(共135张PPT)
子主题(一) 自然环境、自然遗产保护
主题群二 环境保护
01
培育学科素养
五年高考真题重做
主题语境词汇存储
奇特语言现象探究
A (2020·浙江1月卷·B)
Milwaukee，Wisconsin，is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free—by spreading on them cheese brine，the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses，like mozzarella．
Wisconsin，also called “America's Dairyland”，is famous for its cheese．The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year！As a result，there was a lot of leftover cheese brine．Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive．So what should cheese makers do with the waste
Normally，towns use rock salt to de-ice streets．The salt lowers water's freezing point，causing ice to melt(融化)．But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money，while keeping roads safe．Cheese brine has salt in it，which，like the rock salt，helps lower water's freezing point．
In addition to saving money，cheese brine could also be a more eco-friendly option．Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment．
Rock salt is made of sodium chloride，the same compound (化合物) in ordinary table salt．Sounds harmless，right？But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food，road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U．S．roads every year!
The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground．There it can pollute drinking water，harm plants，and eat away soil．By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt，Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent．
Cheese brine has a downside too—a smell similar to that of bad milk．“I don't really mind it，”Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine．He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine．“Our roads smell like Wisconsin！” he said．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。在文章中，作者主要介绍了美国威斯康星州密尔沃基市变废为宝，用cheese brine(奶酪盐水)来除冰。
1．Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free
A．It is soft． B．It contains salt．
C．It is warm． D．It has milk in it．
B [细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“cheese brine，the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses”和第三段中的“Cheese brine has salt in it，which，like the rock salt，helps lower water's freezing point．”可知，因为奶酪盐水含有盐，所以可以被用来除冰。故答案选B项。]
2．What is a benefit of using cheese brine on roads
A．Improving air quality．
B．Increasing sales of rock salt．
C．Reducing water pollution．
D．Saving the cheese industry．
C [推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“cheese brine could also be a more eco-friendly option”和第六段中的“There it can pollute drinking water，harm plants，and eat away soil．By spreading cheese brine on streets”可推断，利用奶酪盐水来除冰更加环保，比用其他化学制品更能够减少对水的污染。故选C项。]
3．Milwaukee's new way to de-ice streets may be an example of ________．
A．barking up the wrong tree
B．putting the cart before the horse
C．robbing Peter to pay Paul
D．killing two birds with one stone
D [推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“But using cheese brine...keeping roads safe．”和第四段中的“In addition to saving money，cheese brine could also be a more eco-friendly option．”可知，利用奶酪盐水来除冰是一举两得的事情，既能够省钱，做到废物再利用，同时又能够比其他化学制品更加环保。故答案选D项“killing two birds with one stone”(一石二鸟)。]
B (2019·天津卷·C)
How does an ecosystem(生态系统)work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats．
With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs．Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones．When a predator(掠食动物)always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked．Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term．If a predator can eat
several species，it can survive the extinction(灭绝)of one of them．And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover．The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction．
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems．In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack．
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true．In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves．These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance．
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models．Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline．Prevention is key，scientists say，because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点)，it is remarkably difficult for them to return．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网方面的一些关键原则。
4．What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs
A．The living habits of species in food webs．
B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems．
C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems．
D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs．
B [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs．”可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。]
5．A strong link is found between two species when a predator ________．
A．has a wide food choice
B．can easily find new prey
C．sticks to one prey species
D．can quickly move to another place
C [细节理解题。根据第二段的“When a predator always eats huge numbers of a single prey，the two species are strongly linked”可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。]
6．What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline
A．The prey species they directly attack will die out．
B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators．
C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged．
D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes．
D [推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack．”可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果位于食物网顶端的食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的数量将发生意想不到的变化。故选D。]
7．What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in paragraph 4
A．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems．
B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats．
C．Species of commercial value dominate other species．
D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable．
A [推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline．”可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。]
8．How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance
A．By getting illegal practices under control．
B．By stopping us from killing large predators．
C．By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal．
D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action．
D [细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models．Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline．”可知，预警系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生态系统遭到破坏。故选D。]
A (2021·全国乙卷)
Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact (影响)travel to undisturbed places．It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become 1．________ (educate) about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics，and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 2．________ (develop) of the local areas．
Ecotourism has 3．________ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s．It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 4．________ the late 1980s．During that time，increasing environmental awareness made it desirable．
Due to 5．________ growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types 6．________ trips are now being classified as ecotourism．Actually，a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles：
·Minimize the impact of 7．________ (visit) the place．
·Build respect for and awareness of the environment and cultural practices．
·Provide 8．________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples．
·Make sure that the tourism provides positive experiences for both the visitors and the hosts．
Komodo National Park，officially recognized in 1980，is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity．9．________(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim 10．________ (have) a low impact on the natural environment．
【语篇解读】 本文介绍了生态旅游的起源以及人们在生态旅游时应该遵循的原则。
1．educated [考查形容词。分析句子成分可知，become是系动词，此处应用形容词作表语，故填educated。become educated about意为“开始接受关于……的教育”。]
2．development [考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the可知，此处应用名词作句子的宾语。]
3．its [考查代词。origin为名词，其前应用形容词性物主代词。]
4．until/till [考查介词。not...until/till意为“直到……为止”。句意：直到20世纪80年代末，它才被广泛接受为一种旅游理念。]
5．the [考查冠词。分析句意可知，此处特指生态旅游日益流行。故填定冠词the。]
6．of [考查介词。various types of是固定短语，表示“各种类型的”。]
7．visiting [考查非谓语动词。介词of的后面接名词或动名词，visit的动名词形式为visiting。]
8．financial [考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作定语，修饰名词aid，故应用其形容词形式。]
9．Activities [考查名词复数。此处缺少主语，且由谓语动词range可知，主语是复数形式。activity的复数形式为activities。空处位于句首，单词的首字母要大写。]
10．to have [考查非谓语动词。aim to do sth．为固定搭配，意为“旨在做某事”。]
B (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ)
Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles' song “The Long and Winding Road”．11．________ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes．The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 12．________(human)are．
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb．It will 13．________ (undoubted)help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets，the 14． (hot)the spring! Strange，isn't it But that's how nature is—always leaving us 15．________ (astonish)．
What comes next is the endless series of steps．You can't help wondering how hard it 16．________ (be)for the people then to put all those rocks into place．Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain，still it highlights the whole adventure 17．________ offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 18．________ (ache)legs．
As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor's memory．It sure does in 19． (I)．While you're in China，Mount Huangshan is 20．________ must to visit!
