(共138张PPT)
子主题(二) 对社会有突出贡献的人物
主题群三 历史、社会与文化
01
培育学科素养
五年高考真题重做
主题语境词汇存储
奇特语言现象探究
In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain．People had been writing novels for a century — most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719 — but nobody wanted to do it professionally．The steam-powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy (识字) rate in England was under 50%．Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady．” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad．
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters—from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones．Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged．Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa．
How did Dickens get to the top For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass．Some 60，000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them．It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life．It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress．But it's
also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center．No one will ever know what mix of talent，ambition，energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer．But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了英国著名作家查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品是如何奠定他在英国文学中的地位的。
1．Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century
A．They were difficult to understand．
B．They were popular among the rich．
C．They were seen as nearly worthless．
D．They were written mostly by women．
C [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad．”可知，那时印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，很多作品上没有作者名字，小说被认为是愚蠢的、有悖道德的或糟糕透顶的。故选C项。]
2．Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress _____．
A．his reputation in France
B．his interest in modern art
C．his success in publication
D．his importance in literature
D [推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Removing him from the pantheon of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa．”可知，把他从英国文学的名人堂移除就跟卢浮宫廉价出售《蒙娜丽莎》的感觉一样，可见狄更斯在英国文学史上的重要性，由此可推知D项正确。]
3．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To remember a great writer．
B．To introduce an English novel．
C．To encourage studies on culture．
D．To promote values of the Victorian age．
A [写作意图题。根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。]
B (2016·全国卷Ⅰ·A)
You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson．Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years
Jane Addams (1860－1935)
Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank．Addams helped the poor and worked for peace．She encouraged a sense of community(社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need．In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize．
Rachel Carson (1907－1964)
If it weren't for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today．Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world's lakes and oceans．
Sandra Day O'Connor (1930－present)
When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman．She became an Arizona state senator (参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S．Supreme Court．O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court．
Rosa Parks (1913－2005)
On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger．Her simple act landed Parks in prison．But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott．It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement．“The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，” said Parks．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了不同领域的四位女性先驱。
4．What is Jane Addams noted for in history
A．Her social work．
B．Her teaching skills．
C．Her efforts to win a prize．
D．Her community background．
A [细节理解题。根据Jane Addams下的第一句话“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank．”(任何一个受到社会工作者帮助的人都要感谢Jane Addams)可知，在历史上，Jane Addams因她的社会工作而出名，与A项相符。]
5．What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm
A．Her lack of proper training in law．
B．Her little work experience in court．
C．The discrimination against women．
D．The poor financial conditions．
C [细节理解题。根据Sandra Day O'Connor下的第一句“When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School ...”可知，她没能在法律事务所找到工作，是因为她是一名女性，这与C项“对于女性的歧视”相符，故选C项。]
6．Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U．S．
A．Jane Addams．
B．Rachel Carson．
C．Sandra Day O'Connor．
D．Rosa Parks．
D [细节理解题。根据Rosa Parks下的“...But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott．It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement．”可知，它导致了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动，这场运动持续了一年多，开始了民权运动，故选D项。]
7．What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text
A．They are highly educated．
B．They are truly creative．
C．They are pioneers．
D．They are peace-lovers．
C [推理判断题。通读全文可知这四位女性都是各自领域的先驱者，都在各自领域做出了巨大的贡献，故选C项。]
(2017·浙江卷)
Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq．Her library used to be a 1 place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge．They 2 various matters all over the world．When the war was near, Alia was 3 that the fires of war would destroy the books, which are more 4 to her than mountains of gold．The books are in every language — new books, ancient books, 5 a book on the history of Iraq that is seven hundred years old．
She had asked the government for 6 to move the books to a 7 place, but they refused．So Alia took matters into her own hands． 8 ， she brought books home every night, 9 her car late after work．Her friends came to 10 her when the war broke out．Anis who owned a restaurant 11 to hide some books．All through the 12 ， Alia, Anis, his brothers and neighbours took the books from the library, 13 them over the seven-foot wall and 14 them in the restaurant．The books stayed hidden as the war 15 ．Then nine days later, a fire burned the 16 to the ground．
One day, the bombing stopped and the 17 left．But the war was not over yet．Alia knew that if the books were to be safe, they must be 18 again while the city was 19 ．So she hired a truck to bring all the books to the houses of friends in the suburbs (郊区)．Now Alia waited for the war to end and 20 peace and a new library．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在战火中，艾丽娅·贝克和身边的人勇敢地保护书籍的故事。
1．A．meeting B．working
C．personal D．religious
A [根据下文可知，爱书人士经常到艾丽娅的图书馆看书、分享知识，对于这些人来说，该图书馆是一个聚会处，故选meeting。]
2．A．raised B．handled
C．reported D．discussed
D [结合语境可知，他们在这里讨论全世界各种各样的事情，故选discussed。]
3．A．worried B．angry
C．doubtful D．curious
A [根据上文提到的战争即将来临，以及下文提到的艾丽娅和身边的人保护图书馆书籍的内容可知，此处指艾丽娅很担心书籍在战火中被毁掉，故选worried。]
4．A．practical B．precious
C．reliable D．expensive
B [根据语境及下文的“mountains of gold”可知，艾丽娅认为这些书比金山还要珍贵，故选precious。]
5．A．then B．still
C．even D．rather
C [空处上下文在语义上表示递进，指甚至(even)还有700年前的有关伊拉克历史的书籍。]
6．A．permission B．confirmation
C．explanation D．information
A [根据语境可知，她希望得到政府的允许(permission)把书搬到安全的(safe)地方，但他们拒绝了。ask sb．for permission表示“请求某人的许可”，符合语境。]
7．A．large B．public
C．distant D．safe
D [参见上题解析。]
8．A．Fortunately B．Surprisingly
C．Seriously D．Secretly
D [根据语境可知，每晚很晚下班后，艾丽娅偷偷地把书带回家。secretly“秘密地，偷偷地”，符合语境。]
9．A．starting B．parking
C．filling D．testing
C [根据上下文语境及空后的“her car”可知，艾丽娅把书装到她的汽车里运回家。]
10．A．stop B．help
C．warn D．rescue
B [根据下文的内容可知，战争爆发后，她的朋友们也赶来帮助(help)她。]
11．A．intended B．pretended
C．happened D．agreed
D [根据下文可知，安尼斯同意把一些书藏在自己的餐馆里，agree to do...表示“同意做……”。]
12．A．war B．night
C．building D．way
B [根据语境可知，他们整晚都在从图书馆里搬书，这也照应了上文中的“every night”。]
13．A．put B．opened
C．passed D．threw
C [根据上下文可知，他们要把书递过(passed)7英尺的高墙，并把它们藏在(hid)餐馆里。]
14．A．hid B．exchanged
C．burnt D．distributed
A [参见上题解析。]
15．A．approached B．erupted
C．continued D．ended
C [根据语境及上文中的“the war broke out”可知，战争还在继续(continued)。]
16．A．restaurant B．library
C．city D．wall
B [根据语境及下文中的“a new library”可知，图书馆被全部焚毁了，故选library。]
17．A．neighbours B．soldiers
C．friends D．customers
B [一天，轰炸停止了，士兵们也离开了，所以选soldiers。]
18．A．sold B．read
C．saved D．moved
D [根据下文可知，艾丽娅知道，尽管城市是安静的(quiet)，如果要想这些书安全，他们必须把这些书再转移(moved)出去。]
19．A．occupied B．bombed
