2024年高考英语人教版（2019）一轮复习 学案 微专题1 名词和冠词学案（含答案）

微专题1　名词和冠词
考点1　名词
【考点精研】
【情境导入】
朗读下面短文,体会、领悟加黑名词的类别和用法。
Born on August 23, 1988 in America①,Jeremy Shu-How Lin② is a professional basketball player who was on the Huston Rockets③ of the National Basketball Association(NBA)④. But, to some degree, many Chinese fans⑤ and coaches⑥ take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him a Chinese⑦ just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China. Jeremy Lin has recently become a success⑧ and attracted the world's⑨ attention, which gives Chinese people⑩ a lot of imagination and prid. As we know, in most people' eyes, Jeremy Lin is a miracle.
In June, 2012, when Jeremy Lin took his third trip to China, a large crowd came to meet him, among whom there were various fans, including some familie, some childre and even some women player. They brought cameras to take photo with their idol. Jeremy Lin had fu with his supporter and expected to come back again.
[用法体悟]
(1)　　　　　　　　为专有名词。
(2)⑨处和处均为名词的　　　　　　　　形式,表示有生命的人或物的所有格通常用“名词+'s”;表示无生命名词的所有格一般用“　　　　　　　　”。
(3)⑤⑥均为可数名词的　　　　形式。
(4)⑦处的 Chinese在此处为单数名词;另外,Chinese单复数同形,类似的有　　　　　　　　　　　　　等。
(5)⑧处success为抽象名词具体化,表示“　　　　　　　　　　　　”。
(6)处在此表示“人”,为　　　　名词,表示　　　　意义,类似的有 cattle(牲畜)、 police(警察)等。
(7)处和处的名词均为　　　　　　　　名词,此类名词前可以用little、 a little、 a bit of、 some、 much、 a lot of、 plenty of、 a great deal of、 a large amount of等修饰。
【考点分析】
Tip 1 名词单复数
1.只有复数形式的可数名词:一些表示食物的名词或表示成双成对的物品的名词通常只有复数形式,如noodles、jeans、earphones、trousers、pants、glasses、scissors、compasses(圆规)等。这些名词可单独作主语,此时谓语动词用复数形式;也可用量词,如用a pair of或pairs of修饰这些词,作主语,此时谓语动词的数取决于量词的形式。
(2022·全国甲)The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions. 你用筷子的方式对避免打扰你的同伴很重要。
2.有些名词形式上虽然是单数,但常表示复数含义。如people、police、cattle、staff、public等。
(2021·新高考Ⅰ)The staff is friendly and helpful, providing you with a map of the city when you arrive, and offering advice if you require some. 工作人员友好且乐于助人,在您到达时会为您提供城市地图,如果您需要,还提供建议。
3.对于集体名词,当它表示一个整体时,视作单数;当它侧重各个成员时,视作复数。
Our class is the best one in our school. 我们班是我们学校最好的班级。
Our class are playing basketball with Class Two on the playground. 我们班和二班正在操场上打篮球。
4.有些名词单复数同形。如fish、deer、sheep、youth、Chinese、Japanese、means、species、series 等。
(2021·全国乙)Network learning has increasingly become an important means for people to acquire knowledge and solve problems.网络学习日益成为人们获取知识、解决问题的重要手段。
5.有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等,如congratulations、regards、respects、thanks、wishes等。
Tip 2 可数名词与不可数名词
1.表示一类事物总称的名词,常作不可数名词看待,且不能加“s”。如furniture、equipment、technology、luggage、baggage、homework、evidence、information、progress、weather、wealth、money等。
(2021·全国甲)As soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.天气一转暖,我毫不怀疑这个小家伙每天都会外出探险玩耍。
2.有些抽象名词或物质名词可以转化为可数名词。
comfort安慰→a comfort一个令人感到安慰的人;一件令人感到安慰的事物
difficulty困难;难点→difficulties难题
failure失败→a failure一件失败的事;一个失败的人
pleasure愉快;快乐→a pleasure一件乐事
regret遗憾;悔恨;抱歉→a regret一件令人悔恨的事情
surprise惊奇→a surprise一件令人惊奇的事情
Tip 3 名词所有格
1.'s所有格
(1)对于单数名词,直接在其后加“'s”。
Jim's parents 吉姆的父母
men's club男子俱乐部
(2)以s结尾的复数名词,变所有格时在s后加“'”,不以s 结尾的复数名词,仍加“'s”。
Teachers' Day教师节
(3)用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,这时只在最后一个名词后加“'s”。
This is Mary and Lily's bedroom.这是玛丽和莉莉的卧室。