【语篇解读】 本文介绍了中华十大名山之一，天下第一奇山——黄山的迷人景色。
11．What [考查名词性从句。分析句子成分可知，“________is so breathtaking about the experience”是主语从句，空处在从句中作主语，表达“……的东西或事”的意思，且位于句首。故填What。]
12．humans [考查名词的数。空处是we的同位语，单复数应保持一致，或者由are也可知，空处应用名词的复数形式。故填humans。]
13．undoubtedly [考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作状语，修饰动词help，所以用副词形式。故填undoubtedly。]
14．hotter [考查形容词比较级。此处为“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构，意为“越……越……”。故填hotter。]
15．astonished [考查词性转换。此处为“leave＋宾语＋形容词(作宾补)”结构。空处说明的是宾语us的状态，所以用-ed形式的形容词astonished，意为“感到惊讶的”。]
16．was [考查时态和主谓一致。由then以及语境可知，这里描述的是“……对当时的人们来说，把那些石头放在正确的位置是多么困难”，所以句子的时态应为一般过去时。又因主语是it，要用第三人称单数，所以用was。]
17．and [考查连词。空格后的动词offers与前面的动词highlights构成并列关系，所以用and。]
18．aching/achy [考查非谓语动词/词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处可填一个非谓语动词，逻辑主语legs与所给词为主谓关系，故用现在分词表状态。或者用形容词achy作定语修饰legs。]
19．mine [考查代词。由上文所说的in the visitor's memory可知，in________对应的是in my memory，空处指的是“我的记忆”，故填mine。]
20．a [考查冠词。在这里must作可数名词，意为“必须做(或看、买等)的事”；a must在文中指“一个必游之地”，且must的发音是以辅音音素开头的，故填a。]
C (2022·新高考卷Ⅰ)
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP)．21．________(cover) an area about three times 22．________ size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country．The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 23． (be) previously unprotected，bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 24． (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management．
After a three-year pilot period，the GPNP will be officially set up next year．The GPNP 25．________ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems，preserving biological diversity，protecting ecological buffer zones，26．________ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”．The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 27．________(population) and homes of giant pandas，and 28．________ (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild．
Giant pandas also serve 29． an umbrella species(物种)，bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 30．________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area．
【语篇解读】 本文介绍了中国筹建大熊猫国家公园的相关情况。
21．Covering [考查非谓语动词。提示动词cover在句中意为“占(一片面积)”，和其逻辑主语the GPNP之间是主谓关系，所以此处应用动词-ing形式。空处位于句首，所填单词的首字母应大写，故填Covering。]
22．the [考查冠词。由空后的“of Yellowstone National Park”作size的定语可知，此处表示特指，故用定冠词the。]
23．were [考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词areas；先行词areas是复数名词，所以该定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；又根据空后的副词previously“先前地”可知，此句应用一般过去时，故填were。]
24．to increase [考查非谓语动词。根据上下文语境可知，该计划是要提高管理的有效性，并减少管理上的不一致。因此空处需填动词不定式来作目的状语。故填to increase。]
25．is designed [考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语，故空处所填内容在句中作谓语；句子的主语The GPNP表示单数意义，其与提示动词design之间是动宾关系，且此句在陈述事实，故应用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is designed。]
26．and [考查连词。空后的“leaving...”和上文中的“protecting...”“preserving...”为并列关系，故应用并列连词and连接。]
27．populations [考查名词复数。population 在此处表示“种群”，为可数名词；根据空前的separate“不同的；分开的”可知，此处应用名词的复数形式。故填populations。]
28．eventually [考查副词。空处修饰谓语动词achieve，故用所给形容词的副词形式。故填eventually。]
29．as [考查固定搭配。serve as为固定搭配，意为“充当，担任”。]
30．that [考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，从句修饰指物的先行词species；空处在定语从句中作主语，且先行词species前有all修饰，故只能用that来引导该定语从句。]
1．leftover n．____
2．dispose v．____
3．suspect v．____
4．downside n．____
5．commission n．______
6．ecosystem n．________
剩菜
处理
怀疑
负面
委员会
生态系统
7．characteristic n．________________
8．principle n．__________
9．minimize vt．__________
10．accommodation n．__________
11．highlight v．__________________
特征；特性；特色
原理，原则
使减到最少
住处，膳宿
突出；强调；使显著
12．finalize v．________
13．authority n．____
14．preserve v．____
最后决定
专家
保护
1．____ adj．虚弱的
2．______ adj．稳固的
3．______ v．进攻
4．______ vt．注重，考虑；看待
weak
stable
attack
regard
5．_____ vi．(在...内)变动；平行
6．________ vt．使震惊
7．______ v．扩大
8．_______ v．反射
range
astonish
extend
reflect
1．salt n．盐→_____ adj．含盐的
2．option n．选择→ ________ adj．可选择的
3．environment n．环境→_____________ adj．环境的
4．survive v．幸存→________ n．幸存
5．origin n．起源→________ adj．最初的
salty
optional
environmental
survival
original
6．benefit v．有利于n．益处→ __________ adj．有益处的
7．classify vt．分类→ ______________ n．分类，类别
8．previous adj．先前的 → __________ adv．以前地
9．ecology n．生态学 → __________ adj．生态的
beneficial
classification
previously
ecological
1．__________ 而不是
2．__________互相
3．_________在……方面；按照
4．_____由于
5．_______许多
6．____________打算……
rather than
one another
in terms of
due to
a host of
be intended to
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．The arrival of this south American predator threatened the ________
(survive) of native species．
2．David turned around and walked off __the opposite direction．
3．In time of war，lots of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken to defend a country from ____________(attack)．
survival
in
being attacked
4．The difficulty of a problem was defined in terms __ how long it took to complete．
5．Ted might benefit ____ hearing his own voice recorded and played back．
6．The __________(astonish) look on his face told us that he felt astonished to be asked such a question．
7．The committee assesses whether a building is worth __________ (preserve)．
8．Your clothes are often a __________ (reflect) of your personality．
of
from
astonished
preserving
reflection
Ⅰ．熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs．______
2．Actually，a true eco-friendly trip must meet the following principles...__________
3．Giant pandas also serve as an umbrella species(物种)，bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China．____
起作用
满足；符合
保护
Ⅱ．似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets，the hotter the spring!
