Unit 6 Survival
This seaside city，consisting ofeight districts， is struggling with the heatwave. It’s estimated that for up to a month the temperature will be over 40℃. Cars catch fire in the blazing sun. Firefighters with advanced devicesreact quickly to bring the fire under control. In the meantime， diseases spread due to untreated garbage and power failures happen frequently. People stay indoors to avoid being exposed to the sun and are not in the mood toappreciatethe beauty of the sea. To cope with these problems， the government has issued crucial plans to restrict electricity consumption and get rid of diseases.
1 appreciatev. 欣赏，赏识；感激，感谢；理解，了解
1.[人教必修①－5]Learning Chinese calligraphy will increase your appreciation （appreciate） of Chinese culture.
2.We’d appreciate your coming （come） as fast as possible， otherwise the fire will get out of control.
点拨
此处是appreciate sb./sb.’s doing sth.结构，表示"感谢某人做某事"。
3.如果您能尽早回复我的信，我将非常感激。 （求助信）
I would really appreciate it if you could reply to my letter at your earliest convenience.
点拨
appreciate后面接从句时，要先接it再跟从句，其中的it指代后面从句的内容。类似用法的还有love， hate， like， prefer， dislike等。
★appreciate sb./sb.’s doing sth. 感谢某人做某事
I would appreciate it if... 假如……我将不胜感激。
★appreciation n. 欣赏；感激；理解
2 reactv. （作出）反应，回应；起化学反应
1.I nudged（轻推） her and asked her that question but she didn’t react to it.
2.The chemistry teacher showed us how iron reacted with air and water.
3.There has been a mixed reaction （react） to her appointment as director.
4.只有当我们冷静应对生活中的紧急状况时，我们才能更好地解决问题。
Only when we calmly react to the emergency in life can we solve problems better. （"only＋状语从句"引起的倒装）
★react to...对……作出反应
react with...与……发生化学反应
★reaction n. 反应，回应
reaction to...对……的反应
3 exposev. 使暴露（于险境）；揭露；使面临；使接触，使体验
1.[人教选必②－2] Exposure/Being exposed （expose） to another culture and its people can give exchange students great insights into the world.2.Do not expose babies to strong sunlight， which can hurt their skin.
3.听到这么大声的音乐，这个女孩感到有点不舒服。
→①As she was exposed to such loud music ， the girl felt a little uncomfortable.
→② Exposed / Being exposed to such loud music ， the girl felt a little uncomfortable.
→③The girl felt a little uncomfortable with her exposure to such loud music .
★expose... to... 使……暴露于……；向……显露……
expose sb. to...让某人接触/体验……
be exposed to 遭受，暴露于
★exposure n. 暴露；揭露
4 getridof摆脱，除去；丢弃，扔掉
1.The new vaccine may rid the world of one of its most terrifying diseases.
2.他很努力，但他无法在短时间内完全改掉坏习惯。
He tried hard， but he could not get rid of his bad habits completely in a short time .
3.搬入新家时，我把很多无用的东西都扔掉了。
I got rid of many useless things when I moved into my new house.
点拨
rid...of...中，rid后的宾语是sb.或somewhere，摆脱或除掉的东西放在of后面。类似用法的短语还有rob...of...，remind...of...，warn...of...，cure...of...等。
★rid...of... 去除；清除
rid oneself of... 摆脱……；从……中解脱
5 consistof由……组成（或构成）
1.[人教选必②－3]For example， America’s most popular Chinese dish is General Tso’s chicken， which consists （consist） of fried chicken covered in a sweet sauce，flavoured with hot red peppers.
点拨
本题中，所填词在which引导的非限制性定语从句中作谓语，其数应与先行词General Tso’s chicken（左宗棠鸡）保持一致，故填consists。
2.True education does not consist in simply being taught facts.
3.随着我们长大，我们发现生活是由我们记忆的瞬间组成的。
As we grow up， we find that life consists of the moments that we remember.
点拨
（1）本题除了可以填consists of外，还可以填is made up of，is composed of或is comprised of。
（2）使用表示"由……组成（或构成）"的几个短语时应注意：consist of没有进行时态和被动语态； consisting of作状语或后置定语时，可替换为made up of/composed of/comprised of。
★consist of＝be made up of＝be composed of＝be comprised of由……组成（或构成）
consist in＝lie in在于，存在于
6 that引导同位语从句
1.我们不可能按时到那里，因为大雪延误了我们的航班。
There was no possibility that we could get there on time ， because the heavy snow held up our flight.
