2024年高考英语人教版（2019）一轮复习 学案 微专题5 非谓语动词学案（含答案）
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| 名称 | 2024年高考英语人教版（2019）一轮复习 学案 微专题5 非谓语动词学案（含答案） |  | |
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微专题5 非谓语动词
【考点精研】
【情境导入】
朗读下面短文,体会、领悟加黑部分的意义和用法。
Good afternoon, everyone! It is a great honor for me to introduce this English speech contest①. As we all know, to master a foreign language② is very important. Taking part in an English speech contest③ is a helpful way to learn English④. Everyone wants to show their best⑤. When they have been preparing for it, they can improve their listening and speaking⑥ ability, developing a good habit⑦ of learning English⑧.
In the process of the contest, you should pay attention to the rules made by us⑨. First, you should make your voice heard clearly by everyone⑩, so reading alou is very necessary. Second, you should try your best to express yoursel in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech contest will be a great success and the audience will feel satisfie with your performance. Thank you!
[用法体悟]
(1)①处为动词不定式短语作 ,句首的It是 主语。
(2)②处是动词不定式短语作 。
(3)③处是动名词短语作 。
(4)④处是动词不定式短语作 ,修饰前面的名词way。
(5)⑤处是动词不定式短语作 。
(6)⑥处是动名词短语作 ,修饰后面的名词ability。
(7)⑦处是现在分词短语作 。
(8)⑧处是 短语作介词of的 。
(9)⑨处是过去分词短语作 。
(10)⑩处是过去分词短语作 。
(11)处是动名词短语作 。
(12)处是动词不定式短语作 。
(13)处是分词形容词,在句中作 ,意为“ ”。
【考点分析】
一、非谓语动词作定语
Tip 1 动词不定式作定语
1.动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的地点、工具等时,动词不定式后面应有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子住。
但是,当动词不定式所修饰的名词是time、place或way时,动词不定式后面的介词习惯上会省略。
2.用动词不定式作定语的几种情况:
(1)动词不定式与被修饰词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
(2021·天津)There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.即使你是一个专家,也应该当一个通才。
(2)用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级或no、all、any等限定的中心词,且与中心词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
(2022·北京)The next morning, one of the first to arrive was my little frostbitten boy.第二天早上,我那冻伤的小男孩是第一批赶到的人之一。
(3)有些与名词同形的后跟动词不定式的动词,它们用作名词时也常后跟动词不定式作定语,常见的有promise、plan、attempt、offer等。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ)The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP).中国政府最近敲定了建立大熊猫国家公园(GPNP)的计划。
Tip 2 分词作定语
1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式:现在分词、“being+过去分词”和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,用现在分词;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系且表示正在进行的动作时,用“being+过去分词”;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,用过去分词。
The meeting being held now is very important. 现在正在举行的会议非常重要。(表示被动和正在进行)
2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已经完成。
boiling water 沸腾的水(正在进行)
boiled water 开水(已经完成)
3.to be done、done和being done作定语的区别:
to be done表示被动和将来,done表示被动和完成,being done表示被动和正在进行。
Listen!The song being played is very popular with the students. 听!正在播放的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important. 明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
Tip 3 动名词作定语
动名词作定语时主要用来说明被修饰词的用途。
a fishing net 渔网(=a net for fishing)
a swimming pool 游泳池(=a pool for swimming)
名 师 指 津
非谓语动词作定语的解题思路:
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done);表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing);表示被动、进行用being done;表示主动、尚未进行用to do;表示被动、尚未进行用to be done。
①The bridge built recently was designed by a local company.
②Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
④There are still many problems to be solved.
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.Last night, there were millions of people (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.
2.There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
3.She is believed to be the first (make) it popular.