[译文] 这里的温泉令人惊奇的是，气温越低，温泉越热！
2．It sure does in mine．
[译文] 这当然也给我留下很深的印象。
Ⅲ．复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．Milwaukee，Wisconsin，is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free—by spreading on them cheese brine，the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses，like mozzarella．
[分析] 这是一个简单句。主语是城市名Milwaukee，Wisconsin，谓语部分是is road testing，to keep winter roads ice-free是不定式作定语修饰way。破折号后的内容解释说明a new way, the salty liquid 是cheese brine的同位语，used to make soft cheeses后置定语修饰liquid。
[译文] 威斯康星州的密尔沃基市正在路上测试一种防止冬季道路结冰的新方法——通过往路面上撒奶酪盐水，就是那种用来制作松软奶酪，比如莫泽雷勒奶酪的盐水。
2．And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover．
[分析] 本句主句结构在后半句，即the switch allows the original prey to recover，前面的if从句是条件状语从句，that引导时间定语从句，修饰another species，when引导时间状语从句，修饰can move on to...。
[译文] 如果一种猎物变得稀少时，捕食者可以转移到另一种更容易被发现的物种上去，那么这个转变会让原来的猎物(数量上)恢复。
3．The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected，bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management．
[分析] 这是一个复合句。主句为The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas；其后that引导定语从句，修饰areas；动词-ing形式短语bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority作结果状语；不定式短语to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management作目的状语。
[译文] 该计划将保护面扩大到原来未保护的大片区域，把现存大量的大熊猫保护区纳入统一管控，从而增强管理的有效性和持续性。
02
核心词汇用法归纳
常考句型结构分析
掌握必备知识
1．arrangement n．安排；筹备；约定
(1)arrangement表示“安排，筹备”时用作可数名词；表示“约定，协定”可以用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词。
(2)arrange v．筹备；安排；整理；布置；排列；改编
arrange to do sth．安排做某事
arrange(for sb．/sth．) to do sth．安排(……)做某事
arrange sth．for sb．为某人安排某事
make arrangements for安排好
make an arrangement做出安排
be interested in flower arrangement喜欢插花
arrange things from small to large按照从小到大来整理物品
arrange musical compositions改编音乐作品
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Nobel arranged in his will ______(give) the largest part of his money to establish the Nobel prizes．
②Are you happy with that ___________(arrange)
③I have arranged for Tom ______(pick) up the experts at the airport．
to give
arrangement
to pick
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达：Since everything has been arranged well，the evening party will begin at 8 o'clock as planned．
高级表达：___________________________，the evening party will begin at 8 o'clock as planned．(with复合结构)
With everything arranged well
[名师点津] (1)表示“安排某人做某事”用arrange for sb．to do sth．而不用arrange sb．to do sth．。(2)make arrangements (for sth．/for sb．to do sth．)中的arrangement常用复数形式。
(1)多与介词to搭配，后跟名词或者动名词，表示“……的钥匙”或者“……的关键”。
(2)和介词to搭配的词还有answer，solution，approach等。
2．key n．钥匙；键； 关键 adj．关键的
the key step to make life healthy使生活健康的关键步骤
make a note of the key points in class 在课堂上记下要点
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Having struggled for many years，he was finally admitted to _ key university．
②Nearly all of the young people interviewed believed that hard work was the key to _______(succeed)．
a
success
[能力提升]——完成句子
获得重点大学录取被一些父母视为通往成功之路的关键所在。
Gaining admission to ______________ is seen as___________________
for some parents．
a key university
a key to future success
3．regard n．注意；尊重；问候；vt．将……认为，把……视为；看待；凝视
(1)regard...as...把……看作
regard...with...带着……注视
(2)have/show regard for尊重/关心
give/send one's regards to sb．向某人问候
(3)as regards ＝ with/in regard to关于，至于
regardless of不管，不顾
have a very high regard for him非常尊重他
regard the whole thing as a joke把整件事当成玩笑
in this/that regard在这/那方面
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①In a word，Madame Curie __________(regard) as the great scientist who is the first in the world to win two Nobel Prizes．
②___________(regard) of the fact that he is eager to have a good rest，he has to bury himself in study day after day．
is regarded
Regardless
[能力提升]—— 一句多译
尽管他们累，他们还是选择帮他。
①_________________ they were tired，they chose to help him．(状语从句)
②They chose to help him ______________________________ their tiredness．(介词短语)
Although/Though
despite/in spite of/regardless of
(1)refresh one's memory 唤起某人记忆
(2)refreshing adj．提神的；使清爽的
refreshment n．点心；起提神作用的东西；恢复活力
4．refresh vt．使……恢复；使振作；(电脑)刷新，更新
Chinese refreshments 中式茶点；中国点心；中式点心
fuel refreshment 燃料补充；燃料补给
Refreshments & Meals 茶点及膳食
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①His humorous singing style was so __________ (refresh) that it made a deep impression on people．
②When the container is full，you can suck the ___________ (refresh) out through the tube．
③Its makers say that should ensure you wake up feeling _________ (refresh) every morning．
efreshing
refreshment
refreshed
(1)wind one's way蜿蜒前行
(2)wind up结束；使紧张；卷起
(3)winding adj．蜿蜒的；缠绕的
wound (过去式和过去分词形式)
5．wind vt．缠绕；蜿蜒前行；使弯曲n．风；卷绕
a winding path way一条蜿蜒的小路
start winding the window up开始摇上车窗
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①I'd like to wind __ our interview by wishing you good luck．
②The newcomers to the Village were attracted by its _______(wind) streets and Old World charm．
up
winding
[能力提升]——完成句子
长城像一条巨龙，蜿蜒在中国北方。
The Great Wall ____________________________ like a huge dragon．
winds its way across north China
Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline．
理想情况下，该系统会告诉我们何时调整人类活动，以避免生态系统崩溃，或者甚至可以让我们把一种生态系统从临界点恢复过来。
[句型公式] ideally译为“理想状态下；完美地”。在本句中是一种评注性副词，一般放在句首，是对后面整个句子的评述。
(1)常见副词作评注性状语的有：personally，honestly，frankly，obviously，clearly，briefly，luckily，fortunately，naturally，actually 等
(2)常见短语作评注性状语的有：happily for sb．，generally speaking，what is worse，worse still，strangely enough，not surprisingly 等。
(3)非谓语动词短语也可以用作评注性状语，如：judging from，exactly speaking，to be honest，to make matters worse，to tell the truth，to be sure等。
(4)介词短语可以用作评注性状语的有： of course，from...point of view，in short，in brief，in a word，to one's surprise，as a matter of fact等。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①___be honest，we admired the way he dealt with the problem．
②____________(fortunate)，after a brief stay in hospital，Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner．
[能力提升]——完成句子
________________________________________(一般来说)，the harder an athlete trains before a match，the more possibly he/she will win．
To
Fortunately
Generally/Generally speaking/In general
03
夯基固本·知识落实
强技提能·知识应用
提升关键能力
Ⅰ．用所给词的正确形式填空
1．In addition to _________ (improve) creativity，learning music also develops many skills that will continue to be useful to your children throughout their lives．
2．He has a security clearance that allows him access to __________ (classify) information．
improving
classified
3．Whatever she says will not make any difference to our ____________(arrange)．
4．Someone who is ___________ (adventure) is eager to visit new places and have new experiences．
5．She felt well ________(dispose) towards the little boy．
arrangements
adventurous
disposed
Ⅱ．在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．In fact，the key __ easy morning wake-up lies in resetting your body clock．
2．In addition __ my weekly wage，I got a lot of tips．
3．Imagine，___ instance，that you lost your bank card．
4．If things range between two points or range from one point __ another，they vary within these points on a scale of measurement or quality．
5．I think I will have a cold drink rather ____ coffee．
to
to
for
to
than
完形填空
When the virus struck Indonesia's island of Bali，tourism—the driving economic force in the region—just about came to a halt．More than half of Bali's economic profits comes from tourism which 1 hundreds of thousands of Balinese people．Many moved back to their home villages．And with more people returning to the villages，more trash 2 ．With so many people out of work，they were also going 3 ．
Made Janur Yasa，a restaurant owner in the town of Ubud said he wanted to find a way to help people in his community during the virus while also 4 the ongoing problem of plastic pollution．So，he 5 a program where local villagers could exchange plastic for rice—a barter system that would 6 the environment and empower the local people．Residents can turn in plastic trash they 7 in exchange for a main food staple．
