2024年高考英语二轮复习专题一 四选一阅读 第2讲 题型突破——推理判断题（共62张PPT）-
文档属性
| 名称 | 2024年高考英语二轮复习专题一 四选一阅读 第2讲 题型突破——推理判断题（共62张PPT）- |  | |
| 格式 | pptx | ||
| 文件大小 | 1.0MB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2024-01-25 17:17:58 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
(共62张PPT)
四选一阅读
专题一
第2讲
题型突破——推理判断题
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的推敲，作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解文章的深层含义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生分析上下文逻辑关系的能力以及逻辑推理能力。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话，要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题，推断隐含信息、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点，而推断读者对象、后续内容、文章体裁、写作手法、文章结构和文章出处为低频考点。
[选项特征]
技法一 隐含信息题——关键词句细推敲
隐含信息题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据语篇提供的信息，或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的逻辑关系，理解关键词句的真正含义，才能作出准确的推断。一般此类题干中主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(表明，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5？
(2023·新课标Ⅱ，34 题)
2.What can be inferred from the last paragraph？
(2023·全国甲，35题)
3.What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake？
(2023·全国乙，26题)
4.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2？ (2023·全国乙，33题)
5.What can we infer about the author？
(2023·浙江1月，26题)
6.What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs？
(2022·新课标Ⅰ，31题)
7.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy？
(2022·全国乙，35题)
解此类试题常用“推敲关键词句”法。解题流程如下：
...
Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.“Our hope is to have a clean，attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel，longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·D片段)
35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A.Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B.People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C.A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D.Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
√
推理判断题。依据题干定位细节，即语段中的“Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。
技法二 观点态度题——“忠于措辞”定选项
此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。观点和态度一般分为三大类：①支持、赞同、乐观；②客观、中立；③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。解这类题要注意不可掺杂个人观点，不能带着主观倾向评价作者或他人，要基于原文的措辞作出客观的判断。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies？
(2023·新课标Ⅰ，35题)
2.What does the author think of Weiner’s book？
(2023·全国甲，31题)
3.How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake？
(2023·全国乙，27题)
4.What do people usually think of British food？
(2023·全国乙，28题)
5.What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars？ (2023·浙江1月，25题)
6.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US？ (2022·新课标Ⅱ，28题)
7.What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney？
(2022·全国甲，34题)
解此类试题常用“忠于措辞”法。解题流程如下：
...
In a follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？This happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段)
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.
C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
√
观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞”法。 根据最后一段“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究是赞许和支持的。故选D。
技法三 写作意图题——文体特点推意图
各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage？
(2021·天津6月，40题)
2.What is the purpose of this text？
(2020·新课标Ⅰ，31题)
一、整篇文章的写作目的/意图：
1.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou？
(2023·新课标Ⅰ，26题)
2.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4？
(2023·全国甲，29题)
二、具体段落的写作目的/意图：
3.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph？
(2023·浙江1月，28题)
4.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4？
(2023·浙江1月，34题)
解此类试题常用“文体特点推意图”法。解题流程如下：
...
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.This，more than a book about understanding philosophy，is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
...
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·C片段)
29.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A.To compare Weiner with them.
B.To give examples of great works.
C.To praise their writing skills.
D.To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
√
写作意图题。根据本段中的“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner的书的内容，接着作者通过列举几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。
技法四 推断低频题——内容细节巧判断
这类考题考查频率较低，常包括读者对象题、后续内容题、文章体裁题、写作手法题、文章结构题和文章出处题等。一般来讲，读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象；后续内容推断题要求考生能根据整篇文章的情节发展预测文章的后续内容，这种题型对考生的能力要求较高；文章体裁题要求考生根据文章的行文风格对文章体裁作出判断，如新闻报道、书评、传记、导游手册等；写作手法题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法；文章结构题需要考生对文章结构，如总－分或总－分－总等进行分析；文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.Where is the text most probably taken from？
(2023·新课标Ⅱ，28题)
2.What might the author continue talking about？
(2023·全国乙，31题)
3.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from？
(2023·全国乙，35题)
4.Where is this text probably taken from
(2022·新课标Ⅰ，21题)
5.What is the text？
(2022·全国乙，27题)
解此类试题常用“内容细节巧判断”法。解题流程如下：
...
