(共143张PPT)
子主题(四) 法律常识与法治意识等
主题群三 历史、社会与文化
01
培育学科素养
五年高考真题重做
主题语境词汇存储
奇特语言现象探究
A (2018·北京卷·D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream，years away from materializing in the real world．Well，the future is apparently now．The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads．The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out
self-driving cars，and for companies to operate driverless taxi services．California，it should be noted，isn't leading the way here．Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country．It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads．But however long it takes，the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities，for better or for worse，depending on how the transformation is regulated．
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so)，policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient，affordable mobility options．The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared．
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles．They tolerate long，slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride，which encourages urban spread．They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking．Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning，they send the self-driving minibus．The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services．
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric，self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050．Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing．The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services，considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题)．But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology．
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today．The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people，and more affordably．The car of the future is coming．We just have to plan for it．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
1．According to the author，attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ______．
A．help deal with transportation-related problems
B．provide better services to customers
C．cause damage to our environment
D．make some people lose jobs
A [细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety...offer more convenient，affordable mobility options．”可知，人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其安全性以及有助于减少交通拥堵等方面。故选A。]
2．As for driverless cars，what is the author's major concern
A．Safety． B．Side effects．
C．Affordability． D．Management．
D [推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Policymakers should start thinking now about ...the car-controlled transportation system we have today．”并结合上文内容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理，不要扩大现有汽车管理运输系统中的最糟糕的方面，故选D。]
3．What does the underlined word “fielded” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Employed． B．Replaced．
C．Shared． D．Reduced．
A [词义猜测题。根据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。]
4．What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars
A．Doubtful． B．Positive．
C．Disapproving． D．Sympathetic．
B [观点态度题。根据最后一段最后两句“The car of the future is coming．We just have to plan for it．”可知，无人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到，准备好迎接它的到来吧。由此推断作者对这种新科技持积极乐观的态度。]
B (2018·江苏卷·C)
If you want to disturb the car industry，you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop car makers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies．But in agriculture，small farmers can get the best of the major players．By connecting directly with customers，and by responding
quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生态系
统)，small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys．As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition(NYFC，美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself，I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry．
For example，take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester，a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer，Jonathan Dysinger，in Tennessee，with a small loan from a local Slow Money group．It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand — suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California．Before the tool came out，small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms．But now，with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product，they can stay in business．
The sustainable success of small farmers，though，won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry．One crucial factor is secure access to land．Competition from investors，developers，and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers．From 2004 to 2013，agricultural land values doubled，and they continue to rise in many regions．
Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own．With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于) farmers younger than 35 by six to one，and with two-thirds of the nation's farmland in need of a new farmer，we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food．
There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy，but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us．We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation，as we push for immigration reform，and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds．With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress，consumers must take a stand with young farmers．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章分析了美国小农场主具有的优势，同时也分析了目前美国农业发展所面临的问题，督促国会对某些领域进行改革以支持美国国内小农场的发展。
5．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce ______．
A．the progress made in car industry
B．a special feature of agriculture
C．a trend of development in agriculture
D．the importance of investing in car industry
B [推理判断题。文章开头首先提到汽车行业的特点，“如果想进军汽车行业，你最好有几十亿美元：家庭经营的汽车制造厂不大可能击败最大的汽车公司”；接着指出“但是在农业方面，小农场主可以胜过大农场主”。由此可知，作者开头提到汽车行业是为了通过对比介绍农业的一个特色。]
6．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2
A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary．
B．Technology is vital for agricultural development．
C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce．
D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones．
D [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“...suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California．”以及“...they can stay in business．”可知，Quick Cut Greens Harvester 的发明让小农场可以与加利福尼亚的大农场竞争，并且可以继续经营下去，也就是说小农场主可能比大农场主获得了一些优势。]
7．What is the difficulty for those new farmers
A．To gain more financial aid．
B．To hire good farm managers．
C．To have farms of their own．
D．To win old farmers' support．
C [细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Another challenge ...the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own．”可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。]
8．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy
A．Seek support beyond NYFC．
B．Expand farmland conservation．
C．Become members of NYFC．
D．Invest more to improve technology．
A [推理判断题。最后一段提到NYFC在敦促国会增加耕地保护等方面需要支持，有关国会将要讨论的新农业法案，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。由此可知，为了使农场经济可持续和公平发展，农场主需要寻求NYFC以外的支持。]
C (2017·天津卷·C)
This month，Germany's transport minister，Alexander Dobrindt，proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆)．They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost．
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi- autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future．
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email，say — the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash．
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt．It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers，he says．
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers．“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds，UK．
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars，introduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment．
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars．“When you say ‘driverless cars’，people expect driverless cars，” Merat says．“You know — no driver．”
Because of the confusion，Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation．
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University，California．That is happening in the UK and Singapore，where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched．
That would go down poorly in the US，however．“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。随着无人驾驶车辆的逐步推广，无人驾驶车辆出现事故时的责任认定成为一个难题。德国交通部长提出了第一套自主驾驶车辆的交通法规，并就此提出了自己的主张。
9．What does the phrase “death valley” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．A place where cars often break down．
B．A case where passing a law is impossible．
C．An area where no driving is permitted．
D．A situation where drivers' role is not clear．
D [词义猜测题。根据下文“the grey area between...the driverless future”对“死亡谷”的解释，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的灰色地带(界限不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D项描述与之吻合。]
10．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to ______．
A．stop people from breaking traffic rules
B．help promote fully automatic driving
C．protect drivers of all ages and races
D．prevent serious property damage
B [推理判断题。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，选B。]
11．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars
A．It should get the attention of insurance companies．
B．It should be the main concern of law makers．
C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents．
D．It should involve no human responsibility．
D [推理判断题。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选D。]
12．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ______．
A．Singapore B．the UK
C．the US D．Germany
C [细节理解题。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前景时，最后两段谈到在英国和新加坡，由政府提供的无人驾驶车辆正在投入使用，但是在美国这种情况就会很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在这里，认为政府会接管无人驾驶车辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(would get absolutely nowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国看不到光明的发展前景。]
13．What could be the best title for the passage
A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability
B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough
C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!
