(共123张PPT)
子主题(一) 社会进步与人类文明
主题群四 科学与技术
01
培育学科素养
五年高考真题重做
主题语境词汇存储
奇特语言现象探究
A (2021·全国甲卷·D)
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries．
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius．His face is almost the international symbol for genius．But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself．Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us？And who are they
In the sciences and arts，those praised as geniuses were most often white men，of European origin．Perhaps this is not a surprise．It's said that history is written by the victors，and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club．When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women，or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others．
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six，girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender are “really，really smart．” Even worse，the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really，really smart．” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not．
Here's the good news．In a wired world with constant global communication，we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear．And the more we look，the more we will see that social factors (因素) like gender，race，and class do not determine the appearance of genius．As a writer says，future geniuses come from those with “intelligence，creativity，perseverance (毅力)，and simple good fortune，who are able to change the world．”
【语篇解读】 不论是在科学界还是艺术界，判断一个人是不是“天才”只有一个标准——“胜利者的标准”。然而这是一个极为不公平的判断标准，因为它将很大一部分人排除在“天才俱乐部”外。好消息是这种情况正在得到改善。
1．What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club
A．They're unfair．
B．They're conservative．
C．They're objective．
D．They're strict．
A [推理判断题。根据第三段的“It's said that history is written by the victors，and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club．When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women，or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others．”可知，历史是由胜利者书写的，而这些胜利者也为“天才俱乐部”设定了标准。当“俱乐部”外的天才(即女性、不同肤色或信仰的人)做出贡献时，他们得不到认可，并会被其他人拒绝进入“天才俱乐部”。因此作者认为胜利者为“天才俱乐部”设定的准入标准是不公平的。故选A。]
2．What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A．They think themselves smart．
B．They look up to great thinkers．
C．They see gender differences earlier than boys．
D．They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs．
D [推理判断题。根据第四段的“A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six，girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are ‘really，really smart．’Even worse，the study found that girls act on that belief：Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are‘really，really smart．’”可知，该项研究发现，女孩会避免去做那些被认为是“特别特别聪明”的孩子才能做的事。由此可知，女孩可能受到社会观念的影响。故选D。]
3．Why are more geniuses known to the public
A．Improved global communication．
B．Less discrimination against women．
C．Acceptance of victors' concepts．
D．Changes in people's social positions．
A [细节理解题。根据第五段的“In a wired world with constant global communication，we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear．”可知，有更多的天才被公众所知，其原因在于全球通信系统的改善。故选A。]
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Geniuses Think Alike
B．Genius Takes Many Forms
C．Genius and Intelligence
D．Genius and Luck
B [主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中的“...social factors like gender，race，and class do not determine the appearance of genius．As a writer says，future geniuses come from those with‘intelligence，creativity，perseverance，and simple good fortune，who are able to change the world．’”可知，像性别、种族和阶层这样的社会因素并不能决定天才是什么样的。因此B项“天才有多种形式”最能概括本文的主旨。]
B (2020·浙江7月卷·B)
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue，Washington，generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row，especially at rush hour．At 9：30 am，the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds．By 9：33 am，a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds．Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135．Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes．
_____ is by design．Bellevue，a fast-growing city just east of Seattle，uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US：intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions．These lights，known as adaptive signals，have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home．
That
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed，”says Alex Stevanovic，a researcher at Florida Atlantic University．
For all of Bellevue's success，adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways．Kevin Balke，a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute，says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities，others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference．“It's not going to fix everything，but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities，”he says．
In Bellevue，the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches．In the past，there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic：just widen the roads，says Mark Poch，the Bellevue Transportation Department's traffic engineering manager．Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger．
【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了美国的一种可调节式的交通信号灯。
5．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Increased length of green lights．
B．Shortened traffic signal cycle．
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals．
D．Smooth traffic flow on the road．
C [代词指代题。根据文章第一段中的“The traffic signals...By 9：33 am，a burst of...Less traffic at 9：37 am...changes”可以推知，that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间，故选C项。]
6．What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A．They work better on broad roads．
B．They should be used in other cities．
C．They have greatly reduced traffic on the road．
D．They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed．
D [细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“others are so jammed that only...It's not going to fix everything，but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities”可知，Kevin Balke认为可调节式的交通信号灯对小城市的交通改善是有用的，但对交通极度拥堵的城市而言，作用并不是非常大，故选D项。]
7．What can we learn from Bellevue's success
A．It is rewarding to try new things．
B．The old methods still work today．
C．It pays to put theory into practice．
D．The simplest way is the best way．
A [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches”可推知，从Bellevue装可调节式交通信号灯一事上不难发现，它的成功在于积极尝试新事物，故选A项。]
C (2022·全国甲卷·D)
Sometime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia．The city discovered its harbor．Then，one after another，Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there—broad parks，superb beaches，and a culturally diverse population．But it is the harbor that makes the city．
Andrew Reynolds，a cheerful fellow in his early 30s，pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living．I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor．After our third run Andrew shut down the engine，and we went our separate ways—he for a lunch break，I to explore the city．
“I'll miss these old boats，”he said as we parted．
“How do you mean？”I asked．
“Oh，they're replacing them with catamarans．Catamarans are faster，but they're not so elegant，and they're not fun to pilot．But that's progress，I guess．”
Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords(口号)，and traditions are increasingly rare．Shirley Fitzgerald，the city's official historian，told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings．“Sydney is confused about itself，”she said．“We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one．It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving(解决)．”
On the other hand，being young and old at the same time has its attractions．I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony．“Many people say that we lack culture in this country，”he told me．“What people forget is that the Italians，when they came to Australia，brought 2000 years of their culture，the Greeks some 3000 years，and the Chinese more still．We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country．It's a pretty hard combination to beat．”
He is right，but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。悉尼作为一座海港城市，发生着日新月异的变化，这对传统形成冲击。一些传统事物正逐渐被新兴事物所取代。
8．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．Sydney's striking architecture．
B．The cultural diversity of Sydney．
C．The key to Sydney's development．
D．Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s．
C [主旨大意题。根据第一段的前两句“Sometime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia．The city discovered its harbor．”以及最后一句“But it is the harbor that makes the city．”可知，正是海港造就了悉尼。因此本段主要讲述了海港是悉尼发展的关键。故选C。]
9．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A．He goes to work by boat．
B．He looks forward to a new life．
C．He pilots catamarans well．
D．He is attached to the old ferries．
D [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I'll miss these old boats”以及第五段“Oh，they're replacing them with catamarans．Catamarans are faster，but they're not so elegant，and they're not fun to pilot．”可知，Andrew Reynolds 并不希望渡船被双体船取代，所以可推知，Andrew Reynolds 喜欢老式渡船。故选D。]
10．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A．It is losing its traditions．
B．It should speed up its progress．
C．It should expand its population．
D．It is becoming more international．
A [推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords，and traditions are increasingly rare．”以及“...told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings．”可知，Shirley Fitzgerald 认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，使得它正在失去原本的传统。故选A。]
11．Which statement will the author probably agree with
A．A city can be young and old at the same time．
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic．
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance．
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign．
A [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“On the other hand，being young and old at the same time has its attractions．”可知，一座兼具新旧的城市有其魅力。再结合“We've got a foundation...to beat．”和最后一段中的“He is right”可推断出，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以既年轻又古老。故选A。]
(2020·浙江7月卷)
Some time after 10 000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 1．________，through agriculture．Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on 2．________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown．
Farming produced more food per person 3．________ hunting and gathering，so people were able to raise more children．And，as more children were born，more food 4．________(need)．Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 5．________ (change)lives．
By about 6000 BC，people 6．________(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise．Later，they learned to work with the 7．________ (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，8．________(make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields．
This style of farming lasted for quite a long time．Then，with 9．______ rise of science，changes began．New methods 10．______
(mean)that fewer people worked in farming．In the last century or so，these changes have accelerated．New power machinery and artificial fertilizers(化肥) have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age．
【语篇解读】 文章主要介绍了人类农业技术的发展。
1．in [考查介词。live in是固定词组，表示“在……地方生活”，故填in。]
2．what [考查名词性从句。根据语法结构可知，what引导宾语从句，作on的宾语。由于该宾语从句中缺少主语，同时空处表示“……的事物”，故填what。]
3．than [考查介词。根据上文的more food可知，此处是more...than...结构，表示“比……多……”。]
4．was needed [考查动词的时态、语态。结合句意“出生的孩子越多，需要的粮食就越多”可知，more food与need构成被动关系，且文章的基本时态为一般过去时，故填was needed。]
5．to change [考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，“农业给了人们首次用技术的力量去改变生活的体验”，故接不定式作定语。]
6．had discovered [考查动词的时态。根据时间状语By about 6000 BC可知，句子谓语动词用过去完成时，故填had discovered。]
7．seasons [考查名词的单复数。根据常识和语境可知，人们开始按照季节更替来种植庄稼，故填seasons。]
8．making [考查非谓语动词。结合and和上文的planting可知，此处应该填making与其并列。]
9．the [考查冠词。根据空后的rise of science可知，此处是名词的限定性修饰，语意表示“科学的兴起”，故填定冠词the，表示特指。]
10．meant [考查动词的时态和语态。结合句意可知，New methods与mean是主谓关系，同时文章的基本时态为一般过去时，故填meant。]
1．origin n．__________
2．standard n．____
3．constant adj．______
4．timing n．____
5．popularity n．__________
6．beneficial adj．______
起源，出处
标准
连续的
计时
热度，流行
有益的
7．switch n．&v．____
8．reaction n．____
9．manager n．____
10．agriculture n．____
11．accelerate v．____
12．artificial adj．______
开关
反应
经理
农业
加速
人工的
1．______n．信仰，相信
2．__________ vt．使泄气，使沮丧
3．_______ n．交通
4．_____ v．迸发，爆发
5．____ v．获得，赢得
6．_______ v．要求
belief
discourage
traffic
burst
gain
demand
7．_______ adj．不同的，各式各样的
8．_______ vt．取代，代替
9．________ adj．困惑的
10．___________ n．结合体，联合体
11．____ v．打猎，寻找
12．_____ v．喂养，抚养
replace
confused
combination
diverse
hunt
raise
1．admit v．承认；许可；进入→_________ n．许可；入场
2．contribute v．贡献； 撰稿→____________ n．贡献
3．communicate v．沟通，交流 →_____________ n．交流，信息
4．adjust v．调整，适应→__________ n．调整，适应
5．reduce v．减少→_________ n．减少
admission
contribution
communication
adjustment
reduction
6．significant adj．重要的 → ____________ n．重要性
7．diverse adj．不同的→_________ n．种类
8．confuse vt．使困惑→________ adj．感到困惑的→ _________ n．困惑
9．found vt．建立，奠基→ __________ n．基础
significance
diversity
confused
confusion
foundation
1．_________更为糟糕的是
2．_____对……起作用；按照……行事
3．_________替代，而不是
4．____大约
5．______有几分；到某种程度；稍稍
6．____________ 反复地，来回地
even worse
act on
instead of
or so
sort of
back and forth
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．No one knows for sure when or why it began to _________ (symbol) peace．
2．She admitted to herself she didn't know how ________(handle) the problem．
3．A patient will usually listen to the doctor's advice and act __ it．
4．The company is now well __________ (position) to compete in foreign markets．
symbolize
to handle
on
positioned
5．Tom ______ (gain) friendship and experience from the local residents，when he worked with them．
6．To the ____________(satisfy) of the boss，his products could satisfy the needs of the customers．
7．Mobile phones must __________ (switch) off inside the castle in consideration of other visitors．
gained
satisfaction
be switched
8．He advocated building more schools instead __ shops in this area at the meeting held yesterday．
9．He observed that people living in green spaces were less stressed，and less stressed people made more sensible decisions and ___________
(communicate) better．
of
communicated
Ⅰ．熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius．His face is almost the international symbol for genius．__________
2．Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed．__________
3．This style of farming lasted for quite a long time．____