2.毫无疑问，努力学习是提高成绩的关键。 （总结升华）
There’s no doubt that hard work is the key to improving our results .
3.我们应该保护我们的文化和自然遗产，这个想法已经得到了所有人的赞同。（倡议）
The idea that we should protect our cultural and natural heritage has won the approval of everyone.
★名词后接同位语从句时，如果同位语从句意义完整，则用that引导。
★在that引导的同位语从句中，that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但是不可省略，亦不可用which替换。Unit 5 A delicate world
Macquarie Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. When humans arrived on the island in 1810， they brought rats， mice， cats and rabbits on end. Subsequently， all of them were out of controland damaged the ecology on the island dramatically. Both rats and cats developed an appetite for native birds， making the birds endangered. Rabbits apparently multiplied and caused soil erosion. To remove the rabbits， a virus was released. But the decrease of the rabbits caused cats to eat more native birds. In the 1980s， a substantial number oftrapsand dogs were used to catch the cats. In comparisonwith the departure of the cats， the number of mice， rats and rabbits exploded once again， especially the rabbits， which developed an immunity to the virus. The island was in chaos altogether. Ioweit to ourselves to restore the island. So on behalf ofthe association I am here calling for the conservation of the biological diversity. But this intervention is a long， much-delayed ending to a sad story.
1 decreasev. （使）变小，（使）减少，降低 n. 减少，降低
1.[人教选必③－3]These chemicals led to severe water quality issues， causing a decrease in the number of fish species.
2.The number of new students admitted into the school decreased from 210 to 160 this year.
3.由于人类活动，一些野生动物的数目正在减少。（环境保护）
→① The number of some wild animals is decreasing because of human activities.（decrease v.）
→②Because of human activities， the number of some wild animals is on the decrease . （decrease n.）
4.由于政府的干预，接受治疗的患者人数没有减少，但住院的患者人数减少了约30％。
Thanks to the government’s intervention， the number of patients treated has not been decreasing ， but the number of patients admitted to hospital has decreased by about 30 percent.
★decrease from... to... 从……减少到……
decrease by...减少了/降低了……
★on the decrease 在减少中，在衰减中
（a） decrease in... ……方面的减少
2 trapn. 夹子，陷阱 v. 使陷入困境；卡住，夹住，绊住；使陷入圈套，使中计，使上当
1.Suddenly there being a strong blast of water washing down the river， we were trapped （trap） in the rising-water river.
点拨
本句中的there being...是there be结构的独立主格形式，在句中作状语，故"we ... river"是主句，空处应填谓语。
2.Think carefully before you answer questions online. You may be trapped into giving away very important personal information.
3.被困在山里两天后，我们终于获救了。
Having been trapped in the mountains for two days ， we were finally rescued. （现在分词短语作状语）
点拨
表示"被困于……中"的短语还有：
①be/get locked in ②be/get caught in
③be/get stuck in ④be/get blocked in
★trap sb. into （doing）sth. 诱骗某人（做）某事
be trapped in...被困在……中
be trapped by...被……所困
★fall into the trap of doing sth. 落入做某事的陷阱
set/lay a trap for... 为……设圈套/陷阱
3 owev. 应该做；对……负有……的义务；欠（账、钱、人情等）；归因于，归功于
1.We owe it to you to complete this job.
2.由于我们的共同努力，音乐节取得了巨大的成功。（活动报道）
Owing to our joint efforts， the music festival was a great success.
点拨
"由于"的其他表达：due to， thanks to， as a result of， because of， on account of。
3.我无法和你一起去旅行，应该向你道歉。（道歉信）
I owe an apology to you / I owe you an apology for being unable to travel with you.
★owe sb. sth.＝ owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物；把某物归功于某人
owe it to sb. to do sth. （认为）应该为某人做某事
★owing to 因为，由于
4 comparisonn. 比较
1.[人教选必④－2]The market that was originally built was quite small in comparison （compare） to today’s Grand Bazaar.
2.[人教选必②－2]The first few weeks there were absolutely overwhelming because everything was so different compared （compare） to things back home.