D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents
A [标题归纳题。全文以德国交通部长的提议引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定，无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客的安全等问题，因此选A。]
D (2022·新高考卷Ⅱ·C)
Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．
Yet the problem，by just about any measure，appears to be getting worse．Americans are still texting while driving，as well as using social networks and taking photos．Road accidents，which had fallen for years，are now rising sharply．
That is partly because people are driving more，but Mark Rosekind，the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration，said distracted(分心)driving was “only increasing，unfortunately．”
“Big change requires big ideas，” he said in a speech last month，referring broadly to the need to improve road safety．So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior，lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach：They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving．
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer．It would work like this：An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity．The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted，emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws．
“We need _________ on the books that can change people's behavior，” said Félix W．Ortiz，who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers．If the Textalyzer bill becomes law，he said，“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone．”
something
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer(短信监控器)的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
14．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A．Ineffective． B．Unnecessary．
C．Inconsistent． D．Unfair．
A [推理判断题。根据第一段“Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．(在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。)”以及第二段中“Yet the problem，by just
about any measure，appears to be getting worse．(然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。)”可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。]
15．What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A．Where a driver came from．
B．Whether a driver used their phone．
C．How fast a driver was going．
D．When a driver arrived at the scene．
B [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted，emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws．(这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。)”可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。]
16．What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to
A．Advice． B．Data．
C．Tests． D．Laws．
D [词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior(我们需要书上一些能改变人们行为的东西)”可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law，he said，‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone．’(他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，‘人们会更害怕拿起手机。’)”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。]
17．What is a suitable title for the text
A．To Drive or Not to Drive？Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving？Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone：The Textalyzer
B [标题归纳题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more(部分原因是开车的人越来越多)”解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题，纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法，即利用Textalyzer技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁，该项技术能够成为真正的法案才能真正地改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving？Watch Out for the Textalyzer(发短信还是开车？小心短信监控器)适合作文章的标题。故选B。]
1．materialize v．______________
2．potential n．__________
3．worsen v．________
4．ownership n．______
5．aspect n．____
实现，成为现实
潜力；潜能
(使)变糟
所有权
方面
6．loan n．____
7．clumsily adv．______
8．define v．__________________
9．delay v．__________
10．issue n．____________
借贷
笨拙地
解释；给……下定义
推迟；延期
议题；争论点
11．deadly adj．______
12．campaign n．__________
13．sharply adv．______
14．distinctly adv．______
15．crash n．____
致命的
活动，运动
急剧地
清楚地
撞车
1．______ n．& v．争论；辩论
2．_______ v．收获；收割
3．_______ v．参加比赛；竞争
4．______ n．改革
5．_____ v．检查；核对
6．_____ adj．合法的
7．___ v．禁止，取缔
debate
harvest
compete
reform
check
legal
ban
1．apparent adj．显而易见的→__________ adv．显然
2．safe adj．安全的→______ n．安全
3．arrive v．到达→_______ n．到达
4．appoint v．安排；约定→___________ n．预约；约定
apparently
safety
arrival
appointment
5．insure v．保险；确保→_________ n．保险
6．confuse v．使迷惑→_________ n．困惑；混同；混淆
7．distract v．使分心 →__________ adj．注意力分散的→ ___________ n．分散注意力的事物；使人分心的事物
8．broad adj．宽广的，宽阔的→ _______ adv．广泛地，普遍地；大体上
insurance
confusion
distracted
distraction
broadly
1．__________ 领先；带路
2．_________ 对……作出反应
3．________ 也；和……一样
4．_______ 涉及；指的是
5．___________追溯到
lead the way
respond to
as well as
refer to
reach back to
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．The late _______(arrive) of the train had messed up all our plans．
2．In her autobiography she occasionally refers __ her unhappy schooldays．
3．Of the six people in the plane that _______(crash)，only one survived．
4．She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in _________(confuse)．
arrival
to
crashed
confusion
5．With the boy leading ___way，we had no difficulty finding the village．
6．The boy managed to climb out of the car，__________(apparent) unhurt．
7．He set about helping homeless women and children to place of ______(safe)．
8．I failed in my attempt __________(persuade) her．
9．The book opens with an explanation of why some drugs _________ (ban)．
the
apparently
safety
to persuade
are banned
Ⅰ．熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy，but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us．____
2...．that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race...____
3．Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers．____
引路
种族
操作
Ⅱ．似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．But in agriculture，small farmers can get the best of the major players．
[译文] 但是在农业方面，小农场主能够战胜主要的竞争对手。
2．Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．
[译文] 在过去的七年里，大多数州都已禁止司机开车时发短信，在公共服务活动也尝试了各种方法来说服人们在开车的时候放下手机。
Ⅲ．复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．But however long it takes，the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities，for better or for worse，depending on how the transformation is regulated．
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。句中however引导让步状语从句，主句中depending on how the transformation is regulated为现在分词短语作状语，其中how the transformation is regulated为宾语从句，作介词on的宾语。
[译文] 但不管需要多长时间，这项技术有潜力改变我们的交通系统和城市向好或坏的方向发展，这取决于转换是如何被监管的。
2．While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so)，policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions and offer more convenient，affordable mobility options．
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。While引导让步状语从句，主句中how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions and offer more convenient，affordable mobility options为宾语从句，作talking about的宾语。
[译文] 虽然到目前为止的争论大多集中在无人驾驶汽车的安全问题上(应当如此)，但决策者也应该讨论自动驾驶汽车如何有助于缓解交通堵塞、减少排放，并提供更多方便、更实惠的出行选择。
3．The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future．
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles为宾语从句，that could delay the driverless future为定语从句，修饰先行词the grey area。
[译文] 该提案试图解决一些人所说的无人驾驶汽车的“死亡谷”问题：半自动驾驶汽车和真正意义上的无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，而这可能会推迟无人驾驶汽车的到来。
4．An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity．
[分析] 本句是一个简单句。主语是An officer，谓语和宾语部分是could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer，后面的不定式短语to check in the operating system for recent activity是目的状语，修饰谓语动词；动词-ing形式短语arriving at the scene of a crash作后置定语，修饰句子的主语。
