人教版高考英语一轮复习语法专题3介词和介词短语课件(共39张PPT)

(共39张PPT)
语法专项提升
语法专题三　介词和介词短语
英 语
内容索引
核心考点 分层突破
专项训练 巩固提升
核心考点 分层突破
高考链接
1.(2021·全国甲, 语篇填空)It was built originally to protect the city　　　the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复).
2.(2020·全国Ⅱ, 语篇填空)Bamboo plants are associated　　　　　　health, abundance and a happy home.
in
句意:在唐代它最初是为保护这座城市而建的, 现在已经被完全修复。英语中, 表示在某个朝代要用介词in, 故填in。
with
be associated with是固定搭配, 意为 “与……有关”。
3.(2020·全国Ⅲ, 语篇填空)The artist was finally humbled(谦卑)by the greatest artist 　　　　　　　earth, Mother Nature.
on
on earth是固定搭配, 意为 “世界上”。
4.(2020·山东, 语篇填空) Museums must compete 　　　　　　　people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
for
compete for... 是固定搭配, 意为“为……而竞争”。
5.(2020·天津,单项填空)For my fifth birthday, my mother baked a cake
　　　　　　　the shape of a monkey.
in
in the shape of... 意为“以……的形状”。此处表示烘焙了一个猴子形状的蛋糕。
6.(2019·全国Ⅰ, 语篇填空)Modern methods 　　　　　tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s.
of/for
该空前面是名词methods, 后面是动词-ing形式, 故应填介词。结合语境, 此处可以用of表示所属关系, 也可填for表示用途。
考点归纳
考点一 表示时间的介词
1.in用在表示年份、季节、月份, 以及泛指上午、下午或晚上的名词前; on用在表示某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上的名词前; at用在表示某一时刻或时间上的某一点的名词前。
We will have a meeting at 8 o’clock in the morning on Sunday.
我们将在星期天早上八点钟开会。
2.for后接“一段时间”, 表示某事持续多久, 多与完成时连用; during表示“在……期间”; through表示“一直……, 自始至终”。
The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds.
这个新来的男孩子看了老师几秒钟。
I went to Beijing during the summer holiday.
暑假期间我去了北京。
They worked hard through the winter.
整个冬天他们都在努力工作。
3.from, since
from表示时间的起点, 意为“从……”, 多用于“from...to/till...”结构中; since表示“自从……以来”。
I have been waiting here from morning till noon.
我在这里从早上等到中午。
Great changes have taken place in our school since Dec., 2015.
自从2015年12月以来, 我们学校发生了很大变化。
注意for和since都常与完成时连用, 但for接时间段, since接时间点。如for two hours(持续)两小时; since last week自从上周以来。
4.before, by, till/until
before指“在……之前”, 与after相对。by指“不迟于, 到……时为止, 在……以前”, by后接过去时间时, 常与过去完成时连用; by后接将来时间时, 常与将来完成时连用。till/until表示“直到……为止”, 在肯定句中, till/until必须与延续性动词连用; 在否定句中, till/until可与非延续性动词连用。
Please come before ten o’clock.
请在十点钟以前回来。
September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.
在9月30日之前, 你必须支付账单。
You must wait for him till/until tomorrow. 你必须等他直到明天。
5.after, in
“after+一段时间”表示“在……之后”, 用于一般过去时; 但当after后跟时间点时, 可用于各种时态。
“in+一段时间”表示以说话时为起点的一段时间之后, 与一般将来时连用; 但表示“在……之内”时, 可用于各种时态。
After eight it began to rain. 八点后开始下雨。
Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.
简很匆忙, 因为去机场的火车半小时内就要发车了。
考点二 表示方位的介词
1.on意为“在……的上面”; over意为“在……(垂直)的正上方”; above意为“在……(不一定垂直)的上方”; under意为“在……(垂直)的正下方”; below意为“在……(不一定垂直)的下方”; near意为“在……附近”; next to意为“紧挨着……”; round/around意为“在……周围”; by意为“在……旁边”; along表示沿着街、路、河岸等; across主要表示从某物的表面“横过”, 涉及“面”的概念; past意为“从……旁经过”; up表示向上, 反之则用down; through指从某物的内部 “穿过”; over指 “越过” 某一障碍物。
The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, through valleys and over mountains.
长城从西蜿蜒东下, 穿过荒漠和山谷,并翻越了高山。
2.表示两者的位置关系时, in表示“在同一区域内或同一范围内”; on表示“接壤, 相邻”; to表示“相离, 相隔”, 两者不属于同一范围, 也不接壤。
The beautiful city is in China.
这座美丽的城市在中国。
考点三 表示计量的介词
1.at表示“以……速度, 以……价格”。
He bargained with the assistant, trying to get this bicycle at a low price.
他和售货员讨价还价, 试图低价买下这辆自行车。
2.for表示“用……交换, 以……为代价”。
He sold his car for 500 dollars.
