(共32张PPT)
语法专题
板块三 不可忽视的小词——代词、冠词和介词
第1讲 代词
剖析考点·语法突破
01
考点1 代词的分类
代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。
分类 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 主格 I you he，she, it we you they
宾格 me you him，her, it us you them
分类 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
物主代词 形容词性 my your his，her, its our your their
名词性 mine yours his，hers，its ours yours theirs
反身代词 my-self your-self himself，herself，itself our-selves your-selves them-selves
分类 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
指示代词 this, that, suchthese, those, such
相互代词 宾格 each other, one another
所有格 each other's, one another's
分类 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
不定代词 普通不定代词 some, any, no, somebody, anybody，nobody, someone, anyone, no one，something, anything, nothing, none
个体代词 all, every, each, other, another, either，neither, both, half, everybody, everyone，everything
数量代词 many, much, (a) few, (a) little, a lot of，lots of, a great deal, a great many
分类 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what
连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what(用法请参阅名词性从句部分)
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that(用法请参阅定语从句部分)
1．all, both, either, any, none, neither
考点2 不定代词
条件 都 任何一个 都不 部分否定
两者 both either neither＝
not either both和
not连用
三者或
三者以上 all any none＝
not any all和
not连用
The research group produced two reports based on the survey，but neither contained any useful suggestions．
以这个调查为基础，研究小组做了两份报告，但是两者都不包含任何有用的建议。
—When shall I call you, in the morning or afternoon
——我什么时候给你打电话方便，上午还是下午？
—Either．I'll be in all day．
——都可以，我将一整天都在家。
2．none, nothing, no one/nobody
none none既指人也指物，后面可接of短语，一般用来回答how many, how much 和which的提问
nothing nothing只指物，后面不能接of短语，用来回答what的提问
no one/
nobody no one和nobody只指人不指物，其后不接of短语，一般回答who的提问
Even if the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it．
尽管这个答案好像有点奇怪，但是除了我之外没人怀疑它(的正确性)。
Niki is always full of ideas, but none is useful to my knowledge．
尼基点子总是很多，但是据我所知，没有一个是有用的。
易错提示
全部否定和部分否定
(1)no one，none，nobody，nothing，not ...any/either以及“no＋名词”都表示全部否定。
(2)all，both，everyone/everybody/everything以及“every＋名词”与not 连用时，表示部分否定。
3．other, the other, others, the others, another
other 可用作定语，意思为“别的，其他的”
the other the other指两个人或物中的“另一个”，常与one连用，构成“one ...the other ...”(一个……另一个……)
another 单独使用，泛指三者或三者以上的人或其中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。常与one连用，构成“one ...another ...”泛指“一个……另一个……”
others, the
others others泛指“其余的人或物”，相当于“other＋可数名词复数”，不能作定语，常构成“some ...others ...”。the others特指“其余的所有人或物”，相当于“the other＋可数名词复数”
To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other．
为了暖和自己，那个海员坐在火堆前，两只光脚丫互相蹭着。
In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in others, knives and forks．
在一些国家，人们用筷子吃饭，而在另外一些国家，人们用刀叉吃饭。
1．it指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象，还指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。
The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it．
由于当地政府的努力，大城市的就业率不断上升。
考点3 it的用法
易错提示
替代词(it, that, one)的用法区别：
(1)it特指前面提到过的同一个人或物。
(2)that替代上文出现的“the＋不可数名词或单数可数名词”，表示特指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为those。
(3)one替代上文出现的“a/an＋单数可数名词”，表示泛指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为ones。
2．it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动词-ing形式、不定式充当。
It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future．
对学生们来说，非常明显的是，他们应该为他们的将来做好准备。
The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other．
这两个女孩长得很像，陌生人很难把她们区分开来。
3．表示喜欢、恨等心理方面的动词后面接it，构成固定结构，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等；另外，有些“动词＋介词”结构，如depend on, see to等后接it，再接宾语从句。
I will appreciate it if you can give me a hand．
如果你能帮我一把，我会很感激的。
You may depend on it that they will support you．
你放心好了，他们会支持你的。
4．含有it的常考短语或句型：
(1)believe it or not信不信由你
make it成功，做到，约定时间
as someone puts it像某人所说的那样
When it comes to ...当涉及/谈到……
It depends．视情况而定。
Take it easy．别着急。
(2)It's (high) time that sb．should do/did sth．
是某人该做某事的时候了。
It's the first/second/ ...time that sb．have/has done sth．
是某人第一次/二次/……次做某事。
It is/has been ...since ...自从……多久了。
It will be/was ...before ...要过……时间才……
It is/was＋时间点＋when ...当……时候，时间是……
It is high time that we took/should take measures to protect the wild animals．
是我们采取措施保护野生动物的时候了。
It will be half a year before I come back．
半年之后我才回来。
(3)It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who ...