C．quiet D．busy
C [参见上题解析。]
20．A．dreamed of B．believed in
C．cared about D．looked for
A [根据语境可知，艾丽娅等待着战争的结束，梦想着(拥有)和平和一个新图书馆。]
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for 1．______(be) Britain's oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week．Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, 2．______ she opened with her late husband Les．Her years of hard work have 3．______(final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year．
Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene 4．______(declare) she had no plans 5．______(retire) from her 36- year-old business．Irene said, “I don't see any reason to give up work．I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 6．______(make) over the years．I work not because I have to, 7．______ because I want to．”
Granddaughter Gayle Parks, 31—who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award．She said, “We don't have any idea who put grandma forward．When we got a call 8．______(say) she was short-listed, we thought it was 9．______ joke．But then we got an official letter and we were blown away．We are so proud of her．It's 10．____ (wonder)．”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了一位90岁的英国女性仍然坚持每周工作40个小时而获得“年度女性奖”的事迹。语篇以积极工作为切入点，宣扬劳动精神，引导学生培养劳动意识。
1．being [考查非谓语动词。介词for后跟动词时，要用其动名词形式。]
2．which [考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。]
3．finally [考查副词。副词修饰动词acknowledge。]
4．declared [考查时态。分析句子结构可知，主句中缺少谓语动词；结合后面的had可知，此处应使用一般过去时。]
5．to retire [考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式短语作plans的后置定语，表示“她没有退休的计划” 。]
6．have made [考查时态。根据空格后的时间状语over the years可知，句子要用现在完成时。]
7．but [考查连词。not...but...不是……而是……。句意：我工作不是因为我必须工作，而是因为我想工作。]
8．saying [考查非谓语动词。say与前面的a call之间是主动关系，故填saying，现在分词短语saying...作后置定语，修饰a call。]
9．a [考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是可数名词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用a。]
10．wonderful [考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。系动词is后面跟形容词作表语。wonder对应的形容词是wonderful。]
1．professionally adv．______
2．fiction n．______________
3．mourn v．__________
4．readership n．________________
5．touchstone n．______
专业地
小说；虚构的事
哀痛；哀悼
读者人数；读者群
试金石
6．unchallenged adj．__________
7．distinguished adj．______________
8．anniversary n．____________
9．shelter n．________________
10．deciding adj．____________
完全接受的
杰出的；卓越的
周年纪念(日)
遮蔽物；栖身之地
起决定作用的
11．boycott n．________________
12．background n．____
13．discrimination n．____
14．religious adj．______
15．confirmation n．__________
16．distribute v．__________
17．customer n．____
18．short-listed adj．______________
(对某事物的)抵制
背景
歧视
宗教的
证实；确认
分配；分发
顾客
列入入围名单的
1．______ adj．社会的
2．______ n．能量；活力
3．________ n．运动
4．_________ adj．实用的
5．________ adj．珍贵的
6．___________ n．成就
7．________ adj．官方的；正式的
social
energy
movement
practical
precious
achievement
official
1．moral adj．道德的→_______ adj．非道德的
2．publish v．出版→___________ n．出版→_________ n．出版商
3．politics n．政治→_________ adj．政治的
4．science n．科学→__________ adj．科学的
5．pollute v．污染→_________ n．污染
immoral
publication
publisher
political
scientific
pollution
6．harm n．& v．伤害→_______ adj．有害的
7．rely v．信赖→________ adj．可靠的；可信赖的
8．explain v．解释→___________ n．解释
9．wonder n．奇迹；惊奇→_________ adj．极好的；精彩的
harmful
reliable
explanation
wonderful
1．______________ 大部分；多半
2．______________ 被看作
3．______ 引燃；引起
4．________ 爆发
5．_________________ 把……烧成平地
for the most part
be looked upon as
set off
break out
burn...
to the ground
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．In fact, smoking is a bad habit, which is _______(harm) to people's health．
2．If you drop a lighted cigarette in the wood, you could set ___ a big fire．
3．His first book ____________(publish) last year and it turned out to be a best-seller．
harmful
off
was published
4．He is not a ________(rely) person, for he never carries out his promises．
5．Summers in the south of France are ___ the most part dry and sunny．
6．Many people in the village fell ill because of drinking the ________
(pollute) water．
7．Even in his late years of life, the old man is still doing __________
(science) research．
reliable
for
polluted
scientific
8．Several houses have been burned __ the ground when the blaze is put out．
9．The high official was forced to resign because of his _______(moral) conduct．
to
immoral
Ⅰ．熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad．__________
完全；简直
2．In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim — were held up as moral touchstones．____
3．Her simple act landed Parks in prison．______
骤增
使陷入
Ⅱ．似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life．It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress．
[译文] 狄更斯的写作风格吸引了来自各行各业的读者，这在一定程度上来说是正确的；部分原因是他的著作掀起了社会、政治和科学进步的浪潮。
2．But then we got an official letter and we were blown away．
[译文] 但是后来我们收到了一封公函，令我们大为惊讶。
Ⅲ．复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim — were held up as moral touchstones．
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。when引导时间状语从句，the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher是主句，who和whose分别引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词first professional writer and publisher。
[译文] 1870年狄更斯去世，全世界都沉痛悼念这个世界上第一位职业作家和出版商，他声名远扬而且受人爱戴，他使小说的出版数量和读者人数急剧增加，他小说中的主人公——从奥利弗· 特维斯特到小蒂姆——被视为道德的试金石。
2．But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one．
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。要注意as引导的是时间状语从句，而主句中 and important for our own culture是插入语。
[译文] 但是在狄更斯200周年诞辰之际，我们自己的文化有可能，也很重要去弄明白他永恒历史的原因。
3．When the war was near, Alia was worried that the fires of war would destroy the books, which are more precious to her than mountains of gold．
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。When the war was near是when引导的时间状语从句，that the fires of war would destroy the books是was worried的宾语从句，which are more precious to her than mountains of gold是非限制性定语从句修饰先行词the books。
[译文] 战争临近时，艾丽娅很担心战火会毁了这些书，对她来说，这些书比金山还要珍贵。
4．Granddaughter Gayle Parks, 31—who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award．
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。who works alongside her in the family business为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Granddaughter Gayle Parks，said后是省略that的宾语从句，who nominated Irene for the award作as to的宾语。
[译文] 31岁的孙女盖尔·帕克斯与艾琳一起在自己家的宠物店里工作。她说，至于谁提名艾琳获奖，目前尚不得而知。
02
核心词汇用法归纳
常考句型结构分析
掌握必备知识
1．remove v．迁移，搬迁；脱掉，摘掉；开除；消除
[一词多义]——写出下列句中remove的含义
①Some of them are being removed and some are being put into museums．__________
②It is a custom among the Japanese to remove their footwear before entering a house．__________
③As far as I know, three children were removed from school for bad behaviour．____
迁移，搬迁
脱掉，摘掉
开除
remove ...from ...把……从……移开
remove from ...to ...从……搬迁到……
remove sb．from school/office 开除/免职某人
remove poverty and injustice 消除贫穷和不公
be removed from office 被罢免职务
with the misunderstanding removed 随着误解被消除
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Teenagers shouldn't _________(remove) from school although they don't do well in studies．
②Will you please remove your handbag ____ the seat
③The misunderstanding ____________(remove) the two boy made up again．
be removed
from
being removed
[能力提升]——完成句子
由于空气污染严重，这家人决定从城市搬到乡下。
Because of the serious air pollution, the family decided to____________
_______________________．
remove from
the city to the countryside
(1)a sense of...……的感觉
in a sense 在某一方面；就某种意义来讲
in no sense 决不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
(2)make sense讲得通；有意义
make sense of 了解……的意义；懂得
(3)It makes sense to do sth．做某事是有意义的
There is no sense in (doing) sth．做某事是没有道理/意义的。
2．sense n．感觉；意义 v．感觉到
have a good sense of humour 很有幽默感
give me a sense of great achievement 给我巨大的成就感
try to make sense of what was going on outside 努力弄清外面出了什么事
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Only those who have _ sense of responsibility can hold such an important position．
②Only after I read the poem a second time did I make sense __ it．
③______ is no sense in pretending to know what you actually don't know．