(4)用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示非共有关系时,这时分别在每个名词后加“'s”。
These are Tom's and Jack's school bags.这些是汤姆和杰克的书包。
(5)表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加“'s”代表全称。
at the doctor's 在医院
at the Bob's 在鲍勃家
(6)由some、any、no、every与one、body 结合的复合不定代词somebody 、anybody等和else 连用时,所有格应加在else的后面。
This is somebody else's pencil.这是别人的铅笔。
(7)表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加“'s”来构成所有格。
an hour's ride一小时车程
one week's time一周时间
China's capital中国首都
(8)复合名词在最后一个名词词尾加“'s”。
her son-in-law's smartphone她女婿的智能手机
2.of 所有格
of一般用来表示无生命的名词所有格;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the map of China中国地图
the door of the room 房间的门
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为:名词+of+名词's或名词+of+名词性的物主代词,双重所有格主要用于下列两种情况中:
(1)表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”,可用a、some、a few等修饰of前面的名词,但不能用the。
He is a friend of my brother's.他是我兄弟的朋友。
Is she a daughter of yours 她是你的女儿吗
(2)常用来表示赞赏、厌恶等爱憎褒贬的情感,此时of前面的名词可用this、that、these、those等指示代词修饰。
That dog of Tom's is really clever. 汤姆家的那条狗真聪明。
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.The 　　　　(express) on her face told me something was wrong.
2.The writing project isn't easy, but her readers have followed her on a journey to self-acceptance and 　　　　(confident).
3.The high cost of child-raising is one more 　　　　(difficult) Chinese policymakers face while they are dealing with rapidly decreasing birth rates.
4.As far as I am concerned, my 　　　　(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach.
5.Two 　　　　(German) were seen entering the building an hour ago.
6.　　　　 (curious) is part of children's nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.
7.Yesterday I was invited to the dinner at the 　　　　(White).
8.She was at her 　　　　(dentist) for two hours yesterday.
考点2　冠词
【高考考向】
考查点 新高考卷 全国卷 命题分析
2022 2021 2020 2022 2021 2020
不定 冠词 — Ⅰ卷,65题 ·Ⅱ卷,61题 ·浙江1月, 63题 甲卷,64题 — — 冠词是语法填空的易考点,其考查点如下: 1.冠词的基本语法,特别是冠词的泛指、特指以及在形容词和副词的比较等级前的用法 2.冠词在习惯用语中的用法 3.冠词的活用也不可忽视
定冠词 ·Ⅰ卷,57题 ·Ⅱ卷,57题 ·浙江1月,63题 ·浙江卷,59题 浙江卷,64题 浙江卷, 64题 乙卷,62题 ·乙卷,65题 ·甲卷,68题 Ⅱ卷, 70题
零冠词 — — — — — —
【情境导入】
朗读下面短文,体会、领悟加黑冠词的具体用法。
Tom, a①classmate of mine, is a② Lei Feng in our class, who is always ready to help others. Henry, whose father is a③ teacher,is considered to be the④ most diligent student in our class, who is the⑤ first one to get to school and the⑥last one to leave every day. He believes the harder you study, the⑦ more knowledge you'll get. Tom likes watching TV, while Henry enjoys listening to the⑧radio. Both of them are working for the⑨Students' Union. They are of an⑩ age and I am year older than they are.
We are good friends because we have lot in common. First of all, the three of us were born in th 1990s. Secondly, we all like playing th violin and love sports. We play football twice week, even though we are now in Senior Grade Three. Thirdly, we not only respect teachers and the elderly but also care for th disabled. For example, we often go to a village near our school to look after th Browns,both of whom were lame because of an accident. I remember that on Saturday afternoon we chatted with the Browns so happily that we didn't go back home until th sun set.