【技巧点拨】
当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时，一般填代词；确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前面提到的人或物有指代关系。
1．作主语：人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等)；
2．作宾语/表语：人称代词宾格(me, us, him等)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours等)；
3．作定语：形容词性物主代词(our, my, your等)；
4．如果宾语与主语是指同一个人，用反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等)；
5．填it的情况：作形式主语或形式宾语；指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况；
6．that, those作替代词，用来代替已提到的名词，以避免重复。
高效训练·跟踪检测
02
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening ___ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea．
2．(2022·北京卷)Since people can't always eat out or cook for __________ (they), they get takeout or order delivery．
3．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor's memory．It sure does in ____ (I)．
its
themselves
mine
4．(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism has ___ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s．
5．(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine __________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest．
its
themselves
Ⅱ．语法填空
(2023·湛江模拟)In Southwest China, 1．_ group of grandmothers sit in front of a traditional style house, 2．_________ (skilful) sewing coloured thread into a piece of blue cloth and occasionally bursting into waves of laughter．
a
skilfully
Such is the scene in Hejiayan Village, Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Chongqing．These women learned the craft (手艺) as children, but they never expected that it 3．____________ (bring) them together in old age, injecting some fun into 4．_____ (they) later years．This local 5．________ (recover) of the craft started in 2013 when Chen Guotao, opened a Miao embroidery (刺绣) shop in Youyang．6．______ (raise) in a rural area, Chen was keen to help fuel China's rural boom, and in 2016, she set up the first of several embroidery workshops．They offered job opportunities to unemployed female villagers who had stayed behind 7．________ (care) for the family while relatives sought higher salaries elsewhere．
would bring
their
recovery
Raised
to care
But the workshops are more 8．____ just workplaces．They are also social clubs for local senior citizens, most of 9．______ would lead rather dull lives otherwise, sitting at home with little social interaction．Sitting in the warm sunshine and enjoying the peace of embroidery, these senior citizens are now an 10．___________ (establish) feature in the village．
than
whom
established
Ⅲ．写作运用
根据汉语提示补全下面写作，注意代词的运用。
Dear Lucy，
1．____________________________________________(我和同班同学打算去养老院) to spend the Double Ninth Festival with the old people there．I am writing to invite you to go with us．According to our schedule, 2．________________________________________________
(我们将在早上8点离开学校) and return at around 4 o'clock in the
My classmates and I intend to go to the nursing home
we will leave from our school at 8 o'clock in the morning
afternoon．On arriving there, we will give them an excellent performance, 3．__________________________________________(我相信这会给他们带来很多快乐)．After that, we will do some other meaningful activities, including doing a thorough cleaning and making dumplings．With the old people accompanied by us, 4．_____________
_______________ (他们一定会过得很愉快) and feel very happy．
which I believe will bring a lot of happiness to them
they will surely
enjoy themselves
Therefore, I really hope you can join us if it is convenient to you．Looking forward to your reply．
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua第1讲 代词
考点1 代词的分类
代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。
分类 单数 复数
第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 主格 I you he，she, it we you they
宾格 me you him，her, it us you them
物主代词 形容词性 my your his，her, its our your their
名词性 mine yours his，hers，its ours yours theirs
反身代词 my-self your-self himself，herself，itself our-selves your-selves them-selves
指示代词 this, that, suchthese, those, such
相互代词 宾格 each other, one another
所有格 each other's, one another's
不定代词 普通不定代词 some, any, no, somebody, anybody，nobody, someone, anyone, no one，something, anything, nothing, none
个体代词 all, every, each, other, another, either，neither, both, half, everybody, everyone，everything
数量代词 many, much, (a) few, (a) little, a lot of，lots of, a great deal, a great many
疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what
连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what(用法请参阅名词性从句部分)
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that(用法请参阅定语从句部分)
考点2 不定代词
1．all, both, either, any, none, neither
条件 都 任何一个 都不 部分否定
两者 both either neither＝ not either both和 not连用
三者或 三者以上 all any none＝ not any all和 not连用
The research group produced two reports based on the survey，but neither contained any useful suggestions．
以这个调查为基础，研究小组做了两份报告，但是两者都不包含任何有用的建议。
—When shall I call you, in the morning or afternoon
——我什么时候给你打电话方便，上午还是下午？
—Either．I'll be in all day．
——都可以，我将一整天都在家。
2．none, nothing, no one/nobody
none none既指人也指物，后面可接of短语，一般用来回答how many, how much 和which的提问
nothing nothing只指物，后面不能接of短语，用来回答what的提问
no one/ nobody no one和nobody只指人不指物，其后不接of短语，一般回答who的提问
Even if the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it．
尽管这个答案好像有点奇怪，但是除了我之外没人怀疑它(的正确性)。
Niki is always full of ideas, but none is useful to my knowledge．
尼基点子总是很多，但是据我所知，没有一个是有用的。
全部否定和部分否定
(1)no one，none，nobody，nothing，not ...any/either以及“no＋名词”都表示全部否定。
