2024 年中考英语复习学案--句子结构和词性升级版（学生）

主讲句子成分（句子结构）和词性
1. 词类
词类 英语名称 意义 例词
名词 Noun (n.) 表示人或事物的名称 boy, pencil, book, backpack
冠词 Article (art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指 的人或事物 a (an), the
代词 Pronoun (pron.) 用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句或句子等 we, that, his, what
形容词 Adjective (adj.) 用以修饰名词，表示人或事物 的特征 old, red, fine, good
数词 Numeral (num) 表示数量或顺序 one, thirteen, first, ninth
动词 Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态 look, go, be(am, is, are)
副词 Adverb (adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 not, too, here, often
介词 Preposition (prep.) 表示名词、代词等和[文件]句中其他 词的关系 in, on, of, to, under
连词 Conjunction (conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语 或句与句 and, or, but
感叹词 Interjection (interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感 oh, hello, hi
区别句子成分和单词词性：
句子成分：主语、主补、谓语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语、同位语、独立结构。
单词词性; 名词，形容词，副词，代词，介词，数词，量词。
分析句子成分;
主语：主语一般由名词，代词，动名词或者动词不定式充当。动名词和动词不定式一般用it充当形式
________做主语：
English is very important. 英语是很重要的。
The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。
●________作主语
They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。
Most of the students come from the countryside. 大多数学生来自农村。
●________作主语
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。
It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。（这是It’s no use doing sth.的结构，It为形式主语，真正的主语是use后面的动名词或者动词不定式。）
●____________(短语)作主语
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
It is very hard to get to sleep. 入睡很难。（解释同上）
谓语：谓语一般由动词充当，可作谓语的动词一般为实义动词(也就是行为动词)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。但动词不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词-ing和过去分词-ed）为非谓语动词不能作谓语。
实义动词非常多，如kill，hit，cry等等。有时还有情态动词+动词原形做谓语，情态动词有will(would),can(could),may(might),must,need, dear，shall(should)等及其否定形式，这里就不一一说明了。
系动词包括：
一 be动词类： am、 is 、are 、was 、were
二 表示变化类：become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、go
三 感官动词类: 眼（look ）耳(sound)鼻(smell)舌(taste)身(feel)
四 表示延续性的动词 ：remain 、stay 、keep
■________动词作谓语
We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。
They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。
All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。
Did you see many people there 你在那儿看见许多人了吗
■________动词作谓语
He left here yesterday. 他昨天离开这儿。
You’re driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。
The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着书。
He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国。
■________动词表状态
He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。
Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。
Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。
The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。
We see him singing in the classroom.我们看见他正在教室里唱歌。
Tom made his mother very angry.汤姆让他妈妈很生气。
表语：表语与连系动词连用，构成系表结构，说明主语的身份或特征，一般由形容词、名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、分词、数词等充当。
They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。
What I want to say is this. 我想说的就是这点。
Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。
The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。
All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. 你只需从机场打个的即可。
My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。
That sounds good 那听起来很好。
宾语：宾语是行为动词（实义动词）的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。
I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。
I bought a ticket for Milan. 我买了一张去米兰的车票。
I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。
Have you finished dressing 你衣服穿好了吗
He certainly did not want to join them. 他确实不想参加他们的活动。
We hoped that all would come well. 我们希望一切都会好转。
We expected that you would stay for a few days. 我们预计你会待几天的。
定语：定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。
His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。形容词性物主代词
Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。数词
The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。介词短语
The man downstairs couldn’t sleep well. 楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。 副词
I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。形容词
Can you find out the answer to the question？你能找到这个问题的答案吗？介词短语
Would you like something to drink 你想要些喝的东西吗？动词不定式
A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。分词（-ing）
A man going to die is always kind-hearted. 人之将死，其言也善。分词（-ing）
The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 送往委员会的建议被采纳了。分词（-ed）
Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗？ 定语从句
状语：英语中的状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结果、伴随等。
(1) ________状语
I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。
Hearing the news, they felt very excited. 听到这个消息，他们感到很兴奋。
Go along this street until you reach the end. 沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。
(2) ________状语
Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。
You should put the book where it was. 你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。
(3)________状语
I have quite a lot of work to do. 我有相当多的工作要做。
(4)________状语
We’ll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. 这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。
He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper. 他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。
She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早地起床，以便能够赶上这辆早班车。
(5)________状语
We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。
Please do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。
(6) ________状语
Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. 虽然她很有钱，而她并不幸福。
No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. 无论发生什么，我将决不失去信心。
(7)________状语
If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind the others. 假如你不努力学习，你将落后于别人。
Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better. 如果给予更多的关心的话，这些花将长得更好。