a
of
There
[能力提升]——一句多译
抱怨是没有意义的，我们现在应该采取行动了。
①It ________________ to complain．We should take action now．
②_______________ in complaining．We should take action now．
doesn't make sense
There is no sense
3．mix v．使混合；使结合；相融合
(1)mix ...with/and ...把……和……混合
mix with sb．与某人交往
mix up 混合，掺和；混淆
(2)mixed adj．混合的
mixture n．混合物
mix red paint with yellow paint to make orange paint 把红色和黄色涂料混合成橙色涂料
get mixed up in a fight with another player 卷进了与另一位球员的斗殴
a mixture of Chinese tradition with western style 中国传统与西方风格的融合
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He is famous for mixing Chinese musical traditions ________ western forms and instrumentation．
②He looked at her with a _______(mix) of amusement and happiness．
③I must admit that I have _____(mix) feelings about my new deskmate．
with/and
mixture
mixed
[能力提升]——完成句子
我认为保持年轻的秘诀就是与年轻人交往。
I think the secret of staying young is _________ younger people．
to mix with
(1)in danger 处于危险之中
in danger of 有……的危险
out of danger 脱离危险
(2)dangerous adj．危险的
endanger v．危及；危害；使遭受危险
endangered adj．濒危的
4．danger n．危险；危险的人或物
a danger to the public 对大众来说是个危险
in danger of losing his job 他有失去工作的危险
stop illegal trade in endangered animals 阻止濒危动物的非法交易
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①People who drink and drive are _ danger both to themselves and to others．
②Tigers are _________(danger) to man, but they are __ danger of dying out now．
③The operation was a success and she is now out __ danger．
a
dangerous
in
of
[能力提升]——一句多译
确实到了我们采取措施保护濒危动物的时候了。
①It's time for us ________________________________________．
②It's time that ________________________________________．
to take measures to protect endangered animals
we took measures to protect endangered animals
5．pretend v．假装；佯作
pretend to be angry 假装生气
pretend to be doing his homework 他假装正在做作业
pretend to have known the answer to the problem 假装已经知道了那道题的答案
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①If you pretend _______ (know) what you don't know, you'll only make a fool of yourself．
②He pretended ___________ (read) an important paper when the boss came in．
③The boy pretended nothing ___________(happen) after breaking the window．
to know
to be reading
had happened
[能力提升]——完成句子
他们很快就识破了那个骗子，那人伪装成该领域的一个专家。
It didn't take long for them to see through the cheat, ________________
__________________．(定语从句)
who pretended to be
an expert in this area
(1)exchange sth．for sth．以……换取……
exchange sth．with sb．与某人交换……
(2)in exchange for 作为……的交换
(3)exchangeable adj．可交换/兑换的
6．exchange vt．& n．交换；兑换
an exchange student from China 一名来自中国的交换生
exchange a quick smile with her 与她会意一笑
often exchange ideas with our parents 经常与我们的父母交流想法
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①At the end of the game, players traditionally exchange shirts ____ each other．
②The other day, I exchanged that pair of trousers ___ a large size．
③It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money in the exchange ___ favors to them．
with
for
for
[能力提升]——词汇升级
普通表达：I've offered to paint the kitchen to exchange a week's accommodation．
高级表达：I've offered to paint the kitchen _____________ a week's accommodation．(exchange n．)
in exchange for
[一词多义]——写出下列句中acknowledge的含义
①The boy acknowledged using her mobile phone, but said he returned it to her．____
②I'm going to invite you to dinner with me to acknowledge your favor．____
③The army sent me a postcard acknowledging my request．________
④Almost all the people present acknowledged that he was innocent．____
7．acknowledge v．承认；认为；感谢；告知收到
承认
感谢
告知收到
认为
acknowledge doing sth．承认做了某事
acknowledge ...as.../to be...认为……是……(常用于被动语态)
It is widely/universally acknowledged that...大家公认……
refuse to acknowledge being defeated 拒绝承认被打败
be acknowledged to be a master of Peking Opera 被认为是京剧大师
be acknowledged as a must-see tourist attraction in China 被认为是中国的一个必看景点
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①With no solid evidence, he refused to acknowledge ________(steal) the lady's purse．
②Mark Twain is acknowledged ____(be) one of the best writers in America．
③The first step to knowledge is _____________(acknowledge) that we are ignorant．
stealing
to be
to acknowledge
[能力提升]——完成句子
大家一致认为除非我们创造一个污染更少的世界，否则我们不可能看到更蓝的天空。
_______________________________________ we can never expect a bluer sky unless we create a less polluted world．
It is widely/universally acknowledged that
1．No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer．
没有人会知道才能、雄心、干劲和运气的组合使得狄更斯成为这样一位令人尊敬的作家。
[句型公式] No one will ever know为全部否定。
(1)英语中的no, no one, none, never, nobody, nothing, neither, nowhere等表示否定意义的词与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”。
(2)英语中的all, both，every，everybody，everything，always，whole，entirely等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定词not连用，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非都”的意思。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①As a matter of fact，____ of us can live alone in society．
②While online shopping has changed our life，not ___ of its effects have been positive．
③____ everyone present at the meeting is in favour of the plan．
none
all
Not
[能力提升]——一句多译
事实是并不是每个人都把合理安排时间看得重要。
①The truth is that _______________________________________ time management．(not everyone ...)
②The truth is that _______________________________________ time management．(everyone ...not)
not everyone is attaching great importance to
everyone isn't attaching great importance to
X
2．You probably know who Marie Curie was，but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson．
你很可能知道玛丽·居里是谁，但是你或许没有听说过蕾切尔·卡逊。
[句型公式] may not have heard of为“情态动词＋ 完成时”的结构。
情态动词后跟完成时主要指过去，包括对过去的推测、表达遗憾、表示责备等。常见“情态动词＋完成时”如下：
(1)must have done 表示“一定做过某事”，其否定形式为can't/couldn't have done表示“不可能做过某事”
(2)could have done表示“本来能够做但却未做；可能做过某事”
(3)may/might have done表示“或许/可能做过某事”
(4)should/ought to have done sth．表示“本该做但却未做”，其否定形式表示“本不该做但却做了”
(5)needn't have done表示“做了本没有必要做的事情”
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He might ________(say) so at the meeting，but I'm not sure．
②He _____ have passed the driving test at the first attempt，but he was too nervous．
③I was really anxious about you．You shouldn't ________(leave) home without a word．
④George can't ________(go) too far，as his coffee is still warm．
have said
could
have left
have gone
[能力提升]——完成句子
你很熟悉这个城市，你一定在这里待了很长时间。
You are very familiar with the city; you___________________________
____．
must have stayed here for a long
time
03
夯基固本·知识落实
强技提能·知识应用
提升关键能力
Ⅰ．用所给词的正确形式填空
1．One of the biggest _______(danger) we face may be the climate change．
2．None of these pens __________(work)．
3．We needn't __________(buy) so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner．
dangers
works/work
have bought
4．With _____(mix) feelings in mind，she didn't know what to do next．
5．The policeman was pretending ___________(read) a newspaper，in reality，he was watching the man near the window．
mixed
to be reading
Ⅱ．在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．Those who have _ sense of humor are likely to make more friends．
2．Reference books must not be removed ____ the Reading Room．
3．We'll have an opportunity to exchange views ____ the manager tomorrow．
4．He told me all pieces of the news，but ____ of them was very exciting．
5．Charlie Chaplin is acknowledged __ one of the most outstanding comedians in the history of the cinema．
a
from
with
none
as
阅读七选五
On the last day of each year，it has become a ceremony for large crowds to gather in the brightly lit chaos of New York's Times Square to ring in new beginnings． 1 At the stroke of midnight，the crowd erupts into loud cheers．
2 Because of the coronavirus pandemic，no one was allowed to gather in person，but there will be a virtual event for those wanting to watch it from home．This marked the first year that crowds were prohibited from flocking to Times Square．Though the ball drop was canceled for two years during World War Ⅱ，people still came to observe the tradition and hold a minute of silence.