4.Many Chinese brands, (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
二、非谓语动词作状语
Tip 1 动词不定式作状语
1.动词不定式作目的状语
动词不定式作目的状语时,如果强调目的性,动词不定式前还可加in order或so as,构成in order to do结构或so as to do结构。动词不定式作目的状语时,可以放在句首或句中;so as to do结构只能放在句中。in order to do结构和so as to do结构置于句中时,不能用逗号隔开。
(2022·北京)One Monday morning, while the children were enjoying “free play”, I stepped to the doorway of the classroom to take a break.一个星期一的早晨,当孩子们正在享受“自由玩耍”时,我走到教室门口休息。
2.动词不定式作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语常用于so...as to、 such...as to、enough to、only to(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果)、too...to等结构中。
I'm too tired to stay up longer. 我太累了,不能再熬夜了。
3.动词不定式作原因状语
情绪类形容词作表语时,后面可接动词不定式作原因状语,说明产生这种情绪的原因。常见的用于这类结构中的形容词有happy、glad、sorry、anxious、proud、disappointed、angry、surprised、ready、delighted、pleased等。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ)Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project...” “诺丁山小路”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:“我们很高兴能参与这个项目……”
4.在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式是逻辑上的动宾关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,应用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。常用于该结构的形容词有easy、hard、difficult、important、impossible、pleasant、nice、comfortable、safe、dangerous等。
(2022·新高考Ⅱ)The two travelers carefully plan their trips, scheduling their days around the pets that are sometimes difficult to please.这两位旅行者仔细地计划他们的旅行,围绕着有时很难取悦的宠物安排他们的日子。
名 师 指 津
语法填空中常考查“主语+be+形容词+动词不定式”结构。在该结构中,动词不定式中的动词必须是及物动词;若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
Tip 2 分词作状语
1.分词作状语时其形式的选择
形式 意义
doing 与句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系,与句子谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生
having done 与句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系,且先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生
done 与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,表完成
being done 与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生
having been done 与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生
2.分词作状语的句法功能
分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。为了强调还可与while、when、once、if、unless等连词连用。
(2022·浙江1月)One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. 有一天,她在自己家附近开车时,看到一只狗在路上徘徊,显然是迷路了。(表示时间)
He glanced over at her, finding that though she was tiny,she seemed very well. 他瞥了她一眼,发现她虽然个头小,但看起来非常健康。(表示结果)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学生。(表示伴随)
名 师 指 津
部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。常见的有located (坐落于)、lost(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着的)、lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦的)、faced with(面对着)。
Absorbed in painting,John didn't notice evening approaching.由于专心绘画,约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
Tip 3 独立成分作状语
有些分词或动词不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,它们被称作独立成分。常见的有generally speaking“一般来说”、frankly speaking“坦白地说”、judging from/by...“根据……来判断”、considering... /taking... into consideration“考虑到”、to tell the truth“说实话”、compared to/with“与……相比”等。
(2021·全国乙)However, that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people. 然而,与能容纳25万人的城市Circus Maximus相比,这只是小巫见大巫。
Considering your health,you'd better have a rest. 考虑到你的健康(状况),你最好休息一下。
Tip 4 独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构的特点:(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;(2)独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或动词不定式是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系;(3)独立主格结构与句子之间一般有逗号。
独立主格结构的构成:(1)名词/代词+分词;(2)名词/代词+动词不定式;(3)with/without+名词/代词+分词/动词不定式。
The test finished (=When the test was finished),we began our holiday. 考试结束后,我们就开始放假了。
Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许,我们明天就去看你。
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find myself needing a way (escape).
2. (bury) in the newspaper, he didn't notice what was happening.
3. (satisfy) the diverse tastes of today's youth, sellers are putting fancy decorations on this ancient costume. But others said clothing with fancy and modern decorations can't be seen as hanfu at all.
4. (assume) that you can have a second chance, what will you do
5.Most people, generally (speak), are ready to smile back when they are smiled at.
三、非谓语动词作宾语、宾补、主语等
Tip 1 非谓语动词作宾语
非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和动词不定式。
1.只能接动名词作宾语的动词和动词短语有suggest、imagine、mind、admit、practice、allow、advise、risk、keep、avoid、escape、enjoy、consider、finish、miss、insist on、keep on、look forward to、feel like、get down to、object to等。
(2021·新高考Ⅱ)I told him how harmful plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. 我告诉他塑料对环境有多大危害,并请他考虑使用更多的环境友好型的替代物。
2.只能接动词不定式作宾语的动词和动词短语有wish、hope、decide、refuse、promise、pretend、manage、plan、fail、choose、would like等。
(2022·浙江1月)It didn't take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. 没过多久,Merebeth就决定自己开车送狗去那里。
3.既可接动名词作宾语,又可接动词不定式作宾语的动词和动词短语有remember、forget、regret、stop、go on、need、start、begin、try等。
forget to do sth忘记要去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事(已做)
