专题十 构词法
知识导图
考法精讲
在英语中,很多单词的构成形式是有规律的。掌握单词的构成规律有助于理解和记忆词汇。常见的构词法有:合成法(Compounding)、派生法(Derivation)和转化法(Conversion)。
命题点 1 合成法
由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词,这种构词法为合成法,合成的词叫作合成词。
类型 构成方式 示例
复合名词 名词+名词 basket篮子+ball球=basketball篮球
形容词+名词 black黑+board板=blackboard黑板
动词+名词 play玩+ground地面=playground操场
名词+动名词 hand手+writing写=handwriting书法
续表
复合动词 副词+动词 overcome克服
名词+动词 sleep梦+walk步行=sleepwalk梦游
复合形容词 名词+形容词 world世界+wide广阔的=worldwide全世界的
数词+名词+形容词 five year old五岁大的
名词+动词过去分词 man人类+made被制造=man made人工制造的
形容词+分词 good好的+looking看=good looking 好看的
复合副词 介词+名词 out在外边+doors门=outdoors在户外
复合代词 不定代词+名词 any任何+thing事情=anything任何事
【更多词块】名词+名词:class班级+room房间=classroom教室形容词+名词:green绿色的+house房子=greenhouse温室动词+名词:bath洗澡+room房间=bathroom浴室副词+动词:over超过+sleep睡觉=oversleep睡过头数词+名词+形容词:two meter long两米长的副词+名词:down在下面+stairs楼梯=downstairs楼下不定代词+名词:some一些+body身体=somebody某人
命题点 2 派生法
派生法是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词,这种构词法叫作派生法。加在单词前的词缀叫 前缀,加在后面的词缀叫后缀。
(1)前缀
前缀大多数不造成词性的转换,但能引起词义的变化,初中阶段常见的前缀大多属于否定前缀。常见否定前缀:
前缀 含义 示例
dis 不;无 dislike不喜欢
im 不;相反的 impolite不礼貌的,粗鲁的
un 不 unhappy不开心的
in 不;非 incorrect不正确的
mis 错误的 misunderstanding误解
non 不;非 non human非人类的
其他前缀:
前缀 含义 示例
inter 在……之间,相互 Internet互联网 international国际的 interview采访
over 过于,在上面 overuse过度使用 overtired过度劳累的
re 再;又 return回来 recall回忆起,召回 review复习
super 超级 supermarket超市 superstar超级明星
under 在……下面,不足 underground地铁
注意:个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化,如en 可以和动词、名词或形容词构成动词:enable, encourage, enlarge; a 可以和名词或动词构成形容词:asleep, awake。
(2)后缀(6年3考)
类别 含义 示例
名词 er, or, (r)ess “人(女性)” farmer农民 visitor游客 actress女演员
ese, ian “某国/大陆的人” Chinese中国人 Japanese日本人 Asian亚洲人
ist “人” scientist科学家 tourist旅行者 artist艺术家
ment “行为或其状态” government政府 movement运动 achievement成就
ness “性质;状态” illness疾病 sadness悲伤 carelessness粗心
tion “动作;过程;结果” invention发明(2023.74) invitation邀请
ance, ence “行为;性质;状态” importance重要性 appearance外貌
th “性质;情况” depth深度 warmth温暖 truth实情;事实
age “状态;行为;身份及其结果” courage勇敢 shortage不足 marriage婚姻
形容词 ful “充满……的” careful小心的 hopeful有希望的 successful成功的
less “没有的” careless粗心的 hopeless无希望的 helpless无助的
able “能……的” changeable可变的 comfortable舒服的
y “有……特性的” sunny晴朗的 funny滑稽的 healthy健康的
al “与……有关的” traditional传统的 national国家的 natural自然的
ing, ed “令人……的”,“感到……的” relaxing令人放松的 relaxed放松的 interesting有趣的 interested感兴趣的
ive “有……性质的” active活跃的 creative有创造性的
副词 ly “方式;程度” successfully成功地(2022.35) angrily生气地excitedly激动地(2021.40) busily忙碌地
【更多词块】常见后缀: or, (e)r:actor演员manager经理player运动员winner获胜者 ment:agreement一致;同意 ion, ation, sion:suggestion建议celebration 庆祝;庆祝活动discussion讨论 y:difficulty困难;费劲society协会;社会 al:personal个人的;私人的 ful:harmful有害的useful有用的;有益的
命题点 3 转化法
一个单词由一种词类转化为另一种词类,这种构词法叫转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切。
词类转化 示例
名词转化为动词 water n.水→ v.浇水 show n.展览;展示→ v.表演;展出
color n.颜色→ v.染色 book n.书→ v.预定
动词转化为名词 walk v.散步;走→ n.散步 look v.看→ n.看
形容词转化为名词 daily adj.日常的→ n.日报 high adj.高的→ n.最高水平final adj.最后的;最终的→ n.决赛
形容词转化为动词 slow adj.慢的→ v.放慢 clean adj.清洁的;干净的→ v.清扫free adj.空闲的→ v.释放 dry adj.干燥的→ v.把……弄干;变干
副词转化为动词 down adv.向下→ v.使倒下;击倒