(8)________状语
Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的手表与我的不一样。
Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. 迈克不及杰克高。
(9) ________状语
We didn’t go to the park because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们没有去公园。
I’m glad to meet you. 见到你我很高兴。
Being ill, he didn’t go to school. 由于病了，他没有去上学。
(10) ________状语
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 风是如此地猛烈，以致于我们寸步难行。
He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早地离去，(结果) 因此赶上了火车。
(11) ________状语
The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm. 这位医生匆匆离去，胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。
The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老师进到教室里来，后面跟着一群学生。
宾语补足语（宾补）：宾语补足语主要用来补充说明宾语，与宾语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系，可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如：
Tom found the climb quite easy. 汤姆觉得爬山很容易。
Don’t be so formal. Call me Jim. 不要这样正规，叫我吉姆好了。
I’m finished. Let’s go now. 我已干完，咱们走吧。
You must keep it clean. 你要把它保持干净。
I have the car waiting. 我让汽车等着。
We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。
I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。
She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足够的衣服穿。
He made me repeat the story. 他要我把那事重讲一遍。
注意：后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call, name, think, make, choose 等，后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at 等)，使役动词(如 let, have, make 等)，动词不定式不带 to。
英语句子结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：
S十V主谓结构
S十V十F主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾
语补足语五个基本句式详细解释如下：
1．S十V句式
在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。例如：
He runs quickly．他跑得快。
They listened carefully．他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger．他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world country．中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given out．煤气用完了。
My ink has run out．我的钢笔水用完了。
2．S十V十P句式
在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。例如：
He is older than he looks．他比看上去要老。
He seen interested in the book．他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard．书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice．饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nicc．花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before．你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill．他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still．他静静地站看。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up．他长大后当了教师。
注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式，例如：
He looked me up and down．他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant．他伸出手来摸象。
They are tasting the fish．他们在品尝鱼。
They grow rice in their home town．他们在家乡种水稻。
He's got a chair to sit on．他有椅子坐。
Please turn the sentence into English．请把这个句于泽成英语。
3．S十V十O句式
在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt．)，因此有宾语。例如：
I saw a film yesterday．我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the story 你读过这个故事吗
They found their home easily．他们很容易找到他们的家。
They built a house last year．他们去年建了一所房子。
They've put up a factory in the village．他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the children．这些孩子他们照看得很好。
You should look after your children well．你应该好好照看你的孩子。
4．S十V十O1十O2句式
在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：
He gave me a book/a book to me．他给我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me．他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me．他把座位让给我。
注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：
Mother bought me a book/a book for me. 妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me．他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me．请帮我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me．他问我个问题。
注意，下边动词只有一种说法：
They robbed the old man of his money．他们抢了老人的钱。
He's warned me of the danger. 他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease．医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of the rats．我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak．他们剥夺了他说话的权利。
5．S十V十O十C句式
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry．他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day．他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out．我发现他出去了。
I saw him in．我见他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand．他们发现沙地上有脚印。
They named the boy Charlie．他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out．我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast．他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now．我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He found the doctor of study closed to him．他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。
练习
一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say
15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
四、分析下列句子成分
1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you
3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．
7. ---I love you more than her，child ． 8. Tees turn green when spring comes.
9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12.All the students think highly of his teaching
13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song.
15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．16.We will make our school more beautiful.
17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know． 18. She showed us her many of her pictures.
19. The old man lives a lonely life.
20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.
21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．
22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．
23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.
24. Go back where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.
26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup
28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 29. Do you know the latest news about him