2024届高考英语二轮复习专题七概要写作课件(共31张PPT)

(共31张PPT)
专题七 概要写作
专题七 概要写作
一、题型解读
概要写作要求学生基于所提供的短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。所提供短文词数在350左右；所选材料体裁以议论文、说明文为主。
1．简洁性：用尽量少的语言对较长的原文进行简洁的重述。
2．自主性：用自己的话语进行概写，避免对原文进行抄袭照搬。
3．理解性：表现作者对原文本的精准理解。需要注意的是，不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法或做出任何评判，因此不能出现“I believe”“I think”等词句。
专题七 概要写作
4．忠实性：概写内容和中心思想必须忠于原文主旨，不可偏离主题、肆意篡改。
5．连贯性：概要写作并非简单罗列要点，各个要点之间要有恰当的衔接，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。
专题七 概要写作
二、命题透视
卷名 语篇类型 主题语境 素养话题
浙江卷 2019 议论文 人与社会 表扬孩子的方式
2018 说明文 人与自我 参观即将要去读的大学
命题预测 说明文 1．事物描述类：对象＋结构/性质＋功用；
2．问题解决类：问题＋(解决的)方法或措施；
3．社会现象类：现象＋原因＋后果(＋措施或建议)
议论文 论点＋论据：
其关键在于找出主题句或结论句，若文中有一分为二的观点，不可漏掉其中任何一方
专题七 概要写作
三、赋分标准
(一)评分原则
1．本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。
2．评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定所属档次，然后以相应档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3．词数少于40和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。
4．评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况。
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性。
(3)上下文的连贯性。
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
专题七 概要写作
5．拼写与标点符号是写作规范的重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6．如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
专题七 概要写作
(二)各档次的给分范围和要求
档次 描述
第五档
(21～
25分) ——理解准确，涵盖全部要点
——能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇
——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑
——完全使用自己的语言
第四档
(16～
20分) ——理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点
——所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达
——比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑
——有个别整句抄自原文
专题七 概要写作
续上表
第三档
(11～15分) ——理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点
——所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达
——应用简单的语句间连接成分使上下文内容连贯
——出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象
第二档
(6～10分) ——理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点
——有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达
——较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性
——出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象
专题七 概要写作
续上表
第一档
(1～5分) ——没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符
——有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达
——缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯
——多个句子抄自原文
零档
(0分) ——白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关
专题七 概要写作
四步精准“提炼”
第一步　读懂原文，明确篇章结构
写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，确定文章的体裁和主题。根据意义划分文中的自然段，意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。
议论文的概要写作(A summary of an argumentation) Argument 1/supporting detail 1
Argument 2/supporting detail 2
Conclusion
说明文的概要写作( A summary of a phenomenon/an exposition) The topic—what
The reason—why
The effects—how
The solution/conclusion
专题七 概要写作
第二步　去次留精，提炼关键信息
(1)明确全文的篇章结构后，就要处理原文的内容，目的是保留主要内容，删除次要内容。
(2)先找出主题句，同时标注与主题相关的关键词，最后归纳的要点往往是这些词句的同义转述。
(3)原文描述性的语言、细节性的信息，如列举数字和列举的事例等，无须在概要中一一列出。
专题七 概要写作
例如：Don't forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里)per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.(加黑部分为与主题相关的部分)
本段落主要内容为通过吃饭慢减少对热量的摄入，因此要将用餐时间延长至至少三十分钟。用自己的语言将画线部分重组后，关键信息如下：Record the time and set dinner time for half an hour as eating slowly helps take in less calories.
专题七 概要写作
第三步　归纳要点，合理转换表达
明确每个意义段的关键信息后，接下来应用自己的语言准确地表达各意义段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复，可利用同义转述和句式转换这两种方式归纳要点。各要点的词数应根据文中对应内容的篇幅来定，分清主次。
转换表达注意遵循两个原则：
(1)不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。
(2)不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。
专题七 概要写作
例如：Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off．You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to you’re your home into part of your diet plan．(画线句为主题句)
主题句关键词如黑体部分所示：The way you design your home may have an effect on your figure.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.
转换表达时可利用同义替换将 ways 改为 tips；The way you design your home 改为 How to have your home designed。主题句转换为How to have your home designed affects your figure.Below are tips to design your home to help diet.