stop to do sth 停下来去做某事
stop doing sth 停止正在做或经常做的事
remember to do sth 记得要做某事(未做)
remember doing sth 记得做过某事(已做)
Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed. 睡觉前记得关灯。
I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspaper. 我记得在报纸上看过关于这次地震的报道。
4.it作形式宾语,代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词,如“主语+feel/find/believe/consider/make it+adj./n.+to do sth”结构。
I think it important to learn English well. 我认为学好英语很重要。
名 师 指 津
动词want、need、require作“需要”讲时,其后要用现在分词形式的主动形式或动词不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
Tip 2 非谓语动词作宾补
1.感官动词(see、watch、observe、notice、look at、hear、listen to、feel等)后面的宾语补足语有三种常见的非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done,其中do是省略了to的动词不定式)。do表示主动和完成(被动句中to要还原),doing表示主动或正在进行,done表示被动或完成。
(2021·山东第二次)If you find something missing, work with the sales managers to get the information you need to complete the analysis.如果您发现遗漏了什么,请与销售经理合作,以获取您完成分析所需的信息。
2.动词let、make、have、get、leave、keep、find后接非谓语动词形式作宾语补足语。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ)It was his brave heart and strong faith that could make something unusual happen finally.正是他勇敢的心和坚定的信念,才使得一些不寻常的事情最终发生。(happen为省略了to的动词不定式)
3.在固定短语中,动词不定式作宾补,如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb to do sth等。
(2022·浙江1月)He moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together.当她一岁的时候,他从加拿大搬家到了加利福尼亚,因为他想让他们一起探索一个新的地方。
4.with复合结构的常用形式:
with sb/sth doing (表示主动且进行,或表示特征)
with sth done(表示被动且完成,或表示状态)
with sth to do(表示将来)
John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it. 约翰收到了晚餐邀请。由于他的工作完成了,他欣然接受了邀请。
名 师 指 津
●注意作补足语的三种非谓语动词形式(to do、doing、done)之间的区别,确认动作是主动还是被动,是正在发生还是已经发生。
●具体分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(即句子宾语)之间的关系,再结合动作发生的时间(未发生、正在发生或已经发生)来选择合适的形式。
Tip 3 非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他
1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和动词不定式。
(1)动名词(短语)作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,动词不定式(短语)作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
Learning English is of vital importance for a middle school student. 学习英语对一个中学生来说至关重要。
(2)it作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有“It is/was no use/good+doing sth.”“It is/was not any use/good+doing sth.”“It is/was of little use/good+doing sth.” “It is/was useless doing sth.” “It's a waste of time doing sth.”等。
It is no good trying that method, because it won't work. 尝试那种方法没有意义,因为它不起作用。
2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和动词不定式。注意现在分词作表语时意为“(事、物)令人……的”,而过去分词作表语时意为“(人)感到……的”。
The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night. 这个消息令人兴奋,我们整个晚上都非常兴奋。
3.“do/have+sth+but (to) do sth”结构要遵循“前有实义动词do,but后则无to,反之则有to”的原则。
He had no choice but to walk home.他别无选择,只能走回家。
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.After (graduate) from medical school, she decided to further her education in Paris.
2.I do know how upset the shop staff can get, but I try to persuade them (keep) smiling.
3.You'd better have your body (examine) if you are free.
4.The purpose of the book is (provide) a complete guide to the university.
5. (fish) is said to be the most popular participatory sport in the UK.
【难点突破】
易 混 易 错
难点1 非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致/不一致
[典例1] When they got there, the village seemed deserted, the only sign of life (be) one or two dogs lying under the tree.
解析 分析句子结构可知,When they...seemed deserted为完整的句子,其与第二个逗号后的内容之间没有连词连接,且前后主语不一致,所以后面的内容是独立主格结构。此处表示主动意义,故用现在分词being。
[典例2] No agreement (reach), the representatives wanted another round of talks.
解析 分析句子结构可知,逗号前后两部分之间没有连词,且前后主语不一致,the representatives...talks为完整的句子,故逗号前的部分为独立主格结构;且reach与其逻辑主语agreement之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词reached。
难点2 非谓语动词的形式
[典例3] Tsinghua University, (found) in 1911, is one of the best universities in China.
解析 分析句子结构可知,空处用非谓语动词作后置定语,且found与其逻辑主语Tsinghua University之间为动宾关系,故用过去分词founded。
高 分 突 破
方法1 分析结构,判断“谓语与非谓语”
[典例4] During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together (share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
解析 句意:在中秋节期间,家庭成员常常聚在一起吃饭、赏月并享用月饼。分析句子结构可知,本句为简单句,且谓语动词为gather,故空处应填非谓语动词;再根据句意可知,此处应用动词不定式to share作目的状语。
方法2 寻找逻辑主语,确定逻辑主语与所给动词之间的关系
[典例5] Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time (spend) with his students.
解析 句意:吉姆已经退休,但他仍记得与他的学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,spend与the happy time构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且此处表示已完成的动作,故用过去分词spent作后置定语。
方法3 分析所给动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序
[典例6] He is thought (act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
解析 句意:他被认为做了愚蠢的事,现在他丢了那份工作只能怪他自己。be thought to do sth表示“被认为做了某事”;由句意可知,act的动作发生在think之前,故用动词不定式的完成式to have acted。
【考能提升】
层级1 基础巩固练
单句填空
1.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
2.The book has inspired Nina (spend) the next year trying to become her own biggest fan and writing about the thirty things that she is truly proud of herself.