声明，陈述
处理，解决
持续
4．“I'll miss these old boats，” he said as we parted．____
5．What people forget is that the Italians，when they came to Australia，brought 2000 years of their culture，the Greeks some 3000 years，and the Chinese more still．____
分别
大约
Ⅱ．似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself．
[译文] 但是我们想突破个人的范畴，来探讨天才的本性。
2．It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not．
[译文] 回答这个问题并不需要一个天才：当然不是。
3．But it is the harbor that makes the city．
[译文] 但是恰恰是港口成就了这座城市。
Ⅲ．复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women，or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others．
[分析] 本句是由when引导的状语从句和 they were unacknowledged...主句构成。句子的难点在于从句中make contributions使用了被动形式，同时又插入了破折号内的内容用以解释说明geniuses outside the club；另外对unacknowledged(不被公开承认的；未答复的)词义陌生，也加深了本句的理解难度。
[译文] 如果俱乐部之外的天才们做出贡献——女人，或者不同肤色信仰的人——他们就不会获得他人的认可，也不被接受。
2．A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six，girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are “really，really smart”．
[分析] 本句主句是A study found，recently published by Science是非谓语动词短语，修饰study；主句宾语是第一个that引导的宾语从句，其中主语是girls，谓语部分是are less likely than boys to say，as young as age six作定语，修饰girls；该宾语从句中又嵌入一个小的宾语从句，是由第二个that引导，用作动词say的宾语。
[译文] 最近《科学》杂志发表的一项研究发现，才六岁大的小女孩就已经不太可能像男孩子那样，说自己性别组里的成员“真的，真的非常聪明”。
3．Kevin Balke，a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute，says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities，others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference．
[分析] 主句主语是Kevin Balke，谓语says，第一个that引导宾语从句，宾语从句中又包含了while引导的状语从句以及so...that...句型。在这个so...that...句型中，that从句中的主语是a sharp reduction，谓语部分是will make a meaningful difference。
[译文] 凯文·贝尔克是德州A&M交通学院的研究工程师，他说尽管智能交通灯对一些城市尤其有益，但另外一些城市交通拥堵严重，只有大幅减少道路上的汽车数量才能真正起作用。
4．Shirley Fitzgerald，the city's official historian，told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings．
[分析] 这是一个复合句。句子主干为Shirley Fitzgerald told me (that)，主语后the city's official historian是其同位语； that引导宾语从句，从句中in its rush to modernity in the 1970s为介词短语作状语，including many of its finest buildings作定语修饰much of its past。
[译文] Shirley Fitzgerald是城市公职的历史学家，她告诉我在20世纪70年代，悉尼急于奔向现代化时，抛弃了很多过去的东西，包括许多最好的建筑。
02
核心词汇用法归纳
常考句型结构分析
掌握必备知识
1．acknowledge vt．承认；确认；答谢；告知收悉
(1)acknowledge doing sth．承认做了某事
acknowledge sth．/that从句 承认……
acknowledge sb．as.../to be...认为……是……(常用于被动语态)
(2)acknowledged adj．公认的；被普遍认可的
It is widely/universally acknowledged that...大家公认……
(3)unacknowledged adj．不被承认的，未公开承认的
acknowledge my error承认我的错误
acknowledge the greeting with a nod点头回应了问候
a generally acknowledged fact 一个公认的事实
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
① Her hard work ___________________ (acknowledge) since a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year．
②Generally ____________ (acknowledge) as the finest poet in the country，he still lives a low-profile life．
③ He acknowledged_____________(defeat) publicly by his friend in the game，which made us surprised．
has been acknowledged
acknowledged
being defeated
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达： People widely think that the shortest distance between persons is a sincere smile．
高级表达：_______________________ that the shortest distance between persons is a sincere smile．(it作形式主语)
It is widely acknowledged
(1)out of condition 健康状况不佳/条件状况欠佳
(2)on condition that 如果；在……条件下；倘若
on no condition 决不
(3)under...conditions 在……条件下
(4)in good/poor condition 状况很好(坏)；情况很好(坏)
2．condition n．条件，状况
working/living/studying conditions工作/生活/学习环境
the economic condition of the country该国的经济状况
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①What I want you to realize is that everybody is likely to be __ poor condition．
②___ no condition should you lose heart when you are in trouble．
③It is many young people's ambition to set up businesses that improve social __________(condition)．
in
On
conditions
[能力提升]——词汇升级
普通表达：They agreed to lend us the car if we returned it before the weekend．
高级表达：They agreed to lend us the car _______________ we returned it before the weekend．
on condition that
3．benefit n．利益；好处 vt．& vi．有益于；有助于；受益
(1)benefit from/by 从……中获益；得益于
for the benefit of sb．＝ for one's benefit为了某人的利益
(2)beneficial adj．有益的；有利的
be beneficial to ...＝be of benefit to ...对……有益
benefit a lot from this activity从这个活动中获益良多
the benefits of modern medicine现代医学的裨益
a benefit concert 慈善音乐会
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·北京卷)The students __________(benefit) most from college are those who are totally engaged in academic life，taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources．
②Today we benefit ____ countless inventions and innovations．
③China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ___ the benefit of all its citizens．
④Walking is extremely __________(benefit) to your body shape．
benefiting
from
for
beneficial
[能力提升]——词汇升级/句式升级
普通表达：It has been two weeks since you came to our school for the exchange program，and it is good to all of us．
①高级表达：It has been two weeks since you came to our school for the exchange program，and it is ________________________ all of us．
②高级表达：It has been two weeks since you came to our school for the exchange program，_______________________________________．(非限制性定语从句)
of benefit to/beneficial to
which is of benefit to/beneficial to all of us
(1)raise是及物动词，词义较多，根义为“抬升”，基于所跟的对象不同，以及用于不同场景而具有不同的含义。
(2)rise是不及物动词，表示“升起”；arise是不及物动词，表示“出现”； arouse是及物动词，表示“唤醒”。
4．raise v．举起；提出；抚养；饲养；筹集
raise public awareness about environmental protection
提升公众的环保意识
raise doubts about...引起对……的怀疑
develop/raise an awareness of...培养/提高……的意识
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The purpose，though，would be not just _______ (raise) revenue but to change behavior．
②Not only does exercise improve our health but also it makes us cheerful and ______ (raise) our learning efficiency．
to raise
raises
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达：He was brought up in a poor family．He found that everything in the outside world aroused his curiosity．
高级表达：____________________，he found that everything in the outside world aroused his curiosity．(过去分词短语作状语)
Raised in a poor family
In the last century or so，these changes have accelerated．
在过去的大约一个世纪里，这些变化加快了。
[句型公式] 本句涉及现在完成时态的一类标志性时间状语 “in the last＋时间段”，表示“在过去的多少时间里”，和现在完成时搭配使用。
(1)介词除了使用in，也可以使用during，for，over等。
(2)the last也可以用the past替换。
(3)如果只用in the past，则和过去时态搭配。
[金句推送] In the last few years，China has made great achievements in environmental protection．
在过去几年里，中国在环境保护上取得了伟大成就。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The boy，like many other English learners，______ (meet) with many difficulties in learning English during the past seven years．
②(2019·江苏卷)The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in ___ last three months．
has met
the
[能力提升]——完成句子
在过去几十年里，医疗技术的进步使得人们比过去活得更久。
_______________________________，advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past．
In/During/Over the last decades
03
夯基固本·知识落实
强技提能·知识应用
提升关键能力
Ⅰ．用所给词的正确形式填空
1．You must be careful when ________(handle) chemicals．
2．The _________ (reject) of such initiatives by no means indicates that voters are unconcerned about the environment．
3．The opinions ______ (state) in this essay do not necessarily represent those of the Church of God Missionary Society．