In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to.
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅱ·C片段)
...
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.To serve its function，a book must be activated by a user：the cover opened，the pages parted，the contents reviewed，perhaps notes written down or words underlined.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked，a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An introduction to a book.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum.
D.A review of modern paintings.
√
文章出处题。依内容判出处，根据语段中的“In this ‘book of books’，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.”以及最后一段中的“From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍。故选A。
A
(外刊阅读·原创题) 选自 magazine New Scientist
I am a firm believer that you can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ago，I wrote a book about stargazing from cities based on that very assumption.My argument is that stargazing can sometimes be easier to do from urban areas，especially for people who are new to the pastime and want to learn their way around the night sky.
随堂演练
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者对光污染的担心、光污染的危害及解决方法，最后指出光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。
Having said that，I am very concerned about light pollution，particularly after reading a recent study in Science suggesting that，from 2011 to 2023，light pollution has got worse quickly.It reported the results of a citizen science project that collected information from people all over the world，totalling more than 51,000 observations of the night sky，finding that it is brightening by close to 10 per cent each year.
Light pollution isn’t just a problem for stargazers.It is a driver of biodiversity loss，particularly affecting birds.It harms human health too，with an influence on mental health and links found to some cancers.It is also a huge carbon emitter—the energy used sending light into the sky is simply a waste of electricity.
The International Dark Sky Association has a simple set of guidelines that people can follow to limit their contribution to light pollution.This includes making sure that any outdoor light you install is necessary，only points exactly where you need it and is only used when required.You should also limit the amount of blue light in your outdoor lighting.
The biggest causes for light pollution in cities are things like streetlights and bright lights from big commercial businesses，such as supermarkets.You can write to your local government if you are concerned about unnecessary light pollution in your area.
It isn’t all that bad，though.Countryside charity CPRE has run a UK annual star count each February since 2019 to build up a picture of how light pollution is changing.By its estimates，in the UK at least，light pollution got better and，by 2023，still hasn’t got worse.
1.What is the purpose of paragraph 1
A.To introduce a book.
B.To state the author’s belief.
C.To argue over the ideal place for stargazing.
D.To introduce the topic to be discussed.
√
写作意图题。根据第一段中的“I am a firm believer that you can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ago，I wrote a book about...My argument is...”可知，作者一直持有的观点就是“你可以在任何地方观星”；再结合第二段开头“Having said that，I am very concerned about light pollution”可知，事实并不是作者想的那样，由此我们可推断作者写第一段的目的就是要引出第二段要讲的话题：光污染。故选D。
2.Which of the following shows the correct structure of the passage
A.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6)
B.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2 & 3)→Part 2(Para.4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6)
C.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Para.3)→Part 3(Paras.4 & 5)→Part 4(Para.6)
D.Part 1(Para.1)→Part 2(Para.2)→Part 3(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 4(Paras.5 & 6)
√
文章结构题。综合分析文章篇章结构可知，第一、二两段引出光污染话题；第三段讲到了光污染的危害；第四、五两段指出了解决方法；最后一段用英国光污染好转的例子说明光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。故选C。
3.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.Light pollution is overemphasized.
B.Light pollution doesn’t exist in the UK.
C.Light pollution is a global challenging issue.
D.Light pollution can be reduced with joint efforts.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“It isn’t all that bad，though.”可知，光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步，随后作者又列举了英国光污染好转的例子，由此我们可以推断作者在最后一段想表达的就是在大家共同的努力下，光污染可以被减少。故选D。
4.In which section of a newspaper can we most probably read this text
A.Travel. B.Environment.
C.Entertainment. D.Culture.