In May 2020，he 8 the first exchange in the village where he was born and raised．It was a success，and the 9 quickly spread to other villages across Bali．His non-profit，Plastic Exchange，was born．
The program 10 local neighborhood groups called Banjars that collect plastic from their homes，streets，rivers，beaches and surrounding areas．Villages hold community exchange 11 once a month in which residents can bring in plastic to trade in for rice．Yasa says the organization has so far helped 12 thousands of families and collected 13 300 tons of plastic for recycling．
“Teenagers come with a smile．Elderly people are there．Young kids come with their mothers．That's what keeps me 14 ，to see them all excited about it．” Yasa said．“They were feeling powerless，and this gives them 15 ．”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了巴厘岛餐厅老板Made Janur Yasa想出了一个“垃圾换大米”的活动，既在流行病期间可以帮助社区的人们，同时又能解决持续存在的塑料污染问题。
1．A．improves B．employs
C．amuses D．guarantees
B [考查动词。根据上文“More than half of Bali's economic profits comes from tourism which”可知，巴厘岛一半以上的经济利润来自旅游业，说明旅游业给巴厘岛的居民提供了许多就业机会，故选B。]
2．A．piled up B．used up
C．put up D．cleaned up
A [考查动词短语。根据上文“And with more people returning to the villages，more trash”可知返回村庄的人多了，垃圾也就堆积起来了。故选A。]
3．A．thirsty B．crazy
C．exhausted D．hungry
D [考查形容词。根据上文“With so many people out of work”以及后文提供食物的项目，可知人们在失业和挨饿。故选D。]
4．A．raising B．sharing
C．addressing D．producing
C [考查动词。根据后文“the ongoing problem of plastic pollution”指解决塑料污染问题，应用address。故选C。]
5．A．started B．quit
C．accepted D．supported
A [考查动词。根据后文“a program where local villagers could exchange plastic for rice—a barter system that would”指启动了一个让当地村民用塑料换大米的项目，应用start。故选A。]
6．A．renew B．benefit
C．destroy D．threaten
B [考查动词。根据上文“local villagers could exchange plastic for rice”可知，村民可以用塑料换大米，所以是有利于环境的，故选B。]
7．A．threw B．removed
C．collected D．witnessed
C [考查动词。根据上文“Residents can turn in plastic trash”指上交收集的塑料垃圾。后文“collect plastic”也是提示。故选C。]
8．A．hosted B．cancelled
C．approached D．impressed
A [考查动词。根据下文“the first exchange in the village where he was born and raised”指主持第一次垃圾换大米活动，应用host。故选A。]
9．A．principle B．definition
C．knowledge D．concept
D [考查名词。结合上文“the environment and empower the local people”可知“垃圾换大米”这一想法对环境和当地人都有益，所以是成功的概念。故选D。]
10．A．sets up B．brings together
C．picks out D．depends on
B [考查动词短语。根据后文“local neighborhood groups called Banjars that collect plastic from their homes，streets，rivers，beaches and surrounding areas”可知，当地的社区都开始从他们的家里、街道、河流、海滩和周边地区收集塑料，说明该项目把这些都聚集在了一起，故选B。]
11．A．practices B．contests
C．events D．beliefs
C [考查名词。根据后文“once a month”可知交换活动每月一次，应用event。故选C。]
12．A．inspire B．disturb
C．affect D．feed
D [考查动词。根据后文“thousands of families”可知，“垃圾换大米”活动帮助养活了数千个家庭。故选D。]
13．A．hardly B．nearly
C．barely D．obviously
B [考查副词。根据后文“300 tons of plastic for recycling”可知此处是在描述收集到的塑料的大概数量，nearly表示“差不多，将近”符合语境。故选B。]
14．A．going B．passing
C．rushing D．recording
A [考查动词。根据后文“to see them all excited about it”可知，Yasa看到人们对此都积极参与，感到兴奋，有了继续前进的动力，故选A。]
15．A．confidence B．responsibility
C．hope D．respect
C [考查名词。根据上文“They were feeling powerless，and this gives them”以及上文描述的项目所取得的成就可知，这一活动给了当地人生活下去的希望。故选C。]
04
话题写作
读后续写
铸就核心价值
Step 1写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①现在越来越多的人关注环境保护。
Nowadays an increasing number of people________________________
______________________．
②他们已经意识到大气污染对人们的健康有不好的影响。
They have realized that __________________________________ people's health．
are concerned about the
environmental protection
atmosphere pollution has a bad effect on
③在某些地方，污染非常严重，使得人们很难呼吸到新鲜空气。
In some places，the pollution is very serious，and_________________
________________．
④为了保护环境，我们应开始大规模活动而并非抱怨。
_______________________________，we should_________________
________________________．
makes it hard for us
to breathe fresh air
In order to protect the environment
start a mass campaign
rather than complain
⑤应督促政府关闭放出有毒废物的工厂。
The government ___________________ factories which discharge poisonous waste．
⑥如果可能的话，我们应种植更多的树木以吸收二氧化碳并放出氧气。
If it is possible，we should plant more trees to ______ CO2 and _______ oxygen．
should be urged to shut
take in
give out
Step 2表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①用分词作结果状语改写句③
____________________________________________________________________________．
②用省略句改写句⑥
________________________________________________________________________．
In some places，the pollution is very serious，making it hard for us to
breathe fresh air
If possible，we should plant more trees to take in carbon dioxide and
give out oxygen
Step 3衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Nowadays an increasing number of people are concerned about the environmental protection．They have realized that atmosphere pollution has a bad effect on people's health．In some places，the pollution is very serious，making it hard for us to breathe fresh air．As far as I'm concerned，in order to protect the environment，we should start a mass campaign rather than complain．For one thing，the government should be urged to shut factories which discharge poisonous waste．For another，if possible，we should plant more trees to take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen．
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Ellen Kalish runs a center for rescued wild animals in New York．One day，a woman called and asked if she could help an owl (猫头鹰)．The caller told her the tiny owl was in the Christmas tree in a shopping center in New York！Kalish was surprised．She has been helping wild animals for 20 years，but she has never heard a story like that．
The traditional Christmas tree was a 75-foot-tall Norway spruce (云杉) from Oneonta，New York．When workers were unwrapping (移去……上的包裹物) the tree，one of them spotted the creature．He was buried in the base of the tree，Kalish said．At first the worker thought the owl might be injured．He would not let go of the tree's base (底座)．
One of the workers called his wife and told her he was taking the owl home．He asked if she could find a place that could help wildlife．The woman then called Kalish．
Kalish then set out to fetch the owl．On the way，she looked at the pictures the woman sent her on the phone．The owl is the smallest of his kind living in the North-east．How did he end up being stuck in the tree in the first place？“He could have gone to the tree to rest or sleep and got trapped later，” she said．“Maybe once the tree was loaded onto a truck，the branches made it hard for him to escape．Or he might have
been too scared to move．” Her driver guessed the owl might have flown in from Central Park in New York，but Kalish didn't agree．“That would be the last place he would want to go，” Kalish said．“The area around the tree is busy and noisy．Why would he pick that tree if he had a choice not to？He's smart，and he wouldn't do that．”
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
An hour later，Kalish met the woman who first called her at a gas station．__________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
The owl didn't spend much time at the center．________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
An hour later，Kalish met the woman who first called her at a gas station.The woman handed her a cardboard box with the owl inside cautiously.Kalish was more than delighted that the little creature didn't look worse in relatively good shape.Then Kalish brought the bird back to the wildlife center.She gave him plenty of water and left two mice in the plastic pet carrier.They were gone by the next morning.The owl spent most of his time eating and sleeping.On Monday，he went to the vet to get some X-rays to make sure there were no broken bones.
