中考英语知识点归纳汇总第八课时副词
第八课时 副 词
一、概述
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，表示动作的特征、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。
二、副词的分类
时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词及程度副词。
1、时间副词：时间副词表达的内涵包括回答“什么时候”或“经常与否”
A: how, then, yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago;
B: always, often, usually, sometimes, never, hardly, ever;
C: already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at last, finally, at first, since;
2、地点副词：表示地点或位置关系的副词。
A: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;
B: above, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, over, round, away, near;
注：B类中表示位置的副词有时也可作介词。
如：come in, please----- They live in the next room.
3、方式副词：badly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. well, fast, high, hard.
4、 程度副词：常见的有: much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too, enough, quite, rather, completely, terribly, nearly, hardly, not at all。这些副词多用来修饰形容词、副词或动词以加强语气。
5、 疑问副词：是用来引导一个特殊问句，有时用来引导时间状语从句或宾语从句。
疑问副词有：how, when, where, why, who
6、部分副词的用法：
1）too, either, also都是表示“也”。
too和either都用于句末，too用于肯定句中，either用于否定句及一般疑问句中，also放在句子中，BE动词前，实义动词后。
2）so, neither都可以用在倒装句的开头。
so接在肯定句后表示“也一样”，句式：so+助动词+主语；
neither接在一个否定句后面表示“也不，没…….”
句式：neither+助动词+主语
I have read the book, so has he.
Jim didn’t win the game, neither did Tom.
3）already, yet
already 和yet通常用于现在完成时中，already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句中。
He has already finished his homework.
Jim hasn’t come back yet.
7、副词的比较等级
副词和形容词一样，也有比较级和最高级，其变化形式与形容词的比较比较级和最高级一样。中考英语知识点归纳汇总第九课时介词
第九课时 介 词
一、知识概述
介词是一种虚词，一般在句子中不重读，也不能单独充当句子成分，但与它的介词宾语一起构成介词短语，就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。
介词又称前置词，一般位于名词或代词的前面，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。在学习介词时，最重要的是掌握介词的用法，动介词组的搭配，时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词的比较和区别。
二、介词的定义及句法功能
介词是一种虚词，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词，或相当于名词的其他词组、短语或从句，称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
The boy over there is my brother.（作定语）
A friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定语）
I shall meet you at the entrance of Qianmen Hotel.（作地点状语）
To their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.（作原因状语）
I’ll be in the office every afternoon.（作表语）
He isn’t at home（作表语）
The farmer made the king out of the water.（作宾语补足语）
I found everything in good order（作宾语补足语）
三、介词与其他词类的固定搭配。
介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说，在这些词的后面，常常要求用一定的介词。
1、形容词与介词的固定搭配
有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词，这类介词常见的有：
about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with
（1） 形容词+about
careful about hopeful about sure about
He is careless about his clothes
（2）形容词 +at
good at surprised at angry at
（3）形容词 + for
famous for ready for sorry for
I’m terrible sorry for telling him the truth.
（4）形容词 + from
different from safe from
He was absent from class this morning
My sister is different from me in many ways.
（5）形容词 + in
interested in successful in
He is interested in making model ships.
2、名词与介词的固定搭配
（1）名词 + for
He made up an excuse for being late.
Did you find the cause for your failure
（2）名词 + in
He has some difficulty in translating the book
She has made great progress in English.
（3）名词 + of
She found another way of solving the problem
He forms a bad habit of getting up late
（4）名词 + on
There have been several attacks on foreigners recently.
Have pity on me!