综合提升
短文填空
请从方框内选择适当的词并用其正确形式填空。 注意每空一词,每词仅用一次。 有两词为多余项。
A. 小题夯基
Group 1
water paint comfort difficult invent teach write agree successful
1. The ________ of toothbrushes was not as famous as that of paper making, but it was very useful in daily life.
2. Wang Yiyi passed the test ________ and became a student of that school.
3. I often ________ flowers in the garden with my grandmother on weekends.
4. Our English ________ gave us many choices about the topic of the class meeting.
5. I think he is a successful man because he is brave and positive in the face of great ________.
6. We should be thankful to our parents, because they not only give us life but also provide us with warm and ________ homes.
7. It's normal to have problems with your classmates. Even good friends sometimes ________ with each other.
Group 2
polite patient excited safe slow educate national health care
8. Don't hit an empty bowl with chopsticks. It's ________.
9. Be ________ when riding a bike in the neighborhood, because there are many children playing outside.
10. As a good teacher, Mrs. White is kind and never ________ with us.
11. Paper cutting is considered a great ________ treasure in China.
12. It is very important for everyone to realize the importance of school ________.
13. Good ________ can help children form good habits that will be helpful for their whole life.
14. In order to keep ________, my mother asks me not to eat too much fried food.
【好词佳句积累】 pass the test通过测试 on weekends在周末 in the face of面对…… provide sb. with sth.给某人提供某物 the importance of...……的重要性 be helpful for ...对……有帮助
B.微语篇提能
success happiness relax realize interest nervous encourage
Theresa Julian was a shy girl and had few friends. She wanted to be popular, so she decided to be brave and learn to be humorous. Once she asked her friend, “Caroline, do you know why nine is afraid of seven Because seven ate(eight) nine!” She watched Caroline's face 1. ________ and noticed that Caroline was quiet for a while. Suddenly, she laughed. Theresa took a deep breath and felt 2. ________. And she realized how easy it was to be humorous.
After this experience, she became 3. ________ in watching humorous things around her. She became more popular. One day she thought why not record these interesting things and bring 4. ________ to more people. So the book The Joke Machine was born. Theresa's book was very 5. ________. Now, she is a popular writer and has won the attention of many children.
【语篇研读】What:讲述了Theresa Julian小时候比较内向,后来开始研究幽默笑话,最终成为幽默作家的故事。Why:旨在引导学生意识到每个人都有巨大的潜能,鼓励学生积极挖掘自己的潜能。How:①文体特征:记叙文。②写作手法:文章第一段“Caroline, do you know ...seven Because ...nine!”,采用了举例子的写作手法,使文章的表达更有吸引力。
专题十 构词法
【综合提升】
A. 1. invention 2. successfully 3. water 4. teacher 5. difficulties 6. comfortable 7. disagree 8. impolite 9. careful 10. impatient 11. national 12. safety 13. education 14. healthy
B. 【主旨大意】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了Theresa Julian小时候比较内向,没有多少朋友,后来她开始研究幽默笑话,最终成为著名幽默作家的故事。
1. nervously 2. relaxed 3. interested 4. happiness 5. successful