2024年高考英语人教版（2019）一轮复习 学案 微专题4 动词的时态、语态和语气学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2024年高考英语人教版（2019）一轮复习 学案 微专题4 动词的时态、语态和语气学案（含答案） |  | |
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微专题4 动词的时态、语态和语气
【考点精研】
【情境导入】
朗读下面短文,体会、领悟加黑部分的时态和语态。
I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students' Union. I am writing① to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making② our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel③ ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students' Union held④ a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having⑤ a heated discussion when our headmaster came and joined us. After the meeting, the headmaster said that the school had made⑥ efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed⑦ around. Recently, the Students' Union has set up⑧ specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become⑨ a more enjoyable place in the near future.
[用法体悟]
(1)①处时态为 ,表示现在正在发生的动作。
(2)②处时态为 ,表示从过去开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续进行的动作。
(3)③处时态为 ,表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
(4)④处时态为 ,表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作。
(5)⑤处时态为 ,表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
(6)⑥处时态为 ,表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。
(7)⑦处时态为 ,表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。另外,此处主语dustbins为动作的承受者,所以用 语态。
(8)⑧处时态为 ,表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
(9)⑨处时态为 ,表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。
【考点分析】
一、动词的一般时态
Tip 1 一般现在时的用法
1.表示习惯性、经常性的动作或存在的状态,常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如usually、often、always、sometimes、every day等。
(2022·北京)One theory, increasingly supported by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned.被专家越来越多地支持的一个理论表明气味的偏好是习得的。
2.表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。
3.表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为,只限于go、come、leave、start、stop、arrive等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 这列火车明早六点出发。
4.在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来。
Anything will become boring if you do it repetitively. 如果你重复做一件事情,任何事情都会变得乏味。
名 师 指 津
考生要通过语境和表示时间的状语来对动作发生的时间进行判断,有时候也可以通过从句来获取关键信息。具体要做到:
●依据时间状语推断时态;
●通过前后语境透露的信息明确动作发生的时间;
●把握复合句中前后时态,或者情景对话式的上下文句子中的时态。
Tip 2 一般过去时的用法
1.表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用yesterday、last year、the other day 等作时间状语。
(2022·北京)As Helen walked on, she heard a man charging towards her. 当海伦继续往前走的时候,她听到一个男人朝她冲过来。
2.在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would not go if it rained. 他说过如果下雨,他就不会去。
3.表示“原以为;本来认为;原希望”等意义时,know、think、expect等动词常用一般过去时。
I didn't expect to meet you here. 我没料到会在这里遇见你。
Tip 3 一般将来时的用法
1.一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.三种表示一般将来时的特殊结构:
(1)be going to do sth 表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
(2022·新高考Ⅱ)If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone”. 他说,如果Textalyzer法案成为法律, “人们将会更害怕拿起手机”。
(2)be to do sth 表示按计划或安排将要做某事,或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library. 我们进入图书馆时要遵守这些规定。
(3)be about to do sth 表示将要做某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用,但常与when引导的时间状语从句连用。
The train is about to leave.火车就要开了。
名 师 指 津
will do sth 有时候强调临时的、当即的决定,意为“将要做某事”。
—Where is the telephone book 电话簿在哪儿呢
—I'll go and get it for you. 我去给你拿。
Tip 4 过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。
(2021·浙江)I thought that I would surpass anything he had accomplished by the time I walked across the stage at high school graduation.我想,当我走上高中毕业典礼的舞台时,我将超越他所取得的一切成就。
He said that he would wait for us at the station. 他说他将在车站等我们。
She told her mother that she was going to attend a dance with Tom. 她告诉母亲,她将和汤姆一起去参加一个舞会。
What happened when the author was about to take a photo 当作者要拍照时发生了什么
二、动词的进行时态
Tip 1 现在进行时的用法
1.表示此时此刻正在进行的动作,由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成。
(2021·全国甲)Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job.她的母亲,索里奥,是第一次当妈妈,并且她干得很出色。
2.表示按计划、安排近期要发生的动作。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 明天我要动身去北京。
3.与always、forever、constantly等副词连用,表示满意、称赞、厌恶等感彩。
He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。
4.表示逐渐变化的过程。
His health is improving every day. 他的健康状况每天都在好转。
名 师 指 津
下列动词(短语)不宜用进行时:
●感觉类:look、smell、feel、sound、taste、see、hear等。
●感情类:like、love、prefer、admire、hate、fear等。
●所有类:have、contain、own、hold、belong to等。
Tip 2 过去进行时的用法
1.表示过去某一时间、某一阶段正在进行的动作,由“was/were+现在分词”构成。
(2022·北京)Helen was walking down the street late in the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags.海伦傍晚时分在街上走着,手臂上装满了杂货袋。
2.与always、forever、constantly等副词连用,表示满意、称赞、厌恶等感彩。
He was always thinking of others, never thinking of himself. 他以前总是考虑别人,从未考虑过自己。
Tip 3 将来进行时的用法
将来进行时表示将来某一时间、某一阶段正在进行的动作,由“will / shall be +现在分词”构成。
(2021·天津)Good evening, everybody. Professor King will be delivering his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first.大家晚上好,金教授马上要发表演讲,但(开始之前)让我先介绍一下他。
三、动词的完成时态
Tip 1 现在完成时的用法
1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语有already、so far、never、just、before、recently等。
(2022·浙江)Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation also gets results on the job. 许多人认为,最大限度地工作是成功的秘诀,但研究发现,适度也能在工作中取得成果。
2.表示过去发生并持续到现在的动作或状态,甚至延续到将来,常与since、for、so far、now、today、this week/month/year、for a long time、in the past/last few years、these days等连用。
We have learnt 500 words these days. 这些天我们已经学习了500个单词。
3.用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某一时间完成的动作。
If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to apologize in a serious manner. 你如果在电子邮件中写错了名字,最好以严肃的方式道歉。
名 师 指 津
注意牢记以下固定句型:
●“It is/has been+时间段+since...”表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.我从这所大学毕业已经十年了。
●This/It/That is the first/second/third...time(that)... 表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”,that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have been here. 这是我第一次来这里。
4.一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
一般 过去时 ①强调动作发生在过去某一时间,不强调对现在造成的影响或结果;②与表示过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间连用
现在 完成时 ①表示过去的动作与现在有关系,主要强调对现在造成的影响或结果;②可与today、this week、since等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用,但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用
They have gone to Paris so far. 他们目前已经去巴黎了。(说明他们现在去巴黎了,不在这里)
They went to Paris last year. 他们去年去过巴黎。(只说明去过,不表明现在是否仍在那里)