[译文] 一名到达车祸现场的警官就可以要司机的手机，并使用信息检测仪来检查操作系统最近的动态。
02
核心词汇用法归纳
常考句型结构分析
掌握必备知识
1．permit n．执照；许可证；通行证v．许可；允许；准许
(1)permit doing sth．允许做某事
permit sb．to do sth．允许某人做某事
(3)permission n．允许；许可
ask for permission 请求许可
without permission 未经许可
need to obtain a work permit 需要获得一个工作执照
be permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane 只允许携带一个手提行李包登机
ask the government for permission to move the books to a safe place 请求政府把书籍转移到一个安全的地方
[名师点津] permit既可用于permit doing sth．，也可用于permit sb．to do sth．，有相同用法的动词还有：advise，allow，forbid等。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The security system will not permit you _______(enter) without the correct password．
②The visitors are reminded that the museum doesn't permit _______(smoke)．
③I will come after the meeting if time permits，but I should ask for my headmaster's __________(permit) first．
to enter
smoking
permission
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达：If time permits，I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship．
高级表达：_______________，I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship．(独立主格结构)
Time permitting
(1)tolerate sb．doing sth．容忍某人做某事
(2)tolerant adj．容忍的；宽容的
be tolerant of 对……宽容；对……有耐受性
(3)tolerance n．容忍，忍耐力
2．tolerate v．容忍，忍受；对……有耐性
tolerate the extremes of heat in the desert 忍受沙漠的酷热
not tolerate any cheating on exams 容不得任何考试作弊行为
create a tolerant and cosmopolitan culture 促成了一种宽容和包罗万象的文化
[名师点津] 除了tolerate外，其他表示“容忍，忍受”的动词及短语还有：stand，bear，put up with 等。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He won't tolerate anyone ___________(question) his decisions．
②Luckily，my parents are tolerant __ my choice of music．
③What I want to stress is that such behaviour can not ___________
(tolerate)．
questioning
of
be tolerated
[能力提升]——完成句子
我们应该对他人的缺点更宽容一些。
We should be ______________ others' shortcomings．
more tolerant of
3．cause vt．引起；导致 n．原因；事业；目标
(1)cause sb．sth．给某人带来某事
cause sb．to do sth．导致某人做某事
cause damage/loss to 对……造成损害/损失
(2)the cause of ...……的原因
cause and effect 因果
won't cause you too much trouble 不会给你造成太多麻烦
cause global concern about flight safety 引起全球对飞行安全的关注
find the cause of the mine accident 找出这起矿难的起因
fight for the cause of peace all her life 她毕生为和平事业而抗争
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He argues that one of the root ______(cause) of crime is poverty．
②I still don't know what caused the computer _______(crash)．
③Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes __ traffic accidents．
causes
to crash
of
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达：That summer，a terrible flood broke out in the south of China，and it caused great loss to the people there．
高级表达：That summer，a terrible flood broke out in the south of China，________________________________．(现在分词短语作状语)
causing great loss to the people there
(1)replace ...with/by ...用……替换……，以……接替……
(2)take the place of ＝ take one's place 接替；代替
in place of ＝ in one's place 代替
(3)replacement n．替代；替代的人(物)
4．replace vt．代替；取代；把……放回原处
go to the conference in place of her 代替她出席了这次会议
largely replace the traditional letter 极大地替代了传统书信
replace all the furniture damaged in the flood 更换在洪水中损坏的所有家具
replace the china plate on the shelf 把瓷盘放回到架子上
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Teachers will never __________(replace) with computers in the classroom．
②It's not a good idea to miss meals and replace them ____ snacks．
③Joe resigned as chairperson in 2019 and I took ___ place of him．
be replaced
with
the
[能力提升]——一句多译
我们的班长将代替我们的班主任参加这次会议。
①Our monitor will ______________________ our head teacher to attend the meeting．
②Our monitor will attend the meeting_________ our head teacher．
replace/take the place of
in place of
(1)urge sb．to do sth．/into doing sth．力劝/敦促某人做某事
urge that ...强烈要求；极力主张[从句谓语动词
用(should＋)动词原形]
urge (sb．) on 力劝；强调；强烈要求
(2)urgent adj．紧急的；迫切的
in urgent need of 急需
(3)urgency n．紧急；紧急情况
5．urge v．催促；极力主张 n．冲动；强烈的愿望；迫切的要求
in urgent need of food，medicine and shelter 急需食品、药品和住所
urge you to do more reading 督促你多阅读
a matter of great urgency 一件非常紧急的事
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①They know that our country is in ______(urge) need of those who have much knowledge．
②It's of great _______(urge) that we need to make the relative laws with the rapid growth of online shopping．
③The teacher urged his students __ the importance of studying abroad．
urgent
urgency
on
[能力提升]——一句多译
随着高考的临近，我们的老师督促我们要更加努力学习。
①Our teacher ____________________ with the College Entrance Examination drawing near．(urge sb．to do)
②Our teacher ______________________________ with the College Entrance Examination drawing near．(urge that)
urges us to study harder
urges that we (should) study harder
(1)persuade sb．to do sth．/into doing sth．说服某人做某事
persuade sb．not to do sth．/out of doing sth．说服某人不做某事
(2)try to persuade sb．to do sth．＝advise sb．to do sth．尽力说服某人做某事
6．persuade vt．劝说；说服
be always easily persuaded 总是很容易被说服
persuade Tom into accepting my idea说服汤姆接受我的想法
persuade him out of his foolish plan说服他放弃那项愚蠢的计划
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①People should，ideally，___________ (persuade) to eat a diet with much less fat or oil．
②His temperature continued to rise and the cough worsened until Tania finally persuaded him _____ (see) a doctor．
③Don't let yourself be persuaded ____ buying things you don't really want．
be persuaded
to see
into
[能力提升]——一句多译
因为没有说服海伦改变主意，她的父母别无选择，只好允许她独自一人去中国旅行。
①Because they hadn't ______________________________，her parents had no choice but to allow her to go to China to travel alone．
②________________________________________，her parents had no choice but to allow her to go to China to travel alone．(分词短语作状语)
persuaded Helen to change her mind
Not having persuaded Helen to change her mind
1．With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress，consumers must take a stand with young farmers．
在国会要讨论新的农业法案，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。
[句型公式] With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress属于“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的复合结构。该结构常作原因、条件、时间、方式或伴随状语，也可作后置定语。
常见的with复合结构：
(1)with＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语
(2)with＋宾语＋doing(表主动、进行)
(3)with＋宾语＋done(表被动、完成)
(4)with＋宾语＋to do(表未做)
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①With the exam ___________(approach)，it is a good idea to review your class notes．
②With so many essays _______(write)，he won't have time to go shopping this morning．
③The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table ____(lay) for a meal to be cooked．
approaching
to write
laid
[能力提升]——一句多译
随着时间的推移，我逐渐意识到健康的重要性。
①_____________，I gradually realize the importance of health．(状语从句)
②________________，I gradually realize the importance of health．(with复合结构)
As time goes by
With time going by
X
2．Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．
在过去的七年里，大多数州都已禁止司机开车时发短信，在公共服务活动也尝试了各种方法来说服人们在开车的时候放下手机。
[句型公式] over the last seven years是现在完成时时态标志，一般表示为“介词＋ the past/last＋时间段”，此类时间状语所在句子需使用现在完成时。
(1)此类短语可用的介词有in，within，for，over，during等，均表示“在某段时间期间”。
(2)多用the past，the last，the recent等修饰后面的时间段，表示“过去的，最后的，最近的”。
(3)短语最后是时间段，不能是时间点。
(4)时间段不可省去，没有时间段时多表示“在过去”，谓语动词用过去式，如in the past。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①My income __________(double) in the past two years because of my hard work．
②A great deal of progress _____________(make) over the last several decades in health，education and peace．
has doubled
has been made
[能力提升]——完成句子
总之，过去20年里我们生活中的变化给我们带来了便利和舒适。
In a word，changes in our life in the past twenty years_______________