Over the past century，the shining ball has evolved from an iron and wood cage decorated with light bulbs to a colorful crystal object． 3 The Times Square ball began thanks to a metalworker，named Jacob Starr and the former New York Times publisher，Adolph Ochs．In 1907 Ochs commissioned Starr，who worked for sign-making firm Strauss Signs to create a new visual display．The new concept was
based on time balls，nautical (航海的) devices that had gained popularity in the 19th century．As time-telling became more precise，ship navigators (领航员) needed a standardized way to set their chronometers (精密计时表)．Each day，harbors and observatories would raise and lower a metal ball at the same time to allow sailors to set their clocks to match the ball． 4
Though Manhattan had been partially lit by electricity since the early 1880s，half of the American homes were still lit by gas lights and candles until the 1920s． 5 It was instantly popular．
A．It seems you have time to change your life．
B．City officials banned fireworks after just a few years．
C．Last year，however，the Times Square ball dropped to empty streets．
D．Many people might wonder how this New Year's Eve celebration started．
E．At 11：59 p.m. a shining ball drops down a pole，while attendees count down from 60．
F．Ochs was inspired by the Western Union Building，which dropped a time ball each day at noon．
G．The sight of a shining ball lowering down from the dark skies would have seemed fascinating．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了纽约时代广场的迎新倒计时球的转变。
1．E [上一句说明了人们在纽约时代广场集结的目的，因而空白处可以叙述在钟声临近敲响时，人们会做什么。选项E“At 11：59 p．m．a shining ball drops down a pole，while attendees count down from 60．”(晚上11点59分，一个闪亮的球从杆上掉下来，参加者从60开始倒数。)符合题意，故选E。]
2．C [由第一段得知，每年的最后一天，人们会聚集在纽约时代广场，倒数迎接新年的到来。此处讲到这件事因为疫情变成了虚拟的事情，所以空白处应该描述疫情带给时代广场的变化。选项C“Last year，however，the Times Square ball dropped to empty streets．”(然而，去年时代广场的球掉到了空荡荡的街道上。)与文意逻辑一致，故选C。]
3．D [根据前文“Over the past century，the shining ball has evolved from an iron and wood cage decorated with light bulbs to a colorful crystal object．”(在过去的一个世纪里，这个闪亮的球从一个装饰着灯泡的铁和木制笼子演变成了一个五彩缤纷的水晶物体。)提到了球的形式的转变，结合前文的描述，到最后一分钟时，会有球从杆子上掉下，然后人们倒数。所以随着球的形式的转变，接下来可以描述人们很想知道庆祝将会如何进行。选项D“Many people might wonder how this New Year's Eve celebration started．”(很多人可能想知道，这个新年前夕的庆祝活动是怎么开始的。)符合题意，故选D。]
4．F [根据前文“The Times Square ball began thanks to a metalworker，named Jacob Starr and the former New York Times publisher，Adolph Ochs．”(时代广场的倒计时球的形式改变得益于一位金属工人，他叫雅各布·斯塔尔，还有前《纽约时报》出版人阿道夫·奥克斯。)所以空白处可以描述这样的改变是如何发生的。选项F“Ochs was inspired by the Western Union Building，which dropped a time ball each day at noon．”(奥克斯的灵感来源于西部联合大厦，它每天中午投下一个时间球。)与文意相符，故选F。]
5．G [根据下文“ It was instantly popular．”(它一下子就火了。)，it此处指代的就是倒计时球，所以空白处可描述当这个新的倒计时球开始下落时现场的情形。选项G“The sight of a shining ball lowering down from the dark skies would have seemed fascinating．”(从黑暗的天空降落下来的一个闪亮的球的景象，看起来很迷人。)与文意相符，故选G。]
04
话题写作
读后续写
铸就核心价值
Step 1 写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①亚历山大·弗莱明出生在苏格兰并由母亲和哥哥抚养长大。
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland and ____________ by his mother and his elder brother．
②在他们的支持下，他在伦敦的一个医学院校接受教育。
________________，he ___________ in a medical school in London．
was brought up
With their support
got educated
③1906年他作为优秀生从该校毕业。
In 1906，he _______________________ as a top student．
④他对医学做出了巨大贡献，但是发现青霉素使他获得了终生的荣誉。
He made great contributions to medical science，but it was his discovery of penicillin that ________________________．
graduated from this school
made him earn lifelong honor
⑤因为这个成就他闻名于世，并因此获得诺贝尔奖。
He __________________________，and for it he received a Nobel Prize．
⑥显然，弗莱明是历史上杰出的科学家之一。
_______________ Fleming is one of the brilliant scientists in history．
was known for this achievement
It was clear that
Step 2 表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①用分词作状语改写句①
____________________________________________________________________________．
②用“介词＋which”非限制性定语从句改写句⑤
__________________________________________________________．
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland，brought up by his mother and
his elder brother
He was known for this achievement，for which he received a Nobel Prize
Step 3 衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland，brought up by his mother and his elder brother．With their support，he got educated in a medical school in London．In 1906，he graduated from this school as a top student．After that he made great contributions to medical science，but it was his discovery of penicillin that made him earn lifelong honor．He was known for this achievement，for which he received a Nobel Prize．It was clear that Fleming is one of the brilliant scientists in history．
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I have already forgotten the name of that old lady．Yet I still remember the matter as if it happened yesterday．It is she who teaches me a lesson in forgiveness．
It happened when I was twelve years old．That summer holiday，I planned to earn some pocket money by delivering the newspaper in our neighborhood．And she was a customer on my paper route．She was a kind lady and every time I gave her the paper，she would give me some cookies．
On a mindless Saturday afternoon，a friend and I were throwing rocks onto the roof of the old lady's house from a quiet spot in her backyard．The purpose of our play was to observe how the rocks changed to missiles (导弹) as they rolled to the roof's edge and shot out into the yard like comets (彗星) falling from the sky．
I found myself a perfectly smooth rock and sent it for a ride．The stone was too smooth，however，so it slipped from my hand as I let it go．Seeing it headed straight for a small window on the old lady's back porch (门廊)，we stood there，numb with fear．The sound of broken glass awoke us from the fear and the next second，we ran away from the old lady's yard faster than any of our missiles flowing off her roof．
After coming back home，I was so scared of getting caught that I dared not go out that whole afternoon．I stayed at home，glancing at my front yard nervously from time to time，feeling that lady would knock at our door at any time．But until I went to bed，what I was afraid didn't happen．Lying in bed，I wondered whether she didn't discover the broken window or she didn't discover who had done it？That was a sleepless night．
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
The next morning，I delivered the paper to her as usual．________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
After three weeks，I earned seven dollars and put them in an envelope．_________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
The next morning，I delivered the paper to her as usual. On the way to her home，so nervous was I that I could feel my heart pounding in my chest.But to my surprise，I saw the broken glass had been repaired and she didn't mention it.When I handed her the paper，she still greeted me and gave me some cookies as usual.Holding these cookies in my hand，a feeling of guilt swept over me and I determined that I would save my paper delivery money to make up for the broken window.