（5）名词 + with
I wanted to have a talk with you
He is always getting into trouble with the police中考英语知识点归纳汇总第六课时数词
第六课时 数 词一、基数词基数词表示数量
onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineten eleventwelvethirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety twenty-onethirty-eightfifty-three a hundreda thousanda milliona billion
注意：表示具体数目的hundren, thousand, million等均不用复数，百位数和十位数之间通常加连词and；十位数与个位数之间要加连字符。二、序数词
firstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtenth eleventhtwelfththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixteenthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth twentieththirtiethfortiethfiftiethsixtiethseventietheightiethninetiethhundredth twenty-firstninety-ninty a hundred and fifty-third
序数词的缩写形式：由阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母。first---1st second --- 2nd tenth --- 10th三、时间和年月日表示法1、时间均用基数词表示：1）顺读法，先说“点钟”，再说“分钟”，如：2:15 two fifteen 6:20 six twenty2）逆读法30分钟以内：“分钟数+ past +钟点数”，如：3:20 --- twenty past three 2:10 --- ten past two半小时用 half，15分钟用 a quarter :2:15 --- a quarter past two 3:30 --- half past three30分钟以外要用：“分钟数+ to + 下一个钟点”，如：4:35 --- twenty-five to five 2:55 --- five to three2）年月日表示法年份读法；月日读法；年月日一起读法。四、分数的表示法当分数中表示分子的数只含个位数时一般采用“分子（用基数词）+分母（用序数词）”表示。（分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数）如：one-third; two-thirds; three twenty-seconds五、数词与名词的搭配1）数词与名词连用时，它们的次序是“名词+基数词”Lesson 15; Room 1506 或者用“the + 序数词 + 名词”The Fifteenth Lesson the third floor2）数词与小时的搭配two hours and a half three hourshalf an hour中考英语知识点归纳汇总第七课时形容词
第七课时 形容词一、概述形容词修饰名词，说明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。The beautiful girl is Tom’s sister.（充当定语）Three is nothing serious, is there （充当定语，修饰不定代词的形容词及短语要放在不定代词之后）The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.（作表语）The old are looked after well.（有些形容词和定冠词the连用时，表示一类人或物，其谓语动词用复数形式）二、形容词比较级及最高级的形式1、绝大部分双音节形容词和单音节形容词的比较等级变化是规则变化。
情 况 变化形式 举 例
一般情况 在词尾直接加-er ; -est small - smaller - smallest
以e结尾的词 在词尾加 –r ; - st ; large - larger - largest
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y为i，加- er; -est happy- happier- happiest
以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾，而且是重读闭音节 将该辅音字母双写，再加-er ; -est fat – fatter – fattestthin – thinner – thinnestbig – bigger – biggesthot – hotter - hottest
2、部分双音节和多音节形容词比较级和最高级变化形式在多音节形容词前加more或mostbeautiful – more beautiful – most beautifuluseful – more useful – most useful3、不规则形容词比较级和最高级形式：good, well – better – best bad, ill – worse – worstmany, much – more – most little – less – leastfar – farther, further – farthest, furthest三、形容词的比较等级的用法1、当A=B时，则用as（副）…as（介，连）…，中间用形容词或副词的原级。表示甲与乙在某方面一样He is as tall as I (me)2、A≠B，则用not as(so)…as… 表示甲与乙在某方面不一样。He is not so tall as I = He is shorter than I =I’m taller than heThe boy isn’t as careful as that one= This boy isn’t as careful than that one3、比较级+than形式 This lesson is more difficult than that oneShe is fatter than Kate4、the+最高级+(in of)短语Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our classHe is the oldest of the threeof 常与名词复数或表示数量的词连用。表示“在…之中”这一。in常与表示范围或场所的名词连用“在…范围之中”四、形容词比较级特殊用法1）more and more比较级连用表示“越来越……”In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.He is getting busier and busier.2）The more … the more 越…就越…The larger the bus is , the more people it can carry.The farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.3）比较级形式表达最高级：比较级+than any other+名词单数；比较级+than the other+名词复数He is clever than any other boy---- He is the clevest of all the boys---- He is clever than the other boys4、修饰比较级的副词有much, even , quite , a little, a lot等表示“得多”“甚至”，表示程度。中考英语知识点归纳汇总第十课时连词
第十课时 连 词
一、知识概述
连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系的词。从属连词是用来引导从句的词。
二、并列连词
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表示转折、因果、选择和联合关系等四大类。
表示联合关系的连词，常见的有：and, not only……but also, as well as, both…and, neither…nor….
Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American.
They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.
Work hard and you’ll pass the exam
=If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam.
While I was in the university, I learned both English and Japanese.
Both European and Asian speak Russia
You can’t speak both American English and British English at the same time.
Neither Tom nor you are a driver.
Neither I nor he has seen the play.