(2)all，both，everyone/everybody/everything以及“every＋名词”与not 连用时，表示部分否定。
3．other, the other, others, the others, another
other 可用作定语，意思为“别的，其他的”
the other the other指两个人或物中的“另一个”，常与one连用，构成“one ...the other ...”(一个……另一个……)
another 单独使用，泛指三者或三者以上的人或其中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。常与one连用，构成“one ...another ...”泛指“一个……另一个……”
others, the others others泛指“其余的人或物”，相当于“other＋可数名词复数”，不能作定语，常构成“some ...others ...”。the others特指“其余的所有人或物”，相当于“the other＋可数名词复数”
To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other．
为了暖和自己，那个海员坐在火堆前，两只光脚丫互相蹭着。
In some countries, people eat with chopsticks, while in others, knives and forks．
在一些国家，人们用筷子吃饭，而在另外一些国家，人们用刀叉吃饭。
考点3 it的用法
1．it指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象，还指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。
The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it．
由于当地政府的努力，大城市的就业率不断上升。
替代词(it, that, one)的用法区别：
(1)it特指前面提到过的同一个人或物。
(2)that替代上文出现的“the＋不可数名词或单数可数名词”，表示特指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为those。
(3)one替代上文出现的“a/an＋单数可数名词”，表示泛指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为ones。
2．it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动词-ing形式、不定式充当。
It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future．
对学生们来说，非常明显的是，他们应该为他们的将来做好准备。
The two girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other．
这两个女孩长得很像，陌生人很难把她们区分开来。
3．表示喜欢、恨等心理方面的动词后面接it，构成固定结构，这类动词有enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate等；另外，有些“动词＋介词”结构，如depend on, see to等后接it，再接宾语从句。
I will appreciate it if you can give me a hand．
如果你能帮我一把，我会很感激的。
You may depend on it that they will support you．
你放心好了，他们会支持你的。
4．含有it的常考短语或句型：
(1)believe it or not信不信由你
make it成功，做到，约定时间
as someone puts it像某人所说的那样
When it comes to ...当涉及/谈到……
It depends．视情况而定。
Take it easy．别着急。
(2)It's (high) time that sb．should do/did sth．
是某人该做某事的时候了。
It's the first/second/ ...time that sb．have/has done sth．
是某人第一次/二次/……次做某事。
It is/has been ...since ...自从……多久了。
It will be/was ...before ...要过……时间才……
It is/was＋时间点＋when ...当……时候，时间是……
It is high time that we took/should take measures to protect the wild animals．
是我们采取措施保护野生动物的时候了。
It will be half a year before I come back．
半年之后我才回来。
(3)It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who ...
【技巧点拨】
当句子缺少主语、定语、宾语或表语时，一般填代词；确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前面提到的人或物有指代关系。
1．作主语：人称代词主格(I, we, you, he等)；
2．作宾语/表语：人称代词宾格(me, us, him等)、名词性物主代词(ours, mine, yours等)；
3．作定语：形容词性物主代词(our, my, your等)；
4．如果宾语与主语是指同一个人，用反身代词(myself, yourself, itself等)；
5．填it的情况：作形式主语或形式宾语；指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况；
6．that, those作替代词，用来代替已提到的名词，以避免重复。
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening its (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea．
2．(2022·北京卷)Since people can't always eat out or cook for themselves (they), they get takeout or order delivery．
3．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor's memory．It sure does in mine (I)．
4．(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism has its (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s．
5．(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine themselves (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest．
Ⅱ．语法填空
(2023·湛江模拟)In Southwest China, 1．a group of grandmothers sit in front of a traditional style house, 2．skilfully (skilful) sewing coloured thread into a piece of blue cloth and occasionally bursting into waves of laughter．
Such is the scene in Hejiayan Village, Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Chongqing．These women learned the craft (手艺) as children, but they never expected that it 3．would bring (bring) them together in old age, injecting some fun into 4．their (they) later years．This local 5．recovery (recover) of the craft started in 2013 when Chen Guotao, opened a Miao embroidery (刺绣) shop in Youyang．6．Raised (raise) in a rural area, Chen was keen to help fuel China's rural boom, and in 2016, she set up the first of several embroidery workshops．They offered job opportunities to unemployed female villagers who had stayed behind 7．to care (care) for the family while relatives sought higher salaries elsewhere．
But the workshops are more 8．than just workplaces．They are also social clubs for local senior citizens, most of 9．whom would lead rather dull lives otherwise, sitting at home with little social interaction．Sitting in the warm sunshine and enjoying the peace of embroidery, these senior citizens are now an 10．established (establish) feature in the village．
Ⅲ．写作运用
根据汉语提示补全下面写作，注意代词的运用。
Dear Lucy，
1．My classmates and I intend to go to the nursing home (我和同班同学打算去养老院) to spend the Double Ninth Festival with the old people there．I am writing to invite you to go with us．According to our schedule, 2．we will leave from our school at 8 o'clock in the morning (我们将在早上8点离开学校) and return at around 4 o'clock in the afternoon．On arriving there, we will give them an excellent performance, 3．which I believe will bring a lot of happiness to them (我相信这会给他们带来很多快乐)．After that, we will do some other meaningful activities, including doing a thorough cleaning and making dumplings．With the old people accompanied by us, 4．they will surely enjoy themselves (他们一定会过得很愉快) and feel very happy．
Therefore, I really hope you can join us if it is convenient to you．Looking forward to your reply．
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