专题七 概要写作
第四步　句式多样，注意过渡衔接
在概要中合理使用非谓语、从句和特殊句式等使句式丰富多样，但句子结构不可过长，也不要用太复杂的句子结构。同时选用适当的过渡衔接词连接上下文，保证概要部分内容的连贯性。
专题七 概要写作
[典例]　 阅读下面短文，根据内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Bees are very strange creatures.They have their own way of telling each other that they have found a new flower.They bring some of its nectar(花蜜)back home and then do a little dance that shows where the flower is and how far away it is.
In autumn the worker bees go out and collect as much nectar and pollen(花粉) as they can carry.Then they return to make honey and store it for the long cold winter.
Bees build their own houses but they do not always have round tops like people draw them in storybooks.They are usually five storeys high.The queen bee always
专题七 概要写作
has the bottom storey.In between the bottom storey and all the rest there are bars only just wide enough for the workers to pass through.The queen bee can never go up to the other floors because she is bigger than all the other bees.The storeys the queen can't enter are where the store rooms are.There are rooms for pollen，nectar and royal jellies(蜂王浆)．If there is a fire the workers have to cover the walls and entrance of the rooms.They have to move the honey and the nectar and pollen away from the hot walls of the room.
The queen is the only that can lay eggs.She mates with a male bee called a drone(雄蜂)．Once the queen has laid the eggs she throws the drone out because a drone just sits around eating honey and nectar.He cannot go out and collect pollen because drones do not have pollen carrying things on their legs like the workers have.
专题七 概要写作
Young bees are called nurses because they have to nurse the newborn bees whether they like it or not.What a bee ends up being when it grows up depends on what it eats.If it is to be a queen it must feed on royal jellies and it must never，ever set eyes on another queen.If it does they must fight till only one of them is still alive.
[四步解题示范]
第一步：读懂原文，明确篇章结构
本文的篇章结构为“总—分”式。第1段内容为主题段，引入主题，对蜜蜂进行总括介绍；第2段介绍工蜂的职能；第3段介绍蜂王的住所；第4段介绍雄蜂；第5段介绍幼蜂的职责及命运。
专题七 概要写作
第二步：去次留精，提炼关键信息
段落 关键词
1 Topic：bees ①strange，nectar，flower
2 worker bees：
collect nectar and pollen ②nectar，pollen，honey，store
3 queen bee：
queen bee's living space ③bottom storey，store rooms
4 drones：
duty and destiny ④mate，sit around
5 young bees：
responsibilities and future ⑤nurses，grow up，queen
专题七 概要写作
第三步：归纳要点，合理转换表达
段落 要点内容合并
1 利用词语替换法将strange改为unusual，creatures改为animals，第二、三句说的是一种特殊交流方式。
第一段可概括为：Bees are unusual animals and have a unique way to communicate with one another.
2 第二段主要说明工蜂努力工作以采集储存花粉与花蜜，这两项可以归类成“食物”。这段可概括为：Worker bees work tirelessly to store food.
专题七 概要写作
3 利用词语替换法将第三句中的has改为短语takes up，这一段可概括为：Unlike worker bees，the relaxing queen bee takes up the bottom storey of the five storey house.
4 蜂王与雄蜂交配后会将其逐出蜂房，可以抽象表达为蜂王利用完雄蜂后将其抛弃。这一段可概括为：She even deserts the drone after she finishes using him.
5 利用词语替换法将nurse改为短语care for，这一段可概括为：Same as worker bees，young bees need to work to care for newborn bees，but they can only leave their futures to what they eat.
续上表
专题七 概要写作
第四步：句式多样，注意过渡衔接
本文作者介绍了蜂群中不同类型蜜蜂的特点，工蜂工作勤奋努力，蜂王靠着其权威过着轻松的生活，两者形成对比，所以用Unlike连接两个句子。第四段依然由蜂王引出雄蜂，所以用代词She代替queen bee。最后一段中幼蜂需要与工蜂一样努力工作，所以加Same as worker bees将二者联系起来。
[参考范文]
Bees are unusual animals and have a unique way to communicate with one another.(要点1)Worker bees work tirelessly to store food.(要点2)Unlike worker bees，the relaxing queen bee takes up the bottom storey of the five storey house.