_____________________．
have brought us
convenience and comfort
03
夯基固本·知识落实
强技提能·知识应用
提升关键能力
Ⅰ．用所给词的正确形式填空
1．With a guide ______(show) us around the scenic spots，we're sure to have a good time．
2．That unusual experience has turned Bob into a patient and ________(tolerate) person．
to show
tolerant
3．I was the first Western TV reporter permitted ______(film) a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild．
4．There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，_______(stare) at the night sky．
5．The public urged the government ______(take) measures to prevent such cases from happening again．
to film
staring
to take
Ⅱ．在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．If __ is convenient for you，let's meet at 8：30 outside the school gate．
2．Now most Chinese families have replaced coal fires _______ gas．
3．Up till now opinions are divided as to the cause __ the fire．
4．The best way to respond __ a flame is to ignore it．
5．People have planted a great many trees in order to hold ____ wind and sand in the desert．
it
with/by
of
to
back
语法填空
On our way to the house，it was raining 1．______ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long 2．______ would take to get there．It was in the middle of Pearl City．
We were first greeted with the bark by a pack of dogs，seven to be exact．They were well trained by their masters 3．______ had great experience in caring for these animals．Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended wonderful places 4．______ (eat)，shop，and visit．For breakfast，we were able to eat the papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard．
When they were free 5．______ work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 6．______ (compete)，together with the story behind it．They also shared with us many 7．______ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists．On the last day of our weeklong stay，we 8．______ (invite) to attend a private concert on 9．______ beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，10．______ (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了他们去夏威夷度假途中的经历以及到了主人家后受到的礼遇，主人热情招待他们，还在工作之余带他们参加了很多当地的活动。
1．so [考查固定结构。此处构成固定结构so...that...，意为“如此……以至于……”。故填so。]
2．it [考查代词。本句运用了it takes/took some time to do sth．，意为“花费时间做某事”，故填it]。
3．who/that [考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为masters，且从句中缺主语。故填who或that。]
4．to eat [考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，这里用不定式作后置定语。]
5．from [考查介词。 be free from...不受……的限制。]
6．competition [考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词“an”可知，空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。]
7．traditional [考查形容词。此处用形容词修饰名词stories，故填traditional。]
8．were invited [考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句意，动词invite与主语we之间是被动关系；结合时间状语“On the last day of our weeklong stay”可知，此处使用一般过去时的被动语态。主语为复数，故填were invited。]
9．a [考查冠词。根据句意可知，这里表示泛指，且beautiful 以辅音音素开头，故填a。]
10．listening [考查非谓语动词。由后面的“and meeting interesting locals”可知此处须填一个与meeting并列的非谓语，所以用动词-ing形式作伴随状语。故填listening。]
04
话题写作
读后续写
铸就核心价值
Step 1 写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①吸毒已成为一个严重的问题，它影响家人并危及整个社会。
___________ has become a very serious problem，and it ______________
and also ________________________．
Taking drugs
affects the family
endangers the whole society
②众所周知，毒品对健康危害很大，可能会造成吸毒者死亡。
As is known to all，drugs do very great harm to health，and ____________________________________．
③一旦吸毒上瘾，很难戒掉。
Once a person _________________，it will be hard ________．
they are likely to cause drug addicts to die
is addicted to drugs
to give up
④许多违法行为与吸毒直接相关。
Many crimes are directly ____________________．
⑤为远离毒品，我们应该教育年轻人意识到毒品太有害了。
___________________________，young people should be educated to realize that drugs are too harmful．
related to taking drugs
In order to keep away from drugs
Step 2 表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①用非限制性定语从句改写句①
______________________________________________________________________________________________．
②用“否定词＋比较级”改写句⑤
____________________________________________________________________________________________．
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem，which affects the
family and also endangers the whole society
In order to keep away from drugs，young people should be educated to
realize that drugs can't be more harmful
Step 3 衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem，which affects the family and also endangers the whole society．As is known to all，drugs do very great harm to health，and they are likely to cause drug addicts to die．Once a person is addicted to drugs，it will be hard to give up．Meanwhile，many crimes are directly related to taking drugs．Therefore，in order to keep away from drugs，young people should be educated to realize that drugs can't be more harmful．
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
On a freezing morning of December，two police officers were patrolling the streets．Suddenly，the walkie-talkie(对讲机)on Alan，one of the officers，rang．“The cake shop near the City Museum has reported a burglary(入室盗窃案)．Please rush to the scene immediately，” said the electronic voice．
The two policemen quickly arrived at the shop，only to find that the scene showed no sign of crime at all．Curiously，they checked the monitor and found that a thin woman broke open the window and climbed into the store at 5：20 a．m．Instead of searching around，she walked straight into the storage room，stole cheese，chocolate，butter and other ingredients for a cake，and then ran away down the road．
Both policemen felt quite confused about her behavior．One of the shop assistants identified the thief as Clara，a single mother who lived nearby．She had an eight-year-old boy to take care of and lived in poverty．
Moments later，the two officers arrived at Clara's house．Bob，another officer，pulled out a gun and was about to break in．But Alan told him to put the gun away and knocked gently．
The door opened and out came a very thin woman．From the outline of her figure，Alan recognized that she was exactly the thief．The woman，Clara，immediately understood the situation when she saw the two policemen．She buried her face in her hands and sat down on the floor．
At that very moment，a child's voice broke the silence，“Mom，is anyone coming to my birthday？Invite them in，please．”
After hearing the boy's words，Clara stood up and begged in a low voice，“Officer，I did steal those things，but there's nothing else I could do．It's my baby's birthday，and I've got neither a job nor money．Please don't take those things away．I've just used them to make him a cake．”
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
Looking into the woman's teary eyes，Alan understood and walked into the house．_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bob nodded thoughtfully and asked，“What about the things she stole？”___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Looking into the woman's teary eyes，Alan understood and walked into the house. There were no more possessions except for some time-worn furniture，even no fireplace in such cold weather.At the sight of Alan，the boy，whose face was bright red with cold，could barely contain himself.“Would you like some cake，sir？” he smiled eagerly.“I would like to.But I'm on duty.I just come over to say‘Happy Birthday’ to you，kid！” Coming out of the house，Alan gestured Clara in and walked away，making Bob at a loss.“But we haven't finished yet！” Alan turned around and firmly said，“We can't arrest her，at least not today.”