[用法体悟]
1.使用不定冠词的情况:
(1)泛指“一个”,如　　　　;
(2)表示“一个像……一样的人”,如　　　　;
(3)职业名词前,表示类别,如　　　　;
(4)表示数量“一”,如　　　　;表示“每一”,如　　　　;表示“某一” 如　　　　;
(5)用于固定搭配中,如　　　　。
2.使用定冠词的情况:
(1)用于形容词最高级前,如　　　　;
(2)用于序数词或表示序列的next、 last前,如　　　　;
(3)用于固定句式“the+比较级...the+比较级...”,如　　　　;
(4)用于固定搭配中,如　　　　;
(5)用于由普通名词构成的专有名词中,如　　　　;
(6)用于逢十的年代前,表示“在某世纪几十年代”,如　　　　;
(7)用于西洋乐器名词前,表示演奏某乐器,如　　　　;
(8)用于形容词或分词前,表示一类人,如　　　　;
(9)用于姓氏复数名词前,表示夫妇或一家人,如　　　　;
(10)用于独一无二的事物前,如　　　　。
【考点分析】
Tip 1 不定冠词
1.不定冠词的基本用法
(1)泛指某个人或某一事物。
(2022·全国甲)Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living.安德鲁·雷诺兹,一个30岁出头的开朗的小伙子,以驾驶悉尼渡船为生。
(2)用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前,表示泛指。
(2021·全国乙)To begin with, I'd like to tell a story from my own life.首先,我想讲一个我自己生活中的故事。
(3)表示不确定的“某一个”,相当于a certain。
I remember he came here on a Sunday and left soon. 我记得他在某个星期天来过,并且很快就离开了。
(4)用在序数词前,表示“再一;又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump,but he will get a second chance in the long jump. 他在跳高比赛中没得到金牌,但是在跳远比赛中他还有一次机会。
(5)用在形容词的比较级前,表示“一个更……的……”。
If we sit near the front of the bus,we'll have a better view. 如果我们坐靠公共汽车的前部,视野就会更好些。
(6)用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。
物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时,是不可数名词,前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事,特别是前面有形容词修饰时,就变成了可数名词,前面可加不定冠词。
(2022·全国乙)So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise.因此,对他们来说,搬到科罗拉多州的埃尔克黑德去指导那些用绳子把鞋子绑在一起的孩子们是一个惊喜。
2.固定搭配中的不定冠词
have a gift for有……的天赋
have a holiday度假
get a lift/ride搭便车
pay a visit to参观
lend sb a hand帮助某人
as a result因此
Tip 2 定冠词
1.定冠词的基本用法
(1)特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或事物。
(2022·全国甲)Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.尽管人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具,但事实证明,它们在笼子里很善于使用工具。
(2)用于单数可数名词或形容词前,表示一类人或物。
(2020·新高考Ⅱ)Mrs Meredith was a most kind and thoughtful woman. She spent a great deal of time visiting the poor. Meredith夫人是一位非常善良、体贴的女士。她花了大量时间去看望穷苦的人。
(3)用于序数词,形容词和副词的最高级以及形容词only、very、same等之前。
(2021·天津第一次)For Pruitt, a keen bicyclist, the first thing to do was replace his stolen bike.对于热衷于骑自行车的普鲁特来说,首先要做的是替换他被偷的自行车。
名 师 指 津
a与most连用,位于形容词前时,most是表示程度的副词,意为“非常”;the与most连用,位于形容词或副词前时,most是最高级的标志,意为“最……的”。
(4)用于被限制性修饰语所限制的人或物前。
The village where I was born has grown into a town. 我出生的村庄已变成了一个城镇。
(5)用于表示朝代、年代的名词前,或用于整十的数词复数前,表示某个年代。
(2022·浙江)Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist.20世纪70年代,日本植物学家Miyawaki博士首次提出了微型森林的概念。
(6)用于表示姓氏的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇俩。
The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours. 史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。
(7)用于世界上独一无二的事物前。
No one knows exactly how the moon came into existence,as it happened so long ago. 没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的,因为这发生在很久之前。
(8)用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。
As far as I know,he likes playing the piano. 据我所知,他喜欢弹钢琴。
2.固定结构及固定短语中的定冠词
(1)固定结构中的定冠词
●用于“by+the+表示计量单位的名词”结构中,表示“按……计算”。
—It's said that John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year.据说,约翰将获得一个年薪超过六万美元的工作。
—Right,he will also get paid by the week.是的,他的工资还将按周支付。
●用于“动词+sb+介词+the+身体某一部分”结构中。
His nose bled when the thief hit him in the face. 那个小偷打到了他的脸,他的鼻子出血了。
●用于“the +比较级...the +比较级...”结构中。
The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心,犯的错误就会越少。
(2)固定短语中的定冠词
at the moment 此刻;目前
in the end最后;最终
to the point中肯;切题
on the contrary相反
by the way顺便说一下
Tip 3 零冠词
1.零冠词的基本用法
下列情况下不用冠词:
(1)表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。
(2022·浙江1月)Celebrate progress and keep refining toward a happy productive existence. 庆祝进步并不断完善,朝着一个幸福而富有成效的生活前进。
(2)表示月份、季节、星期、节日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类的名词前。
A year can be divided into four seasons—spring,summer,autumn and winter. 一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
(3)与by连用的表示交通工具、通信工具的名词前。
Are you going there by plane or by ship 你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里
(4)系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。
After years of hard work,Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager. 经过多年的努力,汤姆成了工程师,而玛丽成了优秀的经理。
(5)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。
Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school,told us,“A fifth of students here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们:“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
2.固定结构及固定短语中的零冠词
(1)固定结构中的零冠词
“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语,主句”,意为“虽然……但是……”。
Young man as he is,he has seen much of the world. 他虽然很年轻,但是阅历很丰富。
(2)固定短语中的零冠词
on purpose故意地
by chance碰巧
catch fire着火
at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面
out of date过时
in fact 实际上
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.Animals are obviously 　　　　lower form of life than man.
