2024年高考英语二轮复习专题一 四选一阅读 第3讲　题型突破——主旨大意题（共51张PPT）-

(共51张PPT)
四选一阅读
专题一
第3讲
题型突破——主旨大意题
主旨大意题既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。此类题目可分为三大类：标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。尽管这类题在阅读中考查比例不高，但难度大，易失分。
[选项特征]
技法一　标题归纳题——“高度概括”定标题
记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及不同话题的阅读材料都有可能会考查到标题归纳题。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What can be a suitable title for the text？
(2023·新课标Ⅱ，27题)
2.Which of the following is the best title for the text？
(2023·浙江1月，35题)
3.Which can be a suitable title for the text？
(2022·全国甲，27题)
4.Which is the most suitable title for the text？
(2022·全国乙，31题)
此类试题的解题流程如右：
Turning soil，pulling weeds，and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅱ·B)
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores.“The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks，” she says.“They come to us thinking vegetables are awful，dirt is awful，insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt，most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes，at two middle schools and two high schools，include hands-on experiments such as soil testing，flower-and-seed dissection，tastings of fresh or dried produce，and work in the garden.Several times a year，students cook the vegetables they grow，and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently，” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition.Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.Besides，working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students，many of whom have emotional control issues.“They get outside，” she says，“and they feel successful.”
27.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.Rescuing School Gardens
B.Experiencing Country Life
C.Growing Vegetable Lovers
D.Changing Local Landscape
√
标题归纳题。依据“穿珠连串”法，根据第一段的“And at first it is，says Abby Jaramillo，who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts，a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills，environmental awareness，and healthy lifestyles.”和最后一段的“Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了Abby Jaramillo等老师在低收入学校发起的培养学生科学能力、环保意识以及健康生活方式的学校园艺项目Urban Sprouts，让学生种植蔬菜，对学生影响深远。因此推断C项“Growing Vegetable Lovers”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选C。
技法二　文章大意题——“主题句定位”寻主旨
说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题，如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都可能会考查文章大意题。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
What is the text mainly about？
(2023·浙江1月，27题)
此类试题的解题流程如下：
Live with roommates Have friends and family around you Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago，as I was living with my parents，and I continue to experience this with my husband，as he is not completely zero waste like me.I’ve learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
真题体验 (2023·浙江1月·B)
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back.I remember showing my parents a video of Bea Johnson，sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars，and have so little trash! A few days later，I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries，and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to carry jars everywhere.It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued，I did what I could that was within my own reach.I had my own bedroom，so I worked on removing things I didn’t need.Since I had my own toiletries(洗漱用品)，I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable.I also offered to cook every so often，so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries.Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch，but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes，you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you’re doing，which can turn itself into a whole household debate.If you have individuals who are not on board，your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice：Lead by action.
27.What is the text mainly about
A.How to get on well with other family members.
B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.
D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.
√
主旨大意题。依据“主题句定位”法，通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“Chances are that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle，not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that bandwagon”及第二段中的“I’ve learned a few things along the way though，which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.”可知，文章主要讲述了作者如何在家庭中过零浪费的生活方式。C项“How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.”能够概括文章主旨。故选C。
技法三　段落大意题——首尾兼顾知段意
段落大意题常在说明文和议论文中考查。文章的每一个段落都要围绕一个特定的主题按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以，段落的结构也有一定的规律性。相对于标题归纳题和文章大意题，段落大意题考查频率较低。设问方式多以如下形式出现：
1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？
(2023·新课标Ⅰ，32题)
2.What is the first paragraph mainly about？
(2023·全国乙，32题)
3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about？
(2022·新课标Ⅰ，34题)
此类试题的解题流程如下：
...
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons，people’s errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
...
真题体验 (2023·新课标Ⅰ·D片段)
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation.
B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors.
D.The design of Galton’s experiment.
√
段落大意题。依据“首尾兼顾知段意”原则。本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均值如何由于误差的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑。故选B。
A
(2023·河北石家庄质检三)
While the rest of us are sleeping，freshwater turtles(龟) from Central America to Asia are getting out of the water and basking(月光浴) at night.There have been reports of this behavior before，but now a new study is the first to document the widespread occurrence.The findings suggest this may be a common and almost entirely overlooked aspect of many species’ ecology.
随堂演练
语篇解读
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项研究发现淡水龟夜间出水是因为水温变化。
Dr.Donald McKnight，one of the researchers，said he and a colleague first observed freshwater turtles night basking at the Ross River in Townsville，Australia.“We think it’s related to temperature.The water is staying so warm at night that it’s actually warmer than the turtles like to be and they can cool down by coming out of the water，” says McKnight.
For the study，researchers put cameras to watch the night activity of as many freshwater turtle species as possible.The cameras were set up in 25 locations.They were programmed to take a photo every two minutes.They collected data on 29 species of freshwater turtles.
It would be lovely to think the turtles are just enjoying some leisure time when things are quiet.But the researchers note that in most cases，the turtles got out of water when the water was too warm and the air was cooler.Given the warming planet，that’s admittedly a bit depressing.
However，not all of the nighttime baskers were escaping too-warm water.According to the study，turtles in India exhibited more basking on cooler nights，rather than warmer nights，and those in Africa spent more time basking at night in winter than in summer.The reasons for these differences are unclear.It may be that at some sites or seasons，turtles are escaping unfavourably warm water temperatures，
while at others，they are taking advantage of the warm air to increase their body temperature and escape unfavourably cold water.