Tip 2 过去完成时的用法
1.表示在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作,强调“过去的过去”之意,常与by、before等介词或状语从句连用或用于有上下文暗示的句子。
(2021·全国乙)My grandfather was afraid of leaving the only home they had known for the past 60 years.我的祖父害怕离开他们60年来唯一熟知的家。
2.表示意向的动词,如hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 我们本来期待的是你能赢得这场比赛。
名 师 指 津
●固定句型“This/It/That was the first/second/third time(that)... ”表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”,that从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time that they had ever met. 这是他们初次见面。
●在“hardly... when... ”和“no sooner... than...” 这两个句型中,主句均用过去完成时。
Hardly had we arrived when the match started. 我们一到场,比赛就开始了。
Tip 3 将来完成时的用法
将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作,通常与“by+将来时间”连用,如by six o'clock、by the weekend、by the end of next month等。
We shall have finished the project by the end of this year. 我们将在今年年底完成这项任务。
Tip 4 现在完成进行时的用法
1.常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直持续到现在并且会继续进行的动作。
(2022·北京)In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. 在联合国关于全球粮食安全的最新报告中,尽管营养科学取得了重大进展,但世界上营养不良的人数仍在上升。
2.表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
(2021·天津)Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing.从1978年的第一个早晨开始,我至今一直遵循这个习惯,不为不写作找或接受很多借口。
3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
现在 完成时 表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成,体现动作的结果
现在完成 进行时 表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行,甚至还将继续
I have read the famous novel. 我已经读过这本著名的小说。(动作已经完成)
I have been reading the famous novel these days. 这些天我一直在读这本著名的小说。(动作仍在进行甚至可能继续)
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.The country's economy (decline) in the past twenty years. No one knows how long it will be before it stops declining.
2.Winter (come), and the weather is getting colder and colder.
3.It was raining lightly when I (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn't care.
4.I didn't catch what our teacher said, because I (think) about something else.
5.According to the letter, the organization (help) to promote “equality for all children in the next generation”.
6.Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years.
四、动词的语态
Tip 1 被动语态的构成
英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态的不同而变化。
(2022·北京)Tom has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innovator remains humble. 汤姆获得了好几个奖项,但这位年轻的创新者仍然很谦逊。
(2022·全国乙)A number of experiments ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.许多实验排除了这一点:孩子们误解了他们被问到的问题。
Tip 2 不能用被动语态的特殊动词
1.系动词类(look、seem、feel、taste、sound、prove、appear等)。
2.表示主语特征的词(read、wash、write、sell、wear、lock等),常与not、hardly、well、easily、badly、nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布料容易洗。
名 师 指 津
(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有have、cost、lack、own、belong to、take part in等。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有happen/take place/occur、remain、break out、last、come out、come up、lose heart、date from(back to)、run out等。
Tip 3 主动形式表示被动意义
1.在need、want、require、deserve、bear等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这栋房子需要修缮。
2.在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+动词不定式”结构中动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice、easy、fit、hard、difficult、important、impossible、pleasant、interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out. 这个问题很难解决。
3.be to rent/blame/let为主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake 谁应该为这个错误受谴责
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.The meeting (schedule) to last three days.
2.He (trap) in the traffic jam and felt helpless.
3.The bridge (damage) several times by the enemy before it was finally built.
4.Some wild animals (hunt) and killed at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in future.
五、非真实条件句的虚拟语气
Tip 1 if条件句
情况 从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
与现在 事实相反 动词的过去式(be动词一律用were) would/could/should/might+动词原形
与过去 事实相反 had+过去分词 would/could/should/might+have+过去分词
与将来 事实相反 动词的过去式/should+动词原形/were to+动词原形 would/could/might/should+动词原形
(2021·新高考Ⅰ)If I had to make just one recommendation for where to stay in Rome, it would be Yellow Hostel. 如果我必须推荐一家罗马的住宿地点,那就是黄色旅馆。
If I were you, I would be willing to take part in the activity.如果我是你,我会很乐意参加这个活动。
If it snowed/were to snow/should snow tomorrow, we would take photos.如果明天下雪,我们就照相。
名 师 指 津
若条件句中有were、had或should,可以省略if,把were、had、should 放在主语前,形成倒装结构,这种结构主要用于书面语中。
Were I you, I would stay.倘若我是你,我就留下。
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格了。
Tip 2 错综时间条件句
有时主句和虚拟条件从句的动作发生的时间不一致,此时,主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。
(2020·江苏)If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I wouldn't be where I am.如果我没有面对那么多的障碍,我就不会走到今天。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)
Tip 3 含蓄条件句
有时虚拟条件并不通过条件从句表达出来,而是通过单词、短语(常见的有without、but for、in case、for fear that、otherwise、supposing等)或上下文来暗示,此时句子的时态要依据具体情况而定。
Without electricity (=If there were no electricity), life would be quite different today.如果没有电,今天的生活就会完全不同。
Tip 4 在名词性从句中的运用
1.在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后的宾语从句中,以及这些动词的名词形式后面的同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。常见的此类动词:一坚持(insist)、二命令(order,command)、三要求(require,demand,request)、四建议(suggest,advise,propose,recommend)。
He insisted that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting.他执意要求在会上讨论这个问题。
My desire is that we (should) not quarrel over such things again.我希望我们不要再为这样的事情争吵了。
名 师 指 津
当suggest作“暗示;表明”讲或insist作“坚持认为”讲时,从句要用陈述语气。
(2021·全国乙)But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.但由于在70分贝时的结果很显著,该研究还表明,适当的背景噪音——不要太大声,也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。
名 师 指 津
在“It is/was+adj./done+that...”句型中,从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。常见的形容词或过去分词有important、necessary、strange、suggested、ordered、advised、requested、demanded 等。
It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。
2.wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词可用一般过去时、“had+过去分词”和“could/might/would+动词原形”分别表示与现在、过去和将来相反的情况。
I wish that I had met that film star yesterday.我真希望昨天见到了那个影星。
3.would rather所接的宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作,从句用一般过去时;如果表示过去发生的动作,从句用过去完成时。
We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.我们宁愿女儿和我们待在家里,但这是她的选择,她不再是个孩子了。
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.It is strange that he (have) gone away without telling us.