2.Three became political leaders; three became doctors; the most famous graduate became 　　　　university teacher and was responsible for the introduction of modern teaching methods in his country.
3.Of all 　　　　reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father's advice was 　　　　most important one.
4.It's a shame that many tourists are still in 　　　　habit of writing silly things in public places.
5.Wouldn't it be 　　　　wonderful world if all nations lived in peace with one another
6.　　　　 whole process was so smooth that Tang Hongbo was seen playing with the pen during the process of returning to the earth.
7.It's evident that 　　　　little money he earns can hardly support 　　　　family as large as his.
8.Let's go to 　　　　new science museum—that will take your mind off the problem for 　　　　while.
【难点突破】
易 混 易 错
难点1　冠词使用情况的对比
[典例1]　—When did you last meet her
—I don't remember exactly,but I'm sure it was 　　　　unforgettable Friday when I went for a walk after 　　　　wonderful lunch.
解析 　此处Friday和lunch前都有形容词修饰,且两处均表示泛指,所以均用不定冠词。unforgettable发音以元音音素开头,故第1空应用an; wonderful发音以辅音音素开头,故第2空应用a。
难点2　名词的“数”的判断
[典例2]　One is Smartkins Animals, which helps many 　　　　(child) identify more than 100 animals, and the other is Rainbow Colors, which teaches kids colors.
解析 　根据空前的many可知,空处应用可数名词child的复数形式,故填children。
高 分 突 破
方法1　弄清名词的数,考虑特指或泛指
[典例3]　—Of the two apples, which one do you prefer
—　　　　 bigger one. It is 　　　　most delicious one, I think.
解析 　第1空应用the,特指两个苹果中较大的那个;第2空应用a表示泛指,此处most表示“很;非常”,因为比较对象只有两个,无法表达最高级意义。
方法2　理清题意,牢记固定搭配
[典例4]　Moxibustion(艾灸) normally refers to placing moxa(艾) directly on acupoints(穴位) or holding moxa sticks at 　　　　distance to warm the body.
解析 　句意:艾灸通常是指将艾直接放在穴位上或持着艾条隔着一段距离暖身。at a distance为固定搭配,意为“隔一段距离”,故填a。
方法3　确定名词考点,注意搭配并掌握词缀
[典例5]　But much like other sports events, a lot of professional 　　　　(compete) rule the triathlon world.
解析 　分析句子结构可知,此处professional作定语修饰后面的名词,且此空指人,再结合a lot of以及谓语动词rule可知,空处应用competitors。
【考能提升】
层级1　基础巩固练
单句填空
1.The giant panda is one of the world's most adored and protected rare 　　　　(animal).
2.According to the plan, the high-speed railway will have two branch 　　　　(line)—one is to Yanqing Station, the other is to Taizicheng of Chongli, where the Olympic Village lies.
3.The railway line has a 　　　　(long) of 174 km as a double-track passage line, with ten stations along its route.
4.“We hope to add more 　　　　(happy) to the great event, meanwhile, viewers can learn about traditional Chinese culture, ” said Zheng Feihu, director of the video.
5.All of 　　　　sudden, the bamboo in the panda's hands is turned into a bobsleigh(雪橇).
6.Tu said that the prize winning is 　　　　honor for China's science cause and traditional Chinese medicine in their course of reaching out to the world.
7.　　　　 event in my life three or four years ago made me examine my own attitudes towards alternative medicine.