handling
rejection
stated
4．__standard is a level of quality or achievement，especially a level that is thought to be acceptable．
5．When you leave the room，please turn off all the _______(switch)．
A
switches
Ⅱ．在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．While modelling business is by no means to get into，the good model will always be __ demand．
2．In my view，high school students should have a balanced diet and eat more fruit and vegetables instead of junk food，which can be beneficial __ their health．
in
to
3．Mother was worried about whether she could adjust __ living in the mountainous village alone．
4．If you give __，you decide that you cannot do something and stop trying to do it．
5．The moment the players of the Chinese women volleyball team turned up，the audience burst ____ cheers．
to
up
into
阅读七选五
If your friendships are going to last a long time，you simply have to accept that things will always change．But never fear． 1 Here is a little of their advice．
Start with the friendship triangle(三角形)．
Shasta Nelson is a friendship expert who gives a concept called the “friendship triangle”． 2 Anyway，the base is positivity，and two sides of the triangle are consistency(一致性)and vulnerability(脆弱性)．If your friendship has something wrong，it's much easier to see what is off balance and adjust it in time．
Figure out what you value．
Another helpful tool comes from Rachel Wilkerson Miller．Wilkerson Miller recommends looking at friendships through your TME—time，money and energy．“Those are your most valuable resources，”she says．“Think about where you TME is going，how you're spending it and how you're giving it to．” 3
Don't be afraid to ask for things．
4 Being direct can feel awkward，but if you get into the habit of stating your needs，you can avoid a pile of hate much later on．“Ask for exactly what you need，”Havrilesky，a famous writer，says．“Sometimes it can work like medicine．So ask！”
5
During a long life，you go through a lot of different versions of yourself．That can mean that sometimes，a friend is only present for a certain chapter—and that is OK．
A．Not every friend is going to be there forever．
B．We offer some advice from experts to help you deal with the shifts in your friendship
C．Friendship is like a ship to carry you go further．
D．The friendship triangle is made of three equally long sides．
E．If you waste these resources，it might be time to shift the relationship．
F．You should get comfortable asking for what you need．
G．The expert recommends being clear when your friendship is no longer the same．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章提供了一些来自专家的建议以帮助你应对友谊上的转变。
1．B [考查上下文衔接。空前提到如果你的友谊会持续很长一段时间，你只需要接受这样一个事实，即事情总是会变化的，又结合空后的advice可知，B项符合语境，B项中的shifts与空前的change呼应。]
2．D [考查上下文衔接。该空前一句提出了“友谊三角形”这一概念，D选项“友谊三角形是由三条等长的边构成的”则解释了友谊三角形的基本构成，并与下文进一步指出每一条边代表的具体内容呼应。]
3．E [考查段落总结句。本段提出了一个人最珍贵的三种资源，即时间、金钱和精力，并建议通过TME的标准来看待你的友谊。E项“如果你浪费了这些资源，也许是时候该改变这种友谊了”总结本段内容，符合语境，故选E。]
4．F [考查段落主旨句。根据本段小标题“不要害怕提出要求”，以及本段内容可知，此处应选F项“你应该愉快放松地提出你的需求”来充当本段的主旨句。]
5．A [考查段落小标题。根据最后一段的内容可知，在漫长的生命中，你经历了很多不同版本的自己，那就可能意味着，有时一个朋友只存在于人生中的某一时期，这是可以的。故选A“不是每一位朋友都会永远在你身边”。]
04
话题写作
读后续写
铸就核心价值
Step 1 写作要点(根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①我第一次读到关于张衡的文章，就被他感动了，他是中国古代一个伟大的天文学家和发明家。(定语从句)
_____________ I read about Zhang Heng，_______________________
___________________________，I was touched．
The first time
who was a great astronomer
and inventor in ancient China
②他一生致力于科学研究和发明，包括著名的地震仪。
During his lifetime，he ____________ scientific research and inventions，including the famous seismograph．
③事实上，他第一次介绍地震仪时被嘲笑了。
________________，he got laughed at when first introducing his seismograph．
④他从未失去信心并继续研究。
He never _________ but went on with his research．
was devoted to
As a matter of fact
lost heart
⑤他深信只有他相信自己时，他才能胜任做任何事情。
He was convinced that he _________________________ only when he believed in himself．
⑥没有什么能够回报他对科学的贡献。
Nothing could _______________________________．
was equal to doing everything
reward his contributions to science
Step 2 表达升级(改变所给句子的结构以使表达升级)
用倒装句式升级句⑤
He was convinced that________________________________________
_________________．
only when he believed in himself was he equal
to doing anything
Step 3 衔接成文(利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
The first time I read about Zhang Heng，who was a great astronomer and inventor in ancient China，I was touched．During his lifetime，he was devoted to scientific research and inventions，including the famous seismograph．As a matter of fact，he got laughed at when first introducing his seismograph．However，he never lost heart but went on with his research．He was convinced that only when he believed in himself was he equal to doing anything．In my opinion，nothing could reward his contributions to science．
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Julia Koch began what was only her second year as a first grade teacher in a virtual classroom at Edgewood Elementary School in Muskegon Heights，Michigan．One September afternoon a few weeks into the school year，she received a call from Ann Phillips，who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughter's tools for online learning．
Julia immediately knew something was wrong with Ann．The two women had spoken numerous times before，but Julia had never heard the grandmother sound quite like this．Her words were so jumbled(混乱的)that Julia could barely understand her，though she was able to make out that Ann had fallen four times that day．Julia called her principal，Charlie Lovelady，who assured her that he would call and check on Ann himself．
Just like Julia，Charlie could barely understand Phillips．He suspected she might be having a stroke(中风)—he recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one．Charlie was able to make out the word “kids” and immediately became concerned that Ann's two grandchildren，aged six and eight，were probably home alone with her—she is their primary guardian—and scared．Charlie asked his office manager to send an ambulance to the grandmother's home．Then Charlie called Vandiebilt Mathews and Keytria But-Walker，two deans in the school district，to tell them what was going on．Both of them dropped everything and drove to the family's home．
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
When they pulled up less than ten minutes later，the emergency workers were treating Phillips．_________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
But the school's crisis response is only one piece of the community's extraordinary efforts．_____________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
When they pulled up less than ten minutes later，the emergency workers were treating Phillips. The quick response from Julia and Charlie saved Ann's life.“If it weren't for them，I wouldn't be here，” said Ann from her hospital bed about a month after her stroke.Thanks to an extended stay in the hospital，she has regained most of the movement throughout her body except for one hand and a portion of her mouth，which affects her speech.“I'm proud that people responded so quickly that it did make a difference for Mrs.Phillips，” says Julia.“I am so pleased to be part of such a caring community.”