他以五百美元把车卖了。
3.by表示“按……计算”, 后跟度量单位。接具体单位时, 该名词前用定冠词the; 接具体度量名词时, 该名词前不加冠词。
They are paid by the day.
他们按天计算报酬。
考点四 表示行为的工具、手段或者方式的介词
1.by表示用某种方式。如by bus乘公共汽车, by email通过电子邮件。
注意用by表示搭乘交通工具时, 名词前不加冠词; 用in表示时, 名词前要加冠词。请比较:
I went there by car/in a car.
我乘汽车去那里。
2.with表示用某种具体工具、身体的某部分或器官。
We speak with our mouths.
我们用嘴说话。
注意with表示用某种工具时, 名词前必须用冠词或形容词性物主代词。
Cut it with a knife. 用刀把它切开。
3.in表示用某种材料或语言。
Please speak in English and write in ink.
请用英语说,并用墨水写。
4.through表示“以(方法、手段), 经由”, 后面多接抽象名词。
You can only achieve success through hard work.
只有通过努力工作, 你才能获得成功。
考点五 表示“除……之外”的介词
besides表示包含, 意为 “除……之外还有……”。except表示排除, 意为 “除……之外”, 指整体里面排除部分, 后面可接代词、副词、介词短语, 还可接that从句或wh-从句。
but表示排除, 多与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all等连用, 其后可以接不定式。
except for意为“除……之外”, 常在说明基本情况后, 从细节上加以修正。
apart from意为“此外, 除……之外还有……”时, 相当于besides/as well as; 表示“撇开……来说, 除去”时, 相当于except (for)。
in addition to表示“除……之外还有……”, 相当于besides。
It is a beautiful city, except for its traffic.
除了交通问题, 它是一座美丽的城市。
考点六 表示原因的介词
1.for表示原因, 常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。
The Smiths are praised for the way they bring up their children.
史密斯夫妇因培养孩子的方式而受到了表扬。
2.at指情感变化的原因, 意为 “因听到或看到……而……”。
He was surprised at the news.
他对这个消息感到吃惊。
3.from指 “外在的原因”, 如受伤、车祸、劳累等。
Suffering from overwork, she is out of shape.
由于工作过度, 她健康状况不好。
4.of指“内在的原因”, 如疾病、饥饿、年老等。
If they don’t find enough bamboo, pandas will die of hunger.
如果找不到足够的竹子, 大熊猫会死于饥饿。
5.with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。
He was trembling with cold.
他冷得发抖。
6.by表示外部的, 尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。
She took your umbrella by mistake.
她错拿了你的伞。
考点七 of和to
1.of+抽象名词=形容词
(1)of+great/much+抽象名词=very+形容词
(2)of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词
The book is of great value to our research.
这本书对我们的研究有很大价值。
This old machine is of no use.
这台旧机器没用了。
2.to+one’s+情感名词=to the+情感名词+of sb
To our great surprise, the boy lied to the teacher.
令我们非常吃惊的是, 那个男孩对老师撒谎了。
考点八 against
1.(表示方向)与……方向相反; 逆着; 迎着; 顶着
against the wind 迎着风; 逆着风
2.(表示方位)紧靠着……; 倚靠着……
against the wall 靠着墙
3.(表示对象)对……不利; 对……有害; 以……为竞争对手; 违反; 违背
fight against同……战斗; against the natural law 违背自然规律
It was a real race against time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it.
完成这项工程的确是和时间的一场赛跑。幸运的是, 我们做到了。
4.(表示对比)和……比; 和……对照; 以……为背景
against the blue sky 以蓝天为背景
考点九 beyond
1.(表示位置)在/往……的另一边; 在/往……的那一边; 在/往……的更远处
The house is beyond the bridge.
房子在桥那边。
2.(表示时间)迟于; 晚于; 在……之后
Don’t stay here beyond midnight.
不要在这儿待到午夜以后。
3.(表示范围)超出; 非……所能及
The switch on the wall was beyond the children’s reach.
墙上的开关小孩子是够不到的。
4.(表示程度)超出……的范围; 超过; 对……来说太难
Maths is beyond me. I can never get high grades.
数学对我来说很难。我从来都得不了高分。
5.(表示数目)多于; 超过
There weren’t beyond twenty people present.