3. (inspire) by her new understanding, Emily spent the rest of her year in England taking courses in communications and media studies.
4.During a thunderstorm, static electricity in the clouds builds up, eventually (burst) into lightning.
5.He graduated from Peking University in 1952, (major) in psychology.
6.On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
7.When we are shopping online, we should keep wise to prevent ourselves from (cheat).
8.I am looking forward to (receive) your early reply.
9.He is in love with music, which enables him (contact) many famous musicians.
10.You may have the opportunity (make) your biggest difference when you're older.
层级2 经典提升练
单句填空
1.(2022·全国乙) (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media.
2.(2022·全国乙)“...It can help to build a community with a (share) future for mankind,” he said.
3.(2022·全国甲)A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step (journey) the Belt and Road route by foot.
4.(2022·全国甲)Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
5.(2022·全国甲)He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept.20, (plan) to hike back to Xi'an in five months.
6.(2022·新高考Ⅰ) (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park,the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
7.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
8.(2022·新高考Ⅱ)Henry Tyler made the catch of the year on the weekend. When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony(阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the (fall) child.
9.(2022·新高考Ⅱ)Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up (see) them.
10.(2022·浙江)Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not (do).
11.(2022·浙江1月)That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans (continue) the practice.
12.(2021·全国甲)It is possible (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
13.(2021·全国甲)After (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!
14.(2021·浙江1月)In 1985, urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas.
15.(2021·浙江1月)This may be due to some disadvantages for people (live) in the countryside, including lower levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.
层级3 语境拓展练
语法填空
A study 1. (publish) in September suggests there is a 2. (surprise) way to get people 3. (avoid) unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers 4. (answer) some questions on their personalities and food experiences. “One week later,” Loftus says, “5. (feed) the people, we told them to type their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additional detail. 6. (tell) that they had got sick after 7. (eat) strawberry ice-cream, the researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人为促成的) memory through 8. (lead) questions—Who were you with How did you feel By the end of the study, up to 41% of those 9. (give) a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick, and many said they'd avoid 10. (eat) it.
层级4 衔接写作练
衔接1 用分词作状语,句子生动简练
现在分词(短语)作状语,表示句子主语和该动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
[典例再现](2020·新高考Ⅰ)由于缺乏自信,伯纳德犹豫了好一会儿才敲第一家的门。
Lacking confidence, Bernard hesitated for quite a while before knocking at the first door.
[写作应用](2022·新高考Ⅰ)听到我的话,戴维颤抖地转向我,泪水从眼中溢出,表示他已经下定决心完成越野跑。
衔接2 it作形式主语,动词不定式后移,句式平衡又美观
[典例再现](2021·浙江1月)首先,充分了解学校有重要意义。
At first, it is of significance to fully understand the school.
[写作应用](2022·全国乙)学生自身迫切需要加强自律,家长和老师也迫切需要加强指导。
微专题5 非谓语动词
考点精研
情境导入
(1)主语;形式 (2)主语 (3)主语 (4)定语 (5)宾语
(6)定语 (7)(伴随)状语 (8)动名词;宾语 (9)(后置)定语
(10)宾语补足语 (11)主语 (12)(目的)状语 (13)表语;感到满意的
考点分析
一、
对点集训 1.watching 2.to be solved 3.to make 4.having developed
二、
对点集训 1.to escape 2.Buried 3.To satisfy 4.Assuming 5.speaking
三、
对点集训 1.graduation/graduating 2.to keep 3.examined 4.to provide 5.Fishing
考能提升
层级1
1.surrounding 2.to spend 3.Inspired 4.bursting 5.majoring 6.listening 7.being cheated 8.receiving 9.to contact
10.to make
层级2
1.To strengthen 2.shared 3.to journey 4.held 5.planning
6.Covering 7.to increase 8.falling 9.to see 10.to do
11.to continue 12.to walk 13.spending 14.studied 15.living
层级3
1.published 2.surprising 3.to avoid 4.to answer 5.Having fed 6.Having been told 7.eating 8.leading 9.given 10.eating
层级4
衔接1 Hearing my words, David turned to me tremblingly with tears spilling out of his eyes and expressed he had made a firm determination to finish the cross-country run.
衔接2 It's urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline, and it's also urgent for parents and teachers to strengthen the guidance.
