2024年高考英语二轮复习专题一 四选一阅读 第8讲　体裁微解——议论文（共35张PPT）

(共35张PPT)
四选一阅读
专题一
第8讲
体裁微解——议论文
议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅；论据是支撑论点的材料；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。主要具有以下特点：
选材 主要选自一些外国期刊，如Newsweek，Time，Business Week，The Economist；主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。
内容 内容包罗万象，社会生活类占据了绝大部分。作者通过摆事实、列数字等方法论证论点，目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。文章中会出现生僻词汇和长难句。
结构 大多以“总—分—总”的结构行文，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。
语言 议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理，有严密的逻辑性。
命题 议论文难度相对比较大，命题角度呈多样化，如细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。
高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题、观点态度题都有可能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体答题策略如下：
解题策略
If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
真题体验 (2023·全国乙·D)
语篇解读
本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地了解无文字社会的重要性。
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these，all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about
A.How past events should be presented.
B.What humanity is concerned about.
C.Whether facts speak louder than words.
D.Why written language is reliable.
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段落大意题。根据第一段的内容可知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A.His report was scientific.
B.He represented the local people.
C.He ruled over Botany Bay.
D.His record was one-sided.
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推理判断题。根据第二段首句可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”可知，作者提到库克船长是为了说明他的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Problem. B.History.
C.Voice. D.Society.
词义猜测题。根据文章第一段可知，不能仅仅通过文本讲述历史，再根据画线单词上文可知，物品同样能讲述历史，文字描述只能说明一半的历史。画线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.”强调解读物品来了解历史的另一半。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
√
35.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B.A Short History of Australia
C.A History of the World in 100 Objects
D.How Art Works Tell Stories
文章出处题。根据第一段、第二段最后一句以及最后一段的第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
√
A
The two terms nature and nurture have been subjects of comparison since the 16th century.The argument is centered on the question as to whether it is nature or nurture that makes us who we are.
随堂演练
语篇解读
本文是一篇议论文。先天和后天这两个术语自16世纪以来一直是比较的主题。文章论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。
Nature provides the starting point for an organism that will interact with nurture，the environment，during the organism’s life.Nature does not just affect an organism during its lifetime，but it also can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring(后代).For the geneticists，they believe that our lives are entirely determined by genetics，which is nature.An opposing view is that there is no indication that genes(基因) determines one’s personality，rather there is growing evidence that nurture serves as the determining factor in personality development.
Nurture refers to the conditions under which living things grow and develop after birth.When applied to human beings，it means how the person is raised，which includes nutrition，education，care，as well as the kind of surroundings，such as cultural influence，family and friends.
The argument of nature and nurture as to which is more important is necessitated by an attempt to differentiate how much effect genetics has on a person’s development against how easily humans are influenced by one’s environment.
While nurture undeniably plays its part on the growth and development of one’s personality，nature dramatically outweighs nurture，for nature can be likened to a foundation.The impact of nurture on the development of persons cannot be totally denied.However，nature is regarded as being of most importance because of the fact that it affords an opportunity and creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.Even without nurture，the nature impact can still stand independently without necessarily causing destruction.More so，even when the nurture impact is successfully effected，it does not remove the genetic characteristics of a person.It therefore stands correctly that nature is that which determines the substance of a person.
1.What can we learn from paragraph 2
A.Nature’s role is supported by additional evidence.
B.Personality development is determined by nurture.
C.Nature impacts gene expression in later generation.
D.Environment shapes personality more than genetics.
√
细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Nature does not just affect...can directly affect the expression of genes in offspring(后代).”可知，先天影响后代的基因表达。故选C。
2.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.What nurture means to human beings.
B.How living things develop after birth.
C.How nurture shapes human development.
D.How surroundings influence human beings.
√
段落大意题。根据第三段“Nurture refers to the conditions...When applied to human beings，it means...”可知，第三段主要讨论了后天对人类意味着什么。故选A。
3.How does the author stress the greater importance of nature
A.By giving examples. B.By making contrast.