After three weeks，I earned seven dollars and put them in an envelope. I secretly put it through the letter box in her door.After doing this，I suddenly felt relieved.The next day，I handed the old lady her paper and thanked her for the bag of cookies.When I opened the bag，I was stunned.Inside were the seven dollars and a short note that said，“I'm proud of you．” She knew it was me．But instead of blaming and punishing me，she chose to forgive me．Even so many years later，she is still deeply engraved in my mind，who taught me a valuable lesson in my life．INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/五年高考真题重做．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/阅读理解．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
A (2018·浙江卷·A)
In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain．People had been writing novels for a century — most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719 — but nobody wanted to do it professionally．The steam powered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy (识字) rate in England was under 50%．Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady．” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad．
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters—from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones．Today Dickens' greatness is unchallenged．Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa．
How did Dickens get to the top For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass．Some 60，000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half dozen of them．It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life．It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress．But it's also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center．No one will ever know what mix of talent，ambition，energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer．But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了英国著名作家查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品是如何奠定他在英国文学中的地位的。
1．Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century
A．They were difficult to understand．
B．They were popular among the rich．
C．They were seen as nearly worthless．
D．They were written mostly by women．
C [细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad．”可知，那时印刷技术落后，人们识字率低，很多作品上没有作者名字，小说被认为是愚蠢的、有悖道德的或糟糕透顶的。故选C项。]
2．Dickens is compared with the Mona Lisa in the text to stress ______．
A．his reputation in France
B．his interest in modern art
C．his success in publication
D．his importance in literature
D [推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Removing him from the pantheon of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa．”可知，把他从英国文学的名人堂移除就跟卢浮宫廉价出售《蒙娜丽莎》的感觉一样，可见狄更斯在英国文学史上的重要性，由此可推知D项正确。]
3．What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To remember a great writer．
B．To introduce an English novel．
C．To encourage studies on culture．
D．To promote values of the Victorian age．
A [写作意图题。根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。]
B (2016·全国卷Ⅰ·A)
You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson．Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years
Jane Addams (1860－1935)
Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank．Addams helped the poor and worked for peace．She encouraged a sense of community(社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need．In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize．
Rachel Carson (1907－1964)
If it weren't for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today．Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world's lakes and oceans．
Sandra Day O'Connor (1930－present)
When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman．She became an Arizona state senator (参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S．Supreme Court．O'Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court．
Rosa Parks (1913－2005)
On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger．Her simple act landed Parks in prison．But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott．It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil rights movement．“The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，” said Parks．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了不同领域的四位女性先驱。
4．What is Jane Addams noted for in history
A．Her social work．
B．Her teaching skills．
C．Her efforts to win a prize．
D．Her community background．
A [细节理解题。根据Jane Addams下的第一句话“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank．”(任何一个受到社会工作者帮助的人都要感谢Jane Addams)可知，在历史上，Jane Addams因她的社会工作而出名，与A项相符。]
5．What was the reason for O'Connor's being rejected by the law firm
A．Her lack of proper training in law．
B．Her little work experience in court．
C．The discrimination against women．
D．The poor financial conditions．
C [细节理解题。根据Sandra Day O'Connor下的第一句“When Sandra Day O'Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School ...”可知，她没能在法律事务所找到工作，是因为她是一名女性，这与C项“对于女性的歧视”相符，故选C项。]
6．Who made a great contribution to the civil rights movement in the U．S．
A．Jane Addams．
B．Rachel Carson．
C．Sandra Day O'Connor．
D．Rosa Parks．
D [细节理解题。根据Rosa Parks下的“...But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott．It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil rights movement．”可知，它导致了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动，这场运动持续了一年多，开始了民权运动，故选D项。]
7．What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text
A．They are highly educated．
B．They are truly creative．
C．They are pioneers．
D．They are peace lovers．
C [推理判断题。通读全文可知这四位女性都是各自领域的先驱者，都在各自领域做出了巨大的贡献，故选C项。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/完形填空．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
(2017·浙江卷)
Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq．Her library used to be a 1 place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge．They 2 various matters all over the world．When the war was near, Alia was 3 that the fires of war would destroy the books, which are more 4 to her than mountains of gold．The books are in every language — new books, ancient books, 5 a book on the history of Iraq that is seven hundred years old．
She had asked the government for 6 to move the books to a 7 place, but they refused．So Alia took matters into her own hands． 8 ， she brought books home every night, 9 her car late after work．Her friends came to 10 her when the war broke out．Anis who owned a restaurant 11 to hide some books．All through the 12 ， Alia, Anis, his brothers and neighbours took the books from the library, 13 them over the seven foot wall and 14 them in the restaurant．The books stayed hidden as the war 15 ．Then nine days later, a fire burned the 16 to the ground．
One day, the bombing stopped and the 17 left．But the war was not over yet．Alia knew that if the books were to be safe, they must be 18 again while the city was 19 ．So she hired a truck to bring all the books to the houses of friends in the suburbs (郊区)．Now Alia waited for the war to end and 20 peace and a new library．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在战火中，艾丽娅·贝克和身边的人勇敢地保护书籍的故事。
1．A．meeting B．working
C．personal D．religious
A [根据下文可知，爱书人士经常到艾丽娅的图书馆看书、分享知识，对于这些人来说，该图书馆是一个聚会处，故选meeting。]
2．A．raised B．handled
C．reported D．discussed
D [结合语境可知，他们在这里讨论全世界各种各样的事情，故选discussed。]
3．A．worried B．angry
C．doubtful D．curious
A [根据上文提到的战争即将来临，以及下文提到的艾丽娅和身边的人保护图书馆书籍的内容可知，此处指艾丽娅很担心书籍在战火中被毁掉，故选worried。]
4．A．practical B．precious
C．reliable D．expensive
B [根据语境及下文的“mountains of gold”可知，艾丽娅认为这些书比金山还要珍贵，故选precious。]