2
【考点精研】
【情境导入】
朗读下面短文,体会、领悟加黑部分的意义和用法。
Good afternoon, everyone! It is a great honor for me to introduce this English speech contest①. As we all know, to master a foreign language② is very important. Taking part in an English speech contest③ is a helpful way to learn English④. Everyone wants to show their best⑤. When they have been preparing for it, they can improve their listening and speaking⑥ ability, developing a good habit⑦ of learning English⑧.
In the process of the contest, you should pay attention to the rules made by us⑨. First, you should make your voice heard clearly by everyone⑩, so reading alou is very necessary. Second, you should try your best to express yoursel in English fluently. Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech contest will be a great success and the audience will feel satisfie with your performance. Thank you!
[用法体悟]
(1)①处为动词不定式短语作 ,句首的It是 主语。
(2)②处是动词不定式短语作 。
(3)③处是动名词短语作 。
(4)④处是动词不定式短语作 ,修饰前面的名词way。
(5)⑤处是动词不定式短语作 。
(6)⑥处是动名词短语作 ,修饰后面的名词ability。
(7)⑦处是现在分词短语作 。
(8)⑧处是 短语作介词of的 。
(9)⑨处是过去分词短语作 。
(10)⑩处是过去分词短语作 。
(11)处是动名词短语作 。
(12)处是动词不定式短语作 。
(13)处是分词形容词,在句中作 ,意为“ ”。
【考点分析】
一、非谓语动词作定语
Tip 1 动词不定式作定语
1.动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的地点、工具等时,动词不定式后面应有相应的介词。
The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. 布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子住。
但是,当动词不定式所修饰的名词是time、place或way时,动词不定式后面的介词习惯上会省略。
2.用动词不定式作定语的几种情况:
(1)动词不定式与被修饰词之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
(2021·天津)There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.即使你是一个专家,也应该当一个通才。
(2)用来修饰被序数词、形容词最高级或no、all、any等限定的中心词,且与中心词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
(2022·北京)The next morning, one of the first to arrive was my little frostbitten boy.第二天早上,我那冻伤的小男孩是第一批赶到的人之一。
(3)有些与名词同形的后跟动词不定式的动词,它们用作名词时也常后跟动词不定式作定语,常见的有promise、plan、attempt、offer等。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ)The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP).中国政府最近敲定了建立大熊猫国家公园(GPNP)的计划。
Tip 2 分词作定语
1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式:现在分词、“being+过去分词”和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,用现在分词;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系且表示正在进行的动作时,用“being+过去分词”;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,用过去分词。
The meeting being held now is very important. 现在正在举行的会议非常重要。(表示被动和正在进行)
2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已经完成。
boiling water 沸腾的水(正在进行)
boiled water 开水(已经完成)
3.to be done、done和being done作定语的区别:
to be done表示被动和将来,done表示被动和完成,being done表示被动和正在进行。
Listen!The song being played is very popular with the students. 听!正在播放的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important. 明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
Tip 3 动名词作定语
动名词作定语时主要用来说明被修饰词的用途。
a fishing net 渔网(=a net for fishing)
a swimming pool 游泳池(=a pool for swimming)
名 师 指 津
非谓语动词作定语的解题思路:
表示被动、完成用过去分词(done);表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing);表示被动、进行用being done;表示主动、尚未进行用to do;表示被动、尚未进行用to be done。
①The bridge built recently was designed by a local company.
②Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.
③The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.
④There are still many problems to be solved.
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.Last night, there were millions of people (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.
2.There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
3.She is believed to be the first (make) it popular.