8.These games are not 　　　　end of the story. With their performance and their appearance, each of these athletes can win over a huge new fan community for the time after the Games.
层级2　经典提升练
单句填空
1.(2022·全国乙)China has a 　　　　(responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy development of the tea industry.
2.(2022·全国甲)Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental 　　　　(protect).
3.(2022·新高考Ⅱ)“He saved my 　　　　(son) life,” said Mrs Brown.
4.(2022·浙江)For Luc, this means 　　　　(independent). “The feeling of being able to see it and to form my opinion is like breaking down another wall as a blind person.”
5.(2022·全国乙)To celebrate 　　　　festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.
6.(2022·全国甲)　　　　 friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
7.(2022·新高考Ⅱ)　　　　 Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.
8.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)Covering an area about three times 　　　　size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
9.(2022·浙江)The tactile(可触知的) paintings work as a way to show art to 　　　　blind because we don't see with just our eyes: We see with our brains.
10.(2021·全国甲)It took us about 3 hours to go all 　　　　way around the Xi'an City Wall.
11.(2021·全国甲)Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and 　　　　(watchtower) to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their daily routines.
12.(2021·全国乙)Due to 　　　　growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism.
13.(2021·全国乙)　　　　 (activity) there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.
层级3　语境拓展练
语法填空
It was late at night. Two Germans were sleeping in their room when suddenly, one of them, Mrs Green, was woken up and found 1.　　　　 thief slipping into their room to try his luck. She had three thousand 2.　　　　 (dollar) in her pocket. “What should I do Many 3.　　　　 (thief) usually bring 4.　　　　 (knife) with them,” she thought in 5.　　　　 (silent). After two 6.　　　　 (minute) search, the thief happened to touch a sports suit. It seemed as if he found there was someone in 7.　　　　 room, so he went out to the next room, where two Frenchmen were sleeping. When he was looking for 8.　　　　 (money) or some jewelry in the next room, Mrs Green woke up her husband quickly and called 9.　　　　 police. And then the thief knew what had happened. He was so scared that he took out a knife. Just then the police showed up. Before the thief ran away, the police caught him. For Mrs Green, it was really an unusual 10.　　　　 (experience).
层级4　衔接写作练
衔接1　在抽象名词具体化时,使用不定冠词,使文章更加生动简洁
[典例再现](2020·浙江听力)—我也邀请了玛丽,但她不在城里。
—真可惜!我希望她会来。
—I also invited Mary, but she is out of town.
—What a pity! I was hoping she would come.
[写作应用]全家搬到一个拥有大花园的房子里去住,这是一大快事。

衔接2　of用来表示无生命的名词所有格;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。如:the map of China、the door of the room、the name of the girl over there。
[典例再现](2022·新高考Ⅱ)儿童不得在无人陪同的情况下进入博物馆的所有区域。
Children are not allowed unaccompanied in all areas of the Museum.
[写作应用]有很多有趣的新年庆典,但没有什么能比得上舞狮的兴奋,它可以完全振奋精神。
There are many fun New Year celebrations, but nothing quite matches 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,which can wake up the spirit completely.
微专题1　名词和冠词
考点精研
考点1
情境导入
(1)①②③④⑦　(2)所有格;of+名词　(3)复数　(4)deer, sheep, fish, means, Japanese　(5)成功的人　(6)集体;复数　(7)不可数/抽象
考点分析
对点集训　1.expression　2.confidence　3.difficulty　4.suggestion　5.Germans　6.Curiosity　7.White's
8.dentist's
考点2
情境导入
1.(1)①　(2)②　(3)③　(4);;　(5)⑩　2.(1)④　(2)⑤⑥　(3)⑦　(4)⑧　(5)⑨　(6)　(7)　(8)
(9)　(10)
考点分析
对点集训　1.a　2.a　3.the; the　4.the　5.a　6.The
7.the; a　8.the; a
考能提升
层级1
1.animals　2.lines　3.length　4.happiness　5.a　6.an　7.An
8.the
层级2
1.responsibility　2.protection　3.son's　4.independence
5.the　6.A　7.The　8.the　9.the　10.the　11.watchtowers
12.the　13.Activities
层级3
1.a　2.dollars　3.thieves　4.knives　5.silence　6.minutes'　7.the　8.money　9.the　10.experience
层级4
衔接1　It was a great pleasure for the family to move to a house with a very big garden.
衔接2　the excitement of the lion dance
2