Bob nodded thoughtfully and asked，“What about the things she stole？”“The bill is on me，” Alan volunteered.After returning to the cake shop，he explained the incident to the shop owner and then paid for the stolen materials．Afterwards，Clara went to the police station，asking for her punishment．What the officers had done made her feel ashamed of her theft．She said that she would improve her life through her own efforts and would no longer do anything illegal again．Everything settled，Alan and Bob continued the patrol and it seemed not that cold ever after．INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/五年高考真题重做．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/阅读理解．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
A (2018·北京卷·D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream，years away from materializing in the real world．Well，the future is apparently now．The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self driving cars on public roads．The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self driving cars，and for companies to operate driverless taxi services．California，it should be noted，isn't leading the way here．Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country．It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads．But however long it takes，the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities，for better or for worse，depending on how the transformation is regulated．
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so)，policymakers also should be talking about how self driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions (排放) and offer more convenient，affordable mobility options．The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared．
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars Imagine a future where most adults own individual self driving vehicles．They tolerate long，slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride，which encourages urban spread．They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking．Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning，they send the self driving minibus．The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride hailing (叫车) services．
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol powered private cars worldwide with electric，self driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050．Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing．The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride hailing services，considering the cost of self driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues (责任与维护问题)．But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology．
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car controlled transportation system we have today．The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people，and more affordably．The car of the future is coming．We just have to plan for it．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
1．According to the author，attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ______．
A．help deal with transportation related problems
B．provide better services to customers
C．cause damage to our environment
D．make some people lose jobs
A [细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety...offer more convenient，affordable mobility options．”可知，人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其安全性以及有助于减少交通拥堵等方面。故选A。]
2．As for driverless cars，what is the author's major concern
A．Safety． B．Side effects．
C．Affordability． D．Management．
D [推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Policymakers should start thinking now about ...the car controlled transportation system we have today．”并结合上文内容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理，不要扩大现有汽车管理运输系统中的最糟糕的方面，故选D。]
3．What does the underlined word “fielded” in paragraph 4 probably mean
A．Employed． B．Replaced．
C．Shared． D．Reduced．
A [词义猜测题。根据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly”并结合下句中“as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。]
4．What is the author's attitude to the future of self driving cars
A．Doubtful． B．Positive．
C．Disapproving． D．Sympathetic．
B [观点态度题。根据最后一段最后两句“The car of the future is coming．We just have to plan for it．”可知，无人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到，准备好迎接它的到来吧。由此推断作者对这种新科技持积极乐观的态度。]
B (2018·江苏卷·C)
If you want to disturb the car industry，you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom and pop car makers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies．But in agriculture，small farmers can get the best of the major players．By connecting directly with customers，and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生态系统)，small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys．As the co founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition(NYFC，美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself，I have a front row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry．
For example，take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester，a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer，Jonathan Dysinger，in Tennessee，with a small loan from a local Slow Money group．It enables small scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand — suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California．Before the tool came out，small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms．But now，with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product，they can stay in business．
The sustainable success of small farmers，though，won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry．One crucial factor is secure access to land．Competition from investors，developers，and established large farmers makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers．From 2004 to 2013，agricultural land values doubled，and they continue to rise in many regions．
Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own．With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering(多于) farmers younger than 35 by six to one，and with two thirds of the nation's farmland in need of a new farmer，we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food．
There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy，but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us．We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation，as we push for immigration reform，and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds．With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress，consumers must take a stand with young farmers．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。文章分析了美国小农场主具有的优势，同时也分析了目前美国农业发展所面临的问题，督促国会对某些领域进行改革以支持美国国内小农场的发展。
5．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce ______．
A．the progress made in car industry
B．a special feature of agriculture
C．a trend of development in agriculture
D．the importance of investing in car industry
B [推理判断题。文章开头首先提到汽车行业的特点，“如果想进军汽车行业，你最好有几十亿美元：家庭经营的汽车制造厂不大可能击败最大的汽车公司”；接着指出“但是在农业方面，小农场主可以胜过大农场主”。由此可知，作者开头提到汽车行业是为了通过对比介绍农业的一个特色。]
6．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2
A．Loans to small local farmers are necessary．
B．Technology is vital for agricultural development．
C．Competition between small and big farms is fierce．
D．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones．
D [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“...suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California．”以及“...they can stay in business．”可知，Quick Cut Greens Harvester 的发明让小农场可以与加利福尼亚的大农场竞争，并且可以继续经营下去，也就是说小农场主可能比大农场主获得了一些优势。]
7．What is the difficulty for those new farmers
A．To gain more financial aid．
B．To hire good farm managers．
C．To have farms of their own．
D．To win old farmers' support．
C [细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Another challenge ...the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own．”可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。]
8．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy
A．Seek support beyond NYFC．
B．Expand farmland conservation．
C．Become members of NYFC．
D．Invest more to improve technology．
A [推理判断题。最后一段提到NYFC在敦促国会增加耕地保护等方面需要支持，有关国会将要讨论的新农业法案，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。由此可知，为了使农场经济可持续和公平发展，农场主需要寻求NYFC以外的支持。]
C (2017·天津卷·C)
This month，Germany's transport minister，Alexander Dobrindt，proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆)．They would define the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost．
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future．
Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always chooses property (财产) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race; and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel — to check email，say — the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash．
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving，” says Dobrindt．It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers，he says．
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers．“The liability(法律责任) issue is the biggest one of them all，” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds，UK．
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars，introduced earlier this year，insists that a human “be watchful and monitoring the road” at every moment．
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars．“When you say ‘driverless cars’，people expect driverless cars，” Merat says．“You know — no driver．”
Because of the confusion，Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation．
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own，says Ryan Calo at Stanford University，California．That is happening in the UK and Singapore，where government provided driverless vehicles are being launched．
That would go down poorly in the US，however．“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here，” says Calo．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。随着无人驾驶车辆的逐步推广，无人驾驶车辆出现事故时的责任认定成为一个难题。德国交通部长提出了第一套自主驾驶车辆的交通法规，并就此提出了自己的主张。
9．What does the phrase “death valley” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．A place where cars often break down．
B．A case where passing a law is impossible．
C．An area where no driving is permitted．
D．A situation where drivers' role is not clear．
D [词义猜测题。根据下文“the grey area between...the driverless future”对“死亡谷”的解释，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的灰色地带(界限不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D项描述与之吻合。]
10．The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to ______．
A．stop people from breaking traffic rules
B．help promote fully automatic driving
C．protect drivers of all ages and races
D．prevent serious property damage
B [推理判断题。根据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变化将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入使用(permit fully automatic driving)可知，选B。]
11．What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars
A．It should get the attention of insurance companies．
B．It should be the main concern of law makers．
C．It should not cause deadly traffic accidents．
D．It should involve no human responsibility．
D [推理判断题。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应承担无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种情况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的安全问题负责的人，故选D。]
12．Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ______．
A．Singapore B．the UK
C．the US D．Germany
C [细节理解题。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前景时，最后两段谈到在英国和新加坡，由政府提供的无人驾驶车辆正在投入使用，但是在美国这种情况就会很糟糕(go down poorly in the US)，在这里，认为政府会接管无人驾驶车辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(would get absolutely nowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国看不到光明的发展前景。]
13．What could be the best title for the passage
A．Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability
B．Fully Automatic Cars: A New Breakthrough
C．Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Removed!