4.Many Chinese brands, (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
二、非谓语动词作状语
Tip 1 动词不定式作状语
1.动词不定式作目的状语
动词不定式作目的状语时,如果强调目的性,动词不定式前还可加in order或so as,构成in order to do结构或so as to do结构。动词不定式作目的状语时,可以放在句首或句中;so as to do结构只能放在句中。in order to do结构和so as to do结构置于句中时,不能用逗号隔开。
(2022·北京)One Monday morning, while the children were enjoying “free play”, I stepped to the doorway of the classroom to take a break.一个星期一的早晨,当孩子们正在享受“自由玩耍”时,我走到教室门口休息。
2.动词不定式作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语常用于so...as to、 such...as to、enough to、only to(常表示意外的或事与愿违的结果)、too...to等结构中。
I'm too tired to stay up longer. 我太累了,不能再熬夜了。
3.动词不定式作原因状语
情绪类形容词作表语时,后面可接动词不定式作原因状语,说明产生这种情绪的原因。常见的用于这类结构中的形容词有happy、glad、sorry、anxious、proud、disappointed、angry、surprised、ready、delighted、pleased等。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ)Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project...” “诺丁山小路”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:“我们很高兴能参与这个项目……”
4.在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式是逻辑上的动宾关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,应用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。常用于该结构的形容词有easy、hard、difficult、important、impossible、pleasant、nice、comfortable、safe、dangerous等。
(2022·新高考Ⅱ)The two travelers carefully plan their trips, scheduling their days around the pets that are sometimes difficult to please.这两位旅行者仔细地计划他们的旅行,围绕着有时很难取悦的宠物安排他们的日子。
名 师 指 津
语法填空中常考查“主语+be+形容词+动词不定式”结构。在该结构中,动词不定式中的动词必须是及物动词;若为不及物动词,则要在其后加上适当的介词,使之构成及物动词短语。
Tip 2 分词作状语
1.分词作状语时其形式的选择
形式 意义
doing 与句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系,与句子谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生
having done 与句子主语为逻辑上的主谓关系,且先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生
done 与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,表完成
being done 与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生
having been done 与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生
2.分词作状语的句法功能
分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。为了强调还可与while、when、once、if、unless等连词连用。
(2022·浙江1月)One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. 有一天,她在自己家附近开车时,看到一只狗在路上徘徊,显然是迷路了。(表示时间)
He glanced over at her, finding that though she was tiny,she seemed very well. 他瞥了她一眼,发现她虽然个头小,但看起来非常健康。(表示结果)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学生。(表示伴随)
名 师 指 津
部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态。常见的有located (坐落于)、lost(迷路的)、seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着的)、lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦的)、faced with(面对着)。
Absorbed in painting,John didn't notice evening approaching.由于专心绘画,约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。
Tip 3 独立成分作状语
有些分词或动词不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,它们被称作独立成分。常见的有generally speaking“一般来说”、frankly speaking“坦白地说”、judging from/by...“根据……来判断”、considering... /taking... into consideration“考虑到”、to tell the truth“说实话”、compared to/with“与……相比”等。
(2021·全国乙)However, that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus, which accommodated around 250,000 people. 然而,与能容纳25万人的城市Circus Maximus相比,这只是小巫见大巫。
Considering your health,you'd better have a rest. 考虑到你的健康(状况),你最好休息一下。
Tip 4 独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构的特点:(1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;(2)独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或动词不定式是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系;(3)独立主格结构与句子之间一般有逗号。
独立主格结构的构成:(1)名词/代词+分词;(2)名词/代词+动词不定式;(3)with/without+名词/代词+分词/动词不定式。
The test finished (=When the test was finished),we began our holiday. 考试结束后,我们就开始放假了。
Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许,我们明天就去看你。
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find myself needing a way (escape).
2. (bury) in the newspaper, he didn't notice what was happening.
3. (satisfy) the diverse tastes of today's youth, sellers are putting fancy decorations on this ancient costume. But others said clothing with fancy and modern decorations can't be seen as hanfu at all.
4. (assume) that you can have a second chance, what will you do
5.Most people, generally (speak), are ready to smile back when they are smiled at.
三、非谓语动词作宾语、宾补、主语等
Tip 1 非谓语动词作宾语
非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和动词不定式。
1.只能接动名词作宾语的动词和动词短语有suggest、imagine、mind、admit、practice、allow、advise、risk、keep、avoid、escape、enjoy、consider、finish、miss、insist on、keep on、look forward to、feel like、get down to、object to等。
(2021·新高考Ⅱ)I told him how harmful plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. 我告诉他塑料对环境有多大危害,并请他考虑使用更多的环境友好型的替代物。
2.只能接动词不定式作宾语的动词和动词短语有wish、hope、decide、refuse、promise、pretend、manage、plan、fail、choose、would like等。
(2022·浙江1月)It didn't take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. 没过多久,Merebeth就决定自己开车送狗去那里。
3.既可接动名词作宾语,又可接动词不定式作宾语的动词和动词短语有remember、forget、regret、stop、go on、need、start、begin、try等。
forget to do sth忘记要去做某事(未做)
forget doing sth 忘记做过某事(已做)