But the school's crisis response is only one piece of the community's extraordinary efforts. Another family with young children took in the two girls.When that became too much to handle during the day with at-home learning，school contacted the local Boys and Girls Club，where the girls now spend their days as part of a program to help working parents．They return to the host family at night．Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country，but in Muskegon Heights it has helped the community grow closer．INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/五年高考真题重做．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/阅读理解．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
A (2021·全国甲卷·D)
Who is a genius This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries．
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius．His face is almost the international symbol for genius．But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself．Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us？And who are they
In the sciences and arts，those praised as geniuses were most often white men，of European origin．Perhaps this is not a surprise．It's said that history is written by the victors，and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club．When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women，or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others．
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six，girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender are “really，really smart．” Even worse，the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really，really smart．” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not．
Here's the good news．In a wired world with constant global communication，we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear．And the more we look，the more we will see that social factors (因素) like gender，race，and class do not determine the appearance of genius．As a writer says，future geniuses come from those with “intelligence，creativity，perseverance (毅力)，and simple good fortune，who are able to change the world．”
【语篇解读】 不论是在科学界还是艺术界，判断一个人是不是“天才”只有一个标准——“胜利者的标准”。然而这是一个极为不公平的判断标准，因为它将很大一部分人排除在“天才俱乐部”外。好消息是这种情况正在得到改善。
1．What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club
A．They're unfair．
B．They're conservative．
C．They're objective．
D．They're strict．
A [推理判断题。根据第三段的“It's said that history is written by the victors，and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club．When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women，or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others．”可知，历史是由胜利者书写的，而这些胜利者也为“天才俱乐部”设定了标准。当“俱乐部”外的天才(即女性、不同肤色或信仰的人)做出贡献时，他们得不到认可，并会被其他人拒绝进入“天才俱乐部”。因此作者认为胜利者为“天才俱乐部”设定的准入标准是不公平的。故选A。]
2．What can we infer about girls from the study in Science
A．They think themselves smart．
B．They look up to great thinkers．
C．They see gender differences earlier than boys．
D．They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs．
D [推理判断题。根据第四段的“A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six，girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are ‘really，really smart．’Even worse，the study found that girls act on that belief：Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are‘really，really smart．’”可知，该项研究发现，女孩会避免去做那些被认为是“特别特别聪明”的孩子才能做的事。由此可知，女孩可能受到社会观念的影响。故选D。]
3．Why are more geniuses known to the public
A．Improved global communication．
B．Less discrimination against women．
C．Acceptance of victors' concepts．
D．Changes in people's social positions．
A [细节理解题。根据第五段的“In a wired world with constant global communication，we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear．”可知，有更多的天才被公众所知，其原因在于全球通信系统的改善。故选A。]
4．What is the best title for the text
A．Geniuses Think Alike
B．Genius Takes Many Forms
C．Genius and Intelligence
D．Genius and Luck
B [主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中的“...social factors like gender，race，and class do not determine the appearance of genius．As a writer says，future geniuses come from those with‘intelligence，creativity，perseverance，and simple good fortune，who are able to change the world．’”可知，像性别、种族和阶层这样的社会因素并不能决定天才是什么样的。因此B项“天才有多种形式”最能概括本文的主旨。]
B (2020·浙江7月卷·B)
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue，Washington，generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row，especially at rush hour．At 9：30 am，the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds．By 9：33 am，a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds．Less traffic at 9：37 am could push it down to 135．Just like the traffic itself，the timing of the signals changes．
That is by design．Bellevue，a fast growing city just east of Seattle，uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US：intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions．These lights，known as adaptive signals，have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home．
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed，”says Alex Stevanovic，a researcher at Florida Atlantic University．
For all of Bellevue's success，adaptive signals are not a cure all for jammed roadways．Kevin Balke，a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute，says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities，others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference．“It's not going to fix everything，but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities，”he says．
In Bellevue，the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches．In the past，there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic：just widen the roads，says Mark Poch，the Bellevue Transportation Department's traffic engineering manager．Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger．
【语篇解读】 本文主要介绍了美国的一种可调节式的交通信号灯。
5．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Increased length of green lights．
B．Shortened traffic signal cycle．
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals．
D．Smooth traffic flow on the road．
C [代词指代题。根据文章第一段中的“The traffic signals...By 9：33 am，a burst of...Less traffic at 9：37 am...changes”可以推知，that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间，故选C项。]
6．What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A．They work better on broad roads．
B．They should be used in other cities．
C．They have greatly reduced traffic on the road．
D．They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed．
D [细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“others are so jammed that only...It's not going to fix everything，but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities”可知，Kevin Balke认为可调节式的交通信号灯对小城市的交通改善是有用的，但对交通极度拥堵的城市而言，作用并不是非常大，故选D项。]
7．What can we learn from Bellevue's success
A．It is rewarding to try new things．
B．The old methods still work today．
C．It pays to put theory into practice．
D．The simplest way is the best way．
A [推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches”可推知，从Bellevue装可调节式交通信号灯一事上不难发现，它的成功在于积极尝试新事物，故选A项。]
C (2022·全国甲卷·D)
Sometime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia．The city discovered its harbor．Then，one after another，Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there—broad parks，superb beaches，and a culturally diverse population．But it is the harbor that makes the city．
Andrew Reynolds，a cheerful fellow in his early 30s，pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living．I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor．After our third run Andrew shut down the engine，and we went our separate ways—he for a lunch break，I to explore the city．
“I'll miss these old boats，”he said as we parted．
“How do you mean？”I asked．
“Oh，they're replacing them with catamarans．Catamarans are faster，but they're not so elegant，and they're not fun to pilot．But that's progress，I guess．”
Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords(口号)，and traditions are increasingly rare．Shirley Fitzgerald，the city's official historian，told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings．“Sydney is confused about itself，”she said．“We can't seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one．It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better at resolving(解决)．”
On the other hand，being young and old at the same time has its attractions．I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony．“Many people say that we lack culture in this country，”he told me．“What people forget is that the Italians，when they came to Australia，brought 2000 years of their culture，the Greeks some 3000 years，and the Chinese more still．We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country．It's a pretty hard combination to beat．”
He is right，but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇议论文。悉尼作为一座海港城市，发生着日新月异的变化，这对传统形成冲击。一些传统事物正逐渐被新兴事物所取代。
8．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．Sydney's striking architecture．
B．The cultural diversity of Sydney．
C．The key to Sydney's development．
D．Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s．
C [主旨大意题。根据第一段的前两句“Sometime in the early 1960s，a significant thing happened in Sydney，Australia．The city discovered its harbor．”以及最后一句“But it is the harbor that makes the city．”可知，正是海港造就了悉尼。因此本段主要讲述了海港是悉尼发展的关键。故选C。]
9．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A．He goes to work by boat．
B．He looks forward to a new life．
C．He pilots catamarans well．
D．He is attached to the old ferries．
D [细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I'll miss these old boats”以及第五段“Oh，they're replacing them with catamarans．Catamarans are faster，but they're not so elegant，and they're not fun to pilot．”可知，Andrew Reynolds 并不希望渡船被双体船取代，所以可推知，Andrew Reynolds 喜欢老式渡船。故选D。]
10．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A．It is losing its traditions．
B．It should speed up its progress．
C．It should expand its population．
D．It is becoming more international．
A [推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Everywhere in Sydney these days，change and progress are the watchwords，and traditions are increasingly rare．”以及“...told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings．”可知，Shirley Fitzgerald 认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，使得它正在失去原本的传统。故选A。]
11．Which statement will the author probably agree with
A．A city can be young and old at the same time．
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic．
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance．
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign．
A [推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“On the other hand，being young and old at the same time has its attractions．”可知，一座兼具新旧的城市有其魅力。再结合“We've got a foundation...to beat．”和最后一段中的“He is right”可推断出，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以既年轻又古老。故选A。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/语法填空．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
(2020·浙江7月卷)
Some time after 10 000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 1．________，through agriculture．Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on 2．________ could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown．
Farming produced more food per person 3．________ hunting and gathering，so people were able to raise more children．And，as more children were born，more food 4．________(need)．Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology 5．________ (change)lives．
By about 6000 BC，people 6．________(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise．Later，they learned to work with the 7．________ (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，8．________(make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields．
This style of farming lasted for quite a long time．Then，with 9．________ rise of science，changes began．New methods 10．________ (mean)that fewer people worked in farming．In the last century or so，these changes have accelerated．New power machinery and artificial fertilizers(化肥) have now totally transformed a way of life that started in the Stone Age．
【语篇解读】 文章主要介绍了人类农业技术的发展。
1．in [考查介词。live in是固定词组，表示“在……地方生活”，故填in。]
2．what [考查名词性从句。根据语法结构可知，what引导宾语从句，作on的宾语。由于该宾语从句中缺少主语，同时空处表示“……的事物”，故填what。]
3．than [考查介词。根据上文的more food可知，此处是more...than...结构，表示“比……多……”。]
4．was needed [考查动词的时态、语态。结合句意“出生的孩子越多，需要的粮食就越多”可知，more food与need构成被动关系，且文章的基本时态为一般过去时，故填was needed。]
5．to change [考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，“农业给了人们首次用技术的力量去改变生活的体验”，故接不定式作定语。]
6．had discovered [考查动词的时态。根据时间状语By about 6000 BC可知，句子谓语动词用过去完成时，故填had discovered。]
7．seasons [考查名词的单复数。根据常识和语境可知，人们开始按照季节更替来种植庄稼，故填seasons。]
8．making [考查非谓语动词。结合and和上文的planting可知，此处应该填making与其并列。]
9．the [考查冠词。根据空后的rise of science可知，此处是名词的限定性修饰，语意表示“科学的兴起”，故填定冠词the，表示特指。]
10．meant [考查动词的时态和语态。结合句意可知，New methods与mean是主谓关系，同时文章的基本时态为一般过去时，故填meant。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/主题语境词汇存储．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏1．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．origin n．起源，出处
2．standard n．标准
3．constant adj．连续的
4．timing n．计时
5．popularity n．热度，流行
6．beneficial adj．有益的
7．switch n．&v．开关
8．reaction n．反应
9．manager n．经理
10．agriculture n．农业
11．accelerate v．加速
12．artificial adj．人工的
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏1+．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．belief n．信仰，相信
2．discourage vt．使泄气，使沮丧
3．traffic n．交通
4．burst v．迸发，爆发
5．gain v．获得，赢得
6．demand v．要求
7．diverse adj．不同的，各式各样的
8．replace vt．取代，代替
9．confused adj．困惑的
10．combination n．结合体，联合体
11．hunt v．打猎，寻找
12．raise v．喂养，抚养
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/三栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏1．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．admit v．承认；许可；进入→admission n．许可；入场
2．contribute v．贡献； 撰稿→contribution n．贡献
3．communicate v．沟通，交流 →communication n．交流，信息
4．adjust v．调整，适应→adjustment n．调整，适应
5．reduce v．减少→reduction n．减少
6．significant adj．重要的 → significance n．重要性
7．diverse adj．不同的→diversity n．种类
8．confuse vt．使困惑→confused adj．感到困惑的→ confusion n．困惑
9．found vt．建立，奠基→ foundation n．基础
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏1+．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．even worse更为糟糕的是
2．act on对……起作用；按照……行事
3．instead of替代，而不是
4．or so大约
5．sort of有几分；到某种程度；稍稍
6．back and forth 反复地，来回地
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/二栏3．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
[即时演练]单句语法填空
1．No one knows for sure when or why it began to symbolize (symbol) peace．
2．She admitted to herself she didn't know how to handle (handle) the problem．
3．A patient will usually listen to the doctor's advice and act on it．
4．The company is now well positioned (position) to compete in foreign markets．
5．Tom gained (gain) friendship and experience from the local residents，when he worked with them．
6．To the satisfaction(satisfy) of the boss，his products could satisfy the needs of the customers．
7．Mobile phones must be switched (switch) off inside the castle in consideration of other visitors．
8．He advocated building more schools instead of shops in this area at the meeting held yesterday．
9．He observed that people living in green spaces were less stressed，and less stressed people made more sensible decisions and communicated (communicate) better．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/奇特语言现象探究．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
Ⅰ．熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)
1．Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius．His face is almost the international symbol for genius．声明，陈述
2．Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed．处理，解决
3．This style of farming lasted for quite a long time．持续