2.If her mother (take) the doctor's advice, she might have got well earlier.
3.I wish she (be) here with us to enjoy the country.
4.Experts in nutrition suggest that we (eat) at least five different kinds of vegetables and fruit a day.
5.If I (have) one million dollars, I would travel all over the world.
六、主谓一致
主语和谓语一致主要是谓语动词必须和作主语的名词或人称代词在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致通常有语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个原则。
语法一致 and 连接两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数 Lucy and Lily are twin sisters.
many a、 more than one 接单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数 ①Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs. ②More than one worker has finished the task.
主语后有with、together with、along with、except、besides、 as well as、 rather than、 but、 including、in addition to 等词或短语时,谓语动词的数与该词或短语前的名词或代词的数保持一致 ①They, together with my father, have gone to Washington. ②Lily, rather than her two sisters, was admitted into Tsinghua University.
动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数 注:what引导的主语从句中,如果表语是复数,则谓语动词也用复数 ①Serving the people is my great happiness. ②Whether we'll go depends on the weather. ③What we have to carry is a heavy box. ④For most employees, what they want are good salary and the chance to develop.
意义一致 the number of...作主语时,谓语动词用单数;a number of...作主语时,谓语动词用复数 ①The number of travellers to London has dropped by 100,000. ②A number of factories have been moved out of Beijing.
表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数 ①2,500 miles is a long distance. ②Two hours is too short for the visit.
国名、人名、书名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数 The United States is a large country.
分数、百分数、all、some、most、the rest、the remaining等作主语时,谓语动词的数由of后的名词的数决定 ①The rest of the workers are still very tired. ②The rest of the oil was wasted. ③Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water. ④Three fourths of the students in my class are interested in English.
“the+形容词”表示一类人/物时,谓语动词常用复数 Many of the wounded were sent to hospital immediately.
family、class、enemy、team、group、government等集体名词若被看作一个整体时,谓语动词用单数;若侧重其成员时,谓语动词用复数 ①Our team wins first in the game. ②My family are going on a trip this summer.
population表示人口时,谓语动词用单数;当其前有分数、百分数修饰,表示全体居民时,谓语动词用复数 ①The population of that area is about 29 million. ②A third of the population now smoke in this country.
就近一致 由or、either... or、neither...nor、not...but、not only...but also等连接并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数要与最近的主语的单复数保持一致 ①Was he or you able to persuade her ②Neither he nor I am going to the cinema.
there/here be句型后面是并列主语时,be在数上与邻近的主语保持一致 There is a book and many pencils on the desk.
主谓一致的特殊情况 “one/ either/ each of+复数名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词常用单数 Either of the plans is equally dangerous.
“one and a half+复数名词”作主语表示整体概念时,谓语动词用单数 One and a half hours is enough.
在“It+be+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分”强调句型中,如果被强调部分是主语,that/who后谓语动词与被强调部分的人称和数保持一致 It is they who have worked there for five years.
“the majority of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数;“a quantity of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词与名词保持数的一致;而“quantities of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数 ①The majority of boys like football. ②Quantities of money have been spent in bringing up their children since they were married. ③A large quantity of air conditioners have been sold since the summer came.
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.It means that what you do (be) more important than what you say.
2.New evidence shows why getting enough sleep (be) a top priority.
3.There (stand) a high monument and some colorful lights in the middle of the square.
4.It's not what happens to us that (determine) our lives—it's what we make of what happens.
5.Not only he speak English well, but he spoke Japanese more easily.
【难点突破】
易 混 易 错
难点1 几种易混时态的区别
1.一般过去时与现在完成时
[典例1] When I was at college I (speak) three foreign languages but I (forget) all except a few words of each so far.
解析 由When引导的时间状语从句的时态可知,第一空用一般过去时,故填spoke;根据so far可知,第二空应用现在完成时,表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是结果,故填have forgotten。
2.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
[典例2] The comedian, who (learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
解析 根据语境及定语从句中的时间状语for decades和主句谓语动词wants可知,本空应用现在完成进行时,表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在,并有可能继续下去的动作,故填has been learning。
3.一般过去时与过去完成时
[典例3] John and I have been friends for eight years.We first (get) to know each other at a party.But we (see) each other a couple of times before that.
解析 由语境可知,“相识”这个动作发生在过去,第一空用一般过去时,故填got;“见过几次面”发生在“相识”这一动作之前,表示过去的过去,第二空应用过去完成时,故填had seen。
难点2 时态呼应
[典例4] After driving for thirty miles, she suddenly realized that she (drive) in the wrong direction.
解析 that she in the wrong direction 为宾语从句,主句用一般过去时,从句也应采用过去的某种时态。从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前并且一直在进行,从句用过去完成进行时,故填had been driving。
[典例5] —Have you ever seen Peter recently
—Yes. He (ask) me how you (get) along with your job these days.
解析 由语境可知,第一空应用一般过去时表示过去某个时间所发生的动作,故填asked;主句时态为一般过去时,从句通常也应用过去的某种时态,但此处是特殊情况。由从句中的时间状语these days可知,从句表示的是现在依然存在的情况,第二空应用现在进行时,故填are getting。
难点3 主动形式表示被动意义
[典例6] This kind of wool shirt (feel) soft and (sell) well.
解析 第一空填feels,是系动词,表示“摸起来”,后接soft作表语;第二空填sells, sell well意为“畅销”。
高 分 突 破
方法1 分析结构,确定动词考法
[典例7] Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably (get) swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden.