√
文章出处题。文章主要讲了“光污染”，由此我们可以推测文章最有可能出现在报纸的“环境”这一版块。故选B。
B
Fluid(流体) intelligence is a decisive factor of human cognition(认知).Studies show that high fluid intelligence predicts professional success，social mobility，health，and longevity，and also relates to stronger additional cognitive capacities like memory.Now，new research has mapped the parts of the brain that support our ability to think quickly.
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国伦敦大学学院神经病学研究所的一个团队已绘制出“流体智力”相关脑区图谱，该结果首次表明，大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。
“Our findings indicate for the first time that the right frontal regions of the brain are critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence，such as problem solving and reasoning，”says lead study author Professor Lisa Cipolotti of the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology.
Despite modern science largely agreeing that fluid intelligence is a key aspect of what makes us human，it’s quite difficult for scientists to study these matters：In order to establish which parts of the brain are necessary for a certain ability，researchers must study patients in whom that part is either missing or damaged.So，earlier studies have mainly made use of functional imaging(fMRI) techniques，which are not entirely accurate and sometimes can be misleading.
This latest project，led by Professor Cipolotti，included a total of 227 patients who had experienced brain injuries，like a brain tumor or stroke.The team completed this using the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices(APM)：the best-established test of fluid intelligence.
The APM features various multiple-choice visual pattern problems of increasing difficulty.Each of the problems shows an incomplete pattern of geometric figures and asks participants to select the missing piece from a set of multiple possible choices.Next，researchers introduced a novel “lesion-deficit mapping(损伤缺陷映射)” approach that helped to make out the complex patterns of common brain injuries，such as stroke.
Results show fluid intelligence-damaged performance was mostly limited to patients with right frontal damage，as opposed to a wide set of regions distributed across the brain.
“Our approach of combining novel ‘lesion-deficit mapping’ with detailed investigation of APM performance in a large sample of patients provides crucial information about the neural basis of fluid intelligence，” Professor Cipolotti concludes.
5.What is the significance of the recent findings
A.They define the term fluid intelligence.
B.They challenge the previous human cognition.
C.They illustrate the function of fluid intelligence.
D.They lock the position involving fluid intelligence.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Our findings indicate for the first time that the right frontal regions of the brain are critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence...”可知，最近的研究首次表明大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。故选D。
√
6.What adds to the difficulty of studying fluid intelligence
A.Lack of financial support.
B.Lack of advanced technology.
C.Lack of suitable subjects.
D.Lack of professional guidance.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In order to...researchers must study patients in whom that part is either missing or damaged.”可知，缺乏合适的受试者是造成科学家难以研究的主要原因。故选C。
7.What is the main purpose of paragraph 5
A.To list the result of the study.
B.To explain the feature of APM.
C.To praise the researchers’ efforts.
D.To offer solutions to brain injuries.
写作意图题。综合分析第五段可知，本段承接第四段，详细介绍了流体智力测试方案——瑞文高级推理测验(APM)的细节。故选B。
√
8.What does Prof.Cipolotti think of the research
A.Fruitful. B.Perfect.
C.Time-consuming. D.Labour-saving.
观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“provides crucial information about the neural basis of fluid intelligence”可知，Prof.Cipolotti认为他们的这次研究是富有成效的。故选A。
√
本课结束
四选一阅读
专题一
第2讲
题型突破——推理判断题
推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的推敲，作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解文章的深层含义的过程。推理判断题主要考查考生分析上下文逻辑关系的能力以及逻辑推理能力。题目所涉及的内容可能是某几句话，要求考生在理解原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，从而揭示其深层含义。纵观近几年高考真题，推断隐含信息、观点态度、写作意图为高频考点，而推断读者对象、后续内容、文章体裁、写作手法、文章结构和文章出处为低频考点。
[选项特征]
技法一 隐含信息题——关键词句细推敲
隐含信息题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据语篇提供的信息，或者借助语境进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的逻辑关系，理解关键词句的真正含义，才能作出准确的推断。一般此类题干中主要包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(表明，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，conclude(得出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5？
(2023·新课标Ⅱ，34 题)
2.What can be inferred from the last paragraph？
(2023·全国甲，35题)
3.What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake？
(2023·全国乙，26题)
4.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2？ (2023·全国乙，33题)
5.What can we infer about the author？
(2023·浙江1月，26题)
6.What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs？
(2022·新课标Ⅰ，31题)
7.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy？
(2022·全国乙，35题)
解此类试题常用“推敲关键词句”法。解题流程如下：
...
Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.“Our hope is to have a clean，attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits，” says James Jonkel，longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·D片段)
35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A.Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B.People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C.A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D.Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
√
推理判断题。依据题干定位细节，即语段中的“Obviously，if precautions(预防) aren’t taken，grizzlies can become troublesome，sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites，grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble.Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away.”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。
技法二 观点态度题——“忠于措辞”定选项
此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。观点和态度一般分为三大类：①支持、赞同、乐观；②客观、中立；③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者或文中人物的这种思想倾向和感彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中的措辞，尤其是表达感彩的形容词或副词。解这类题要注意不可掺杂个人观点，不能带着主观倾向评价作者或他人，要基于原文的措辞作出客观的判断。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies？
(2023·新课标Ⅰ，35题)
2.What does the author think of Weiner’s book？
(2023·全国甲，31题)
3.How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake？
(2023·全国乙，27题)
4.What do people usually think of British food？
(2023·全国乙，28题)
5.What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars？ (2023·浙江1月，25题)
6.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers’ texting in the US？ (2022·新课标Ⅱ，28题)
7.What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney？
(2022·全国甲，34题)
解此类试题常用“忠于措辞”法。解题流程如下：
...
In a follow-up study with 100 university students，the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates？Did they follow those least willing to change their minds？This happened some of the time，but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently，the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow，these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段)
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.
C.Doubtful. D.Approving.
√
观点态度题。依据“忠于措辞”法。 根据最后一段“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain，the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究是赞许和支持的。故选D。
技法三 写作意图题——文体特点推意图
各种话题的阅读材料都可能考查写作目的/意图。通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage？
(2021·天津6月，40题)
2.What is the purpose of this text？
(2020·新课标Ⅰ，31题)
一、整篇文章的写作目的/意图：
1.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou？
(2023·新课标Ⅰ，26题)
2.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4？
(2023·全国甲，29题)
二、具体段落的写作目的/意图：
3.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph？
(2023·浙江1月，28题)
4.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4？
(2023·浙江1月，34题)
解此类试题常用“文体特点推意图”法。解题流程如下：
...
Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.This，more than a book about understanding philosophy，is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
...
真题体验 (2023·全国甲·C片段)
29.Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4
A.To compare Weiner with them.
B.To give examples of great works.
C.To praise their writing skills.
D.To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
√
写作意图题。根据本段中的“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context(背景) of one thing they can help us do better.The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates，see like Thoreau，listen like Schopenhauer，and have no regrets like Nietzsche.”可知，作者在第四段开头描写了Weiner的书的内容，接着作者通过列举几位伟大的哲学家来描写读完这本书后我们能从中学到的东西，由此可推知，作者列举几位伟大的哲学家是为了帮助读者理解Weiner的书。故选D。
技法四 推断低频题——内容细节巧判断
这类考题考查频率较低，常包括读者对象题、后续内容题、文章体裁题、写作手法题、文章结构题和文章出处题等。一般来讲，读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象；后续内容推断题要求考生能根据整篇文章的情节发展预测文章的后续内容，这种题型对考生的能力要求较高；文章体裁题要求考生根据文章的行文风格对文章体裁作出判断，如新闻报道、书评、传记、导游手册等；写作手法题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法；文章结构题需要考生对文章结构，如总－分或总－分－总等进行分析；文章出处题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处或类别。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.Where is the text most probably taken from？
(2023·新课标Ⅱ，28题)
2.What might the author continue talking about？
(2023·全国乙，31题)
3.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from？
(2023·全国乙，35题)
4.Where is this text probably taken from
(2022·新课标Ⅰ，21题)
5.What is the text？
(2022·全国乙，27题)
解此类试题常用“内容细节巧判断”法。解题流程如下：
...