4．“I'll miss these old boats，” he said as we parted．分别
5．What people forget is that the Italians，when they came to Australia，brought 2000 years of their culture，the Greeks some 3000 years，and the Chinese more still．大约
Ⅱ．似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)
1．But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself．
[译文] 但是我们想突破个人的范畴，来探讨天才的本性。
2．It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not．
[译文] 回答这个问题并不需要一个天才：当然不是。
3．But it is the harbor that makes the city．
[译文] 但是恰恰是港口成就了这座城市。
Ⅲ．复杂晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)
1．When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women，or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others．
[分析] 本句是由when引导的状语从句和 they were unacknowledged...主句构成。句子的难点在于从句中make contributions使用了被动形式，同时又插入了破折号内的内容用以解释说明geniuses outside the club；另外对unacknowledged(不被公开承认的；未答复的)词义陌生，也加深了本句的理解难度。
[译文] 如果俱乐部之外的天才们做出贡献——女人，或者不同肤色信仰的人——他们就不会获得他人的认可，也不被接受。
2．A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six，girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别) are “really，really smart”．
[分析] 本句主句是A study found，recently published by Science是非谓语动词短语，修饰study；主句宾语是第一个that引导的宾语从句，其中主语是girls，谓语部分是are less likely than boys to say，as young as age six作定语，修饰girls；该宾语从句中又嵌入一个小的宾语从句，是由第二个that引导，用作动词say的宾语。
[译文] 最近《科学》杂志发表的一项研究发现，才六岁大的小女孩就已经不太可能像男孩子那样，说自己性别组里的成员“真的，真的非常聪明”。
3．Kevin Balke，a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute，says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities，others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference．
[分析] 主句主语是Kevin Balke，谓语says，第一个that引导宾语从句，宾语从句中又包含了while引导的状语从句以及so...that...句型。在这个so...that...句型中，that从句中的主语是a sharp reduction，谓语部分是will make a meaningful difference。
[译文] 凯文·贝尔克是德州A&M交通学院的研究工程师，他说尽管智能交通灯对一些城市尤其有益，但另外一些城市交通拥堵严重，只有大幅减少道路上的汽车数量才能真正起作用。
4．Shirley Fitzgerald，the city's official historian，told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s，Sydney swept aside much of its past，including many of its finest buildings．
[分析] 这是一个复合句。句子主干为Shirley Fitzgerald told me (that)，主语后the city's official historian是其同位语； that引导宾语从句，从句中in its rush to modernity in the 1970s为介词短语作状语，including many of its finest buildings作定语修饰much of its past。
[译文] Shirley Fitzgerald是城市公职的历史学家，她告诉我在20世纪70年代，悉尼急于奔向现代化时，抛弃了很多过去的东西，包括许多最好的建筑。
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/掌握必备知识．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/核心词汇用法归纳．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
1．acknowledge vt．承认；确认；答谢；告知收悉
(1)acknowledge doing sth．承认做了某事
acknowledge sth．/that从句 承认……
acknowledge sb．as.../to be...认为……是……(常用于被动语态)
(2)acknowledged adj．公认的；被普遍认可的
It is widely/universally acknowledged that...大家公认……
(3)unacknowledged adj．不被承认的，未公开承认的
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
acknowledge my error承认我的错误
acknowledge the greeting with a nod点头回应了问候
a generally acknowledged fact 一个公认的事实
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
① Her hard work has been acknowledged (acknowledge) since a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year．
②Generally acknowledged (acknowledge) as the finest poet in the country，he still lives a low profile life．
③ He acknowledged being defeated(defeat) publicly by his friend in the game，which made us surprised．
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达： People widely think that the shortest distance between persons is a sincere smile．
高级表达： It is widely acknowledged that the shortest distance between persons is a sincere smile．(it作形式主语)
2．condition n．条件，状况
(1)out of condition 健康状况不佳/条件状况欠佳
(2)on condition that 如果；在……条件下；倘若
on no condition 决不
(3)under...conditions 在……条件下
(4)in good/poor condition 状况很好(坏)；情况很好(坏)
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
working/living/studying conditions工作/生活/学习环境
the economic condition of the country该国的经济状况
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①What I want you to realize is that everybody is likely to be in poor condition．
②On no condition should you lose heart when you are in trouble．
③It is many young people's ambition to set up businesses that improve social conditions(condition)．
[能力提升]——词汇升级
普通表达：They agreed to lend us the car if we returned it before the weekend．
高级表达：They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend．
3．benefit n．利益；好处 vt．& vi．有益于；有助于；受益
(1)benefit from/by 从……中获益；得益于
for the benefit of sb．＝ for one's benefit为了某人的利益
(2)beneficial adj．有益的；有利的
be beneficial to ...＝be of benefit to ...对……有益
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
benefit a lot from this activity从这个活动中获益良多
the benefits of modern medicine现代医学的裨益
a benefit concert 慈善音乐会
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①(2019·北京卷)The students benefiting(benefit) most from college are those who are totally engaged in academic life，taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources．
②Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations．
③China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals for the benefit of all its citizens．
④Walking is extremely beneficial(benefit) to your body shape．
[能力提升]——词汇升级/句式升级
普通表达：It has been two weeks since you came to our school for the exchange program，and it is good to all of us．
①高级表达：It has been two weeks since you came to our school for the exchange program，and it is of benefit to/beneficial to all of us．
②高级表达：It has been two weeks since you came to our school for the exchange program，which is of benefit to/beneficial to all of us．(非限制性定语从句)
4．raise v．举起；提出；抚养；饲养；筹集
(1)raise是及物动词，词义较多，根义为“抬升”，基于所跟的对象不同，以及用于不同场景而具有不同的含义。
(2)rise是不及物动词，表示“升起”；arise是不及物动词，表示“出现”； arouse是及物动词，表示“唤醒”。
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累1．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
raise public awareness about environmental protection
提升公众的环保意识
raise doubts about...引起对……的怀疑
develop/raise an awareness of...培养/提高……的意识
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/词块积累3．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The purpose，though，would be not just to raise (raise) revenue but to change behavior．
②Not only does exercise improve our health but also it makes us cheerful and raises (raise) our learning efficiency．
[能力提升]——句式升级
普通表达：He was brought up in a poor family．He found that everything in the outside world aroused his curiosity．
高级表达：Raised in a poor family，he found that everything in the outside world aroused his curiosity．(过去分词短语作状语)
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/常考句型结构分析．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
In the last century or so，these changes have accelerated．
在过去的大约一个世纪里，这些变化加快了。
[句型公式] 本句涉及现在完成时态的一类标志性时间状语 “in the last＋时间段”，表示“在过去的多少时间里”，和现在完成时搭配使用。
(1)介词除了使用in，也可以使用during，for，over等。
(2)the last也可以用the past替换。
(3)如果只用in the past，则和过去时态搭配。
[金句推送] In the last few years，China has made great achievements in environmental protection．
在过去几年里，中国在环境保护上取得了伟大成就。
[基础练习]——单句语法填空
①The boy，like many other English learners，has met (meet) with many difficulties in learning English during the past seven years．
②(2019·江苏卷)The musician along with his band members has given ten performances in the last three months．
[能力提升]——完成句子
在过去几十年里，医疗技术的进步使得人们比过去活得更久。
In/During/Over the last decades，advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/提升关键能力．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/夯基固本．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
Ⅰ．用所给词的正确形式填空
1．You must be careful when handling(handle) chemicals．
2．The rejection (reject) of such initiatives by no means indicates that voters are unconcerned about the environment．
3．The opinions stated (state) in this essay do not necessarily represent those of the Church of God Missionary Society．