3. Compared （compare） to other alternatives， traveling on a train is comfortable and relaxing.
点拨
compare与句子主语traveling on a train之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词短语作状语。
4.老师经常因为他们对工作的奉献精神而被比作蜡烛。
Teachers are often compared to candles because of their devotion to work.
★by comparison 相比之下，相较而言
in comparison（with/to sth.）（与……）相比较
★compare v. &n. 比较，对比
compare sth. with sth.将某物与某物相比较
compare sth. to sth.将某物比作某物
compared with/to sth.与某物相比
beyond/without compare 无与伦比
5 onbehalfof代表（代替）；为了；为帮助
1.我很高兴代表我们学校邀请你参加下周的国画展览。（邀请信）
→① On our school’s behalf/On behalf of our school ， I’m delighted to invite you to the Chinese painting exhibition next week.（behalf）
→② Representing our school ， I’m delighted to invite you to the Chinese painting exhibition next week.（represent）
2.众所周知，在中国传统文化中，红色代表幸福和吉祥。
As is known to us all， red stands for/represents happiness and luck in traditional Chinese culture.
点拨
这里的"代表"为"象征"之义，可用stand for/represent，而不可用on behalf of；表示"代表……的利益，作为……的代言人"时可用on behalf of/represent。
★on behalf of sb./on sb.’s behalf代表（或代替）某人；为了某人；为帮助某人
★其他表示"代表"的词/短语：
represent代表；作为……的代言人；象征；相当于
stand for代表，表示；支持，主张
6 outofcontrol失去控制，无法管理
用control的相关短语完成句子
1.[人教必修①－2]Spain took control of Peru in the 16th century and ruled until 1821.
2.[人教必修③－4]During a spacewalk，astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control .
3.A truck went out of control and crashed into the back of a bus.
4.Bad news coming one after another， he lost control of his feelings.
★under control 被控制住，处于控制之下
beyond one’s control 无法控制
in the control of...受……的控制
lose control of...失去对……的控制
take control of...控制……
keep/bring/get sth. under control 控制/抑制住某事
7 否定副词/词组＋部分倒装
1. Nowhere else can you find （别处你找不到） such an ancient building with such delicate design and so long a history.（地点副词放句首）
2.我们不仅放松了，还对劳动有了更好的了解。
Not only are we relaxed ， but we have gained a better understanding of labor. （not only倒装句）
3.我们刚一爬到山顶就下起雪来了。
→① Hardly had we reached the top of the mountain when the snow began to come down. （hardly...when...倒装句）
→② No sooner had we reached the top of the mountain than the snow began to come down. （no sooner...than... 倒装句）
点拨
注意：在not only...but （also）...，hardly...when...， no sooner...than...结构中，把表示否定的not only，hardly， no sooner置于句首时，其后的句子要倒装，但but（also），when，than后的句子要用正常语序，不倒装。
★当具有否定意义的副词或短语位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装结构，即否定词＋助动词/情态动词＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。
★表示否定意义的副词或短语：not，never，neither， nor， nowhere， seldom， hardly， rarely， little， in no way， by no means， at no time， on no account等。
★使用部分倒装的固定结构：hardly/scarcely...when...（hardly/scarcely位于句首时）， no sooner...than...（no sooner位于句首时）， not only...but （also）...（not only位于句首时）。Unit 4 Breaking boundaries
I work in a clinic set by an influentialorganization， which is dedicated to assisting African children with health care. We have only two specialists. Only a minority of civilians can get medicine. The bad conditionsputtheir lives at risk. The outbreak of the civil war made things worse. There is a set of twin boys， whose parents went to the battlefield and perished in the tragic war. Bravery isvital to work here. My comrades and I believe that our work isrewarding and our joint efforts will bring forth good fruit.
1 assistv.协助，帮助
1.[外研必修③－2]In China， volunteers are also playing an increasingly important role in environmental protection， disability assistance （assist） and many other fields.
2.I have such a good command of English that I have been elected as an assistant （assist） to my English teacher.
3.社区帮助他找到了一份更适合的工作。
→①The community assisted him to find / in finding a job which was more suitable for him. （assist）
→② With the assistance of the community ， he found a more suitable job.（assistance）
★assist sb.in/with sth.帮助某人某事
assist sb. to do/in doing sth.帮助某人做某事
★assistance n. 协助，帮助
come to one’s assistance 来帮助某人
with the assistance of...在……的帮助下
★assistant n. 助理，助手
2 vitaladj. 极其重要的，必不可少的；维持生命所必需的；生气勃勃的
1.As we all know， water is vital for/to every living thing. Without water， the world would be a dead place.