Neither of us is a teacher
You don’t like it, Neither do I .
She is beautiful as well as clever.
He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.
三、从属连词
从属连词是用来连接各种从句的词
1、连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句的连词只有三个，即that, if, whether。如：
Ask her if she will come with me.
The reason is that she never wasted her time.
I don’t know whether he had passed the exam.
2、引导状语从句的从属连词
(1) 连接时间状语从句的从属连词有：since, until, after, before, when, while, as soon as, whenever.
I’ll tell you as soon as I know.
(2) 连接地点状语从句的从属连词有: where, wherever
Sit wherever you like.
I found my books where I had left them.
(3) 连接让步状语从句的从属连词有：although, though, even if, however.
Although she was tired, she kept on working.
(4) 连接原因状语从句的从属连词有：as, because, since, now that,
He was absent because he was ill.
(5) 连接目的状语从句的从属连词有：that, so that, in order that.
He raised his voice so that we could hear him.
(6) 连接条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, once, in case.
You’ll miss the train unless you hurry up.
(7) 连接结果状语从句的从属连词有：so…that, such…that.
He came so late that he missed the class.
(8) 连接比较状语从句的从属连词有：as…as…, not so…as…, less(more)…than, the …the…
This is more than I can accept.
(9) 连接方式状语从句的从属连词有：as, as if
It looks as if it was going to rain.中考英语知识点归纳汇总第十一课时动词
一、知识概述在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”，动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样，有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和数保持一致。学好了英语动词相当于学好了一半的英语语法，可见英语动词的重要性。在初中英语中，动词的分类、动词的时态和语态以及动词的各种形式之间的联系，非谓语动词的构成、用法等等贯穿整个初中课本，包括英语句型都离不开动词时态或语态，因此在学习时特别要注意英语中时态的运用和语态之间的区别。二、动词的分类及作用按照动词的词义和在句中的作用，英语动词可分为行为动词（又叫实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。1、行为动词表示动作或状态，能独立作谓语。如：She took pictures of treesHe is typing letters.行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。（1）及物动词及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整。I enjoyed the film very muchI gave the child another piece of cake.常见的能带两个宾语的动词有：bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.（2）不及物动词本身词义完整，后面不要求跟宾语。如：Horses run fast.They work in a factory.She curled up in bed and began her book.2、连系动词（1）本身有词义，不能在句子中单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有：be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.My father is an engineer.My brother has become a doctor.It seems that he was a millionaire.I don’t feel very well today.（2）表示感觉知觉的动词可以是连系动词，如feel, touch, sound, smell.I can smell the sea.The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.I feel a pain in the arm.She looked worried about it.3、动词与介词的固定搭配动词与介词的搭配主要指下列两种形式：（1）动词+宾语+介词The song always reminds me of my school days.Parents usually expect a lot of their children.I often take her for her sister.He hideeverything from me.The headmaster praised the boy for his courage.Theysupplied people with enough food and drink.Theypresented us with a lot of flowers.The man was charged with mueder.（2）动词+反身代词+介词dress oneself in; prepare oneself forgive oneself to pride oneself onHe giveshimself to pop music.She always dresses herself in white.