C.By conducting experiments. D.By citing research data.
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推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“While nurture undeniably plays its part...nature dramatically outweighs nurture...However，nature is regarded as being of most importance...creates a foundation and the basis for the question of nurture to arise at the very first instance.”可推知，作者通过对比强调了先天的重要性。故选B。
4.What is the best title for the text
A.A Long Story of Nature and Nurture
B.A New Research on Nature and Nurture
C.Who Can Tell What Makes Who We Are
D.Which Is More Important，Nature or Nurture
√
标题归纳题。根据第一段及下文探讨可知，文章主要论述了究竟是先天还是后天造就了我们。由此可知，D项“哪个更重要，先天还是后天？”最适合作文章标题。故选D。
B
(2023·福建南平三模)
A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls，not for a reward，but apparently just for fun.This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals.On the one hand，we want to find the features that distinguish humans from other animals：tools，language and a theory of mind.On the other hand，we delight in finding animals that break those boundaries：chimps，crows and now bees that use tools，dolphins with signature whistles.But what do those boundaries mean
语篇解读
本文是一篇议论文。作者认为在科学研究中，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑动物行为背后的机制。
As a biologist who studies animal behaviour，I am puzzled by this effort to rank animals by their capabilities.I applaud the desire to show that animals are like us，but we can recognize animals for what they are，and be amazed at their abilities，without having to make their behaviour mirror that of humans.
Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and feelings，we are freed up to consider the mechanisms(机理) behind the behaviours.For example，the same serotonin(血清素) influences anxiety in humans and mazes(迷惑) exploration in crayfish.In a tank divided into well-lit and shadowy areas，crayfish explore both，but prefer the darker areas，consistent with their night lifestyle.
Does this mean crayfish experience anxiety？No.In the bees’ case，they might be exhibiting some very interesting behaviour that has nothing to do with wanting to “have fun” —but we will never examine it if we simply assume they are playing just like people.I am not disparaging the bee researchers’ conclusions，and I am not trying to be a killjoy，but there is something about all this humanizing that prevents exploration，instead of encouraging it.
5.What’s the purpose of paragraph 1
A.To list out facts. B.To raise an argument.
C.To arouse readers’ interest. D.To explain a concept.
推理判断题。根据第一段的“A recent paper describes bees rolling tiny wooden balls，not for a reward，but apparently just for fun.This discovery emphasizes a long-standing conflict in our view of animals.”可推知，第一段的目的是提出论点——在我们对动物的看法中有一个长期存在的冲突。故选B。
√
6.What can we learn from paragraph 3
A.Behaviour mechanisms work.
B.Crayfish prefer the light sections.
C.The assumption proves reasonable.
D.Animals are similar to human in mind.
√
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Once we get out from the assumption that animals have to be like people with human motivations and feelings，we are freed up to consider the mechanisms(机理) behind the behaviours.
For example...”可知，第三段提到行为机制起作用。故选A。
7.What does the underlined word “disparaging” mean in paragraph 4
A.Criticizing. B.Explaining.
C.Confirming. D.Acknowledging.
词义猜测题。根据本段前三句可知，作者不认同文章开头提到的某些研究人员描述的蜜蜂滚动小木球是为了娱乐的观点，作者认为蜜蜂的这种行为可能在展示某个有趣行为，而不是像人一样为了消遣寻乐。因此可推断，作者在此声明的是自己并不是在贬低蜜蜂研究人员的结论，也不是想要扫兴，因此画线词disparaging的意思是“贬低”，和criticizing意思相近，故选A。
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8.Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A.Feelings：Guiding Human Being
B.Boundaries：Making No Sense
C.Humanizing：Covering the Truth
D.Animals：Mirroring Human Behaviours
标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲的是作者认为在科学研究中，一旦我们摆脱了动物必须像人类一样具有人类动机和情感的假设，我们就可以自由地考虑动物行为背后的机制，也就是说人类将动物的行为人性化掩盖了动物行为机制的真相，故选C。
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本课结束