2.It is vital to keep （keep） promises， for nobody likes to make friends with a man who can’t be trusted.
点拨
在本句中，It是形式主语，不定式to keep promises是真正的主语。
3.此外，在中国，当你参加晚宴时，注意餐桌礼仪是至关重要的。 （建议信）
Besides， it’s vital that you （should） mind your table manners when you attend a dinner party in China. （it作形式主语的主语从句）
★be vital for/to... 对……极其重要
It is vital to do sth. 做某事是极其重要的。
It is vital that... ……是极其重要的。[从句用虚拟语气（should＋动词原形）]
3 rewardingadj. 值得做的，有益的，有意义的
1.Gardening is a very rewarding （reward） pastime. It allows you to be at one with nature and create more beautiful living things.
2.The students have been working hard on their lessons and they will be rewarded with success in the end.
3.作为对他的勇敢的奖励，他得到了一枚勋章。
He received a medal as a reward for his courage. （as a reward for）
4.我给同桌一本词典作为她对我无私帮助的回报。
I gave my deskmate a dictionary in reward for her selfless help to me .（in reward for）
点拨
（1）reward表示"奖赏；酬谢"，指对有功绩的事的报答或酬谢。
（2）award作名词时指正式或官方 "颁发或授予的奖章、奖金等"；作动词时指正式地或官方地颁发、授予，其常用搭配为award sb. sth./award sth.to sb.。
★reward v. 奖励，奖赏n. 奖励，回报
reward sb. for sth.因某事而奖赏某人
reward sb. with sth. 用某物奖励某人
in reward for （doing）sth. 作为……的回报/报酬
as a reward （for...）作为（对……的）报酬 /奖赏
4 influentialadj. 有影响力的，有支配力的
1.[人教必修②－4]Ireland’s beautiful countryside has always had a great influence on its people and traditions.
2.Confucius is considered to be one of the most influential （influence） educators in Chinese history.
3.Whatever you do or say at home influences （influence） the formation of children’s thoughts in the growth process directly.
点拨
在本句中，Whatever引导名词性从句，作主语，谓语动词用单数。
4. Under the influence of my physics teacher/Influenced by my physics teacher （在我的物理老师的影响下）， I have grown increasingly interested in physics.（人物介绍）
★influence v. &n. 影响
influence sb. to do sth. 影响某人做某事
have an influence on...对……有影响
under the influence of...在……的影响下
5 put...atrisk把……置于危险境地；使……遭到威胁
1.We’ve been advised not to risk travel（l）ing （travel） without a local guide.
2.The increasing number of online telecommunications fraud has put people’s rights and interests， especially those of the elderly， at risk.
3.他受到了表扬，因为他冒着生命危险扑灭了大火。
→①He was praised because he risked his life to put out the big fire . （risk v.）
→②He was praised because he put out the big fire at the risk of his life . （at the risk of）
→③He was praised because he ran the risk of losing his life to put out the big fire . （run the risk of）
★risk doing sth.冒险做某事
★take risks/a risk 冒险
at risk 处境危险；受到威胁
at the risk of...冒着……的风险
run the risk of doing sth. 冒着做某事的风险
6 It＋be＋时间段＋since...
1.It is/has been （be） three years since I came to the clinic as an assistant in this village.
2.He said it was ten years since he had graduated （graduate） from this school.
3.您已经有一年多不教我们英语了，但我们非常想念您，怀念和您一起度过的快乐时光。（感谢信）
It has been more than a year since you taught us English ， but we miss you a lot， cherishing the memory of those happy days with you.
点拨
（1）"It＋be＋时间段＋before从句"表示"多久之后才……"。若从句时态为一般现在时，be为一般将来时；若从句时态为一般过去时，be为一般过去时。
（2）"It＋be＋时间点＋when从句（时间状语从句）"表示"做某事是在某时"。
★It be＋时间段＋since... 自从……已有多久了。主句中若be为is/has been，从句用一般过去时；若be为was，则从句用过去完成时。
7 Itis/was＋the＋序数词＋time（that）...
1.This is the second time that Wang Yaping has been sent （send） into space.
2.Brian told us that it was the first time that he had come （come） late for such an important meeting.