解析 分析句子结构可知,think后为省略了that的宾语从句,从句中的 swept与was spread并列作谓语,故此处应填get的过去式got。
方法2 先“时间”后“选体”,确定时态
[典例8] When he realized he (walk) into a deep valley,he was too frightened to know what to do.
解析 由语境可知,“走进深谷”这一动作先于realized这一动作发生,应用过去完成时,故填had walked。
方法3 分析句子主谓之间的关系,确定语态(考虑主谓一致)
[典例9] Later, Nelson (award) the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his work.
解析 根据语境和句中的时间状语Later可知,这里表示的是过去的动作,故用一般过去时;Nelson与award之间为动宾关系,故用被动语态;主语为Nelson,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式,故填was awarded。
方法4 巧用固定句型中的时态
[典例10] One day, I (walk) from classroom across campus to catch my bus home when an old man came down the sidewalk toward me.
解析 由语境可知,本句使用“be doing...when...”句型,表示“正在做某事,这时突然……”,when后的从句用一般过去时,故本空应用过去进行时,表示过去正在进行的动作,故填was walking。
【考能提升】
层级1 基础巩固练
单句填空
1.In sports, some technology (apply) to produce sports shoes to keep athletes running steadily.
2. (have) I known about his financial situation, I would have helped him out.
3.James has just arrived, but I didn't know he (come) until yesterday.
4.When she realized that she had left her handbag in the taxi, the taxi (disappear).
5.An elephant (stick) in a pipe and the people who found it were unable to save it.
6.I have a headache, for I (work) on that computer for 8 hours.
7.He said that one of the boxes (generate) around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
8.As the dark clouds (disappear), the moon gradually came into view.
9.It is recommended that the machine (check) every year.
10.When she smiles, it looks as if the sun (be) shining.
层级2 经典提升练
单句填空
1.(2022·全国乙)The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society (address) the opening ceremony.
2.(2022·全国甲)In the last five years. Cao (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro,Africa's highest mountain.
3.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that (be) previously unprotected.
4.(2022·新高考Ⅱ)Henry (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony.
5.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones,and leaving behind precious natural assets(资产) for future generations”.
6.(2022·浙江)When he felt a 3D version of Leonardo da Vinci's “Mona Lisa” he (notice) her smile right away.
7.(2022·浙江1月)Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane— (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
8.(2021·全国甲)We (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.
9.(2021·新高考Ⅰ)You can't help wondering how hard it (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
10.(2021·浙江1月)It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 (consider) healthy.
11.(2021·浙江)It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
12.(2021·浙江)The little home (paint) white. It was sweet and fresh.
层级3 语境拓展练
语法填空
My best friend Kaiya is like me. She 1. (remind) me of myself. In the past, I 2. (be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc. At that time, I was the shortest student in my class. I started getting depressed. However, someone told me something that I would always remember.
It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 3. (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldn't help crying. The tears 4. (roll) down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.
I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “You 5. (be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 6. (accept) you for who you are. But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you ” I 7. (inspire) by her words. Over the past few months, I 8. (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 9. (love) me for who I am.
Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10. (tell) me.
层级4 衔接写作练
衔接1 时态的交叉使用
[典例再现](2021·浙江1月)首先,充分了解这所学校有重要意义。按照计划,你们都将参观博物馆,博物馆里面有我们学校的辉煌历史。
At first, it is of significance to fully understand the school. As scheduled, all of you will visit the museum, which contains the splendid history of our school.
[写作应用](2022·全国乙)汽车经常高速飞驰,这可能会危及我们的生命。还有交通堵塞。如果我们用自行车代替汽车,我们的城市将是更好的地方。
衔接2 利用含蓄虚拟条件句
[典例再现](2020·全国Ⅱ)要不是这次采摘活动,我们不可能知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。
But for this picking activity, we could not know how sweet the fruits of labor are.
[写作应用]若没有她的帮助和专业的指导,我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。
微专题4 动词的时态、语态和语气
考点精研
情境导入
(1)现在进行时 (2)现在完成进行时 (3)一般现在时 (4)一般过去时 (5)过去进行时 (6)过去完成时 (7)过去将来时; 被动 (8)现在完成时 (9)一般将来时
考点分析
一~三
对点集训 1.has been declining 2.is coming 3.arrived
4.was thinking 5.will help 6.has grown
四、
对点集训 1.is scheduled 2.was trapped 3.had been damaged 4.are being hunted
五、
对点集训 1.(should) have 2.had taken 3.were 4.(should) eat 5.had
六、
对点集训 1.is 2.is 3.stands 4.determines 5.did
考能提升
层级1
1.is applied 2.Had 3.was coming 4.had disappeared
5.was stuck 6.have been working 7.generated 8.disappeared 9.(should)be checked 10.were
层级2
1.addressed 2.has walked 3.were 4.was fixing 5.is designed 6.noticed 7.is viewed/has been viewed 8.hired
9.was 10.is considered 11.has proved/has proven 12.was painted
层级3
1.reminds 2.was 3.pointed 4.rolled 5.are 6.will accept
7.was inspired 8.have learned 9.love 10.told
层级4
衔接1 The cars often run at high speeds, which may put our lives in danger. And there are traffic jams, too. Our cities will be better places if we replace cars with bicycles.
衔接2 But for/Without her help and professional instruction, I couldn't have made such great progress in English study.
2
【考点精研】
【情境导入】
朗读下面短文,体会、领悟加黑部分的时态和语态。
I am Li Fan, chairman of the Students' Union. I am writing① to draw your attention to some improper behaviour in our campus: littering and scribbling. It has been making② our school dirty and unpleasant. I always feel③ ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. Last week, the Students' Union held④ a meeting to seek some solutions to these problems. We were having⑤ a heated discussion when our headmaster came and joined us. After the meeting, the headmaster said that the school had made⑥ efforts to improve this situation and more dustbins would be placed⑦ around. Recently, the Students' Union has set up⑧ specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, all of us should develop good habits and behave ourselves. We believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become⑨ a more enjoyable place in the near future.
