课时提升作业(三十七)
选修8 Units 3、4
(建议用时25分钟)
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
A
Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑猩猩)appear to treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have children of their own. Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently.
The new work by Sonya M. Kahlenberg and Richard W. Wrangham, described this week in the journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild non-human species playing with dolls, as well as the first known sex difference in a wild animal’s choice of playthings.
The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks. Doll play among humans could have its origins in object-carrying by earlier apes(猿类), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.
“In humans, there are obvious sex differences in children’s toy play, and these are remarkably similar across cultures, ”says Kahlenberg. “While socialization by elders and peers has been the primary explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences. ”
In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stick-carrying. Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick. “We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something like playing with dolls, ”says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard. “If the doll hypothesis(假设)was right, we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying sticks when they had their first child. We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points. ”
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普文。研究发现, 雌性黑猩猩会把棍子当作自己的玩偶, 直到它们有了自己的孩子。
1. What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage?
A. Socialization. B. Sex difference.
C. Environment. D. Cultural difference.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“as well as the first known sex difference . . . playthings. ”可知, 性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。故选B项。
2. We can infer from the fourth paragraph that .
A. socialization has nothing to do with humans’ choice of playthings
B. the biology factor may also influence toy choice
C. sex difference is the only factor in humans’ choice of playthings
D. people choose different toys in different cultures
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“. . . our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences. ”可知, 科学家的研究表明: 生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。故选B项。
3. Wrangham probably believes that .
A. observing so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusion
B. the study proves human beings have evolved(进化)from chimpanzees
C. all chimpanzees treat the sticks as dolls
D. children playing with sticks are abnormal
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points. ”可推断, A项正确。
4. It can be concluded from the passage that .
A. chimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children
B. different factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthings
C. only female chimpanzees have playthings
D. both humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex difference
【解析】选D。推理判断题。综合文章内容可知, 无论是人类还是黑猩猩, 性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。故选D项。
B
The singer, Mick Jagger, of the Rolling Stones sings a song that tells people they can’t always get what they want but if we try sometimes we can get what we need. The past years in my life my parents have told me this saying many times. I’ve always complained about the quote(引语). Although over time I have told myself to learn from it.
This year my girlfriend flew off to college in West Palm, Florida. This has been a killer for me because I haven’t been able to see her and she is having a rough time in school. The last two months have been hard but we are working through it. I have been trying to get my dad to buy me a plane ticket to go down there. My dad told me if I brought him some money he would help me pay for the ticket. I started to complain to him because I had no way of getting any money to give him. I spent several days and nights thinking of ways to earn money to go to see my girlfriend. I finally came to the conclusion that I would get a job and work hard to earn some money to give to my dad. I applied to Safeway and I ended up getting the job.
I have been working at Safeway for about a month now and work hard to earn money to go to see my girlfriend. The other day my mom had surprised me and told me that she asked her boss if she could use their business miles to buy me a ticket down to Florida for two weeks. I was very thankful and told her I would help pay for anything that I have to. The thought of me working hard and getting a job showed my mom that I really cared and was trying my best to be a successful person. I believe that you can’t always get what you want but if you try sometimes, you can get what you need.
【文章大意】作者的父母总是引用歌词教育作者, 凡事要靠自己的努力, 作者凭借自己的努力打动父母, 如愿以偿地拿到了去看女朋友的票。
5. The author’s parents often told him the saying quoted from the song because .
A. he liked to complain to them about his life
B. they expected him to learn from the singer
C. he always wanted to get everything he wanted
D. they tried to educate him to do things for himself
【解析】选D。推理判断题。在第一段最后提到“I’ve always complained about the quote. Although over time I have told myself to learn from it. ”尽管作者总是抱怨, 但也告诉自己从中学到东西, 这正是父母引用歌词的目的所在。
6. What does the underlined word“killer”in the second paragraph refer to?
A. Something that is quite troublesome.
B. Something that is very difficult.
C. A person who kills people purposely.
D. A person who treats women very badly.
【解析】选A。词义猜测题。由下文的解释“because I haven’t been able to see her and she is having a rough time in school”可以看出, 女朋友离开去上大学了, 自己感觉很孤独, 再加上女朋友在学校“having a rough time”, 由此可以看出, 这正是上文所说的killer, 使人烦恼的事情。
7. What can we infer from the passage?
A. The author was lazy and unwilling to work hard.
B. The author’s father was too mean to give him money.
C. The author’s actual action won support from his mother.
D. The author was unable to tear himself away from his girlfriend.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。当作者提出让父母出钱买票去看女友的时候, 父亲的答复是: 作者得出钱, 即: “if I brought him some money he would help me pay for the ticket”后来作者找了份工作(ended up getting the job), 并努力赚钱买票(work hard to earn money to go to see my girlfriend), 正是作者的实际行动感动了作者的妈妈, 从而作者的妈妈“asked her boss if she could use their business miles to buy me a ticket down to Florida for two weeks”。
8. By writing the passage, the author tries to show .
A. we can do nothing without money
B. fathers are strict while mothers are kind
C. it’s hard for parents to bring up their children
D. we should try to rely on ourselves for everything
【解析】选D。主旨大意题。作者开篇用一句歌词引出了主题: 只要努力就能得到自己所需要的。中间用自己的一次经历进行了论证, 最后一段再回扣主题: . . . trying my best to be a successful person. I believe that you can’t always get what you want but if you try sometimes, you can get what you need. 也就是: we should try to rely on ourselves for everything。
Ⅱ. 阅读第二节
根据短文内容, 从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Culture Shock
Culture shock refers to the anxiety and feelings(of surprise, uncertainty, confusion, etc. )felt when people have to operate within a different and unknown cultural or social environment, such as a foreign country.
Generally speaking, we could say that there are four stages of culture shock. The first stage is called“the honeymoon”. In this stage, you are excited about living in a different place. 1?
The next stage is“the hostility(敌意)stage”. In this stage, you begin to notice not everything is as good as you originally thought it was. 2 Moreover, people don’t treat you like a guest anymore.
Then you come to the third stage called“recovery”. In this stage, you start to feel more positive. 3 The whole situation starts to become more favorable and you begin to learn to adapt yourself to it.
The last stage of culture shock is called“adjustment”. In this stage, you have reached a point where you actually feel good. 4 The things that originally made you feel uncomfortable or strange are now things that you understand. Now you have adjusted to the new culture and you feel comfortable.
Not all individuals visiting another country will experience all these four stages. 5 It also occurs within cultures as individuals move from place to place or from one setting to another(e. g. , from high school to college).
A. You feel that friends should help each other to deal with culture shock.
B. And you try to develop comprehension of everything you don’t understand.
C. In addition, culture shock is not limited to the overseas visitors.
D. You become tired of many things about the new culture.
E. You have learned enough to understand the new culture.
F. You begin to understand you need to travel a lot.
G. And everything seems to be marvelous and everybody seems to be so nice to you.
答案: 1～5. GDBEC
【技法导练】
阅读理解——如何做词义猜测题
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上或逻辑关系上都不是绝对孤立的, 句子之间都与所在的段落或者整篇文章有内容上或逻辑上的联系。因此可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索, 借助转折、条件、因果、递进、对比、并列、让步等逻辑关系, 进行合乎逻辑的综合分析, 进而猜出词义。
例如阅读理解B中第6题我们可以通过语境猜测词义, 由下文的解释“because I haven’t been able to see her and she is having a rough time in school”可以看出女朋友去上大学了, 自己感觉很孤独, 再加上女朋友在学校“having a rough time”可知“I”正遇上_______________, 这就是killer的含义, 故选____。
答案:
使人烦恼的事情;A
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