3.Andy第一次来中国时，不能很快地适应新环境。
The first time Andy came to China ， he couldn’t adjust to the new surroundings quickly.
4.这是我第一次写求职信，因此我不知道是否有什么需要注意的。（求助信）
This is the first time that I have written an application ， so I don’t know if there is anything to pay attention to.
★the first time＋从句第一次……（引导时间状语从句）Unit 3 Times change
Decades ago， on a cold，misty morning， an elderly man was carried on a shelf onto a truck by a bunch of people， all of whom showedsympathy and kindness to the injured man. Finally， a young man took over the job of tending him heart and soul.
In the new era with an expanding economy， it seems that many people are occupied with their own business. The other day， I was having dinner in a cafeteria when a young man popped up. He stared at his phone as if he were competing in a game， knocking down an old man. He went to help the old man immediately with the intention of taking him to hospital. However， the old man refused with a gesture meaning he was OK. It was not so convincing because his facial expression was very painful. Finally， the young man persuaded the old man to go to the hospital alongside him.
In reality， times change but the kindness of human nature remains the same.
1 sympathyn.同情；赞同；意气相投
1.Be a sympathetic （sympathy） listener when your friend is pouring out his troubles instead of teasing.
2.I am always in sympathy with what you want to do wherever I am.
3.我写信对你在北京期间生病表示同情。 （慰问信）
I’m writing to express my sympathy for your falling ill during your stay in Beijing.
★have/feel/express （no） sympathy for...（不）同情……
in sympathy with...支持……；因……而出现
with sympathy＝sympathetically同情地
★sympathetic adj.同情的，有同情心的；赞同的
sympathize vi.同情；赞同
2 competevi.竞争，对抗；参加比赛（或竞赛）
1.The young competitor （compete） came to Beijing to compete for the honour of his country. In the fierce competition （compete）， he earned a chance to compete in the final.
2.人生就像长跑比赛，在这场比赛中我们常常在与他人竞争的过程中超越自我。 （读后续写之人生感悟）
Life is like a long race where we often compete with/against others to go beyond ourselves.
★compete with/against...和……竞争
compete for...为……而竞争
compete in...参加……比赛
★competition n.竞争
competitor n.竞争者，对手；参赛者
competitive adj.有竞争力的
3 expandv.增加；扩展
1.An expanding （expand） economy in the country provides more and more employment for people.
点拨
分析句子结构可知，此处应用非谓语。expand和其逻辑主语economy之间是主谓关系，故应用现在分词。像expand这类表示趋向的词，后加上-ing，往往表示"不断……的"。如increasing， growing， declining等。
2.[译林选必③－4]All of these activities contributed to a great age of expansion （expand） as trade and cultural exchanges gave people access to new goods， knowledge and ideas.
3.I don’t quite understand your report. Can you expand on/upon it？
4.我们上周五参加了一个志愿者活动，该活动开阔了我们的视野。 （活动介绍）
We took part in a voluntary activity last Friday， which expanded our horizons .
★expand on/upon 详细阐述，详述
expand one’s knowledge/horizons 拓展知识/开阔视野
★expansion n.扩展，扩大
4 convincingadj. 有说服力的，使人信服的
1.[外研选必①－5]But Darwin’s scientific studies were so convincing （convince） that more and more people started to believe his theory.
2.[外研选必④－3]Great to hear you’re coming to the US！ I hope I can convince you to stop （stop） by and visit us in New York.
3.Given his experience， I am convinced of his ability to tackle the problem.
4.我相信您的建议将有助于我们表现得更好，所以我真诚地希望您能帮助我们。（求助信）
I’m convinced that your advice will contribute to our better performance ， so I sincerely hope you can help us.
点拨
在写作中，用I am convinced that... 代替I believe/I think that... 可为文章增色不少。
★convince vt.使相信；使确信；说服
convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事
convince sb. to do sth. 说服某人做某事
★convinced adj.坚信，深信，确信
be convinced of... 坚信……，确信……
5 takeover占上风；取而代之；接管；控制
1.结合语境写出下列句子中画线部分的含义
①[人教选必④－1]In sci-fi stories， robots often become superior and take over.
占上风；取而代之
②[人教必修②－4]Almost everywhere you go in the UK， you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history.