The owl didn't spend much time at the center．He was released soon and flew away at dusk when owls normally wake up．The scene was quiet and quick．Kalish brought a camera to take pictures of his flying away．She was convinced that both the owl and she would keep the precious moment in mind，which was considered as the miracle of the year at Christmas．INCLUDEPICTURE "五年高考真题重做．tif"
INCLUDEPICTURE "阅读理解．TIF"
A (2020·浙江1月卷·B)
Milwaukee，Wisconsin，is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice free—by spreading on them cheese brine，the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses，like mozzarella．
Wisconsin，also called “America's Dairyland”，is famous for its cheese．The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year！As a result，there was a lot of leftover cheese brine．Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive．So what should cheese makers do with the waste
Normally，towns use rock salt to de ice streets．The salt lowers water's freezing point，causing ice to melt(融化)．But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money，while keeping roads safe．Cheese brine has salt in it，which，like the rock salt，helps lower water's freezing point．
In addition to saving money，cheese brine could also be a more eco friendly option．Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment．
Rock salt is made of sodium chloride，the same compound (化合物) in ordinary table salt．Sounds harmless，right？But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food，road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U．S．roads every year!
The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground．There it can pollute drinking water，harm plants，and eat away soil．By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt，Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent．
Cheese brine has a downside too—a smell similar to that of bad milk．“I don't really mind it，”Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine．He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine．“Our roads smell like Wisconsin！” he said．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。在文章中，作者主要介绍了美国威斯康星州密尔沃基市变废为宝，用cheese brine(奶酪盐水)来除冰。
1．Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice free
A．It is soft． B．It contains salt．
C．It is warm． D．It has milk in it．
B [细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“cheese brine，the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses”和第三段中的“Cheese brine has salt in it，which，like the rock salt，helps lower water's freezing point．”可知，因为奶酪盐水含有盐，所以可以被用来除冰。故答案选B项。]
2．What is a benefit of using cheese brine on roads
A．Improving air quality．
B．Increasing sales of rock salt．
C．Reducing water pollution．
D．Saving the cheese industry．
C [推理判断题。根据文章第四段中的“cheese brine could also be a more eco friendly option”和第六段中的“There it can pollute drinking water，harm plants，and eat away soil．By spreading cheese brine on streets”可推断，利用奶酪盐水来除冰更加环保，比用其他化学制品更能够减少对水的污染。故选C项。]
3．Milwaukee's new way to de ice streets may be an example of ________．
A．barking up the wrong tree
B．putting the cart before the horse
C．robbing Peter to pay Paul
D．killing two birds with one stone
D [推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“But using cheese brine...keeping roads safe．”和第四段中的“In addition to saving money，cheese brine could also be a more eco friendly option．”可知，利用奶酪盐水来除冰是一举两得的事情，既能够省钱，做到废物再利用，同时又能够比其他化学制品更加环保。故答案选D项“killing two birds with one stone”(一石二鸟)。]
B (2019·天津卷·C)
How does an ecosystem(生态系统)work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats．
With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs．Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones．When a predator(掠食动物)always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked．Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term．If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction(灭绝)of one of them．And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover．The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction．
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems．In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack．
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top down control by top predators to be true．In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves．These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance．
Scientists have built an early warning system based on mathematical models．Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline．Prevention is key，scientists say，because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点)，it is remarkably difficult for them to return．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网方面的一些关键原则。
4．What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs
A．The living habits of species in food webs．
B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems．
C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems．
D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs．
B [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs．”可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。]
5．A strong link is found between two species when a predator ________．
A．has a wide food choice
B．can easily find new prey
C．sticks to one prey species
D．can quickly move to another place
C [细节理解题。根据第二段的“When a predator always eats huge numbers of a single prey，the two species are strongly linked”可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。]
6．What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline
A．The prey species they directly attack will die out．
B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators．
C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged．
D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes．
D [推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack．”可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果位于食物网顶端的食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的数量将发生意想不到的变化。故选D。]
7．What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in paragraph 4
A．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems．
B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats．
C．Species of commercial value dominate other species．
D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable．
A [推理判断题。根据第五段中的“Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline．”可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。]
8．How does an early warning system help us maintain the ecological balance
A．By getting illegal practices under control．
B．By stopping us from killing large predators．
C．By bringing the broken down ecosystems back to normal．
D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action．
D [细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Scientists have built an early warning system based on mathematical models．Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline．”可知，预警系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生态系统遭到破坏。故选D。]
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A (2021·全国乙卷)
Ecotourism is commonly regarded as low impact (影响)travel to undisturbed places．It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become 1．________ (educate) about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics，and often provides money for conservation and benefits the 2．________ (develop) of the local areas．
Ecotourism has 3．________ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s．It was not widely accepted as a travel concept 4．________ the late 1980s．During that time，increasing environmental awareness made it desirable．
Due to 5．________ growing popularity of environmentally related and adventure travel，various types 6．________ trips are now being classified as ecotourism．Actually，a true eco friendly trip must meet the following principles：
·Minimize the impact of 7．________ (visit) the place．
·Build respect for and awareness of the environment and cultural practices．
·Provide 8．________ (finance) aid and other benefits for local peoples．
·Make sure that the tourism provides positive experiences for both the visitors and the hosts．
Komodo National Park，officially recognized in 1980，is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity．9．________(activity) there range from whale watching to hiking (远足) and accommodations aim 10．________ (have) a low impact on the natural environment．
【语篇解读】 本文介绍了生态旅游的起源以及人们在生态旅游时应该遵循的原则。
1．educated [考查形容词。分析句子成分可知，become是系动词，此处应用形容词作表语，故填educated。become educated about意为“开始接受关于……的教育”。]
2．development [考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the可知，此处应用名词作句子的宾语。]
3．its [考查代词。origin为名词，其前应用形容词性物主代词。]
4．until/till [考查介词。not...until/till意为“直到……为止”。句意：直到20世纪80年代末，它才被广泛接受为一种旅游理念。]
5．the [考查冠词。分析句意可知，此处特指生态旅游日益流行。故填定冠词the。]
6．of [考查介词。various types of是固定短语，表示“各种类型的”。]
7．visiting [考查非谓语动词。介词of的后面接名词或动名词，visit的动名词形式为visiting。]
8．financial [考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作定语，修饰名词aid，故应用其形容词形式。]
9．Activities [考查名词复数。此处缺少主语，且由谓语动词range可知，主语是复数形式。activity的复数形式为activities。空处位于句首，单词的首字母要大写。]
10．to have [考查非谓语动词。aim to do sth．为固定搭配，意为“旨在做某事”。]
B (2021·新高考卷Ⅰ)
Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles' song “The Long and Winding Road”．11．________ is so breathtaking about the experience is the out of this world scenes．The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 12．________(human)are．
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb．It will 13．________ (undoubted)help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets，the 14． (hot)the spring! Strange，isn't it But that's how nature is—always leaving us 15．________ (astonish)．
What comes next is the endless series of steps．You can't help wondering how hard it 16．________ (be)for the people then to put all those rocks into place．Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain，still it highlights the whole adventure 17．________ offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 18．________ (ache)legs．
As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor's memory．It sure does in 19． (I)．While you're in China，Mount Huangshan is 20．________ must to visit!
