Unit 5 What are the shirts made of? 语法、阅读、写作专题学案

人教版九年级 Unit5 语法、阅读、写作专题
九年级上册 Unit 5
语法专题 一般现在时的被动语态
1.被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语中的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”“受”“给”等词来表示被动意义。
例：He opens the door.他打开这扇门。（主动语态）
The door is opened.这扇门被打开。（被动语态）
2.被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也是如此。
(1)被动语态的句式变化：
以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化：
(2)表示客观的说明常用“It is+过去分词+that…”句型。
例：It is believed that he is a spy.=He is believed to be a spy.大家认为他是个间谋。
知识拓展
其他常见的“It is+过去分词+that...”句型还有：
It is reported that...据报道......
It is said that...据说......
It is suggested that...有人建议......
3.主动语态变为被动语态的步骤
(1)将主动句的宾语变为主语。
Tom saves him.汤姆救了他。
→ He is saved by Tom.他被汤姆救了。
小贴士
如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。
(2)将动词改为be+过去分词”。
They hold a meeting today.今天他们召开了一次会议。
A meeting is held by them today.今天会议是由他们召开的。
小贴士
be动词与新主语在数上保持一致，时态不变。
(3)将主动语态的主语改为by…放在谓语动词后。
He sings the song.他唱这首歌。
→ The song is sung by him.这首歌是他唱的。
They don't forgive me.他们没有原谅我。
→ I am not forgiven by them.我没有被他们原谅。
小贴士
如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。
4.主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项
(1)主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”“大家”的单词，变为被动句时，通常去“by…”，但原主语被强调时除外。
We believe she is a good teacher.我们认为她是一位好老师。
→It is believed that she is a good teacher.她被认为是一位好老师。
(2)含有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式，但多以间接宾语作主语。
Jack tells us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
→We are told the truth by Jack./The truth is told to us by Jack.
真相是杰克告诉我们的。
5.动词的主动形式表示被动意义
以主动形式表示被动意义的动词多为连系动词，如：look, feel, smell等，下列动词(短语）没有被动式：happen, cost, take place, have。
昨天发生了一起事故。
An accident was happened yesterday. (X)
An accident happened yesterday. (√ ）
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
The watch looks very good.这块手表看起来很好。
This book sells well.这本书很畅销。
6.一般现在时的被动语态的句式变化
(1)肯定句：主语+am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词+其他.
The kite is made by Mary.这个风等是玛丽做的。
(2)一般疑问句及其答语：Am/Is/Are+主语+及物动词的过去分词+其他？
肯定回答：Yes,主语+am/is/are.
否定回答：No,主语+isn't/aren't.或No, I'm not.
-Is the kite made by Mary 这个风筝是玛丽做的吗？
-Yes, it is.对，它是。/No, it isn't.不，它不是。
(3)否定句：主语+am/is/are +not+及物动词的过去分词+其他.
The kite isn't made by Mary.这个风筝不是玛丽做的。
方法技巧 一般现在时的被动语态
一般现在时，被动用 be done, be有am, is, are。否定be后加not,疑问be放主语前。
链接中考
(重庆中考）-How clean your car is!
-Thank you. It very often.
A.is washed B. washes C. was washed D. washed
解析：分析句子结构可知，主语it是谓语动词wash动作的承受者，要用被动语态。由句中的often可知用一般现在时态，一般现在时的被动语态结构为：am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词。句子主语it是第三人称单数，be动词应用is,故选A。
语法专练
单项填空
1.(河南中考）We are going to take the high speed train to Xi’an tomorrow, so an early arrival at the station__________ .
A. advises B.is advised C.is advising D. was advised
2.(吉林中考）Rice _________ by hand in many countries, such as China and India.
A. grows B.is grown C. grew
3.(四川成都中考）You are not supposed to go to a family party unless you______ to in the US.
A are not invited B. are invited C. will be invited
4.(天津中考）The novel ________by many people today.
A.is read B. are read C. reads D. were read
5.(黑龙江绥化中考）Chopsticks ________ every day when people eat Chinese food.