D．Driverless Cars: Root of Road Accidents
A [标题归纳题。全文以德国交通部长的提议引入，讲述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定，无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应该保障的是车辆还是乘客的安全等问题，因此选A。]
D (2022·新高考卷Ⅱ·C)
Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．
Yet the problem，by just about any measure，appears to be getting worse．Americans are still texting while driving，as well as using social networks and taking photos．Road accidents，which had fallen for years，are now rising sharply．
That is partly because people are driving more，but Mark Rosekind，the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration，said distracted(分心)driving was “only increasing，unfortunately．”
“Big change requires big ideas，” he said in a speech last month，referring broadly to the need to improve road safety．So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior，lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach：They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving．
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer．It would work like this：An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity．The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted，emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands free driving laws．
“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior，” said Félix W．Ortiz，who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand held devices by drivers．If the Textalyzer bill becomes law，he said，“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone．”
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer(短信监控器)的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
14．Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US
A．Ineffective． B．Unnecessary．
C．Inconsistent． D．Unfair．
A [推理判断题。根据第一段“Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．(在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。)”以及第二段中“Yet the problem，by just about any measure，appears to be getting worse．(然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。)”可知，大多数州使用了各种各样的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。]
15．What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out
A．Where a driver came from．
B．Whether a driver used their phone．
C．How fast a driver was going．
D．When a driver arrived at the scene．
B [细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted，emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands free driving laws．(这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。)”可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此相符，故选B。]
16．What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to
A．Advice． B．Data．
C．Tests． D．Laws．
D [词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior(我们需要书上一些能改变人们行为的东西)”可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law，he said，‘people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone．’(他说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，‘人们会更害怕拿起手机。’)”可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当Textalyzer法案成为法律。受到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指代的是法律。故选D。]
17．What is a suitable title for the text
A．To Drive or Not to Drive？Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving？Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand Held Devices by Drivers
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone：The Textalyzer
B [标题归纳题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more(部分原因是开车的人越来越多)”解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题，纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法，即利用Textalyzer技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁，该项技术能够成为真正的法案才能真正地改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving？Watch Out for the Textalyzer(发短信还是开车？小心短信监控器)适合作文章的标题。故选B。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/主题语境词汇存储．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏1．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．materialize v．实现，成为现实
2．potential n．潜力；潜能
3．worsen v．(使)变糟
4．ownership n．所有权
5．aspect n．方面
6．loan n．借贷
7．clumsily adv．笨拙地
8．define v．解释；给……下定义
9．delay v．推迟；延期
10．issue n．议题；争论点
11．deadly adj．致命的
12．campaign n．活动，运动
13．sharply adv．急剧地
14．distinctly adv．清楚地
15．crash n．撞车
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏1+．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．debate n．& v．争论；辩论
2．harvest v．收获；收割
3．compete v．参加比赛；竞争
4．reform n．改革
5．check v．检查；核对
6．legal adj．合法的
7．ban v．禁止，取缔
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏1．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．apparent adj．显而易见的→apparently adv．显然
2．safe adj．安全的→safety n．安全
3．arrive v．到达→arrival n．到达
4．appoint v．安排；约定→appointment n．预约；约定
5．insure v．保险；确保→insurance n．保险
6．confuse v．使迷惑→confusion n．困惑；混同；混淆
7．distract v．使分心 →distracted adj．注意力分散的→ distraction n．分散注意力的事物；使人分心的事物
8．broad adj．宽广的，宽阔的→ broadly adv．广泛地，普遍地；大体上
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏1+．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．lead the way 领先；带路
2．respond to 对……作出反应
3．as well as 也；和……一样
4．refer to 涉及；指的是
5．reach back to追溯到
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．The late arrival(arrive) of the train had messed up all our plans．
2．In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays．
3．Of the six people in the plane that crashed(crash)，only one survived．
4．She was very angry with her husband because he made their rooms in confusion(confuse)．
5．With the boy leading the way，we had no difficulty finding the village．
6．The boy managed to climb out of the car，apparently(apparent) unhurt．
7．He set about helping homeless women and children to place of safety(safe)．
8．I failed in my attempt to persuade(persuade) her．
9．The book opens with an explanation of why some drugs are banned (ban)．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/奇特语言现象探究．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
Ⅰ．熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy，but farmers can't clumsily put them together before us．引路
2...．that it never distinguishes between humans based on age or race...种族
3．Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers，consumers and lawyers．操作
Ⅱ．似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．But in agriculture，small farmers can get the best of the major players．
[译文] 但是在农业方面，小农场主能够战胜主要的竞争对手。
2．Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．
[译文] 在过去的七年里，大多数州都已禁止司机开车时发短信，在公共服务活动也尝试了各种方法来说服人们在开车的时候放下手机。
Ⅲ．复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．But however long it takes，the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities，for better or for worse，depending on how the transformation is regulated．
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。句中however引导让步状语从句，主句中depending on how the transformation is regulated为现在分词短语作状语，其中how the transformation is regulated为宾语从句，作介词on的宾语。
[译文] 但不管需要多长时间，这项技术有潜力改变我们的交通系统和城市向好或坏的方向发展，这取决于转换是如何被监管的。
2．While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so)，policymakers also should be talking about how self driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions and offer more convenient，affordable mobility options．
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。While引导让步状语从句，主句中how self driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions and offer more convenient，affordable mobility options为宾语从句，作talking about的宾语。
[译文] 虽然到目前为止的争论大多集中在无人驾驶汽车的安全问题上(应当如此)，但决策者也应该讨论自动驾驶汽车如何有助于缓解交通堵塞、减少排放，并提供更多方便、更实惠的出行选择。
3．The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future．
[分析] 本句是一个主从复合句。what some call the “death valley” of autonomous vehicles为宾语从句，that could delay the driverless future为定语从句，修饰先行词the grey area。
[译文] 该提案试图解决一些人所说的无人驾驶汽车的“死亡谷”问题：半自动驾驶汽车和真正意义上的无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，而这可能会推迟无人驾驶汽车的到来。
4．An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity．
[分析] 本句是一个简单句。主语是An officer，谓语和宾语部分是could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer，后面的不定式短语to check in the operating system for recent activity是目的状语，修饰谓语动词；动词 ing形式短语arriving at the scene of a crash作后置定语，修饰句子的主语。
[译文] 一名到达车祸现场的警官就可以要司机的手机，并使用信息检测仪来检查操作系统最近的动态。