接管
2.科技是用来帮助我们的，因此我们不应该让它控制我们的生活。
Technology is born to help us， so we shouldn’t allow it to take over our life .Unit 2 Improving yourself
A mobile phone seems to be a necessity that many peoplerely on in modern society. However， many are not using it in an appropriate way. In a fundraising campaign， students were asked to stop using social media for a week. Some of them threw in the towel even on the first day. In contrast to them， more motivated themselves to last more days. Instead of being distracted constantly by messages， they visited friends and exercised in the sports centre. Without access to social media， they realised it hadoccupied too much of their time， with which they couldequip themselves with many skills. This experience might make a lifelong influence on them even after theyswitched back on their devices.
1 switchv.（使）改变；转换；交换，调换；调班；转移（注意力） n.开关；改变
1.According to the airline rules， you should switch off your mobile phone before boarding.
2.We’re going to Beijing in two days. Have you been able to switch your shift with anyone？
3.在空闲时间，我要么听轻柔的音乐放松自己，要么打开电视看新闻。 （个人生活）
In my spare time， I either listen to soft music to relax myself or switch on the TV to watch news .
4.为了更好地为国家做出贡献，他从医生转为作家。
He switched from a physician to a writer to make better contributions to the country.
★switch on（＝turn on）打开
switch off（＝turn off）关上
switch from...to...从……转变为……
switch...with...用……交换……
switch a shift with sb.和某人换班
2 occupyv.占用，占去（空间、面积、时间等）；使忙于；使用，居住（房屋、建筑等）
1.[人教选必④－5]Social occupations （occupy） require communicating with people. This often involves helping or providing service to other people.
点拨
occupation作"工作，职业"讲时，为可数名词。
2.As it was in the peak period， the hotel was fully occupied （occupy） when they arrived.
3.I’m busy preparing for the debate， so I can’t go to the exhibition with you this Saturday.
→① Occupying myself in preparing for the debate ， I can’t go to the exhibition with you this Saturday.（occupy；分词短语作状语）
→② Occupied in preparing for the debate ， I can’t go to the exhibition with you this Saturday.（occupied；形容词短语作状语）
点拨
表示"忙于做某事"的表达还有：
①be busy with sth./be busy doing sth.
②be engaged in doing sth.
★occupy oneself/sb./sth. （in） doing sth.忙于做某事
occupy oneself/sb./sth. with sth.忙于某事
★occupied adj.使用中；忙于
be occupied （in） doing sth.忙于做某事
be occupied with （doing）sth.忙于（做）某事
★occupation n.工作，职业；使用，居住；消遣；侵占，占领
3 accessn.通道；（使用、查阅、接近或面见的）机会 vt.进入；使用；存取
1.[外研选必②－4]The television， meanwhile， is a window on the world， giving us quick and easy access to other cultures and lifestyles.
2.A civilized society ought to make the arts accessible （access） to everyone， regardless of their background or income.
3.鉴于你对中国文化很感兴趣，我建议你申请北京大学，在那里你可以接触到最好的中国文化。 （建议信）
Considering your keen interest in Chinese culture， I suggest you apply for Peking University， where you can have/get/gain access to the best Chinese culture .
★have/get/gain access to...拥有……的机会；可以接近/进入……
give （sb.） access to... 准许（某人）使用或见到……
★accessible adj.可接近的；可进入的；可使用的
be accessible to sb.能为某人接近或使用的
4 equip（equipping，equipped，equipped） v.使有能力，使能够胜任；装备，配备
1.[人教必修③－4]Astronauts not only had to learn how to use space equipment （equip）， but also had to do a lot of mental and physical training.
点拨
equipment为不可数名词。表示"一件器材"可以用"a piece of equipment"。
2.他给自己配备了一张城市地图和一个装有零食的袋子，然后就出发旅行了。 （读后续写之动作描写）
He equipped himself with a map of the city and a bag containing some snacks， and then set out for his trip.
★equip...with...给……配备……
equip sb. to do sth.使某人有能力做某事
★equipment n.设备，器材；配备，装备
5 relyon（＝relyupon）依赖，依靠；信赖；指望 （depend/counton/upon）
1.[译林选必①－2]My host family are big fans of country music， so I can always rely on them to introduce （introduce） me to some great songs.
2.[译林选必④－1]But I know Jimmy will meet me here if he’s alive， for he always was the truest and most reliable （rely） fellow in the world.