stop to do sth 停下来去做某事
stop doing sth 停止正在做或经常做的事
remember to do sth 记得要做某事(未做)
remember doing sth 记得做过某事(已做)
Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed. 睡觉前记得关灯。
I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspaper. 我记得在报纸上看过关于这次地震的报道。
4.it作形式宾语,代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词,如“主语+feel/find/believe/consider/make it+adj./n.+to do sth”结构。
I think it important to learn English well. 我认为学好英语很重要。
名 师 指 津
动词want、need、require作“需要”讲时,其后要用现在分词形式的主动形式或动词不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。
Tip 2 非谓语动词作宾补
1.感官动词(see、watch、observe、notice、look at、hear、listen to、feel等)后面的宾语补足语有三种常见的非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done,其中do是省略了to的动词不定式)。do表示主动和完成(被动句中to要还原),doing表示主动或正在进行,done表示被动或完成。
(2021·山东第二次)If you find something missing, work with the sales managers to get the information you need to complete the analysis.如果您发现遗漏了什么,请与销售经理合作,以获取您完成分析所需的信息。
2.动词let、make、have、get、leave、keep、find后接非谓语动词形式作宾语补足语。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ)It was his brave heart and strong faith that could make something unusual happen finally.正是他勇敢的心和坚定的信念,才使得一些不寻常的事情最终发生。(happen为省略了to的动词不定式)
3.在固定短语中,动词不定式作宾补,如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb to do sth等。
(2022·浙江1月)He moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together.当她一岁的时候,他从加拿大搬家到了加利福尼亚,因为他想让他们一起探索一个新的地方。
4.with复合结构的常用形式:
with sb/sth doing (表示主动且进行,或表示特征)
with sth done(表示被动且完成,或表示状态)
with sth to do(表示将来)
John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it. 约翰收到了晚餐邀请。由于他的工作完成了,他欣然接受了邀请。
名 师 指 津
●注意作补足语的三种非谓语动词形式(to do、doing、done)之间的区别,确认动作是主动还是被动,是正在发生还是已经发生。
●具体分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语(即句子宾语)之间的关系,再结合动作发生的时间(未发生、正在发生或已经发生)来选择合适的形式。
Tip 3 非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他
1.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和动词不定式。
(1)动名词(短语)作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作,动词不定式(短语)作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
Learning English is of vital importance for a middle school student. 学习英语对一个中学生来说至关重要。
(2)it作形式主语,代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有“It is/was no use/good+doing sth.”“It is/was not any use/good+doing sth.”“It is/was of little use/good+doing sth.” “It is/was useless doing sth.” “It's a waste of time doing sth.”等。
It is no good trying that method, because it won't work. 尝试那种方法没有意义,因为它不起作用。
2.非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和动词不定式。注意现在分词作表语时意为“(事、物)令人……的”,而过去分词作表语时意为“(人)感到……的”。
The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night. 这个消息令人兴奋,我们整个晚上都非常兴奋。
3.“do/have+sth+but (to) do sth”结构要遵循“前有实义动词do,but后则无to,反之则有to”的原则。
He had no choice but to walk home.他别无选择,只能走回家。
[对点集训] 单句填空
1.After (graduate) from medical school, she decided to further her education in Paris.
2.I do know how upset the shop staff can get, but I try to persuade them (keep) smiling.
3.You'd better have your body (examine) if you are free.
4.The purpose of the book is (provide) a complete guide to the university.
5. (fish) is said to be the most popular participatory sport in the UK.
【难点突破】
易 混 易 错
难点1 非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致/不一致
[典例1] When they got there, the village seemed deserted, the only sign of life (be) one or two dogs lying under the tree.
解析 分析句子结构可知,When they...seemed deserted为完整的句子,其与第二个逗号后的内容之间没有连词连接,且前后主语不一致,所以后面的内容是独立主格结构。此处表示主动意义,故用现在分词being。
[典例2] No agreement (reach), the representatives wanted another round of talks.
解析 分析句子结构可知,逗号前后两部分之间没有连词,且前后主语不一致,the representatives...talks为完整的句子,故逗号前的部分为独立主格结构;且reach与其逻辑主语agreement之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词reached。
难点2 非谓语动词的形式
[典例3] Tsinghua University, (found) in 1911, is one of the best universities in China.
解析 分析句子结构可知,空处用非谓语动词作后置定语,且found与其逻辑主语Tsinghua University之间为动宾关系,故用过去分词founded。
高 分 突 破
方法1 分析结构,判断“谓语与非谓语”
[典例4] During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together (share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
解析 句意:在中秋节期间,家庭成员常常聚在一起吃饭、赏月并享用月饼。分析句子结构可知,本句为简单句,且谓语动词为gather,故空处应填非谓语动词;再根据句意可知,此处应用动词不定式to share作目的状语。
方法2 寻找逻辑主语,确定逻辑主语与所给动词之间的关系
[典例5] Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time (spend) with his students.
解析 句意:吉姆已经退休,但他仍记得与他的学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知,spend与the happy time构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且此处表示已完成的动作,故用过去分词spent作后置定语。
方法3 分析所给动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序
[典例6] He is thought (act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
解析 句意:他被认为做了愚蠢的事,现在他丢了那份工作只能怪他自己。be thought to do sth表示“被认为做了某事”;由句意可知,act的动作发生在think之前,故用动词不定式的完成式to have acted。
【考能提升】
层级1 基础巩固练
单句填空
1.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
2.The book has inspired Nina (spend) the next year trying to become her own biggest fan and writing about the thirty things that she is truly proud of herself.