[用法体悟]
(1)①处时态为 ,表示现在正在发生的动作。
(2)②处时态为 ,表示从过去开始一直延续到现在并有可能继续进行的动作。
(3)③处时态为 ,表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
(4)④处时态为 ,表示在过去某个时间里所发生的动作。
(5)⑤处时态为 ,表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
(6)⑥处时态为 ,表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。
(7)⑦处时态为 ,表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。另外,此处主语dustbins为动作的承受者,所以用 语态。
(8)⑧处时态为 ,表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
(9)⑨处时态为 ,表示在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态。
【考点分析】
一、动词的一般时态
Tip 1 一般现在时的用法
1.表示习惯性、经常性的动作或存在的状态,常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如usually、often、always、sometimes、every day等。
(2022·北京)One theory, increasingly supported by experts, suggests that smell preferences are learned.被专家越来越多地支持的一个理论表明气味的偏好是习得的。
2.表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。
3.表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为,只限于go、come、leave、start、stop、arrive等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 这列火车明早六点出发。
4.在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时表示将来。
Anything will become boring if you do it repetitively. 如果你重复做一件事情,任何事情都会变得乏味。
名 师 指 津
考生要通过语境和表示时间的状语来对动作发生的时间进行判断,有时候也可以通过从句来获取关键信息。具体要做到:
●依据时间状语推断时态;
●通过前后语境透露的信息明确动作发生的时间;
●把握复合句中前后时态,或者情景对话式的上下文句子中的时态。
Tip 2 一般过去时的用法
1.表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常用yesterday、last year、the other day 等作时间状语。
(2022·北京)As Helen walked on, she heard a man charging towards her. 当海伦继续往前走的时候,她听到一个男人朝她冲过来。
2.在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
He said he would not go if it rained. 他说过如果下雨,他就不会去。
3.表示“原以为;本来认为;原希望”等意义时,know、think、expect等动词常用一般过去时。
I didn't expect to meet you here. 我没料到会在这里遇见你。
Tip 3 一般将来时的用法
1.一般将来时表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.三种表示一般将来时的特殊结构:
(1)be going to do sth 表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。
(2022·新高考Ⅱ)If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone”. 他说,如果Textalyzer法案成为法律, “人们将会更害怕拿起手机”。
(2)be to do sth 表示按计划或安排将要做某事,或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。
We are to obey these rules when we go into the library. 我们进入图书馆时要遵守这些规定。
(3)be about to do sth 表示将要做某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用,但常与when引导的时间状语从句连用。
The train is about to leave.火车就要开了。
名 师 指 津
will do sth 有时候强调临时的、当即的决定,意为“将要做某事”。
—Where is the telephone book 电话簿在哪儿呢
—I'll go and get it for you. 我去给你拿。
Tip 4 过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。
(2021·浙江)I thought that I would surpass anything he had accomplished by the time I walked across the stage at high school graduation.我想,当我走上高中毕业典礼的舞台时,我将超越他所取得的一切成就。
He said that he would wait for us at the station. 他说他将在车站等我们。
She told her mother that she was going to attend a dance with Tom. 她告诉母亲,她将和汤姆一起去参加一个舞会。
What happened when the author was about to take a photo 当作者要拍照时发生了什么
二、动词的进行时态
Tip 1 现在进行时的用法
1.表示此时此刻正在进行的动作,由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成。
(2021·全国甲)Her mother, Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job.她的母亲,索里奥,是第一次当妈妈,并且她干得很出色。
2.表示按计划、安排近期要发生的动作。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 明天我要动身去北京。
3.与always、forever、constantly等副词连用,表示满意、称赞、厌恶等感彩。
He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。
4.表示逐渐变化的过程。
His health is improving every day. 他的健康状况每天都在好转。
名 师 指 津
下列动词(短语)不宜用进行时:
●感觉类:look、smell、feel、sound、taste、see、hear等。
●感情类:like、love、prefer、admire、hate、fear等。
●所有类:have、contain、own、hold、belong to等。
Tip 2 过去进行时的用法
1.表示过去某一时间、某一阶段正在进行的动作,由“was/were+现在分词”构成。
(2022·北京)Helen was walking down the street late in the evening, her arms filled with grocery bags.海伦傍晚时分在街上走着,手臂上装满了杂货袋。
2.与always、forever、constantly等副词连用,表示满意、称赞、厌恶等感彩。
He was always thinking of others, never thinking of himself. 他以前总是考虑别人,从未考虑过自己。
Tip 3 将来进行时的用法
将来进行时表示将来某一时间、某一阶段正在进行的动作,由“will / shall be +现在分词”构成。
(2021·天津)Good evening, everybody. Professor King will be delivering his lecture in a moment, but let me introduce him first.大家晚上好,金教授马上要发表演讲,但(开始之前)让我先介绍一下他。
三、动词的完成时态
Tip 1 现在完成时的用法
1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语有already、so far、never、just、before、recently等。
(2022·浙江)Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation also gets results on the job. 许多人认为,最大限度地工作是成功的秘诀,但研究发现,适度也能在工作中取得成果。
2.表示过去发生并持续到现在的动作或状态,甚至延续到将来,常与since、for、so far、now、today、this week/month/year、for a long time、in the past/last few years、these days等连用。
We have learnt 500 words these days. 这些天我们已经学习了500个单词。
3.用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某一时间完成的动作。
If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to apologize in a serious manner. 你如果在电子邮件中写错了名字,最好以严肃的方式道歉。
名 师 指 津
注意牢记以下固定句型:
●“It is/has been+时间段+since...”表示“自从……以来已经……”。
It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.我从这所大学毕业已经十年了。
●This/It/That is the first/second/third...time(that)... 表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”,that从句要用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have been here. 这是我第一次来这里。
4.一般过去时与现在完成时的区别
一般 过去时 ①强调动作发生在过去某一时间,不强调对现在造成的影响或结果;②与表示过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间连用
现在 完成时 ①表示过去的动作与现在有关系,主要强调对现在造成的影响或结果;②可与today、this week、since等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用,但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用
They have gone to Paris so far. 他们目前已经去巴黎了。(说明他们现在去巴黎了,不在这里)
They went to Paris last year. 他们去年去过巴黎。(只说明去过,不表明现在是否仍在那里)
Tip 2 过去完成时的用法
1.表示在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作,强调“过去的过去”之意,常与by、before等介词或状语从句连用或用于有上下文暗示的句子。
(2021·全国乙)My grandfather was afraid of leaving the only home they had known for the past 60 years.我的祖父害怕离开他们60年来唯一熟知的家。
2.表示意向的动词,如hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……(事实上未能……)”。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match. 我们本来期待的是你能赢得这场比赛。
名 师 指 津
●固定句型“This/It/That was the first/second/third time(that)... ”表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”,that从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time that they had ever met. 这是他们初次见面。