点拨
由空前与空处并列的truest可知，空处也应用形容词的最高级形式。
3.每当我学英语有困难时，我都相信你能给我一些建议。
→①I can rely on you to offer me some advice whenever I’m in trouble with my English.（动词不定式）
→②I can rely on it that you will offer me some advice whenever I’m in trouble with my English.（it作形式宾语）
★rely on/upon...for...依靠……，获得……
rely on/upon...to do sth.依靠/相信……做某事
rely on it that...相信/指望……
★reliable adj.可信赖的；真实可信的
6 whether...or...引导让步状语从句
1.无论你是在餐厅还是在历史博物馆，艺术随处可见。
Whether you are in a restaurant or a history museum ， art can be enjoyed everywhere.
本句中whether...or...作"无论……还是……"讲，引导让步状语从句。
2.她在想，她们是能及时赶上最后一趟公共汽车，还是得步行回家。
She wonders whether they will be in time for the last bus or have to walk home .（宾语从句）
点拨
本句中whether...or...作"是……还是……"讲，引导宾语从句。
3.不管我们承认与否，认为我们优于动物是错误的。
Whether we admit it or not/Whether or not we admit it ， it is wrong to think that we are superior to animals.
点拨
本句中whether...or not/whether or not...引导让步状语从句。
★whether...or...引导让步状语从句时，意为"无论……还是……"，表示在从句所提供的不同情况下，结果都一样。
★whether...or...还可引导名词性从句，意为"是……还是……"，用于提供不同的选择。
★whether还可用于"whether...or not/whether or not..."结构中，既可引导让步状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。
词根-mot-mob（il）-mov-
本单元：mot-（移动）＋-ive（性质）＋-ate（使）→使有移动的性质→使有动机→motivate激发，激励
pro-（向前）＋-mot-（移动）＋ e →向前移动→promote促进，增进
拓展：
从[构词示例]中选择适当的单词，并用其正确形式填空。
1.[人教必修③－2]This story presented different people’s emotions and responses when they came across the same problem.
2.[人教必修②－2]The antelope population has recovered and in June 2015， the Tibetan antelope was removed from the endangered species list.
3.[外研必修②－5]An online map on your mobile phone is convenient. But if you don’t have Internet connection when you travel， a paper map is still an option.
4.[外研选必③－3]Conditions were little better once they reached the remote and mountainous south-west part of China.Unit 1 Growing up
Muchevidence shows teenagers can’t wait to be 18， which is a milestone to all of them. It means they will have a legal right to vote and have a say in something important. However， turning 18 also means the end of their childhood and the beginning of adulthood. It has been approved that there will be more than what they have expected.
Just as Bethany says， she can be mature enough to have a driving license， but her mother worries about her being behind the wheel. Meanwhile， Lin Ning， as an adult，devotes himself to helping his family and has signed an organ donation agreement. For Morgan，instantly becoming an adult is bittersweet. But the consequence is quite different — he keeps his daily routine as before， holds his close bond with his family， saving himself tiresome affairs， but loses his freedom. Besides， he has laid aside his idea of buying his own house to avoid a major commitment of money.
In my opinion， we should obey the rules of adulthood and enjoy the gradual process of growing up.I believe we all can find the most suitable way.
1 approvevi.赞成；同意 vt.批准；通过（计划、要求等）；认可
1.In 1854， the British government gave approval （approve） to the construction of an underground railway.
点拨
以-ve结尾的动词在变名词时，一般会将词尾的-e变为-al，如：survive（生存，存活）→survival；remove→removal；approve→approval。
2.Some of them approve of the idea that it is good to start learning English in childhood.
3.Her parents approved of her earning （earn） money in her spare time， warning her not to neglect her studies.
4.如果我的申请能得到您的批准，我将不胜感激。 （申请信）
I would appreciate it if my application could get your approval.
点拨
I would appreciate it if... 如果……我将不胜感激。
★approve of... 赞成……，同意……
approve of sb./sb.’s doing sth. 同意/赞成某人做某事
★disapprove v.不赞成；不同意
★approval n.同意；赞成；认可
2 commitmentn.承诺，保证；已承诺的事；奉献，忠诚；（资金、时间、人力的）投入，花费
1.[人教选必①－1]Tu Youyou， a committed （commit） and patient scientist， was born in Ningbo， China， on 30 December 1930...
2.[人教选必③－4]They also had to have a strong resolution to finish what they had started no matter how hard it was， great personal discipline， and a firm commitment （commit） to the other members of the team.