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/掌握必备知识．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/核心词汇用法归纳．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．permit n．执照；许可证；通行证v．许可；允许；准许
(1)permit doing sth．允许做某事
permit sb．to do sth．允许某人做某事
(3)permission n．允许；许可
ask for permission 请求许可
without permission 未经许可
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
need to obtain a work permit 需要获得一个工作执照
be permitted to carry only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane 只允许携带一个手提行李包登机
ask the government for permission to move the books to a safe place 请求政府把书籍转移到一个安全的地方
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[名师点津] permit既可用于permit doing sth．，也可用于permit sb．to do sth．，有相同用法的动词还有：advise，allow，forbid等。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The security system will not permit you to enter(enter) without the correct password．
②The visitors are reminded that the museum doesn't permit smoking(smoke)．
③I will come after the meeting if time permits，but I should ask for my headmaster's permission(permit) first．
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达：If time permits，I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship．
高级表达：Time permitting，I expect to have more spare time to spend with my friends so that we can have a better relationship．(独立主格结构)
2．tolerate v．容忍，忍受；对……有耐性
(1)tolerate sb．doing sth．容忍某人做某事
(2)tolerant adj．容忍的；宽容的
be tolerant of 对……宽容；对……有耐受性
(3)tolerance n．容忍，忍耐力
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
tolerate the extremes of heat in the desert 忍受沙漠的酷热
not tolerate any cheating on exams 容不得任何考试作弊行为
create a tolerant and cosmopolitan culture 促成了一种宽容和包罗万象的文化
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[名师点津] 除了tolerate外，其他表示“容忍，忍受”的动词及短语还有：stand，bear，put up with 等。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He won't tolerate anyone questioning(question) his decisions．
②Luckily，my parents are tolerant of my choice of music．
③What I want to stress is that such behaviour can not be tolerated(tolerate)．
[能力提升]——完成句子
我们应该对他人的缺点更宽容一些。
We should be more tolerant of others' shortcomings．
3．cause vt．引起；导致 n．原因；事业；目标
(1)cause sb．sth．给某人带来某事
cause sb．to do sth．导致某人做某事
cause damage/loss to 对……造成损害/损失
(2)the cause of ...……的原因
cause and effect 因果
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
won't cause you too much trouble 不会给你造成太多麻烦
cause global concern about flight safety 引起全球对飞行安全的关注
find the cause of the mine accident 找出这起矿难的起因
fight for the cause of peace all her life 她毕生为和平事业而抗争
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①He argues that one of the root causes(cause) of crime is poverty．
②I still don't know what caused the computer to crash(crash)．
③Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents．
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达：That summer，a terrible flood broke out in the south of China，and it caused great loss to the people there．
高级表达：That summer，a terrible flood broke out in the south of China，causing great loss to the people there．(现在分词短语作状语)
4．replace vt．代替；取代；把……放回原处
(1)replace ...with/by ...用……替换……，以……接替……
(2)take the place of ＝ take one's place 接替；代替
in place of ＝ in one's place 代替
(3)replacement n．替代；替代的人(物)
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
go to the conference in place of her 代替她出席了这次会议
largely replace the traditional letter 极大地替代了传统书信
replace all the furniture damaged in the flood 更换在洪水中损坏的所有家具
replace the china plate on the shelf 把瓷盘放回到架子上
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①Teachers will never be replaced(replace) with computers in the classroom．
②It's not a good idea to miss meals and replace them with snacks．
③Joe resigned as chairperson in 2019 and I took the place of him．
[能力提升]——一句多译
我们的班长将代替我们的班主任参加这次会议。
①Our monitor will replace/take the place of our head teacher to attend the meeting．
②Our monitor will attend the meeting in place of our head teacher．
5．urge v．催促；极力主张 n．冲动；强烈的愿望；迫切的要求
(1)urge sb．to do sth．/into doing sth．力劝/敦促某人做某事
urge that ...强烈要求；极力主张[从句谓语动词
用(should＋)动词原形]
urge (sb．) on 力劝；强调；强烈要求
(2)urgent adj．紧急的；迫切的
in urgent need of 急需
(3)urgency n．紧急；紧急情况
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
in urgent need of food，medicine and shelter 急需食品、药品和住所
urge you to do more reading 督促你多阅读
a matter of great urgency 一件非常紧急的事
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①They know that our country is in urgent(urge) need of those who have much knowledge．
②It's of great urgency(urge) that we need to make the relative laws with the rapid growth of online shopping．
③The teacher urged his students on the importance of studying abroad．
[能力提升]——一句多译
随着高考的临近，我们的老师督促我们要更加努力学习。
①Our teacher urges us to study harder with the College Entrance Examination drawing near．(urge sb．to do)
②Our teacher urges that we (should) study harder with the College Entrance Examination drawing near．(urge that)
6．persuade vt．劝说；说服
(1)persuade sb．to do sth．/into doing sth．说服某人做某事
persuade sb．not to do sth．/out of doing sth．说服某人不做某事
(2)try to persuade sb．to do sth．＝advise sb．to do sth．尽力说服某人做某事
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
be always easily persuaded 总是很容易被说服
persuade Tom into accepting my idea说服汤姆接受我的想法
persuade him out of his foolish plan说服他放弃那项愚蠢的计划
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①People should，ideally，be persuaded (persuade) to eat a diet with much less fat or oil．
②His temperature continued to rise and the cough worsened until Tania finally persuaded him to see (see) a doctor．
③Don't let yourself be persuaded into buying things you don't really want．
[能力提升]——一句多译
因为没有说服海伦改变主意，她的父母别无选择，只好允许她独自一人去中国旅行。
①Because they hadn't persuaded Helen to change her mind，her parents had no choice but to allow her to go to China to travel alone．
②Not having persuaded Helen to change her mind，her parents had no choice but to allow her to go to China to travel alone．(分词短语作状语)
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/常考句型结构分析．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress，consumers must take a stand with young farmers．
在国会要讨论新的农业法案，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。
[句型公式] With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress属于“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的复合结构。该结构常作原因、条件、时间、方式或伴随状语，也可作后置定语。
常见的with复合结构：
(1)with＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语
(2)with＋宾语＋doing(表主动、进行)
(3)with＋宾语＋done(表被动、完成)
(4)with＋宾语＋to do(表未做)
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①With the exam approaching(approach)，it is a good idea to review your class notes．
②With so many essays to write(write)，he won't have time to go shopping this morning．
③The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table laid(lay) for a meal to be cooked．
[能力提升]——一句多译
随着时间的推移，我逐渐意识到健康的重要性。
①As time goes by，I gradually realize the importance of health．(状语从句)
②With time going by，I gradually realize the importance of health．(with复合结构)
2．Over the last seven years，most states have banned texting by drivers，and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel．
在过去的七年里，大多数州都已禁止司机开车时发短信，在公共服务活动也尝试了各种方法来说服人们在开车的时候放下手机。
[句型公式] over the last seven years是现在完成时时态标志，一般表示为“介词＋ the past/last＋时间段”，此类时间状语所在句子需使用现在完成时。
(1)此类短语可用的介词有in，within，for，over，during等，均表示“在某段时间期间”。
(2)多用the past，the last，the recent等修饰后面的时间段，表示“过去的，最后的，最近的”。
(3)短语最后是时间段，不能是时间点。
(4)时间段不可省去，没有时间段时多表示“在过去”，谓语动词用过去式，如in the past。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①My income has doubled (double) in the past two years because of my hard work．
②A great deal of progress has been made(make) over the last several decades in health，education and peace．
[能力提升]——完成句子
总之，过去20年里我们生活中的变化给我们带来了便利和舒适。
In a word，changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us convenience and comfort．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/提升关键能力．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/夯基固本．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
Ⅰ．用所给词的正确形式填空
1．With a guide to show(show) us around the scenic spots，we're sure to have a good time．