5．A．then B．still
C．even D．rather
C [空处上下文在语义上表示递进，指甚至(even)还有700年前的有关伊拉克历史的书籍。]
6．A．permission B．confirmation
C．explanation D．information
A [根据语境可知，她希望得到政府的允许(permission)把书搬到安全的(safe)地方，但他们拒绝了。ask sb．for permission表示“请求某人的许可”，符合语境。]
7．A．large B．public
C．distant D．safe
D [参见上题解析。]
8．A．Fortunately B．Surprisingly
C．Seriously D．Secretly
D [根据语境可知，每晚很晚下班后，艾丽娅偷偷地把书带回家。secretly“秘密地，偷偷地”，符合语境。]
9．A．starting B．parking
C．filling D．testing
C [根据上下文语境及空后的“her car”可知，艾丽娅把书装到她的汽车里运回家。]
10．A．stop B．help
C．warn D．rescue
B [根据下文的内容可知，战争爆发后，她的朋友们也赶来帮助(help)她。]
11．A．intended B．pretended
C．happened D．agreed
D [根据下文可知，安尼斯同意把一些书藏在自己的餐馆里，agree to do...表示“同意做……”。]
12．A．war B．night
C．building D．way
B [根据语境可知，他们整晚都在从图书馆里搬书，这也照应了上文中的“every night”。]
13．A．put B．opened
C．passed D．threw
C [根据上下文可知，他们要把书递过(passed)7英尺的高墙，并把它们藏在(hid)餐馆里。]
14．A．hid B．exchanged
C．burnt D．distributed
A [参见上题解析。]
15．A．approached B．erupted
C．continued D．ended
C [根据语境及上文中的“the war broke out”可知，战争还在继续(continued)。]
16．A．restaurant B．library
C．city D．wall
B [根据语境及下文中的“a new library”可知，图书馆被全部焚毁了，故选library。]
17．A．neighbours B．soldiers
C．friends D．customers
B [一天，轰炸停止了，士兵们也离开了，所以选soldiers。]
18．A．sold B．read
C．saved D．moved
D [根据下文可知，艾丽娅知道，尽管城市是安静的(quiet)，如果要想这些书安全，他们必须把这些书再转移(moved)出去。]
19．A．occupied B．bombed
C．quiet D．busy
C [参见上题解析。]
20．A．dreamed of B．believed in
C．cared about D．looked for
A [根据语境可知，艾丽娅等待着战争的结束，梦想着(拥有)和平和一个新图书馆。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/语法填空．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
A 90 year old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for 1．______(be) Britain's oldest full time employee—still working 40 hours a week．Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, 2．______ she opened with her late husband Les．Her years of hard work have 3．______(final) been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year．
Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene 4．______(declare) she had no plans 5．______(retire) from her 36 year old business．Irene said, “I don't see any reason to give up work．I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I 6．______(make) over the years．I work not because I have to, 7．______ because I want to．”
Granddaughter Gayle Parks, 31—who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award．She said, “We don't have any idea who put grandma forward．When we got a call 8．______(say) she was short listed, we thought it was 9．______ joke．But then we got an official letter and we were blown away．We are so proud of her．It's 10．______ (wonder)．”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了一位90岁的英国女性仍然坚持每周工作40个小时而获得“年度女性奖”的事迹。语篇以积极工作为切入点，宣扬劳动精神，引导学生培养劳动意识。
1．being [考查非谓语动词。介词for后跟动词时，要用其动名词形式。]
2．which [考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，the pet shop是先行词，定语从句中缺少opened的宾语，故用which引导非限制性定语从句。]
3．finally [考查副词。副词修饰动词acknowledge。]
4．declared [考查时态。分析句子结构可知，主句中缺少谓语动词；结合后面的had可知，此处应使用一般过去时。]
5．to retire [考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式短语作plans的后置定语，表示“她没有退休的计划” 。]
6．have made [考查时态。根据空格后的时间状语over the years可知，句子要用现在完成时。]
7．but [考查连词。not...but...不是……而是……。句意：我工作不是因为我必须工作，而是因为我想工作。]
8．saying [考查非谓语动词。say与前面的a call之间是主动关系，故填saying，现在分词短语saying...作后置定语，修饰a call。]
9．a [考查冠词。joke“笑话，玩笑”，是可数名词。空格后用了单数joke，故其前用a。]
10．wonderful [考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。系动词is后面跟形容词作表语。wonder对应的形容词是wonderful。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/主题语境词汇存储．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏1．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．professionally adv．专业地
2．fiction n．小说；虚构的事
3．mourn v．哀痛；哀悼
4．readership n．读者人数；读者群
5．touchstone n．试金石
6．unchallenged adj．完全接受的
7．distinguished adj．杰出的；卓越的
8．anniversary n．周年纪念(日)
9．shelter n．遮蔽物；栖身之地
10．deciding adj．起决定作用的
11．boycott n．(对某事物的)抵制
12．background n．背景
13．discrimination n．歧视
14．religious adj．宗教的
15．confirmation n．证实；确认
16．distribute v．分配；分发
17．customer n．顾客
18．short listed adj．列入入围名单的
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏1+．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．social adj．社会的
2．energy n．能量；活力
3．movement n．运动
4．practical adj．实用的
5．precious adj．珍贵的
6．achievement n．成就
7．official adj．官方的；正式的
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏1．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．moral adj．道德的→immoral adj．非道德的
2．publish v．出版→publication n．出版→publisher n．出版商
3．politics n．政治→political adj．政治的
4．science n．科学→scientific adj．科学的
5．pollute v．污染→pollution n．污染
6．harm n．& v．伤害→harmful adj．有害的
7．rely v．信赖→reliable adj．可靠的；可信赖的
8．explain v．解释→explanation n．解释
9．wonder n．奇迹；惊奇→wonderful adj．极好的；精彩的
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏1+．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．for the most part 大部分；多半
2．be looked upon as 被看作
3．set off 引燃；引起
4．break out 爆发
5．burn ... to the ground 把……烧成平地
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．In fact, smoking is a bad habit, which is harmful(harm) to people's health．
2．If you drop a lighted cigarette in the wood, you could set off a big fire．
3．His first book was published(publish) last year and it turned out to be a best seller．
4．He is not a reliable(rely) person, for he never carries out his promises．
5．Summers in the south of France are for the most part dry and sunny．
6．Many people in the village fell ill because of drinking the polluted(pollute) water．
7．Even in his late years of life, the old man is still doing scientific(science) research．
8．Several houses have been burned to the ground when the blaze is put out．
9．The high official was forced to resign because of his immoral(moral) conduct．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/奇特语言现象探究．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
Ⅰ．熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad．完全；简直
2．In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim — were held up as moral touchstones．骤增
3．Her simple act landed Parks in prison．使陷入
Ⅱ．似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life．It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress．
[译文] 狄更斯的写作风格吸引了来自各行各业的读者，这在一定程度上来说是正确的；部分原因是他的著作掀起了社会、政治和科学进步的浪潮。
2．But then we got an official letter and we were blown away．
[译文] 但是后来我们收到了一封公函，令我们大为惊讶。
Ⅲ．复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters — from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim — were held up as moral touchstones．
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。when引导时间状语从句，the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher是主句，who和whose分别引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词first professional writer and publisher。
[译文] 1870年狄更斯去世，全世界都沉痛悼念这个世界上第一位职业作家和出版商，他声名远扬而且受人爱戴，他使小说的出版数量和读者人数急剧增加，他小说中的主人公——从奥利弗· 特维斯特到小蒂姆——被视为道德的试金石。
2．But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible — and important for our own culture — to understand how he made himself a lasting one．
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。要注意as引导的是时间状语从句，而主句中 and important for our own culture是插入语。
[译文] 但是在狄更斯200周年诞辰之际，我们自己的文化有可能，也很重要去弄明白他永恒历史的原因。
3．When the war was near, Alia was worried that the fires of war would destroy the books, which are more precious to her than mountains of gold．
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。When the war was near是when引导的时间状语从句，that the fires of war would destroy the books是was worried的宾语从句，which are more precious to her than mountains of gold是非限制性定语从句修饰先行词the books。
[译文] 战争临近时，艾丽娅很担心战火会毁了这些书，对她来说，这些书比金山还要珍贵。