3. (inspire) by her new understanding, Emily spent the rest of her year in England taking courses in communications and media studies.
4.During a thunderstorm, static electricity in the clouds builds up, eventually (burst) into lightning.
5.He graduated from Peking University in 1952, (major) in psychology.
6.On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
7.When we are shopping online, we should keep wise to prevent ourselves from (cheat).
8.I am looking forward to (receive) your early reply.
9.He is in love with music, which enables him (contact) many famous musicians.
10.You may have the opportunity (make) your biggest difference when you're older.
层级2 经典提升练
单句填空
1.(2022·全国乙) (strengthen) the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media.
2.(2022·全国乙)“...It can help to build a community with a (share) future for mankind,” he said.
3.(2022·全国甲)A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step (journey) the Belt and Road route by foot.
4.(2022·全国甲)Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute(致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
5.(2022·全国甲)He flew 4,700 kilometers from Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept.20, (plan) to hike back to Xi'an in five months.
6.(2022·新高考Ⅰ) (cover) an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park,the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.
7.(2022·新高考Ⅰ)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
8.(2022·新高考Ⅱ)Henry Tyler made the catch of the year on the weekend. When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony(阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the (fall) child.
9.(2022·新高考Ⅱ)Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up (see) them.
10.(2022·浙江)Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not (do).
11.(2022·浙江1月)That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she plans (continue) the practice.
12.(2021·全国甲)It is possible (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
13.(2021·全国甲)After (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history!
14.(2021·浙江1月)In 1985, urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas.
15.(2021·浙江1月)This may be due to some disadvantages for people (live) in the countryside, including lower levels of income and education, higher costs of healthy foods, and fewer sports facilities.
层级3 语境拓展练
语法填空
A study 1. (publish) in September suggests there is a 2. (surprise) way to get people 3. (avoid) unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers 4. (answer) some questions on their personalities and food experiences. “One week later,” Loftus says, “5. (feed) the people, we told them to type their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additional detail. 6. (tell) that they had got sick after 7. (eat) strawberry ice-cream, the researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人为促成的) memory through 8. (lead) questions—Who were you with How did you feel By the end of the study, up to 41% of those 9. (give) a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick, and many said they'd avoid 10. (eat) it.
层级4 衔接写作练
衔接1 用分词作状语,句子生动简练
现在分词(短语)作状语,表示句子主语和该动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
[典例再现](2020·新高考Ⅰ)由于缺乏自信,伯纳德犹豫了好一会儿才敲第一家的门。
Lacking confidence, Bernard hesitated for quite a while before knocking at the first door.
[写作应用](2022·新高考Ⅰ)听到我的话,戴维颤抖地转向我,泪水从眼中溢出,表示他已经下定决心完成越野跑。
衔接2 it作形式主语,动词不定式后移,句式平衡又美观
[典例再现](2021·浙江1月)首先,充分了解学校有重要意义。
At first, it is of significance to fully understand the school.
[写作应用](2022·全国乙)学生自身迫切需要加强自律,家长和老师也迫切需要加强指导。
微专题5 非谓语动词
考点精研
情境导入
(1)主语;形式 (2)主语 (3)主语 (4)定语 (5)宾语
(6)定语 (7)(伴随)状语 (8)动名词;宾语 (9)(后置)定语
(10)宾语补足语 (11)主语 (12)(目的)状语 (13)表语;感到满意的
考点分析
一、
对点集训 1.watching 2.to be solved 3.to make 4.having developed
二、
对点集训 1.to escape 2.Buried 3.To satisfy 4.Assuming 5.speaking
三、
对点集训 1.graduation/graduating 2.to keep 3.examined 4.to provide 5.Fishing
考能提升
层级1
1.surrounding 2.to spend 3.Inspired 4.bursting 5.majoring 6.listening 7.being cheated 8.receiving 9.to contact
10.to make
层级2
1.To strengthen 2.shared 3.to journey 4.held 5.planning
6.Covering 7.to increase 8.falling 9.to see 10.to do
11.to continue 12.to walk 13.spending 14.studied 15.living
层级3
1.published 2.surprising 3.to avoid 4.to answer 5.Having fed 6.Having been told 7.eating 8.leading 9.given 10.eating
层级4
衔接1 Hearing my words, David turned to me tremblingly with tears spilling out of his eyes and expressed he had made a firm determination to finish the cross-country run.
衔接2 It's urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline, and it's also urgent for parents and teachers to strengthen the guidance.
2