2．That unusual experience has turned Bob into a patient and tolerant(tolerate) person．
3．I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film(film) a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild．
4．There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，staring(stare) at the night sky．
5．The public urged the government to take(take) measures to prevent such cases from happening again．
Ⅱ．在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．If it is convenient for you，let's meet at 8：30 outside the school gate．
2．Now most Chinese families have replaced coal fires with/by gas．
3．Up till now opinions are divided as to the cause of the fire．
4．The best way to respond to a flame is to ignore it．
5．People have planted a great many trees in order to hold back wind and sand in the desert．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/强技提能．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
语法填空
On our way to the house，it was raining 1．______ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long 2．______ would take to get there．It was in the middle of Pearl City．
We were first greeted with the bark by a pack of dogs，seven to be exact．They were well trained by their masters 3．______ had great experience in caring for these animals．Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended wonderful places 4．______ (eat)，shop，and visit．For breakfast，we were able to eat the papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in the backyard．
When they were free 5．______ work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting 6．______ (compete)，together with the story behind it．They also shared with us many 7．______ (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists．On the last day of our weeklong stay，we 8．______ (invite) to attend a private concert on 9．______ beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，10．______ (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了他们去夏威夷度假途中的经历以及到了主人家后受到的礼遇，主人热情招待他们，还在工作之余带他们参加了很多当地的活动。
1．so [考查固定结构。此处构成固定结构so...that...，意为“如此……以至于……”。故填so。]
2．it [考查代词。本句运用了it takes/took some time to do sth．，意为“花费时间做某事”，故填it]。
3．who/that [考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为masters，且从句中缺主语。故填who或that。]
4．to eat [考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，这里用不定式作后置定语。]
5．from [考查介词。 be free from...不受……的限制。]
6．competition [考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词“an”可知，空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。]
7．traditional [考查形容词。此处用形容词修饰名词stories，故填traditional。]
8．were invited [考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据句意，动词invite与主语we之间是被动关系；结合时间状语“On the last day of our weeklong stay”可知，此处使用一般过去时的被动语态。主语为复数，故填were invited。]
9．a [考查冠词。根据句意可知，这里表示泛指，且beautiful 以辅音音素开头，故填a。]
10．listening [考查非谓语动词。由后面的“and meeting interesting locals”可知此处须填一个与meeting并列的非谓语，所以用动词 ing形式作伴随状语。故填listening。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/铸就核心价值．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/话题写作．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/写作要点．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①吸毒已成为一个严重的问题，它影响家人并危及整个社会。
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem，and it affects the family and also endangers the whole society．
②众所周知，毒品对健康危害很大，可能会造成吸毒者死亡。
As is known to all，drugs do very great harm to health，and they are likely to cause drug addicts to die．
③一旦吸毒上瘾，很难戒掉。
Once a person is addicted to drugs，it will be hard to give up．
④许多违法行为与吸毒直接相关。
Many crimes are directly related to taking drugs．
⑤为远离毒品，我们应该教育年轻人意识到毒品太有害了。
In order to keep away from drugs，young people should be educated to realize that drugs are too harmful．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/表达升级．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
①用非限制性定语从句改写句①
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem，which affects the family and also endangers the whole society．
②用“否定词＋比较级”改写句⑤
In order to keep away from drugs，young people should be educated to realize that drugs can't be more harmful．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/衔接成文．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
Taking drugs has become a very serious problem，which affects the family and also endangers the whole society．As is known to all，drugs do very great harm to health，and they are likely to cause drug addicts to die．Once a person is addicted to drugs，it will be hard to give up．Meanwhile，many crimes are directly related to taking drugs．Therefore，in order to keep away from drugs，young people should be educated to realize that drugs can't be more harmful．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/读后续写．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
On a freezing morning of December，two police officers were patrolling the streets．Suddenly，the walkie talkie(对讲机)on Alan，one of the officers，rang．“The cake shop near the City Museum has reported a burglary(入室盗窃案)．Please rush to the scene immediately，” said the electronic voice．
The two policemen quickly arrived at the shop，only to find that the scene showed no sign of crime at all．Curiously，they checked the monitor and found that a thin woman broke open the window and climbed into the store at 5：20 a．m．Instead of searching around，she walked straight into the storage room，stole cheese，chocolate，butter and other ingredients for a cake，and then ran away down the road．
Both policemen felt quite confused about her behavior．One of the shop assistants identified the thief as Clara，a single mother who lived nearby．She had an eight year old boy to take care of and lived in poverty．
Moments later，the two officers arrived at Clara's house．Bob，another officer，pulled out a gun and was about to break in．But Alan told him to put the gun away and knocked gently．
The door opened and out came a very thin woman．From the outline of her figure，Alan recognized that she was exactly the thief．The woman，Clara，immediately understood the situation when she saw the two policemen．She buried her face in her hands and sat down on the floor．
At that very moment，a child's voice broke the silence，“Mom，is anyone coming to my birthday？Invite them in，please．”
After hearing the boy's words，Clara stood up and begged in a low voice，“Officer，I did steal those things，but there's nothing else I could do．It's my baby's birthday，and I've got neither a job nor money．Please don't take those things away．I've just used them to make him a cake．”
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
Looking into the woman's teary eyes，Alan understood and walked into the house．_____________________________________________________________
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Bob nodded thoughtfully and asked，“What about the things she stole？”____________________________________________________________
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【参考范文】
Looking into the woman's teary eyes，Alan understood and walked into the house. There were no more possessions except for some time worn furniture，even no fireplace in such cold weather.At the sight of Alan，the boy，whose face was bright red with cold，could barely contain himself.“Would you like some cake，sir？” he smiled eagerly.“I would like to.But I'm on duty.I just come over to say‘Happy Birthday’ to you，kid！” Coming out of the house，Alan gestured Clara in and walked away，making Bob at a loss.“But we haven't finished yet！” Alan turned around and firmly said，“We can't arrest her，at least not today.”
Bob nodded thoughtfully and asked，“What about the things she stole？”“The bill is on me，” Alan volunteered.After returning to the cake shop，he explained the incident to the shop owner and then paid for the stolen materials．Afterwards，Clara went to the police station，asking for her punishment．What the officers had done made her feel ashamed of her theft．She said that she would improve her life through her own efforts and would no longer do anything illegal again．Everything settled，Alan and Bob continued the patrol and it seemed not that cold ever after．