4．Granddaughter Gayle Parks, 31—who works alongside her in the family business—said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award．
[分析] 本句是一个复合句。who works alongside her in the family business为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Granddaughter Gayle Parks，said后是省略that的宾语从句，who nominated Irene for the award作as to的宾语。
[译文] 31岁的孙女盖尔·帕克斯与艾琳一起在自己家的宠物店里工作。她说，至于谁提名艾琳获奖，目前尚不得而知。
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/掌握必备知识．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/核心词汇用法归纳．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．remove v．迁移，搬迁；脱掉，摘掉；开除；消除
[一词多义]——写出下列句中remove的含义
①Some of them are being removed and some are being put into museums．迁移，搬迁
②It is a custom among the Japanese to remove their footwear before entering a house．脱掉，摘掉
③As far as I know, three children were removed from school for bad behaviour．开除
remove ...from ...把……从……移开
remove from ...to ...从……搬迁到……
remove sb．from school/office 开除/免职某人
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
remove poverty and injustice 消除贫穷和不公
be removed from office 被罢免职务
with the misunderstanding removed 随着误解被消除
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Teenagers shouldn't be removed(remove) from school although they don't do well in studies．
②Will you please remove your handbag from the seat
③The misunderstanding being removed(remove) the two boy made up again．
[能力提升]——完成句子
由于空气污染严重，这家人决定从城市搬到乡下。
Because of the serious air pollution, the family decided to remove from the city to the countryside．
2．sense n．感觉；意义 v．感觉到
(1)a sense of...……的感觉
in a sense 在某一方面；就某种意义来讲
in no sense 决不(位于句首时，句子用部分倒装)
(2)make sense讲得通；有意义
make sense of 了解……的意义；懂得
(3)It makes sense to do sth．做某事是有意义的
There is no sense in (doing) sth．做某事是没有道理/意义的。
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
have a good sense of humour 很有幽默感
give me a sense of great achievement 给我巨大的成就感
try to make sense of what was going on outside 努力弄清外面出了什么事
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Only those who have a sense of responsibility can hold such an important position．
②Only after I read the poem a second time did I make sense of it．
③There is no sense in pretending to know what you actually don't know．
[能力提升]——一句多译
抱怨是没有意义的，我们现在应该采取行动了。
①It doesn't make sense to complain．We should take action now．
②There is no sense in complaining．We should take action now．
3．mix v．使混合；使结合；相融合
(1)mix ...with/and ...把……和……混合
mix with sb．与某人交往
mix up 混合，掺和；混淆
(2)mixed adj．混合的
mixture n．混合物
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
mix red paint with yellow paint to make orange paint 把红色和黄色涂料混合成橙色涂料
get mixed up in a fight with another player 卷进了与另一位球员的斗殴
a mixture of Chinese tradition with western style 中国传统与西方风格的融合
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He is famous for mixing Chinese musical traditions with/and western forms and instrumentation．
②He looked at her with a mixture(mix) of amusement and happiness．
③I must admit that I have mixed(mix) feelings about my new deskmate．
[能力提升]——完成句子
我认为保持年轻的秘诀就是与年轻人交往。
I think the secret of staying young is to mix with younger people．
4．danger n．危险；危险的人或物
(1)in danger 处于危险之中
in danger of 有……的危险
out of danger 脱离危险
(2)dangerous adj．危险的
endanger v．危及；危害；使遭受危险
endangered adj．濒危的
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
a danger to the public 对大众来说是个危险
in danger of losing his job 他有失去工作的危险
stop illegal trade in endangered animals 阻止濒危动物的非法交易
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①People who drink and drive are a danger both to themselves and to others．
②Tigers are dangerous(danger) to man, but they are in danger of dying out now．
③The operation was a success and she is now out of danger．
[能力提升]——一句多译
确实到了我们采取措施保护濒危动物的时候了。
①It's time for us to take measures to protect endangered animals．
②It's time that we took measures to protect endangered animals．
5．pretend v．假装；佯作
pretend
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pretend to be angry 假装生气
pretend to be doing his homework 他假装正在做作业
pretend to have known the answer to the problem 假装已经知道了那道题的答案
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[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①If you pretend to know(know) what you don't know, you'll only make a fool of yourself．
②He pretended to be reading (read) an important paper when the boss came in．
③The boy pretended nothing had happened(happen) after breaking the window．
[能力提升]——完成句子
他们很快就识破了那个骗子，那人伪装成该领域的一个专家。
It didn't take long for them to see through the cheat, who pretended to be an expert in this area．(定语从句)
6．exchange vt．& n．交换；兑换
(1)exchange sth．for sth．以……换取……
exchange sth．with sb．与某人交换……
(2)in exchange for 作为……的交换
(3)exchangeable adj．可交换/兑换的
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
an exchange student from China 一名来自中国的交换生
exchange a quick smile with her 与她会意一笑
often exchange ideas with our parents 经常与我们的父母交流想法
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[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①At the end of the game, players traditionally exchange shirts with each other．
②The other day, I exchanged that pair of trousers for a large size．
③It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money in the exchange for favors to them．
[能力提升]——词汇升级
普通表达：I've offered to paint the kitchen to exchange a week's accommodation．
高级表达：I've offered to paint the kitchen in exchange for a week's accommodation．(exchange n．)
7．acknowledge v．承认；认为；感谢；告知收到
[一词多义]——写出下列句中acknowledge的含义
①The boy acknowledged using her mobile phone, but said he returned it to her．承认
②I'm going to invite you to dinner with me to acknowledge your favor．感谢
③The army sent me a postcard acknowledging my request．告知收到
④Almost all the people present acknowledged that he was innocent．认为
acknowledge doing sth．承认做了某事
acknowledge ...as.../to be...认为……是……(常用于被动语态)
It is widely/universally acknowledged that...大家公认……
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refuse to acknowledge being defeated 拒绝承认被打败
be acknowledged to be a master of Peking Opera 被认为是京剧大师
be acknowledged as a must see tourist attraction in China 被认为是中国的一个必看景点
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[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①With no solid evidence, he refused to acknowledge stealing(steal) the lady's purse．
②Mark Twain is acknowledged to be(be) one of the best writers in America．
③The first step to knowledge is to acknowledge(acknowledge) that we are ignorant．
[能力提升]——完成句子
大家一致认为除非我们创造一个污染更少的世界，否则我们不可能看到更蓝的天空。
It is widely/universally acknowledged that we can never expect a bluer sky unless we create a less polluted world．
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1．No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer．
没有人会知道才能、雄心、干劲和运气的组合使得狄更斯成为这样一位令人尊敬的作家。
[句型公式] No one will ever know为全部否定。
(1)英语中的no, no one, none, never, nobody, nothing, neither, nowhere等表示否定意义的词与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”。
(2)英语中的all, both，every，everybody，everything，always，whole，entirely等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定词not连用，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非都”的意思。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①As a matter of fact，none of us can live alone in society．
②While online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive．
③Not everyone present at the meeting is in favour of the plan．
[能力提升]——一句多译
事实是并不是每个人都把合理安排时间看得重要。
①The truth is that not everyone is attaching great importance to time management．(not everyone ...)