出席的人数不超过20个。
考点十 常用介词短语
1.at
at lunch在吃午饭
at table在吃饭
at school在上学
at peace处于和平状态
at first=at the beginning起初
at the beginning of在……初
at the end of...在……结束时
2.in
in a sense从某种意义上说
in common共有
in place在正确位置
in practice实际上; 事实上
in public公开地
in turn依次; 轮流; 转而
in case以防万一
in detail详细地
in office执政; 在位
in power当权; 在执政
in progress进行中
in return作为回报
in time及时; 最后; 终于
in the way挡路
in exchange for用以交换……
in favour of支持
in the meanwhile与此同时
in spite of不管; 不顾
in terms of就……来说
in addition to此外; 除……之外
3.on
on behalf of代表
on condition that在……条件下
on sale出售
on strike罢工
on the increase正在增加
on the air在广播
on the contrary与此相反
4.under
under control在控制之中
under discussion在讨论中
under development在发展中
under construction在建设中
under repair在修理中
5.for
for lack of由于缺乏
for the benefit of为了……的利益
as for就……而论; 关于
6.by
by chance=by accident偶然; 碰巧
by name凭名字; 用……的名字
by far到目前为止
7.out of
out of order出故障
out of place不适当
out of control失去控制
out of one’s reach某人够不着的地方
out of the question不可能
out of question毫无疑问
专项训练 巩固提升
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2020·北京昌平高三二模)Once you have finished reading it, don’t put it in your recycling bin. Instead, consider sharing it 　　　　　　people who haven’t read it.
2.(2021·山东济南外国语学校高三第一学期期末检测)Therefore, live your life 　　　　　the fullest and be happy.
with
share sth with sb “与某人分享某物”。句意: 一旦你阅读完毕, 不要把它放到你的回收箱里面去, 而是考虑跟没有阅读过这本书的人分享。
to
to the fullest 为固定搭配, 意为 “尽情地, 最充分地”。
3.(2020·北京高考适应性考试)Tiger sharks have teeth perfectly designed
　　　　cutting their food, so it is certain that the damage will be disastrous.
4.It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and 　　　　　work.
for
(be) designed for...是固定搭配, 意为 “为……设计的; 为……准备的”。
from
根据前面的to可知, 这里应填from。to and from work “上下班”。
5.After school she plans to travel before going to university to get a degree
　　　　　engineering or architecture.
in
get a degree in... 为固定搭配, 意为 “取得……学位”。
6.Most of us are more focused 　　　　　our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
on
focus on “关注, 聚焦” , 为固定短语。
7.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 　　　　　their hands.
8.Parents are attaching great importance　　　　　　children’s calligraphy practice.
with
句意: 例如, 在印度大部分人传统上用手吃饭。介词with表示 “用……”。
to
句意: 家长们十分重视孩子们的书法练习。attach importance to “重视……”。
9.(2019·山东临沂期中)Last night Mr Crook met some friends and stayed out
　　　　　　midnight.
10.I kept on walking, seeing many buildings 　　　　　　my way.
until/till
句意: 昨晚Crook先生见了几个朋友并且在外面待到午夜。until/till “直到……”。
along
句意: 我继续行走, 沿途看见了许多建筑物。along one’s way “沿途”。
11.Although we didn’t really understand everything, it was good to be lost
　　　　　　the atmosphere of the occasion!
in
be lost in sth是固定搭配, 意为 “沉浸于……”。
12.I will post a travel journal 　　　　　　 photographs and drawings.
with
此处with表示 “具有, 带有” , 后跟名词photographs and drawings做后置定语。
13.I was born in a town called Blackburn, in the northwest of England, and lived there till I left home 　　　　　the age of eighteen.
at
at the age of为固定搭配, 意为 “在……岁时”。
14.There have been cultural exchanges 　　　　　　China and Greece in recent years.
between
表示 “在……(两者)之间” 要用介词between。between... and... “在……和……之间”。
15.She also goes to other countries where people cannot afford this treatment and helps them 　　　　　　　free.
for
for free为固定搭配, 意为 “免费” 。
16.Art usually appears 　　　　　　　the form of diverse architecture, body decoration, and memorial sculptures.
in
in the form of为固定搭配, 意为 “以……形式”。
17.We can become a smart shopper by choosing for value, not for looks;_____
other words, choose good quality goods with plain packages.
in
根据句意可知, 空后部分的内容用来进一步解释说明空格前的内容,再根据提示词other words可知,应填in。in other words “换句话说”。
18.On some other websites, you can connect with people 　　　　　all over the world.
from
from all over the world “来自世界各地” , from表示来源、出处。
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and
　　　　　　　　　　　　　(为将来做好准备).
2.Babies will catch more than six colds during their first year　 　　　　(平均) according to the passage.
3.It was Sunday, so I didn’t have to 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(像往常一样去上学).
4.　　　　　　　　　　(同时)many other students climbed up the stairs.
5.He decided to give up the chance 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(为了祖国的利益).
6.The new road to the park 　　　　　　　　　　　　(正在建设中), so we had to turn back to try another way.
get prepared for the future
on average
go to school as usual
At the same time
for the benefit of his motherland
was under construction
7.The young man worked for the hotel free of charge ____________________
_______________________________(换取免费的住宿).
8.Your comment on his behaviour was 　　　　　　　　　　　　　(在一定程度上是中肯的).
9.He is a qualified teacher 　　　　　　　　　　　　(就他的学识而言).
10.The number of people taking up yoga as a way of exercise as well as relaxation 　　　　　　　　　(在增加).
in exchange for
free accommodation
to the point in a sense
in terms of his knowledge
is on the increase