In this “book of books”，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school，with the book as a focus for relations between the generations.Adults are portrayed(描绘) alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume，deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure.These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago，but they record moments we can all relate to.
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅱ·C片段)
...
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated.From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.To serve its function，a book must be activated by a user：the cover opened，the pages parted，the contents reviewed，perhaps notes written down or words underlined.And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked，a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity.
28.Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An introduction to a book.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum.
D.A review of modern paintings.
√
文章出处题。依内容判出处，根据语段中的“In this ‘book of books’，artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures.”以及最后一段中的“From a 21st-century point of view，the printed book is certainly ancient，but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader.”可推知，本文最有可能出自一本印刷书的扉页，即对该书的介绍。故选A。
A
(外刊阅读·原创题) 选自 magazine New Scientist
I am a firm believer that you can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ago，I wrote a book about stargazing from cities based on that very assumption.My argument is that stargazing can sometimes be easier to do from urban areas，especially for people who are new to the pastime and want to learn their way around the night sky.
随堂演练
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了作者对光污染的担心、光污染的危害及解决方法，最后指出光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。
Having said that，I am very concerned about light pollution，particularly after reading a recent study in Science suggesting that，from 2011 to 2023，light pollution has got worse quickly.It reported the results of a citizen science project that collected information from people all over the world，totalling more than 51,000 observations of the night sky，finding that it is brightening by close to 10 per cent each year.
Light pollution isn’t just a problem for stargazers.It is a driver of biodiversity loss，particularly affecting birds.It harms human health too，with an influence on mental health and links found to some cancers.It is also a huge carbon emitter—the energy used sending light into the sky is simply a waste of electricity.
The International Dark Sky Association has a simple set of guidelines that people can follow to limit their contribution to light pollution.This includes making sure that any outdoor light you install is necessary，only points exactly where you need it and is only used when required.You should also limit the amount of blue light in your outdoor lighting.
The biggest causes for light pollution in cities are things like streetlights and bright lights from big commercial businesses，such as supermarkets.You can write to your local government if you are concerned about unnecessary light pollution in your area.
It isn’t all that bad，though.Countryside charity CPRE has run a UK annual star count each February since 2019 to build up a picture of how light pollution is changing.By its estimates，in the UK at least，light pollution got better and，by 2023，still hasn’t got worse.
1.What is the purpose of paragraph 1
A.To introduce a book.
B.To state the author’s belief.
C.To argue over the ideal place for stargazing.
D.To introduce the topic to be discussed.
√
写作意图题。根据第一段中的“I am a firm believer that you can stargaze anywhere.In fact，a few years ago，I wrote a book about...My argument is...”可知，作者一直持有的观点就是“你可以在任何地方观星”；再结合第二段开头“Having said that，I am very concerned about light pollution”可知，事实并不是作者想的那样，由此我们可推断作者写第一段的目的就是要引出第二段要讲的话题：光污染。故选D。
2.Which of the following shows the correct structure of the passage
A.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6)
B.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2 & 3)→Part 2(Para.4)→Part 3(Paras.5 & 6)
C.Part 1(Paras.1 & 2)→Part 2(Para.3)→Part 3(Paras.4 & 5)→Part 4(Para.6)
D.Part 1(Para.1)→Part 2(Para.2)→Part 3(Paras.3 & 4)→Part 4(Paras.5 & 6)
√
文章结构题。综合分析文章篇章结构可知，第一、二两段引出光污染话题；第三段讲到了光污染的危害；第四、五两段指出了解决方法；最后一段用英国光污染好转的例子说明光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步。故选C。
3.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.Light pollution is overemphasized.