4．A standard is a level of quality or achievement，especially a level that is thought to be acceptable．
5．When you leave the room，please turn off all the switches(switch)．
Ⅱ．在空白处填入一个适当的词
1．While modelling business is by no means to get into，the good model will always be in demand．
2．In my view，high school students should have a balanced diet and eat more fruit and vegetables instead of junk food，which can be beneficial to their health．
3．Mother was worried about whether she could adjust to living in the mountainous village alone．
4．If you give up，you decide that you cannot do something and stop trying to do it．
5．The moment the players of the Chinese women volleyball team turned up，the audience burst into cheers．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/强技提能．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
阅读七选五
If your friendships are going to last a long time，you simply have to accept that things will always change．But never fear． 1 Here is a little of their advice．
Start with the friendship triangle(三角形)．
Shasta Nelson is a friendship expert who gives a concept called the “friendship triangle”． 2 Anyway，the base is positivity，and two sides of the triangle are consistency(一致性)and vulnerability(脆弱性)．If your friendship has something wrong，it's much easier to see what is off balance and adjust it in time．
Figure out what you value．
Another helpful tool comes from Rachel Wilkerson Miller．Wilkerson Miller recommends looking at friendships through your TME—time，money and energy．“Those are your most valuable resources，”she says．“Think about where you TME is going，how you're spending it and how you're giving it to．” 3
Don't be afraid to ask for things．
4 Being direct can feel awkward，but if you get into the habit of stating your needs，you can avoid a pile of hate much later on．“Ask for exactly what you need，”Havrilesky，a famous writer，says．“Sometimes it can work like medicine．So ask！”
5
During a long life，you go through a lot of different versions of yourself．That can mean that sometimes，a friend is only present for a certain chapter—and that is OK．
A．Not every friend is going to be there forever．
B．We offer some advice from experts to help you deal with the shifts in your friendship．
C．Friendship is like a ship to carry you go further．
D．The friendship triangle is made of three equally long sides．
E．If you waste these resources，it might be time to shift the relationship．
F．You should get comfortable asking for what you need．
G．The expert recommends being clear when your friendship is no longer the same．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章提供了一些来自专家的建议以帮助你应对友谊上的转变。
1．B [考查上下文衔接。空前提到如果你的友谊会持续很长一段时间，你只需要接受这样一个事实，即事情总是会变化的，又结合空后的advice可知，B项符合语境，B项中的shifts与空前的change呼应。]
2．D [考查上下文衔接。该空前一句提出了“友谊三角形”这一概念，D选项“友谊三角形是由三条等长的边构成的”则解释了友谊三角形的基本构成，并与下文进一步指出每一条边代表的具体内容呼应。]
3．E [考查段落总结句。本段提出了一个人最珍贵的三种资源，即时间、金钱和精力，并建议通过TME的标准来看待你的友谊。E项“如果你浪费了这些资源，也许是时候该改变这种友谊了”总结本段内容，符合语境，故选E。]
4．F [考查段落主旨句。根据本段小标题“不要害怕提出要求”，以及本段内容可知，此处应选F项“你应该愉快放松地提出你的需求”来充当本段的主旨句。]
5．A [考查段落小标题。根据最后一段的内容可知，在漫长的生命中，你经历了很多不同版本的自己，那就可能意味着，有时一个朋友只存在于人生中的某一时期，这是可以的。故选A“不是每一位朋友都会永远在你身边”。]
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/铸就核心价值．tif" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/话题写作．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/写作要点．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (根据汉语提示补全所给的英文句子)
①我第一次读到关于张衡的文章，就被他感动了，他是中国古代一个伟大的天文学家和发明家。(定语从句)
The first time I read about Zhang Heng，who was a great astronomer and inventor in ancient China，I was touched．
②他一生致力于科学研究和发明，包括著名的地震仪。
During his lifetime，he was devoted to scientific research and inventions，including the famous seismograph．
③事实上，他第一次介绍地震仪时被嘲笑了。
As a matter of fact，he got laughed at when first introducing his seismograph．
④他从未失去信心并继续研究。
He never lost heart but went on with his research．
⑤他深信只有他相信自己时，他才能胜任做任何事情。
He was convinced that he was equal to doing everything only when he believed in himself．
⑥没有什么能够回报他对科学的贡献。
Nothing could reward his contributions to science．
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用倒装句式升级句⑤
He was convinced that only when he believed in himself was he equal to doing anything．
INCLUDEPICTURE "．．/衔接成文．TIF" \* MERGEFORMAT (利用恰当的过渡衔接词语连句成篇)
The first time I read about Zhang Heng，who was a great astronomer and inventor in ancient China，I was touched．During his lifetime，he was devoted to scientific research and inventions，including the famous seismograph．As a matter of fact，he got laughed at when first introducing his seismograph．However，he never lost heart but went on with his research．He was convinced that only when he believed in himself was he equal to doing anything．In my opinion，nothing could reward his contributions to science．
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阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Julia Koch began what was only her second year as a first grade teacher in a virtual classroom at Edgewood Elementary School in Muskegon Heights，Michigan．One September afternoon a few weeks into the school year，she received a call from Ann Phillips，who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughter's tools for online learning．
Julia immediately knew something was wrong with Ann．The two women had spoken numerous times before，but Julia had never heard the grandmother sound quite like this．Her words were so jumbled(混乱的)that Julia could barely understand her，though she was able to make out that Ann had fallen four times that day．Julia called her principal，Charlie Lovelady，who assured her that he would call and check on Ann himself．
Just like Julia，Charlie could barely understand Phillips．He suspected she might be having a stroke(中风)—he recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one．Charlie was able to make out the word “kids” and immediately became concerned that Ann's two grandchildren，aged six and eight，were probably home alone with her—she is their primary guardian—and scared．Charlie asked his office manager to send an ambulance to the grandmother's home．Then Charlie called Vandiebilt Mathews and Keytria But Walker，two deans in the school district，to tell them what was going on．Both of them dropped everything and drove to the family's home．
注意：1．续写词数应为150左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
When they pulled up less than ten minutes later，the emergency workers were treating Phillips．_____________________________________________________
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But the school's crisis response is only one piece of the community's extraordinary efforts．_________________________________________________
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【参考范文】
When they pulled up less than ten minutes later，the emergency workers were treating Phillips. The quick response from Julia and Charlie saved Ann's life.“If it weren't for them，I wouldn't be here，” said Ann from her hospital bed about a month after her stroke.Thanks to an extended stay in the hospital，she has regained most of the movement throughout her body except for one hand and a portion of her mouth，which affects her speech.“I'm proud that people responded so quickly that it did make a difference for Mrs.Phillips，” says Julia.“I am so pleased to be part of such a caring community.”
But the school's crisis response is only one piece of the community's extraordinary efforts. Another family with young children took in the two girls.When that became too much to handle during the day with at home learning，school contacted the local Boys and Girls Club，where the girls now spend their days as part of a program to help working parents．They return to the host family at night．Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country，but in Muskegon Heights it has helped the community grow closer．