【语篇解读】 本文介绍了中华十大名山之一，天下第一奇山——黄山的迷人景色。
11．What [考查名词性从句。分析句子成分可知，“________is so breathtaking about the experience”是主语从句，空处在从句中作主语，表达“……的东西或事”的意思，且位于句首。故填What。]
12．humans [考查名词的数。空处是we的同位语，单复数应保持一致，或者由are也可知，空处应用名词的复数形式。故填humans。]
13．undoubtedly [考查词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作状语，修饰动词help，所以用副词形式。故填undoubtedly。]
14．hotter [考查形容词比较级。此处为“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构，意为“越……越……”。故填hotter。]
15．astonished [考查词性转换。此处为“leave＋宾语＋形容词(作宾补)”结构。空处说明的是宾语us的状态，所以用 ed形式的形容词astonished，意为“感到惊讶的”。]
16．was [考查时态和主谓一致。由then以及语境可知，这里描述的是“……对当时的人们来说，把那些石头放在正确的位置是多么困难”，所以句子的时态应为一般过去时。又因主语是it，要用第三人称单数，所以用was。]
17．and [考查连词。空格后的动词offers与前面的动词highlights构成并列关系，所以用and。]
18．aching/achy [考查非谓语动词/词性转换。分析句子结构可知，空处可填一个非谓语动词，逻辑主语legs与所给词为主谓关系，故用现在分词表状态。或者用形容词achy作定语修饰legs。]
19．mine [考查代词。由上文所说的in the visitor's memory可知，in________对应的是in my memory，空处指的是“我的记忆”，故填mine。]
20．a [考查冠词。在这里must作可数名词，意为“必须做(或看、买等)的事”；a must在文中指“一个必游之地”，且must的发音是以辅音音素开头的，故填a。]
C (2022·新高考卷Ⅰ)
The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP)．21．________(cover) an area about three times 22．________ size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country．The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that 23． (be) previously unprotected，bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority 24． (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management．
After a three year pilot period，the GPNP will be officially set up next year．The GPNP 25．________ (design)to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性) of natural ecosystems，preserving biological diversity，protecting ecological buffer zones，26．________ leaving behind precious natural assets(资产)for future generations”．The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate 27．________(population) and homes of giant pandas，and 28．________ (eventual) achieve a desired level of population in the wild．
Giant pandas also serve 29． an umbrella species(物种)，bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China．The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species 30．________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area．
【语篇解读】 本文介绍了中国筹建大熊猫国家公园的相关情况。
21．Covering [考查非谓语动词。提示动词cover在句中意为“占(一片面积)”，和其逻辑主语the GPNP之间是主谓关系，所以此处应用动词 ing形式。空处位于句首，所填单词的首字母应大写，故填Covering。]
22．the [考查冠词。由空后的“of Yellowstone National Park”作size的定语可知，此处表示特指，故用定冠词the。]
23．were [考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词areas；先行词areas是复数名词，所以该定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式；又根据空后的副词previously“先前地”可知，此句应用一般过去时，故填were。]
24．to increase [考查非谓语动词。根据上下文语境可知，该计划是要提高管理的有效性，并减少管理上的不一致。因此空处需填动词不定式来作目的状语。故填to increase。]
25．is designed [考查时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，句子缺少谓语，故空处所填内容在句中作谓语；句子的主语The GPNP表示单数意义，其与提示动词design之间是动宾关系，且此句在陈述事实，故应用一般现在时的被动语态。故填is designed。]
26．and [考查连词。空后的“leaving...”和上文中的“protecting...”“preserving...”为并列关系，故应用并列连词and连接。]
27．populations [考查名词复数。population 在此处表示“种群”，为可数名词；根据空前的separate“不同的；分开的”可知，此处应用名词的复数形式。故填populations。]
28．eventually [考查副词。空处修饰谓语动词achieve，故用所给形容词的副词形式。故填eventually。]
29．as [考查固定搭配。serve as为固定搭配，意为“充当，担任”。]
30．that [考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，从句修饰指物的先行词species；空处在定语从句中作主语，且先行词species前有all修饰，故只能用that来引导该定语从句。]
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1．leftover n．剩菜
2．dispose v．处理
3．suspect v．怀疑
4．downside n．负面
5．commission n．委员会
6．ecosystem n．生态系统
7．characteristic n．特征；特性；特色
8．principle n．原理，原则
9．minimize vt． 使减到最少
10．accommodation n．住处，膳宿
11．highlight v．突出；强调；使显著
12．finalize v．最后决定
13．authority n．专家
14．preserve v．保护
INCLUDEPICTURE "三栏3．TIF"
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1．weak adj．虚弱的
2．stable adj．稳固的
3．attack v．进攻
4．regard vt．注重，考虑；看待
5．range vi．(在...内)变动；平行
6．astonish vt．使震惊
7．extend v．扩大
8．reflect v．反射
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1．salt n．盐→salty adj．含盐的
2．option n．选择→ optional adj．可选择的
3．environment n．环境→environmental adj．环境的
4．survive v．幸存→survival n．幸存
5．origin n．起源→original adj．最初的
6．benefit v．有利于n．益处→ beneficial adj．有益处的
7．classify vt．分类→ classification n．分类，类别
8．previous adj．先前的 → previously adv．以前地
9．ecology n．生态学 → ecological adj．生态的
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1．rather than 而不是
2．one another 互相
3． in terms of在……方面；按照
4． due to由于
5．a host of 许多
6．be intended to打算……
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[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．The arrival of this south American predator threatened the survival(survive) of native species．
2．David turned around and walked off in the opposite direction．
3．In time of war，lots of money will be spent on defence and many measures will be taken to defend a country from being attacked(attack)．
4．The difficulty of a problem was defined in terms of how long it took to complete．
5．Ted might benefit from hearing his own voice recorded and played back．
6．The astonished(astonish) look on his face told us that he felt astonished to be asked such a question．
7．The committee assesses whether a building is worth preserving (preserve)．
8．Your clothes are often a reflection (reflect) of your personality．
INCLUDEPICTURE "奇特语言现象探究．tif"
Ⅰ．熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs．起作用
2．Actually，a true eco friendly trip must meet the following principles...满足；符合
3．Giant pandas also serve as an umbrella species(物种)，bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China．保护
Ⅱ．似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets，the hotter the spring!