●在“hardly... when... ”和“no sooner... than...” 这两个句型中,主句均用过去完成时。
Hardly had we arrived when the match started. 我们一到场,比赛就开始了。
Tip 3 将来完成时的用法
将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作,通常与“by+将来时间”连用,如by six o'clock、by the weekend、by the end of next month等。
We shall have finished the project by the end of this year. 我们将在今年年底完成这项任务。
Tip 4 现在完成进行时的用法
1.常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直持续到现在并且会继续进行的动作。
(2022·北京)In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. 在联合国关于全球粮食安全的最新报告中,尽管营养科学取得了重大进展,但世界上营养不良的人数仍在上升。
2.表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。
(2021·天津)Since that first morning in 1978, I have been following the habit to this day, not making or accepting many excuses for not writing.从1978年的第一个早晨开始,我至今一直遵循这个习惯,不为不写作找或接受很多借口。
3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别
现在 完成时 表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成,体现动作的结果
现在完成 进行时 表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行,甚至还将继续
I have read the famous novel. 我已经读过这本著名的小说。(动作已经完成)
I have been reading the famous novel these days. 这些天我一直在读这本著名的小说。(动作仍在进行甚至可能继续)
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.The country's economy (decline) in the past twenty years. No one knows how long it will be before it stops declining.
2.Winter (come), and the weather is getting colder and colder.
3.It was raining lightly when I (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn't care.
4.I didn't catch what our teacher said, because I (think) about something else.
5.According to the letter, the organization (help) to promote “equality for all children in the next generation”.
6.Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years.
四、动词的语态
Tip 1 被动语态的构成
英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态的不同而变化。
(2022·北京)Tom has been awarded several prizes, but this teenage innovator remains humble. 汤姆获得了好几个奖项,但这位年轻的创新者仍然很谦逊。
(2022·全国乙)A number of experiments ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.许多实验排除了这一点:孩子们误解了他们被问到的问题。
Tip 2 不能用被动语态的特殊动词
1.系动词类(look、seem、feel、taste、sound、prove、appear等)。
2.表示主语特征的词(read、wash、write、sell、wear、lock等),常与not、hardly、well、easily、badly、nicely等副词连用。
This kind of cloth washes easily. 这种布料容易洗。
名 师 指 津
(1)有些及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有have、cost、lack、own、belong to、take part in等。
(2)不及物动词(短语)不能用于被动语态。常见的有happen/take place/occur、remain、break out、last、come out、come up、lose heart、date from(back to)、run out等。
Tip 3 主动形式表示被动意义
1.在need、want、require、deserve、bear等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing/to be repaired. 这栋房子需要修缮。
2.在某些“主语(人/物)+be+形容词+动词不定式”结构中动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice、easy、fit、hard、difficult、important、impossible、pleasant、interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out. 这个问题很难解决。
3.be to rent/blame/let为主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for the mistake 谁应该为这个错误受谴责
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.The meeting (schedule) to last three days.
2.He (trap) in the traffic jam and felt helpless.
3.The bridge (damage) several times by the enemy before it was finally built.
4.Some wild animals (hunt) and killed at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in future.
五、非真实条件句的虚拟语气
Tip 1 if条件句
情况 从句的谓语动词 主句的谓语动词
与现在 事实相反 动词的过去式(be动词一律用were) would/could/should/might+动词原形
与过去 事实相反 had+过去分词 would/could/should/might+have+过去分词
与将来 事实相反 动词的过去式/should+动词原形/were to+动词原形 would/could/might/should+动词原形
(2021·新高考Ⅰ)If I had to make just one recommendation for where to stay in Rome, it would be Yellow Hostel. 如果我必须推荐一家罗马的住宿地点,那就是黄色旅馆。
If I were you, I would be willing to take part in the activity.如果我是你,我会很乐意参加这个活动。
If it snowed/were to snow/should snow tomorrow, we would take photos.如果明天下雪,我们就照相。
名 师 指 津
若条件句中有were、had或should,可以省略if,把were、had、should 放在主语前,形成倒装结构,这种结构主要用于书面语中。
Were I you, I would stay.倘若我是你,我就留下。
Had you taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed in the examination.如果你听了我的建议,你就不会考试不及格了。
Tip 2 错综时间条件句
有时主句和虚拟条件从句的动作发生的时间不一致,此时,主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选择适当的动词形式。
(2020·江苏)If I hadn't been faced with so many barriers, I wouldn't be where I am.如果我没有面对那么多的障碍,我就不会走到今天。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)
Tip 3 含蓄条件句
有时虚拟条件并不通过条件从句表达出来,而是通过单词、短语(常见的有without、but for、in case、for fear that、otherwise、supposing等)或上下文来暗示,此时句子的时态要依据具体情况而定。
Without electricity (=If there were no electricity), life would be quite different today.如果没有电,今天的生活就会完全不同。
Tip 4 在名词性从句中的运用
1.在表示要求、命令、建议、请求等动词后的宾语从句中,以及这些动词的名词形式后面的同位语或表语从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。常见的此类动词:一坚持(insist)、二命令(order,command)、三要求(require,demand,request)、四建议(suggest,advise,propose,recommend)。
He insisted that the problem (should) be discussed at the meeting.他执意要求在会上讨论这个问题。
My desire is that we (should) not quarrel over such things again.我希望我们不要再为这样的事情争吵了。
名 师 指 津
当suggest作“暗示;表明”讲或insist作“坚持认为”讲时,从句要用陈述语气。
(2021·全国乙)But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.但由于在70分贝时的结果很显著,该研究还表明,适当的背景噪音——不要太大声,也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。
名 师 指 津
在“It is/was+adj./done+that...”句型中,从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。常见的形容词或过去分词有important、necessary、strange、suggested、ordered、advised、requested、demanded 等。
It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day.我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。
2.wish后的宾语从句中的谓语动词可用一般过去时、“had+过去分词”和“could/might/would+动词原形”分别表示与现在、过去和将来相反的情况。
I wish that I had met that film star yesterday.我真希望昨天见到了那个影星。
3.would rather所接的宾语从句中,从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作,从句用一般过去时;如果表示过去发生的动作,从句用过去完成时。
We would rather our daughter stayed at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.我们宁愿女儿和我们待在家里,但这是她的选择,她不再是个孩子了。
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.It is strange that he (have) gone away without telling us.