3.[北师选必①－2]However， Lang Ping’s commitment to Chinese volleyball brought her back home.
4.如果我能成为你们中的一员，我将承诺尽我所能做好我的工作。 （申请信）
→①If I can be a member of your group， I will make a commitment to do my job to the best of my ability. （commitment）
→②If I can be a member of your group， I will commit myself to （doing） my job to the best of my ability. （commit的主动形式）
→③If I can be a member of your group， I will be committed to （doing） my job to the best of my ability. （commit的被动形式）
★make a commitment to sb.向某人承诺 make a commitment to do...保证/承诺做……
commitment to...对……的奉献/投入/忠诚
★commit vt.犯（罪）；承诺；花（钱或时间） vi.忠于（某个人、机构等）
commit oneself to （doing） sth.承诺（做）某事
★committed adj.坚定的
3 consequencen.结果；后果
1.The Chinese government took effective measures to place the antelope under nationalprotection. In consequence， its population has recovered.
2.John was committed to his study. Consequently （consequent）， he gained admission to Zhejiang University.
3.倾盆大雨下了一个小时。结果，这里的大部分庄稼都被淹了。
→①It rained cats and dogs for an hour. As a consequence/In consequence/Consequently ， most of the crops here were flooded.
→②Most of the crops here were flooded as a consequence of/in consequence of an hour of heavy rain.
★as a consequence/in consequence（＝as a result）结果
as a consequence of/in consequence of（＝as a result of）由于
★consequent adj.随之发生的
consequently adv.因此；所以
4 evidencen.证据
1.There is evidence that acupuncture （针灸） began during the Stone Age， when stone tools called bian were used to press areas of the body.
点拨
evidence是抽象名词。that引导同位语从句，且在从句中不作成分，没有意义，不能省略。
2.[人教选必①－2]We can’t win the case in the absence of relevant evidence （evident）.
3. Evidently （evident）， Wang Lin has made a mistake in his job， but he is a green hand.
→① It’s evident that Wang Lin has made a mistake in his job， but he is a green hand.（evident）
→② There is evidence that Wang Lin has made a mistake in his job， but he is a green hand.（evidence）
★There is evidence that...有证据表明……
★evident adj.清楚的，显然的
It’s evident that...显然……
★evidently adv.明显地，显然
5 have＋宾语＋宾补
1.[人教必修②－3]Rather than going out to stores weekly or even daily， more and more people order things from clothes to toys to foods online and have them delivered （deliver） directly to their homes.
2.In cold winter， we always have the fire burning （burn） day and night to keep warm.
3.[外研必修②－5]He’s so cool！We’re going to keep in touch， so I now have someone to practise （practise） French with！
点拨
本题易误填practising。解答本题时不要一看到此处是"have＋宾语＋动词（提示词）"结构，就下意识填practising。分析句子结构且结合句意可知，have在此句中意为"有"，而不是使役动词（意为"使"），故此处应用不定式作后置定语。类似的表达还有：have a lot of work to do， have no friends to play with等（注意不要忽略介词）。
4.我打算做一份兼职，通过这份工作，我想开阔我的视野。 （计划安排）
I intend to take up a part-time job， through which I’d like to have my horizons broadened .
★have＋宾语＋do：省略to的不定式作宾补，指一次性的具体的动作。
★have＋宾语＋doing：表示"让……一直做某事"，现在分词作宾补，表示持续的动作或状态。
★have＋宾语＋done：表示"使某事被做/请人做某事"，也可以表示意外或不幸遭遇了某事。
后缀-hood，-some
-hood ……的状态或性质 本单元：adulthood成年；childhood童年，儿童时代
拓展：manhood成年；girlhood少女时期；motherhood母亲身份；neighbourhood街区
-some 引起……的；易于……的 本单元：tiresome烦人的，令人厌烦的
拓展：troublesome令人烦恼的；awesome令人惊叹的；lonesome孤独的
通过构词法猜测单词在语境中的词性及含义。
1.Global surface temperatures increase， so does the likelihood of extreme weather. n.可能性
2.When people faced no consequences for dishonesty， their falsehood tended to go too far.
n.虚假，说谎；谎言
3.Is there any creature more fearsome than the shark？ adj.可怕的
4.As we all know， little children are easily attracted by toothsome candies.
adj.美味的，可口的