[译文] 这里的温泉令人惊奇的是，气温越低，温泉越热！
2．It sure does in mine．
[译文] 这当然也给我留下很深的印象。
Ⅲ．复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．Milwaukee，Wisconsin，is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice free—by spreading on them cheese brine，the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses，like mozzarella．
[分析] 这是一个简单句。主语是城市名Milwaukee，Wisconsin，谓语部分是is road testing，to keep winter roads ice free是不定式作定语修饰way。破折号后的内容解释说明a new way, the salty liquid 是cheese brine的同位语，used to make soft cheeses后置定语修饰liquid。
[译文] 威斯康星州的密尔沃基市正在路上测试一种防止冬季道路结冰的新方法——通过往路面上撒奶酪盐水，就是那种用来制作松软奶酪，比如莫泽雷勒奶酪的盐水。
2．And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover．
[分析] 本句主句结构在后半句，即the switch allows the original prey to recover，前面的if从句是条件状语从句，that引导时间定语从句，修饰another species，when引导时间状语从句，修饰can move on to...。
[译文] 如果一种猎物变得稀少时，捕食者可以转移到另一种更容易被发现的物种上去，那么这个转变会让原来的猎物(数量上)恢复。
3．The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that were previously unprotected，bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management．
[分析] 这是一个复合句。主句为The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas；其后that引导定语从句，修饰areas；动词 ing形式短语bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority作结果状语；不定式短语to increase effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management作目的状语。
[译文] 该计划将保护面扩大到原来未保护的大片区域，把现存大量的大熊猫保护区纳入统一管控，从而增强管理的有效性和持续性。
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1．arrangement n．安排；筹备；约定
(1)arrangement表示“安排，筹备”时用作可数名词；表示“约定，协定”可以用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词。
(2)arrange v．筹备；安排；整理；布置；排列；改编
arrange to do sth．安排做某事
arrange(for sb．/sth．) to do sth．安排(……)做某事
arrange sth．for sb．为某人安排某事
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累1．tif"
make arrangements for安排好
make an arrangement做出安排
be interested in flower arrangement喜欢插花
arrange things from small to large按照从小到大来整理物品
arrange musical compositions改编音乐作品
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累3．tif"
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Nobel arranged in his will to give(give) the largest part of his money to establish the Nobel prizes．
②Are you happy with that arrangement(arrange)
③I have arranged for Tom to pick(pick) up the experts at the airport．
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达：Since everything has been arranged well，the evening party will begin at 8 o'clock as planned．
高级表达：With everything arranged well，the evening party will begin at 8 o'clock as planned．(with复合结构)
[名师点津] (1)表示“安排某人做某事”用arrange for sb．to do sth．而不用arrange sb．to do sth．。(2)make arrangements (for sth．/for sb．to do sth．)中的arrangement常用复数形式。
2．key n．钥匙；键； 关键 adj．关键的
(1)多与介词to搭配，后跟名词或者动名词，表示“……的钥匙”或者“……的关键”。
(2)和介词to搭配的词还有answer，solution，approach等。
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累1．tif"
the key step to make life healthy使生活健康的关键步骤
make a note of the key points in class 在课堂上记下要点
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累3．tif"
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Having struggled for many years，he was finally admitted to a key university．
②Nearly all of the young people interviewed believed that hard work was the key to success(succeed)．
[能力提升]——完成句子
获得重点大学录取被一些父母视为通往成功之路的关键所在。
Gaining admission to a key university is seen as a key to future success for some parents．
3．regard n．注意；尊重；问候；vt．将……认为，把……视为；看待；凝视
(1)regard...as...把……看作
regard...with...带着……注视
(2)have/show regard for尊重/关心
give/send one's regards to sb．向某人问候
(3)as regards ＝ with/in regard to关于，至于
regardless of不管，不顾
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累1．tif"
have a very high regard for him非常尊重他
regard the whole thing as a joke把整件事当成玩笑
in this/that regard在这/那方面
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累3．tif"
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①In a word，Madame Curie is regarded(regard) as the great scientist who is the first in the world to win two Nobel Prizes．
②Regardless(regard) of the fact that he is eager to have a good rest，he has to bury himself in study day after day．
[能力提升]—— 一句多译
尽管他们累，他们还是选择帮他。
①Although/Though they were tired，they chose to help him．(状语从句)
②They chose to help him despite/in spite of/regardless of their tiredness．(介词短语)
4．refresh vt．使……恢复；使振作；(电脑)刷新，更新
(1)refresh one's memory 唤起某人记忆
(2)refreshing adj．提神的；使清爽的
refreshment n．点心；起提神作用的东西；恢复活力
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累1．tif"
Chinese refreshments 中式茶点；中国点心；中式点心
fuel refreshment 燃料补充；燃料补给
Refreshments & Meals 茶点及膳食
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累3．tif"
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①His humorous singing style was so refreshing (refresh) that it made a deep impression on people．
②When the container is full，you can suck the refreshment (refresh) out through the tube．
③Its makers say that should ensure you wake up feeling refreshed (refresh) every morning．
5．wind vt．缠绕；蜿蜒前行；使弯曲n．风；卷绕
(1)wind one's way蜿蜒前行
(2)wind up结束；使紧张；卷起
(3)winding adj．蜿蜒的；缠绕的
wound (过去式和过去分词形式)
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累1．tif"
a winding path way一条蜿蜒的小路
start winding the window up开始摇上车窗
INCLUDEPICTURE "词块积累3．tif"
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①I'd like to wind up our interview by wishing you good luck．
②The newcomers to the Village were attracted by its winding(wind) streets and Old World charm．
[能力提升]——完成句子
长城像一条巨龙，蜿蜒在中国北方。
The Great Wall winds its way across north China like a huge dragon．
INCLUDEPICTURE "常考句型结构分析．tif"
Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline．
理想情况下，该系统会告诉我们何时调整人类活动，以避免生态系统崩溃，或者甚至可以让我们把一种生态系统从临界点恢复过来。
[句型公式] ideally译为“理想状态下；完美地”。在本句中是一种评注性副词，一般放在句首，是对后面整个句子的评述。
(1)常见副词作评注性状语的有：personally，honestly，frankly，obviously，clearly，briefly，luckily，fortunately，naturally，actually 等
(2)常见短语作评注性状语的有：happily for sb．，generally speaking，what is worse，worse still，strangely enough，not surprisingly 等。
(3)非谓语动词短语也可以用作评注性状语，如：judging from，exactly speaking，to be honest，to make matters worse，to tell the truth，to be sure等。
(4)介词短语可以用作评注性状语的有： of course，from...point of view，in short，in brief，in a word，to one's surprise，as a matter of fact等。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①To be honest，we admired the way he dealt with the problem．
②Fortunately(fortunate)，after a brief stay in hospital，Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner．
[能力提升]——完成句子
Generally/Generally speaking/In general (一般来说)，the harder an athlete trains before a match，the more possibly he/she will win．
INCLUDEPICTURE "提升关键能力．tif"
INCLUDEPICTURE "夯基固本．TIF"
Ⅰ．用所给词的正确形式填空
1．In addition to improving (improve) creativity，learning music also develops many skills that will continue to be useful to your children throughout their lives．
2．He has a security clearance that allows him access to classified (classify) information．
3．Whatever she says will not make any difference to our arrangements(arrange)．
4．Someone who is adventurous (adventure) is eager to visit new places and have new experiences．
5．She felt well disposed(dispose) towards the little boy．
Ⅱ．在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．In fact，the key to easy morning wake up lies in resetting your body clock．
2．In addition to my weekly wage，I got a lot of tips．
3．Imagine，for instance，that you lost your bank card．
4．If things range between two points or range from one point to another，they vary within these points on a scale of measurement or quality．
5．I think I will have a cold drink rather than coffee．
INCLUDEPICTURE "强技提能．TIF"
完形填空
When the virus struck Indonesia's island of Bali，tourism—the driving economic force in the region—just about came to a halt．More than half of Bali's economic profits comes from tourism which 1 hundreds of thousands of Balinese people．Many moved back to their home villages．And with more people returning to the villages，more trash 2 ．With so many people out of work，they were also going 3 ．