A.is used B. are used C. was used
阅读专题
推理判断法
阅读理解解题技巧（四）
推理判断题着重考查我们通篇把握全文意思，根据上下文的逻辑关系，运用所学知识对文章进行分析、推理、判断等的能力。我们可以在理解整篇文章的基础上，以文章提供的事实为依据，将已表述的和隐含的信息结合起来进行分析、思考，透彻理解全文，以领会作者的真正意图，从而做出正确的推理和判断，切忌凭空想象，主观臆断。
(内蒙古包头中考）One day, a little girl was sitting and watching her mother do the dishes in the kitchen. She suddenly saw that her mother had a few grey hairs. She looked at her mother and curiously asked, "Why are some of your hairs grey, Mom "
Her mother said, "Well, every time you do something wrong and make me cry or unhappy, one of my hairs turns grey."
The girl thought for a while and then said" Mom, why are all of Grandma's hairs grey "
In Paragraph 2, what did the girl mean by asking the last question
A. Her mother made her grandmother cry a lot
B. Her mother made her grandmother laugh a lot
C. Her grandmother made her mother cry a lot
D. Her grandmother made her mother laugh a lot
解析：本题属于推理判断题。女孩儿根据妈妈说的话“Well, every time you do something wrong and make me cry or unhappy, one of my hairs turns grey."推理她姥姥的头发全白了是因为她妈妈经常让她姥姥哭。选A。
写作专题
【写作话题】
本单元围绕"Talk about what products are made of and where they were made"这一话题展开教学活动。通过学习，我们了解了日常生活中的一些常用的东西，比如筷子、邮票、窗户、餐叉、硬币、衬衫等是由什么材料制成的以及它们的产地。
【写作技巧】
(1)本单元的话题是“Talk about what products are made of and where they were made",因此要紧紧围绕这一话题介绍一些物品制作的材料和产地。
(2)常用短语：be made of, be made by, be used to。
【写作应用】
你的城镇或城市有没有一些著名的特产？它们可能是食品、艺术品或其他任何产品。拿起你的笔写一写吧
(1) What is it made of/ from
(2) Who is it made by
(3)Where is it made
写作模板
开头——点明自己的家乡，介绍其位置
My hometown is... It is located in...
中间——具体介绍自己家乡的特产
...is very famous...
...is usually made of...
... is made by...
Today...has become...
结尾 抒发自己的情感
Welcome to my hometown...
优秀范文
My hometown is Weifang. It is located in Shandong Province. The kite is very famous all over the world. The kite is usually made of bamboo. The first kite is made by Modi thousands of years ago. Today kite flying has become an international sport. Every year people from all over the world come to Weifang to fly kites in April. It will hold a competition on kite flying. It will hold a party to celebrate the International kite festival. Many famous men will be invited to celebrate the festival. Welcome to my hometown Weifang.
名师点评
②用 be located in...表明家乡的位置。
②用 be made of, be made by说明制作风筝的材料和最初的制作者。
③恰当地使用了一般将来时的被动语态，说明风筝节的重要性。
语法专练参考答案与解析
1.BA项构成一般现在时的主动语态；B项构成一般现在时的被动语态；C项构成现在进行时的主动语态；D项构成在一般过去时的被动语态。由此句的主语 an early arrival(早到达）与谓语动词 advise(建议）之间是被动关系可知，此处应用被动语态；再由前一分句意思“我们打算明天坐高铁去西安”可知，是现在在谈论某事，因此后一分句“建议早到车站”也应该用现在时态。故用一般现在时的被动语态，选B。
2.B分析句子结构可知，主语rice是谓语动词grow的承受者，要用被动语态。由句意“在许多国家，例如中国和印度，水稻靠人工种植”可知，要用一般现在时态，一般现在时的被动语态的结构：am/is/are+过去分词。故选B。
3.B结合选项可知句意为“在美国，你不应该参加家庭聚会，除非你被邀请”。故此处应用肯定形式，排除A;由主句为一般现在时可知，从句应用一般现在时的被动语态，其构成：am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词，故选B。
4.A本句novel主语（小说）和谓语动词read(读）之间存在被动关系，即主语是谓语动词表示的动作的承受者，此时句子应使用被动语态，谓语动词的构成为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，首先排除C项。再由时间状语 today 可知，本句是一般现在时，而D项用了一般过去时的被动语态，也应排除。本句主语novel是单数形式，所以be动词用is,再排除B项。故选A。
5.B结合选项可知句意为“当人们吃中餐时，筷子每天都被用到”。该句应使用一般现在时的被动语态，其构成为：am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词。主语 chopsticks为复数形式，应用are,故选B。