2.If her mother (take) the doctor's advice, she might have got well earlier.
3.I wish she (be) here with us to enjoy the country.
4.Experts in nutrition suggest that we (eat) at least five different kinds of vegetables and fruit a day.
5.If I (have) one million dollars, I would travel all over the world.
六、主谓一致
主语和谓语一致主要是谓语动词必须和作主语的名词或人称代词在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致通常有语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个原则。
语法一致 and 连接两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数 Lucy and Lily are twin sisters.
many a、 more than one 接单数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数 ①Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs. ②More than one worker has finished the task.
主语后有with、together with、along with、except、besides、 as well as、 rather than、 but、 including、in addition to 等词或短语时,谓语动词的数与该词或短语前的名词或代词的数保持一致 ①They, together with my father, have gone to Washington. ②Lily, rather than her two sisters, was admitted into Tsinghua University.
动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数 注:what引导的主语从句中,如果表语是复数,则谓语动词也用复数 ①Serving the people is my great happiness. ②Whether we'll go depends on the weather. ③What we have to carry is a heavy box. ④For most employees, what they want are good salary and the chance to develop.
意义一致 the number of...作主语时,谓语动词用单数;a number of...作主语时,谓语动词用复数 ①The number of travellers to London has dropped by 100,000. ②A number of factories have been moved out of Beijing.
表示时间、金钱、距离、重量的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数 ①2,500 miles is a long distance. ②Two hours is too short for the visit.
国名、人名、书名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数 The United States is a large country.
分数、百分数、all、some、most、the rest、the remaining等作主语时,谓语动词的数由of后的名词的数决定 ①The rest of the workers are still very tired. ②The rest of the oil was wasted. ③Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water. ④Three fourths of the students in my class are interested in English.
“the+形容词”表示一类人/物时,谓语动词常用复数 Many of the wounded were sent to hospital immediately.
family、class、enemy、team、group、government等集体名词若被看作一个整体时,谓语动词用单数;若侧重其成员时,谓语动词用复数 ①Our team wins first in the game. ②My family are going on a trip this summer.
population表示人口时,谓语动词用单数;当其前有分数、百分数修饰,表示全体居民时,谓语动词用复数 ①The population of that area is about 29 million. ②A third of the population now smoke in this country.
就近一致 由or、either... or、neither...nor、not...but、not only...but also等连接并列主语时,谓语动词的单复数要与最近的主语的单复数保持一致 ①Was he or you able to persuade her ②Neither he nor I am going to the cinema.
there/here be句型后面是并列主语时,be在数上与邻近的主语保持一致 There is a book and many pencils on the desk.
主谓一致的特殊情况 “one/ either/ each of+复数名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词常用单数 Either of the plans is equally dangerous.
“one and a half+复数名词”作主语表示整体概念时,谓语动词用单数 One and a half hours is enough.
在“It+be+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分”强调句型中,如果被强调部分是主语,that/who后谓语动词与被强调部分的人称和数保持一致 It is they who have worked there for five years.
“the majority of+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数;“a quantity of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词与名词保持数的一致;而“quantities of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数 ①The majority of boys like football. ②Quantities of money have been spent in bringing up their children since they were married. ③A large quantity of air conditioners have been sold since the summer came.
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.It means that what you do (be) more important than what you say.
2.New evidence shows why getting enough sleep (be) a top priority.
3.There (stand) a high monument and some colorful lights in the middle of the square.
4.It's not what happens to us that (determine) our lives—it's what we make of what happens.
5.Not only he speak English well, but he spoke Japanese more easily.
【难点突破】
易 混 易 错
难点1 几种易混时态的区别
1.一般过去时与现在完成时
[典例1] When I was at college I (speak) three foreign languages but I (forget) all except a few words of each so far.
解析 由When引导的时间状语从句的时态可知,第一空用一般过去时,故填spoke;根据so far可知,第二空应用现在完成时,表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是结果,故填have forgotten。
2.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
[典例2] The comedian, who (learn) crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
解析 根据语境及定语从句中的时间状语for decades和主句谓语动词wants可知,本空应用现在完成进行时,表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在,并有可能继续下去的动作,故填has been learning。
3.一般过去时与过去完成时
[典例3] John and I have been friends for eight years.We first (get) to know each other at a party.But we (see) each other a couple of times before that.
解析 由语境可知,“相识”这个动作发生在过去,第一空用一般过去时,故填got;“见过几次面”发生在“相识”这一动作之前,表示过去的过去,第二空应用过去完成时,故填had seen。
难点2 时态呼应
[典例4] After driving for thirty miles, she suddenly realized that she (drive) in the wrong direction.
解析 that she in the wrong direction 为宾语从句,主句用一般过去时,从句也应采用过去的某种时态。从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前并且一直在进行,从句用过去完成进行时,故填had been driving。
[典例5] —Have you ever seen Peter recently
—Yes. He (ask) me how you (get) along with your job these days.
解析 由语境可知,第一空应用一般过去时表示过去某个时间所发生的动作,故填asked;主句时态为一般过去时,从句通常也应用过去的某种时态,但此处是特殊情况。由从句中的时间状语these days可知,从句表示的是现在依然存在的情况,第二空应用现在进行时,故填are getting。
难点3 主动形式表示被动意义
[典例6] This kind of wool shirt (feel) soft and (sell) well.