Made Janur Yasa，a restaurant owner in the town of Ubud said he wanted to find a way to help people in his community during the virus while also 4 the ongoing problem of plastic pollution．So，he 5 a program where local villagers could exchange plastic for rice—a barter system that would 6 the environment and empower the local people．Residents can turn in plastic trash they 7 in exchange for a main food staple．
In May 2020，he 8 the first exchange in the village where he was born and raised．It was a success，and the 9 quickly spread to other villages across Bali．His non profit，Plastic Exchange，was born．
The program 10 local neighborhood groups called Banjars that collect plastic from their homes，streets，rivers，beaches and surrounding areas．Villages hold community exchange 11 once a month in which residents can bring in plastic to trade in for rice．Yasa says the organization has so far helped 12 thousands of families and collected 13 300 tons of plastic for recycling．
“Teenagers come with a smile．Elderly people are there．Young kids come with their mothers．That's what keeps me 14 ，to see them all excited about it．” Yasa said．“They were feeling powerless，and this gives them 15 ．”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了巴厘岛餐厅老板Made Janur Yasa想出了一个“垃圾换大米”的活动，既在流行病期间可以帮助社区的人们，同时又能解决持续存在的塑料污染问题。
1．A．improves B．employs
C．amuses D．guarantees
B [考查动词。根据上文“More than half of Bali's economic profits comes from tourism which”可知，巴厘岛一半以上的经济利润来自旅游业，说明旅游业给巴厘岛的居民提供了许多就业机会，故选B。]
2．A．piled up B．used up
C．put up D．cleaned up
A [考查动词短语。根据上文“And with more people returning to the villages，more trash”可知返回村庄的人多了，垃圾也就堆积起来了。故选A。]
3．A．thirsty B．crazy
C．exhausted D．hungry
D [考查形容词。根据上文“With so many people out of work”以及后文提供食物的项目，可知人们在失业和挨饿。故选D。]
4．A．raising B．sharing
C．addressing D．producing
C [考查动词。根据后文“the ongoing problem of plastic pollution”指解决塑料污染问题，应用address。故选C。]
5．A．started B．quit
C．accepted D．supported
A [考查动词。根据后文“a program where local villagers could exchange plastic for rice—a barter system that would”指启动了一个让当地村民用塑料换大米的项目，应用start。故选A。]
6．A．renew B．benefit
C．destroy D．threaten
B [考查动词。根据上文“local villagers could exchange plastic for rice”可知，村民可以用塑料换大米，所以是有利于环境的，故选B。]
7．A．threw B．removed
C．collected D．witnessed
C [考查动词。根据上文“Residents can turn in plastic trash”指上交收集的塑料垃圾。后文“collect plastic”也是提示。故选C。]
8．A．hosted B．cancelled
C．approached D．impressed
A [考查动词。根据下文“the first exchange in the village where he was born and raised”指主持第一次垃圾换大米活动，应用host。故选A。]
9．A．principle B．definition
C．knowledge D．concept
D [考查名词。结合上文“the environment and empower the local people”可知“垃圾换大米”这一想法对环境和当地人都有益，所以是成功的概念。故选D。]
10．A．sets up B．brings together
C．picks out D．depends on
B [考查动词短语。根据后文“local neighborhood groups called Banjars that collect plastic from their homes，streets，rivers，beaches and surrounding areas”可知，当地的社区都开始从他们的家里、街道、河流、海滩和周边地区收集塑料，说明该项目把这些都聚集在了一起，故选B。]
11．A．practices B．contests
C．events D．beliefs
C [考查名词。根据后文“once a month”可知交换活动每月一次，应用event。故选C。]
12．A．inspire B．disturb
C．affect D．feed
D [考查动词。根据后文“thousands of families”可知，“垃圾换大米”活动帮助养活了数千个家庭。故选D。]
13．A．hardly B．nearly
C．barely D．obviously
B [考查副词。根据后文“300 tons of plastic for recycling”可知此处是在描述收集到的塑料的大概数量，nearly表示“差不多，将近”符合语境。故选B。]
14．A．going B．passing
C．rushing D．recording
A [考查动词。根据后文“to see them all excited about it”可知，Yasa看到人们对此都积极参与，感到兴奋，有了继续前进的动力，故选A。]
15．A．confidence B．responsibility
C．hope D．respect
C [考查名词。根据上文“They were feeling powerless，and this gives them”以及上文描述的项目所取得的成就可知，这一活动给了当地人生活下去的希望。故选C。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "铸就核心价值．tif"
INCLUDEPICTURE "话题写作．TIF"
INCLUDEPICTURE "写作要点．TIF" (根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①现在越来越多的人关注环境保护。
Nowadays an increasing number of people are concerned about the environmental protection．
②他们已经意识到大气污染对人们的健康有不好的影响。
They have realized that atmosphere pollution has a bad effect on people's health．
③在某些地方，污染非常严重，使得人们很难呼吸到新鲜空气。
In some places，the pollution is very serious，and makes it hard for us to breathe fresh air．
④为了保护环境，我们应开始大规模活动而并非抱怨。
In order to protect the environment，we should start a mass campaign rather than complain．
⑤应督促政府关闭放出有毒废物的工厂。
The government should be urged to shut factories which discharge poisonous waste．
⑥如果可能的话，我们应种植更多的树木以吸收二氧化碳并放出氧气。
If it is possible，we should plant more trees to take in CO2 and give out oxygen．
INCLUDEPICTURE "表达升级．TIF" (改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①用分词作结果状语改写句③
In some places，the pollution is very serious，making it hard for us to breathe fresh air．
②用省略句改写句⑥
If possible，we should plant more trees to take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen．
INCLUDEPICTURE "衔接成文．TIF" (利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Nowadays an increasing number of people are concerned about the environmental protection．They have realized that atmosphere pollution has a bad effect on people's health．In some places，the pollution is very serious，making it hard for us to breathe fresh air．As far as I'm concerned，in order to protect the environment，we should start a mass campaign rather than complain．For one thing，the government should be urged to shut factories which discharge poisonous waste．For another，if possible，we should plant more trees to take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen．
INCLUDEPICTURE "读后续写．TIF"
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Ellen Kalish runs a center for rescued wild animals in New York．One day，a woman called and asked if she could help an owl (猫头鹰)．The caller told her the tiny owl was in the Christmas tree in a shopping center in New York！Kalish was surprised．She has been helping wild animals for 20 years，but she has never heard a story like that．
The traditional Christmas tree was a 75 foot tall Norway spruce (云杉) from Oneonta，New York．When workers were unwrapping (移去……上的包裹物) the tree，one of them spotted the creature．He was buried in the base of the tree，Kalish said．At first the worker thought the owl might be injured．He would not let go of the tree's base (底座)．
One of the workers called his wife and told her he was taking the owl home．He asked if she could find a place that could help wildlife．The woman then called Kalish．
Kalish then set out to fetch the owl．On the way，she looked at the pictures the woman sent her on the phone．The owl is the smallest of his kind living in the North east．How did he end up being stuck in the tree in the first place？“He could have gone to the tree to rest or sleep and got trapped later，” she said．“Maybe once the tree was loaded onto a truck，the branches made it hard for him to escape．Or he might have been too scared to move．” Her driver guessed the owl might have flown in from Central Park in New York，but Kalish didn't agree．“That would be the last place he would want to go，” Kalish said．“The area around the tree is busy and noisy．Why would he pick that tree if he had a choice not to？He's smart，and he wouldn't do that．”
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
An hour later，Kalish met the woman who first called her at a gas station．____________________________________________________________
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The owl didn't spend much time at the center．_________________________
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【参考范文】
An hour later，Kalish met the woman who first called her at a gas station.The woman handed her a cardboard box with the owl inside cautiously.Kalish was more than delighted that the little creature didn't look worse in relatively good shape.Then Kalish brought the bird back to the wildlife center.She gave him plenty of water and left two mice in the plastic pet carrier.They were gone by the next morning.The owl spent most of his time eating and sleeping.On Monday，he went to the vet to get some X rays to make sure there were no broken bones.
The owl didn't spend much time at the center．He was released soon and flew away at dusk when owls normally wake up．The scene was quiet and quick．Kalish brought a camera to take pictures of his flying away．She was convinced that both the owl and she would keep the precious moment in mind，which was considered as the miracle of the year at Christmas．