一、动词的形式大多数动词有四种基本形式：1、现在式；2、过去式；3、过去分词；4、现在分词；现在式是字典中所给的形式，也可称为动词原形。按照动词各种形式的构成方法，动词可分为规则动词和不规则动词两类。1、第三人称单数形式；加-s的规则动词一般现在时单数第三人称形式的构成和名词复数的构成法及读音完全一样。
情 况 变化形式 例词
一般情况 加-s helps makes gets
以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的名词 加-es guesses fixes goes washes
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词 变y为i, 加es flies cries tries studies
2、动词的过去式和过去分词：构成动词-ed形式的规则。（1）规则变化的过去式和过去分词的构成是一样的。都加-ed。
构成规则 动词原形 变化后
一般在动词原形末尾加ed look play looked played
结尾是e的动词加d live hope lived hoped
以辅音字母加y的动词，改y为i加ed study carry studied carried
重读闭音节的，又写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed stop drop fit stopped droppedfitted
（2）不规则动词的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规则的，可以查不规则动词变化形式表。① 有些动词的三种形式一样。如：bet ; burst; cast; cost;cut; hit; hurt; let; read; shut; spread② 下面是一些易误用的不规则动词bear, bore, born bite, bit, bitten blow, blew, blowndraw, drew, drawn drink, drank, drunk eat, ate, eatenfly, flew, flown hide, hid, hidden lend, lent, lentmean, meant, meant ride, rode, ridden rise, rose, risenshake, shook, shaken swim, swam, swum tear, tore, tornthrow, threw, thrown wear, wore, worn3、英语动词的现在分词，一般在动词末尾加-ing。
规 则 变化形式 例 词
一般情况 加ing going asking
以不发音的e结尾的 去e,再加ing writing closing
以重读闭音节结尾的 双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ing getting beginning
以ie结尾的 先将ie变为y，再加ing dying lying tying
教学重点一、助动词助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它们的具体用法如下：（1）助动词beA. 可用于构成进行时态She is doing her homework now.I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.B. 可用于构成被动语态The baby was put in bed by his mother.The invitation was received yesterday.C. 可与动词不定式构成谓语These books are not to be taken out of the room.She is to arrive at six this morning.（2）助动词haveA. 构成完成时态I have not seen him for three years.How long has your uncle taught in the village He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.B. 和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情She had to go shopping yesterday.（3）助动词doA. 构成疑问句和否定句Did anyone sharpen this knife I don’t think you are right.B．用来加强语气I do want to have a talk with youDo come and see me.C．用来代替动词词组Have you finished your work Yes, I did yesterday.He plays basketball well. So does his brother.（4）助动词shall构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况I shall not be back tonight.We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.（5）助动词will构成将来时，用于第一、二、三人称。如：They will move to a new house.She will not eat any solid food.注意：（1）have to 与must的区别must是情态动词，意思是“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”，后接动词原形。Must的否定形式为mustn’t.构成疑问句时，肯定回答一般用must。否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”。如：Must I do it now Yes, you must No, you needn’t.have to 表示“不得不，必须”，可用于多种时态。I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.I’m sorry I won’t go with you, I’ll have to go to the bank.We don’t have to install this new television set.（2）used to 表示过去常常，而现在不再有的习惯。其否定形式为: used not to, usedn’t (usen’t) to , didn’t use to.I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.Used they to have a lot more free time
情态动词
（1）情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或表示主观设想。情态动词有自己的词义，但不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带to的动词不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化，常用的情态动词有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare.① 情态动词有自己的词义，表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或主观设想。如：You may go now.This bus can seat 40 people.The work must be finished as soon as possible.② 情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和不带to的不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化。③ 情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式。（2）情态动词的用法。① may的用法a. 表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。May not表示说话人“不许可”，如：You may go now.May I use you typewrite You may not go=I do not permit you to go.b. 在回答may引导的疑问句时，肯定回答用yes, you may否定用No, you mustn’t. No, you can’t或No, you had better not.② can的用法a．表示能力，有“能、会、能够”的意思。b. 表示允许，在口语中代替may，有“可以的意思。c. 表示“可能性”，常用于否定句或疑问句。The hall can hold at least 200 people.The librarian said we could take these books.Today is Sunday, he can’t be at school today.d. can和be able to的用法比较can用来表达能力时，由于只有现在时和过去时两种形式，其他时态要用be able to来表达。如：I can play piano.He has not been able to finish the work in time.③ must 的用法a. must表示必须，应该。如：Must I come to the party The article must be completed before Friday.b. must的否定形式mustn’t,表示“不应该、不可以、禁止”。如：You mustn’t get to school too late.Must I do it now Yes, you must. No, you needn’tShe must have gone to Beijing.You must say sorry to me for thatYou mustn’t clean only own room.④ need的用法a. need作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句，较少用于肯定句。如：I needn’t wear a coat. = I don’t think I need wear a coat.I don’t need things like that.⑤ shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人的意愿。如:He shall get his money.You shall do exactly as you wish.Shall I turn on the light Shall I poen the window ⑥ would的用法表示愿望、决心、建议或看法，如：I would like to go there.I promised that I would do my best.表示过去的习惯.He would often come to my house to see me.