解析 第一空填feels,是系动词,表示“摸起来”,后接soft作表语;第二空填sells, sell well意为“畅销”。
高 分 突 破
方法1 分析结构,确定动词考法
[典例7] Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably (get) swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden.
解析 分析句子结构可知,think后为省略了that的宾语从句,从句中的 swept与was spread并列作谓语,故此处应填get的过去式got。
方法2 先“时间”后“选体”,确定时态
[典例8] When he realized he (walk) into a deep valley,he was too frightened to know what to do.
解析 由语境可知,“走进深谷”这一动作先于realized这一动作发生,应用过去完成时,故填had walked。
方法3 分析句子主谓之间的关系,确定语态(考虑主谓一致)
[典例9] Later, Nelson (award) the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his work.
解析 根据语境和句中的时间状语Later可知,这里表示的是过去的动作,故用一般过去时;Nelson与award之间为动宾关系,故用被动语态;主语为Nelson,谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式,故填was awarded。
方法4 巧用固定句型中的时态
[典例10] One day, I (walk) from classroom across campus to catch my bus home when an old man came down the sidewalk toward me.
解析 由语境可知,本句使用“be doing...when...”句型,表示“正在做某事,这时突然……”,when后的从句用一般过去时,故本空应用过去进行时,表示过去正在进行的动作,故填was walking。
【考能提升】
层级1 基础巩固练
单句填空
1.In sports, some technology (apply) to produce sports shoes to keep athletes running steadily.
2. (have) I known about his financial situation, I would have helped him out.
3.James has just arrived, but I didn't know he (come) until yesterday.
4.When she realized that she had left her handbag in the taxi, the taxi (disappear).
5.An elephant (stick) in a pipe and the people who found it were unable to save it.
6.I have a headache, for I (work) on that computer for 8 hours.
7.He said that one of the boxes (generate) around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
8.As the dark clouds (disappear), the moon gradually came into view.
9.It is recommended that the machine (check) every year.
10.When she smiles, it looks as if the sun (be) shining.
层级2 经典提升练
单句填空
1.(2022·全国乙)The chairman of the China Culture Promotion Society (address) the opening ceremony.
2.(2022·全国甲)In the last five years. Cao (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro,Africa's highest mountain.
3.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that (be) previously unprotected.
4.(2022·新高考Ⅱ)Henry (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony.
5.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems, preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones,and leaving behind precious natural assets(资产) for future generations”.
6.(2022·浙江)When he felt a 3D version of Leonardo da Vinci's “Mona Lisa” he (notice) her smile right away.
7.(2022·浙江1月)Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like—frequently by plane— (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.
8.(2021·全国甲)We (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.
9.(2021·新高考Ⅰ)You can't help wondering how hard it (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
10.(2021·浙江1月)It is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI of between 19 and 25 (consider) healthy.
11.(2021·浙江)It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, (prove) irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
12.(2021·浙江)The little home (paint) white. It was sweet and fresh.
层级3 语境拓展练
语法填空
My best friend Kaiya is like me. She 1. (remind) me of myself. In the past, I 2. (be) never confident because of my appearance. People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc. At that time, I was the shortest student in my class. I started getting depressed. However, someone told me something that I would always remember.
It was in March. Surrounded by a group of girls who 3. (point) at me and laughed at me, I couldn't help crying. The tears 4. (roll) down my face like a rushing river. To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.
I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li. She said, “You 5. (be) perfect the way you are. You should never change or hate yourself. People 6. (accept) you for who you are. But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you ” I 7. (inspire) by her words. Over the past few months, I 8. (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws. Now I have wonderful friends who 9. (love) me for who I am.
Now, seeing Kaiya cry, I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10. (tell) me.
层级4 衔接写作练
衔接1 时态的交叉使用
[典例再现](2021·浙江1月)首先,充分了解这所学校有重要意义。按照计划,你们都将参观博物馆,博物馆里面有我们学校的辉煌历史。
At first, it is of significance to fully understand the school. As scheduled, all of you will visit the museum, which contains the splendid history of our school.
[写作应用](2022·全国乙)汽车经常高速飞驰,这可能会危及我们的生命。还有交通堵塞。如果我们用自行车代替汽车,我们的城市将是更好的地方。
衔接2 利用含蓄虚拟条件句
[典例再现](2020·全国Ⅱ)要不是这次采摘活动,我们不可能知道劳动的果实有多么甜美。
But for this picking activity, we could not know how sweet the fruits of labor are.
[写作应用]若没有她的帮助和专业的指导,我不可能在英语学习方面取得如此大的进步。
微专题4 动词的时态、语态和语气
考点精研
情境导入
(1)现在进行时 (2)现在完成进行时 (3)一般现在时 (4)一般过去时 (5)过去进行时 (6)过去完成时 (7)过去将来时; 被动 (8)现在完成时 (9)一般将来时
考点分析
一~三
对点集训 1.has been declining 2.is coming 3.arrived
4.was thinking 5.will help 6.has grown
四、
对点集训 1.is scheduled 2.was trapped 3.had been damaged 4.are being hunted
五、
对点集训 1.(should) have 2.had taken 3.were 4.(should) eat 5.had
六、
对点集训 1.is 2.is 3.stands 4.determines 5.did
考能提升
层级1
1.is applied 2.Had 3.was coming 4.had disappeared
5.was stuck 6.have been working 7.generated 8.disappeared 9.(should)be checked 10.were
层级2
1.addressed 2.has walked 3.were 4.was fixing 5.is designed 6.noticed 7.is viewed/has been viewed 8.hired
9.was 10.is considered 11.has proved/has proven 12.was painted
层级3
1.reminds 2.was 3.pointed 4.rolled 5.are 6.will accept
7.was inspired 8.have learned 9.love 10.told
层级4
衔接1 The cars often run at high speeds, which may put our lives in danger. And there are traffic jams, too. Our cities will be better places if we replace cars with bicycles.
衔接2 But for/Without her help and professional instruction, I couldn't have made such great progress in English study.
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