com )ght　2.suitable；applied 3．demand；necessities　4.faith；
acknowledged
Ⅱ.1.wind up　2.is capable of　3.have faith in　4.sprang up　5.respond to
Ⅲ.
1．It took him ten years to　2.weighs
3．It is still uncertain
4．It happened in 1961
5．as much knowledge as possible
Ⅳ.
1．B　[与demand相关的从句中谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形。]
2．D　[句意为：他称的(weigh及物动词)那个包重达(weigh不及物)5公斤。B项时态不对应。]
3．A　[not necessarily不一定。]
4．B　[be unwilling to do sth.不愿意做某事。句意为：不是我不愿意和你一起看电影，而是我现在不得不做作业。]
5．C　[此题为动名词短语作主语。be exposed to...被暴露在……。]
6．D　[desire后常接介词for，表示“做……的愿望”；to表示“对于，相对于”。]
7．A　[be equal in price to...在价格上与……相同。]
8．C　[此句表示“把物理知识应用到实践中”。apply...to...把……应用/运用到……。]
9．D　[at one’s convenience为固定短语，意为“在某人方便的时候”。]
10．C　[take on在此表示“承担，承接”。]
11．C　[when在此引导时间状语从句。]
12．C　[由句意可知，此处表示条件，as long as只要。]
13．C　[where在此引导表语从句，且在从句中作表语，意为“……的地方”。]
14．A　[由第一句的时间状语yesterday知，应用一般过去时。]
15．B　[It takes＋时间/金钱＋to do sth.。]
Ⅴ.1.tumour　2.held　3.exposed　4.receiving　5.valid　6.profit　7.unwilling　
8.scientific　9.developed 10．pricing