Regardless of the “why” behind different species’ reasons for midnight basking，it’s a fascinating look at behaviors not previously documented by scientists.And it is at least encouraging to know that turtles are figuring out important behaviors tied to climate change.
1.Why do the freshwater turtles from Australia get out of water at night
A.To search for extra food.
B.To avoid natural enemies.
C.To cool themselves down.
D.To enjoy the quietness outside.
细节理解题。根据第二段的“We think it’s related to temperature.The water is staying so warm at night that it’s actually warmer than the turtles like to be and they can cool down by coming out of the water，”可知，澳大利亚的淡水龟晚上游出水是为了给自己降温。故选C。
√
2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.How the study was conducted. B.What the study brought about.
C.Why the study was carried out. D.Where the study was made.
段落大意题。根据第三段“For the study，researchers put cameras to watch the night activity of as many freshwater turtle species as possible.
The cameras were set up in 25 locations.They were programmed to take a photo every two minutes.They collected data on 29 species of freshwater turtles.”可知，本段主要介绍了研究是如何进行的。故选A。
√
3.Which of the following are the researchers certain about
A.Turtles in Africa flee water often on summer nights.
B.The water is unfavourable for turtles to survive in India.
C.The reasons for turtles’ different behaviors are obvious.
D.Night basking is caused by the change of water temperature.
√
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“But the researchers note that in most cases，the turtles got out of water when the water was too warm and the air was cooler.”可知，研究人员能够确定的是月光浴由水温的变化引起。故选D。
4.How does the author feel about the finding
A.Skeptical. B.Positive.
C.Surprised. D.Desperate.
√
观点态度题。根据最后一段“...it’s a fascinating look at behaviors not previously documented by scientists.And it is at least encouraging to know that turtles are figuring out important behaviors tied to climate change.”可推知，作者对此项发现持积极态度。故选B。
B
Kindness is seen as a true strength，and the success of civilizations relies on kindness.We teach children from a young age to “be kind to one another” and “treat others the way you want to be treated”.Being kind is even shown to be good for well-being.According to Mayo Clinic，when we perform acts of kindness，the pleasure center in our brain is activated，releasing the stress-reducing hormone(激素).Individuals who volunteer on a regular basis report greater life satisfaction.That said，consider the following question：Could kindness ever be considered harmful to us when it has such clear benefits？Let’s think about this assuming we are in the workplace.
语篇解读
本文是一篇议论文，主题语境是“人与自我”。本文讲述了真正的善良并不是一味满足他人的要求，要学会拒绝。
You are a new person on the team，and you want to be well-liked and respected by your co-workers.You are a kind person and tell your team，“Let me know how I can help you；I’m always available to help.” Though you may truly mean this，there are people in this world who can consider your kindness as weakness unfortunately.This can lead to you being taken advantage of by others.
Let’s fast-forward to a year later.You have been in your position now for one year，and you are working with the same team.You notice that your co-workers continue asking for your succor over and over again.In fact，the only time they interact with you is when they need something.You have been always at your co-workers’ service and there has rarely been any return from them.Imagine the level of discouragement you’re feeling!
In a very broad sense，it is advantageous to be kind to others，and your kind acts will be appreciated and，perhaps，pay off.However，you need to be willing to say “no”.When people ask you for a favor，assess if you have the time，energy and attention to give to them.To truly be kind，sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying “no” to others and saying “yes” to yourself.
5.Why is Mayo Clinic mentioned
A.To stress the importance of kindness.
B.To explain the reasons for being kind.
C.To show the positive effect of kindness.
D.To assess the current kindness education.
√
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Being kind is even shown to be good for well-being.”可知，善良甚至被证明对健康有益。紧接着，作者陈述了Mayo Clinic的观点，即当我们做善事时，大脑中的愉快中枢被激活，释放出减压激素。定期做志愿者的人对生活的满意度更高。由此可知，作者提及Mayo Clinic是为了说明善良的积极影响。
6.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “succor” in paragraph 3
A.Comfort. B.Company.
C.Interaction. D.Assistance.
√
词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“Let me know how I can help you；I’m always available to help.”及第三段中的“continue asking for”“the only time they interact with you is when they need something.You have been always at your co-workers’ service and there has rarely been any return from them”可知，画线词所在句表示“你注意到你的同事们继续不停地向你寻求帮助”。画线词succor意为“帮助，援助”，与assistance同义，故选D。
7.What does the author suggest doing in the last paragraph
A.Finding the best way to refuse others.
B.Being a little more self-focused.
C.Being grateful for others’ kind gestures.
D.Acknowledging your efforts and sacrifices.
√
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“you need to be willing to say ‘no’... sometimes you need to be more comfortable saying ‘no’ to others and saying ‘yes’ to yourself”可知，有时你需要更自如地对别人说“不”，对自己说“是”。由此可推知，作者给出的建议是要更加注重自我一些。故选B。
8.What is the text mainly discussing
A.Are we hurting ourselves with kindness
B.Why are random acts of kindness important
C.Is the power of kindness at work undervalued
D.How can showing kindness promote well-being
√
主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，作者先引入“善良”这一话题，进而提到善良的益处，然后笔锋一转，发出疑问“当善良有如此明显的好处时，它会被认为对我们有害吗？”。接着作者以工作场所中的例子对这一问题进行阐释和论述，最后给出了自己的建议。由此可知，本文主要讨论的是善良是否会对我们有害。
本课结束