B.Light pollution doesn’t exist in the UK.
C.Light pollution is a global challenging issue.
D.Light pollution can be reduced with joint efforts.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“It isn’t all that bad，though.”可知，光污染还没糟糕到不可控制的地步，随后作者又列举了英国光污染好转的例子，由此我们可以推断作者在最后一段想表达的就是在大家共同的努力下，光污染可以被减少。故选D。
4.In which section of a newspaper can we most probably read this text
A.Travel. B.Environment.
C.Entertainment. D.Culture.
√
文章出处题。文章主要讲了“光污染”，由此我们可以推测文章最有可能出现在报纸的“环境”这一版块。故选B。
B
Fluid(流体) intelligence is a decisive factor of human cognition(认知).Studies show that high fluid intelligence predicts professional success，social mobility，health，and longevity，and also relates to stronger additional cognitive capacities like memory.Now，new research has mapped the parts of the brain that support our ability to think quickly.
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国伦敦大学学院神经病学研究所的一个团队已绘制出“流体智力”相关脑区图谱，该结果首次表明，大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。
“Our findings indicate for the first time that the right frontal regions of the brain are critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence，such as problem solving and reasoning，”says lead study author Professor Lisa Cipolotti of the UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology.
Despite modern science largely agreeing that fluid intelligence is a key aspect of what makes us human，it’s quite difficult for scientists to study these matters：In order to establish which parts of the brain are necessary for a certain ability，researchers must study patients in whom that part is either missing or damaged.So，earlier studies have mainly made use of functional imaging(fMRI) techniques，which are not entirely accurate and sometimes can be misleading.
This latest project，led by Professor Cipolotti，included a total of 227 patients who had experienced brain injuries，like a brain tumor or stroke.The team completed this using the Raven Advanced Progressive Matrices(APM)：the best-established test of fluid intelligence.
The APM features various multiple-choice visual pattern problems of increasing difficulty.Each of the problems shows an incomplete pattern of geometric figures and asks participants to select the missing piece from a set of multiple possible choices.Next，researchers introduced a novel “lesion-deficit mapping(损伤缺陷映射)” approach that helped to make out the complex patterns of common brain injuries，such as stroke.
Results show fluid intelligence-damaged performance was mostly limited to patients with right frontal damage，as opposed to a wide set of regions distributed across the brain.
“Our approach of combining novel ‘lesion-deficit mapping’ with detailed investigation of APM performance in a large sample of patients provides crucial information about the neural basis of fluid intelligence，” Professor Cipolotti concludes.
5.What is the significance of the recent findings
A.They define the term fluid intelligence.
B.They challenge the previous human cognition.
C.They illustrate the function of fluid intelligence.
D.They lock the position involving fluid intelligence.
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Our findings indicate for the first time that the right frontal regions of the brain are critical to the high-level functions involved in fluid intelligence...”可知，最近的研究首次表明大脑的右额叶区域对于流体智力所涉及的高级功能至关重要。故选D。
√
6.What adds to the difficulty of studying fluid intelligence
A.Lack of financial support.
B.Lack of advanced technology.
C.Lack of suitable subjects.
D.Lack of professional guidance.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In order to...researchers must study patients in whom that part is either missing or damaged.”可知，缺乏合适的受试者是造成科学家难以研究的主要原因。故选C。
7.What is the main purpose of paragraph 5
A.To list the result of the study.
B.To explain the feature of APM.
C.To praise the researchers’ efforts.
D.To offer solutions to brain injuries.
写作意图题。综合分析第五段可知，本段承接第四段，详细介绍了流体智力测试方案——瑞文高级推理测验(APM)的细节。故选B。
√
8.What does Prof.Cipolotti think of the research
A.Fruitful. B.Perfect.
C.Time-consuming. D.Labour-saving.
观点态度题。根据最后一段中的“provides crucial information about the neural basis of fluid intelligence”可知，Prof.Cipolotti认为他们的这次研究是富有成效的。故选A。
√
本课结束