②The truth is that everyone isn't attaching great importance to time management．(everyone ...not)
2．You probably know who Marie Curie was，but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson．
你很可能知道玛丽·居里是谁，但是你或许没有听说过蕾切尔·卡逊。
[句型公式] may not have heard of为“情态动词＋ 完成时”的结构。
情态动词后跟完成时主要指过去，包括对过去的推测、表达遗憾、表示责备等。常见“情态动词＋完成时”如下：
(1)must have done 表示“一定做过某事”，其否定形式为can't/couldn't have done表示“不可能做过某事”
(2)could have done表示“本来能够做但却未做；可能做过某事”
(3)may/might have done表示“或许/可能做过某事”
(4)should/ought to have done sth．表示“本该做但却未做”，其否定形式表示“本不该做但却做了”
(5)needn't have done表示“做了本没有必要做的事情”
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He might have said(say) so at the meeting，but I'm not sure．
②He could have passed the driving test at the first attempt，but he was too nervous．
③I was really anxious about you．You shouldn't have left(leave) home without a word．
④George can't have gone(go) too far，as his coffee is still warm．
[能力提升]——完成句子
你很熟悉这个城市，你一定在这里待了很长时间。
You are very familiar with the city; you must have stayed here for a long time．
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Ⅰ．用所给词的正确形式填空
1．One of the biggest dangers(danger) we face may be the climate change．
2．None of these pens works/work(work)．
3．We needn't have bought(buy) so much food now that Suzie won't be with us for dinner．
4．With mixed(mix) feelings in mind，she didn't know what to do next．
5．The policeman was pretending to be reading(read) a newspaper，in reality，he was watching the man near the window．
Ⅱ．在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．Those who have a sense of humor are likely to make more friends．
2．Reference books must not be removed from the Reading Room．
3．We'll have an opportunity to exchange views with the manager tomorrow．
4．He told me all pieces of the news，but none of them was very exciting．
5．Charlie Chaplin is acknowledged as one of the most outstanding comedians in the history of the cinema．
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阅读七选五
On the last day of each year，it has become a ceremony for large crowds to gather in the brightly lit chaos of New York's Times Square to ring in new beginnings． 1 At the stroke of midnight，the crowd erupts into loud cheers．
2 Because of the coronavirus pandemic，no one was allowed to gather in person，but there will be a virtual event for those wanting to watch it from home．This marked the first year that crowds were prohibited from flocking to Times Square．Though the ball drop was canceled for two years during World War Ⅱ，people still came to observe the tradition and hold a minute of silence．
Over the past century，the shining ball has evolved from an iron and wood cage decorated with light bulbs to a colorful crystal object． 3 The Times Square ball began thanks to a metalworker，named Jacob Starr and the former New York Times publisher，Adolph Ochs．In 1907 Ochs commissioned Starr，who worked for sign making firm Strauss Signs to create a new visual display．The new concept was based on time balls，nautical (航海的) devices that had gained popularity in the 19th century．As time telling became more precise，ship navigators (领航员) needed a standardized way to set their chronometers (精密计时表)．Each day，harbors and observatories would raise and lower a metal ball at the same time to allow sailors to set their clocks to match the ball． 4
Though Manhattan had been partially lit by electricity since the early 1880s，half of the American homes were still lit by gas lights and candles until the 1920s． 5 It was instantly popular．
A．It seems you have time to change your life．
B．City officials banned fireworks after just a few years．
C．Last year，however，the Times Square ball dropped to empty streets．
D．Many people might wonder how this New Year's Eve celebration started．
E．At 11：59 p.m. a shining ball drops down a pole，while attendees count down from 60．
F．Ochs was inspired by the Western Union Building，which dropped a time ball each day at noon．
G．The sight of a shining ball lowering down from the dark skies would have seemed fascinating．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了纽约时代广场的迎新倒计时球的转变。
1．E [上一句说明了人们在纽约时代广场集结的目的，因而空白处可以叙述在钟声临近敲响时，人们会做什么。选项E“At 11：59 p．m．a shining ball drops down a pole，while attendees count down from 60．”(晚上11点59分，一个闪亮的球从杆上掉下来，参加者从60开始倒数。)符合题意，故选E。]
2．C [由第一段得知，每年的最后一天，人们会聚集在纽约时代广场，倒数迎接新年的到来。此处讲到这件事因为疫情变成了虚拟的事情，所以空白处应该描述疫情带给时代广场的变化。选项C“Last year，however，the Times Square ball dropped to empty streets．”(然而，去年时代广场的球掉到了空荡荡的街道上。)与文意逻辑一致，故选C。]
3．D [根据前文“Over the past century，the shining ball has evolved from an iron and wood cage decorated with light bulbs to a colorful crystal object．”(在过去的一个世纪里，这个闪亮的球从一个装饰着灯泡的铁和木制笼子演变成了一个五彩缤纷的水晶物体。)提到了球的形式的转变，结合前文的描述，到最后一分钟时，会有球从杆子上掉下，然后人们倒数。所以随着球的形式的转变，接下来可以描述人们很想知道庆祝将会如何进行。选项D“Many people might wonder how this New Year's Eve celebration started．”(很多人可能想知道，这个新年前夕的庆祝活动是怎么开始的。)符合题意，故选D。]
4．F [根据前文“The Times Square ball began thanks to a metalworker，named Jacob Starr and the former New York Times publisher，Adolph Ochs．”(时代广场的倒计时球的形式改变得益于一位金属工人，他叫雅各布·斯塔尔，还有前《纽约时报》出版人阿道夫·奥克斯。)所以空白处可以描述这样的改变是如何发生的。选项F“Ochs was inspired by the Western Union Building，which dropped a time ball each day at noon．”(奥克斯的灵感来源于西部联合大厦，它每天中午投下一个时间球。)与文意相符，故选F。]
5．G [根据下文“ It was instantly popular．”(它一下子就火了。)，it此处指代的就是倒计时球，所以空白处可描述当这个新的倒计时球开始下落时现场的情形。选项G“The sight of a shining ball lowering down from the dark skies would have seemed fascinating．”(从黑暗的天空降落下来的一个闪亮的球的景象，看起来很迷人。)与文意相符，故选G。]
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①亚历山大·弗莱明出生在苏格兰并由母亲和哥哥抚养长大。
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland and was brought up by his mother and his elder brother．
②在他们的支持下，他在伦敦的一个医学院校接受教育。
With their support，he got educated in a medical school in London．
③1906年他作为优秀生从该校毕业。
In 1906，he graduated from this school as a top student．
④他对医学做出了巨大贡献，但是发现青霉素使他获得了终生的荣誉。
He made great contributions to medical science，but it was his discovery of penicillin that made him earn lifelong honor．
⑤因为这个成就他闻名于世，并因此获得诺贝尔奖。
He was known for this achievement，and for it he received a Nobel Prize．
⑥显然，弗莱明是历史上杰出的科学家之一。
It was clear that Fleming is one of the brilliant scientists in history．
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①用分词作状语改写句①
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland，brought up by his mother and his elder brother．
②用“介词＋which”非限制性定语从句改写句⑤
He was known for this achievement，for which he received a Nobel Prize．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/衔接成文．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland，brought up by his mother and his elder brother．With their support，he got educated in a medical school in London．In 1906，he graduated from this school as a top student．After that he made great contributions to medical science，but it was his discovery of penicillin that made him earn lifelong honor．He was known for this achievement，for which he received a Nobel Prize．It was clear that Fleming is one of the brilliant scientists in history．
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阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I have already forgotten the name of that old lady．Yet I still remember the matter as if it happened yesterday．It is she who teaches me a lesson in forgiveness．
It happened when I was twelve years old．That summer holiday，I planned to earn some pocket money by delivering the newspaper in our neighborhood．And she was a customer on my paper route．She was a kind lady and every time I gave her the paper，she would give me some cookies．
On a mindless Saturday afternoon，a friend and I were throwing rocks onto the roof of the old lady's house from a quiet spot in her backyard．The purpose of our play was to observe how the rocks changed to missiles (导弹) as they rolled to the roof's edge and shot out into the yard like comets (彗星) falling from the sky．
I found myself a perfectly smooth rock and sent it for a ride．The stone was too smooth，however，so it slipped from my hand as I let it go．Seeing it headed straight for a small window on the old lady's back porch (门廊)，we stood there，numb with fear．The sound of broken glass awoke us from the fear and the next second，we ran away from the old lady's yard faster than any of our missiles flowing off her roof．
After coming back home，I was so scared of getting caught that I dared not go out that whole afternoon．I stayed at home，glancing at my front yard nervously from time to time，feeling that lady would knock at our door at any time．But until I went to bed，what I was afraid didn't happen．Lying in bed，I wondered whether she didn't discover the broken window or she didn't discover who had done it？That was a sleepless night．
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
The next morning，I delivered the paper to her as usual．__________________
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After three weeks，I earned seven dollars and put them in an envelope．___________________________________________________________
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【参考范文】
The next morning，I delivered the paper to her as usual. On the way to her home，so nervous was I that I could feel my heart pounding in my chest.But to my surprise，I saw the broken glass had been repaired and she didn't mention it.When I handed her the paper，she still greeted me and gave me some cookies as usual.Holding these cookies in my hand，a feeling of guilt swept over me and I determined that I would save my paper delivery money to make up for the broken window.
After three weeks，I earned seven dollars and put them in an envelope. I secretly put it through the letter box in her door.After doing this，I suddenly felt relieved.The next day，I handed the old lady her paper and thanked her for the bag of cookies.When I opened the bag，I was stunned.Inside were the seven dollars and a short note that said，“I'm proud of you．” She knew it was me．But instead of blaming and punishing me，she chose to forgive me．Even so many years later，she is still deeply engraved in my mind，who taught me a valuable lesson in my life．