(要点3) She even deserts the drone after she finishes using him.(要点4)Same as worker bees，young bees need to work to care for newborn bees，but they only leave their futures to what they eat.(要点5)
专题七 概要写作
Writing 1
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(2023·上海宝山统考模拟预测)IKEA，known around the world as a supplier of furniture and other home goods，is taking steps to protect the environment.By 2030 IKEA plans to be a circular business，one whose products can all be reused or recycled rather than thrown away.To achieve this goal，the company is redesigning all of its products.How can it design products that will last longer and be easier to fix and that people can recycle when they are finished with them？By answering these questions，IKEA hopes to improve the sustainability of its business model.
专题七 概要写作
IKEA wants people to be able to repair its products rather than throw them away when something goes wrong.To accomplish that goal，the company is standardizing the parts，materials and colors that it uses.This means that if a part needs to be replaced，it will be easy to find.In the past IKEA has only offered spare parts for some products; now it is greatly expanding the number of spare parts customers can purchase.This makes it feasible for customers to repair their own furniture.IKEA is also redesigning the parts of its products that are most likely to wear out quickly.
To extend the life of its products，IKEA is trying to make their maintenance easier.It is also making its products easier to take apart and transport，so the furniture is less likely to break when being moved or changing hands.
专题七 概要写作
Sometimes people replace their furniture not because there is something wrong with it，but because their needs have changed.So IKEA is also trying to help people keep furniture for a longer time by making it easy to modify.Some pieces can be expanded or reduced in size as family members and guests come and go.Others have covers that can be exchanged for different look.
But even with all these efforts，it is likely that certain products will eventually no longer be usable.At that point they can be remanufactured—the pieces reassembled(重新组装)into something new—or recycled.And IKEA is designing products to make these processes easier.The company is also working to reduce waste in other areas，such as packaging and food waste from restaurants inside its stores.
专题七 概要写作
These efforts to reduce the number of IKEA products that are abandoned and thrown in landfills will help create a more environmentally friendly economy.
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专题七 概要写作
【参考答案】
IKEA is taking steps to protect the environment，which include standardizing the parts，materials and colors used，trying to make their maintenance easier，making its products easier to take apart and transport，trying to make the furniture easy to modify and making their products easy to be remanufactured.The company is also working to reduce waste in other areas.
专题七 概要写作
Writing 2
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
The Dunning Kruger Effect
(2023·上海崇明统考二模)In 1999，social psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger did a series of studies evaluating people's competence in certain areas.The people in the studies were also asked to evaluate their own abilities in each area.Dunning and Kruger found that people who scored very low on the test tended to overestimate their abilities.Later research has indicated that a similar principle applies to other areas as well.This principle has become known as the Dunning Kruger effect after the researchers who discovered it.The Dunning Kruger effect occurs because only when people have skills in a given area are they equipped to evaluate their own skills.For example，in some situations it takes a scientist to recognize bad science.
专题七 概要写作
The opposite of the Dunning Kruger effect also happens: capable people have a more accurate view of their own abilities，and sometimes they even underestimate themselves.An extreme case of this would be impostor syndrome，which is when a skilled person feels as if they are faking their skills despite knowing what they are doing.
It's tempting to think of the Dunning Kruger effect as a problem that other people have.People may even laugh at those who think themselves more competent than they are.But everyone has areas where they lack competence—and the Dunning Kruger effect means they may be especially bad at identifying those areas. Even if someone is very intelligent in general，there are still things they don't know much about. Expertise(专业知识)in one area cannot always be transferred to other areas.
专题七 概要写作
That's why it's important to keep digging for information even when you think you've found answers.It can also be helpful to check your ideas with other people. Receiving negative feedback can hurt，but if you're willing to listen，it can help you grow.Even just keeping in mind that the Dunning Kruger effect exists can help you stay humble，accept criticism and，thus，keep learning throughout your life.
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专题七 概要写作
【参考答案】
　　The Dunning Kruger effect refers to a principle where people who don't know much in certain areas tend to overestimate themselves.The opposite situation can also happen where capable people underestimate themselves.However，many people may not realize where they lack competence，so it's advisable to admit the existence of the Dunning Kruger effect and keep humble and learning.